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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 5, Issue 9, September 2016 INDIGENOUS MEDICINE Prasuti Tantra & Stree Roga - Ayurveda PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF SHATAVARYADI KSHEERAPAKA IN IUGR Suprabha K*, Dei LP, Harisha CR, Shukla VJ
244–252
Kriya Shareera – Review - Ayurveda INFLUENCE OF DEHA PRAKRITI ON LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES - A REVIEW NR Navoday Raju*, S Deepika, Kekuda TR Prashanth, Kulkarni Pratibha
253–260
Cover Page Photography: Dr. Hari Venkatesh K.R. Plant ID: Inflorescence of Sittharathai (Siddha) / Rasna bheda (Ayurveda) [Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe]* of the family Zingiberaceae; Place: Koppa, Chikkamagalur District, Karnataka, India *Botanical Name validated from www.theplantlist.org as on 29/09/2016
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
Research article PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF SHATAVARYADI KSHEERAPAKA IN IUGR Suprabha K1*, Dei L P2, Harisha C R3, Shukla V J4 1
PhD Scholar, Department of Prasutitantra & Streeroga, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. 2 Prof. and H.O.D., Department of Prasutitantra & Streeroga, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. 3 Head, Pharmacognosy Laboratory, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. 4 Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory. I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
Received: 06/07/2016; Revised: 29/08/2016; Accepted: 20/09/2016
ABSTRACT Ayurveda advocates a unique therapy for the management of fetal growth restriction in the form of Ksheera Basti [medicated milk enema] containing anabolic drugs for proper growth and development of the fetus. In the present work, pharmacognostical and physicochemical profile of different ingredients of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka were studied following standard guidelines. Results of Pharmacognostical study have shown the presence of scalariform vessels of Shatavari, prismatic crystals of Bala, stellate trichomes of Arjuna. Physicochemical analysis of Shatavari, Arjuna and Bala showed loss on drying 4.890%, 6.240%, 3.758%, pH 7, 6.5 and 7 respectively. In HPTLC fingerprinting profile of individual drugs, with 254nm and 366nm, Shatavari showed 6 spots and 2 spots, Arjuna had 7 spots and 5 spots and Bala showed 8 spots and 7 spots respectively. KEY WORDS: HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Physicochemical, Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka
Cite this article: Suprabha K, Dei LP, Harisha CR, Shukla VJ (2016), PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF SHATAVARYADI KSHEERAPAKA IN IUGR, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5 (9): 244–252
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INTRODUCTION:
MATERIALS AND METHOD:
Intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR] is a term used to describe the condition of a fetus whose size or growth is subnormal when compared to the gestational age. A fetus is growth restricted if its weight is less than 10th percentile for its gestational age (Dutta D. C., 2001). The growth restriction in-utero is evaluated with the Anunnata Kukshi [fundal height less than the period of gestation] and Garbha Aspandana [reduced fetal activity mainly due to the reduced amniotic fluid] which are the salient features of Garbha Kshaya [IUGR] (Sharma P.V., 2000). For its management, Acharya Susrutha has mentioned the usage of Ksheera Basti [medicated milk enema] and Medhya [nootrophic] drugs from 8th month onwards to nourish the growth restricted fetus (Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, 2013). Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka is a poly herbal formulation containing Shatavari, Arjuna and Bala as ingredients. Due to Medhya and anabolic effects of these drugs, the formulation can be used in the management of IUGR.
Procurement of raw materials
Lack of standardization of polyherbal formulations creates difficulty in validating the efficacy and establishing the quality standards of the product. Therefore, proper identification of raw materials at the basic level with the help of microscopic and morphological characteristics along with adequate analytical methods are essential to ensure the quality and standardize the prepared medicine. Review of literature shows no published data is reported regarding pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical standardization of this formulation. Thus, in the present study, an initial step has been taken to evaluate pharmacognostical, physico-chemical profile, fingerprints of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Thin Layer chromatography study (HPTLC) of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka.
The raw drugs Shatavari, Bala and Arjuna (Table 1) were collected from the Pharmacy, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. Milk for preparing Ksheerapaka was obtained from the PG Hospital, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar, Gujarat, India Identification and authentication The procured raw drugs were identified, authenticated and microscopically evaluated in the Pharmacognosy Laboratory by the Pharmacognist, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar and cross verified with API. The study included organoleptic evaluation and microscopic evaluation following standard guidelines (Anonymous, 1999). Method of preparation of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka Ksheerapaka is prepared by following classical guidelines (Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, 1947). Fine powder of Shatavari, Bala and Arjuna in equal quantity of 10 g each ratio (total 30 g) with 15 parts of Ksheera (450 ml) and 15 parts of water (450 ml) are boiled in Mandagni [mild flame] until only milk part remains. Pharmacognostical evaluation: The identification was carried out based on the morphological features, organoleptic features and powder microscopy of the individual drugs. Later, pharmacognostical evaluation (K.R. Kandelwal, 2008) of the fine powder of Shatavari, Arjuna and Bala were carried out. Fine particles of the powder, both in powder mixture form and in Ksheerapaka form were studied under the Carl Zeiss trinocular microscope attached with camera, with stain and without stain. Micro photographs of the slides were taken and documented (T.E. Wallis, 2002).
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Organoleptic Study Contents of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka both in dry powder form and in Ksheerapaka form were evaluated for organoleptic characters like taste, odour and colour etc. (Trease and Evans, 1996). Pharmaceutical evaluation: Physico-chemical analysis Physico-chemical parameters like loss on drying, pH etc. of the fine powder of the drugs were analyzed by using qualitative and quantitative parameters as per the API guidelines (Anonymous, 2007). HPTLC Profile Instrument used was CAMAG make HPTLC with WINCATS 1.4.3 software and Linomat 5 sample applicator. The stationary phase used was HPTLC plate’s silica gel 60 F254 and mobile phase was Toluene: Ethyl Acetate: Formic acid (6:3:1) v/v. The sample was prepared in methanol, and 2 ml sample was applied as 8 mm band for each spot. The plate was visualized under short and long ultraviolet (UV) radiations and density of the separated spots was recorded using scanner III. The plate was sprayed with vanillin-sulphuric acid reagent and observed in daylight. The Rf values were recorded. HPTLC and peak display densitogram were noted at 254 and 366 nm (E Stahl, 1969). OBSERVATION & RESULTS: Organoleptic characters Organoleptic characters of the drugs in dry powder form and in Ksheerapaka form were scientifically studied as shown in the Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. Microscopic study Diagnostic microscopic characters of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka ingredients i.e.,
Shatavari, Bala and Arjuna under the microscope revealed annular vessels, acicular crystals of Shatavari, simple and compound starch grains, stellate trichomes, simple trichomes, pitted vessels, septate fibers, prismatic crystals of Bala, tannin content, rosette crystals of Arjuna. Further after staining, it showed lignified fibers, cork cells, lignified fibers through medullary rays of Arjuna, lignified pitted vessels, spiral vessels of Bala (Plate 1, 1–16). The microscopic characters of the Ksheerapaka showed oil globules of milk, acicular crystals, fragments of annular vessels, raphids, scalariform vessels of Shatavari, cork cells with tannin contents, disturbed fibers passing through medullary rays, stone cells, disturbed walls of rosette crystals, fibers with smoothened walls of Arjuna, fragment of border pitted vessels, prismatic crystals, septate fibers, simple trichomes, stellate trichomes of Bala along with fat globules of milk (Plate 2, 1–15). Physico-Chemical Parameters Physico-chemical parameters of fine powder like loss on drying, ash value, water soluble extract, methanol soluble extract and pH were all found to be within the normal range as per API guidelines. Details are tabulated in Table 4. Also the particle consistencies of each drugs were studied as represented in Table 5. HPTLC study results: Chromatographic study (HPTLC) was carried out under 254 and 366 nm UV to establish fingerprinting profile. Shatavari showed 6 spots at 254 nm with Rf values and 2 spots at 366 nm with Rf values. Arjuna had 7 spots and 5 spots with 254 nm and 366 nm respectively with Rf values. In Bala 8 spots at 254 nm and 7 spots at 366 nm with Rf values were recorded which may be responsible for expression of its pharmacological and clinical actions (Plate 3 & Plate 4).
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Table 1: Ingredients of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka Raw Drugs Name of drugs Shatavari Bala Arjuna
Latin name Asparagus racemosus Willd. Sida cordifolia L. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.
Ksheerapaka dravya Dravya Ksheera (milk) Jala (potable water)
Parts 15 parts 15 parts
Part used (Dry) Root Whole plant Stem bark
Quantity 1 part (10 g) 1 part (10 g) 1 part (10 g)
Quantity 450 ml 450 ml
Table 2: Organoleptic characters of powder of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna mixture Sr. no 1 2 3 4 5
Various parameters Colour Odour Taste Touch Texture
Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna Creamish white Slightly fragrant Astringent Bitter Fine Coarse Smooth
Table 3: Organoleptic characters of the drugs in Ksheerapaka form Sr. no 1 2 3
Various parameters Colour Odour Taste
Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna Light chocolate brown Slightly fragrant Astringent Bitter
Table 4: Physico-chemical parameters of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna Sl no.
Analytical Parameter
1 2. 3 4 5 6 7
Loss on drying (% w/w) Ash value (% w/w) Water solubility (% w/w) Alcohol solubility (% w/w) Acid insoluble Ash (% w/w) pH (5% v/v aqueous solution) Specific gravity of Ksheerapaka
Shatavari 4.890% 3.489% 61.775% 41.733% 7
Arjuna
Bala
6.240% 20.868% 42.730% 21.511% 0.149% 6.5 1.026
3.758% 7.096% 9.976% 3.905% 7
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Table 5: Particle consistency of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna Characters Weight of sample Moderately coarse powder (>60 mesh) Moderately fine powder (60 - 85 mesh) Fine powder (85 - 120 mesh) Very fine powder (<120 mesh)
Shatavari Arjuna 10 g 10 g 6.52% 2.26% 7.62% 10.18% 24.28% 65.81% 60.20% 16.54%
Bala 10 g 15.84% 52.40% 26.34% 1.26%
Table 6: High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) Sample No. of peak 6 Shatavari
Arjuna
2
Observed under long UV Light (366 nm)
7
Observed under short 0.00,0.08,0.14,0.26,0.49,0.67,0.83 UV Light (254 nm)
5
Observed under long 0.00,0.08,0.13,0.25,0.87 UV Light (366 nm) Observed under short 0.01,0.12,0.18,0.38,0.57,0.67,0.75,0.83 UV Light (254 nm) Observed under long 0.01,0.11,0.17,0.23,0.70,0.83,0.90 UV Light (366 nm)
8
Bala
Rf value Observed under short 0.01,0.13,0.39,0.65,0.71,0.82 UV Light (254 nm)
7
0.01,0.90
Plate.1. Microphotographs of powder drugs in mixture
1.Acicular Shatavari
crystals
of
5.Lignified fibres passing through medullary rays of Arjuna
2.Annular Shatavari
vessels
of
6.Rosette crystal of Arjuna
3.Cork cells of Arjuna (on staining)
4.Lignified fibres Arjuna (on staining)
7.Tannin content of Arjuna
8.Lignified septate fibers of Bala
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of
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9.Lignified pitted vessel of Bala (on staining)
10.Pitted vessel of Bala
11.Prismatic crystal of Bala
12.Septate fibers of Bala
13.Simple and compound starch of Bala
14.Simple trichome of Bala
15.Spiral vessels of Bala
16.Stellate Bala
trichome
of
Plate.2. Microphotographs of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka
1.Acicular Shatavari
crystal
of
2.Fragments of annular vessels of Shatavari
3.Raphids of Shatavari
4.Scalariform Shatavari
5.Disturbed rosette crystals of Arjuna
6.Cork cells with contents of Arjuna
7. Fibers of Arjuna (wall smoothened)
8.Stone cells of Arjuna
9.Fibres through medullary rays of Arjuna
10.Prismatic crystal of Bala
11.Septate fibres of Bala
12.Stellate trichome of Bala
tannin
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vessels
of
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13.Fragment of border pitted vessels of Bala
14.Simple trichome of Bala
15.Oil globules of milk
Plate 3: Densitogram of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna Densitogram at 254 nm UV light Shatavari
Densitogram at 366 nm UV light
Arjuna
Bala
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Plate 4: TLC of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna At 254 nm UV light
At 366 nm UV light
DISCUSSION: The mixture of dry drugs under pharmacognostical evaluation showed their particular microscopical characters which prove the purity and quality of the drug. Preliminary step to reach the goal of standardization in case of a new drug combination is to strictly follow the pharmacognostic and physico-chemical parameters. The finished product i.e Ksheerapaka when pharmacognostically evaluated showed certain alterations/modifications in the microscopic characters due to the processing/boiling. For example, walls of rosette crystals of Arjuna became disturbed; walls of the Arjuna fibers were smoothened etc. These changes may bring about positive effect in the form of easy disintegration, easy absorption and assimilation of the drug into to the body system. It increases the efficacy of the finished product and also boosts the cellular absorption. The study profile
After spray
mainly intended to qualify the raw materials. Accordingly, the results obtained after conducting the primary physicochemical analysis of the individual drugs were within the API norms which indicate good quality of the product. Hence results of this study can be used as standard in future quality control studies. CONCLUSION: Though management of fetal growth restriction with medicated milk fortified with anabolic drugs is stated in Ayurveda, detailed description of the drugs are not mentioned. Hence this formulation being an Anubhuta Yoga [newly perceived formulation], its administration in pregnant women stresses the need for quality control and standardization of the drug. Accordingly, the formulation meets the minimum qualitative standards as reported in the API at the preliminary level. These parameters of pharmacognosy and pharmaceutical analysis can become the guideline for future studies.
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REFERENCES: Anonymous, (1999), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume 1 - 4, Govt. of India, Dept. of Ayush, New Delhi, p. 155–56.
TE
Anonymous, (2007), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-1, Volume-5, Govt. of India, Dept. of Ayush, Delhi, p. 214.
Trease and Evans, (1996), Pharmacognosy, 15th Ed., W.B. Sunders Company Ltd, p. 569, 570.
D.C. Dutta, (2001), Text book of Obstetrics, New Central Book Agency (P) LTD, Calcutta, 5th Edition, p. 461.
Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, (2013), Sushruta Samhita, Dalhana Commentary, Reprint 2013, Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, p. 70.
E Stahl, (1969), Thin-layer chromatography-A laboratory hand book, 2nd Ed., Springer - Verlag, New York, p. 125–133. K.R.
Kandelwal, (2008), Practical Pharmacognosy, 19th Ed., Nirali publication, Pune, p. 137–190.
Wallis, (2002), Text book of Pharmacognosy, 5th Ed., CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi: p. 123–132, 210–215.
Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, (1947), Dravyaguna Vignana, 2nd Ed., Satyabhamabaipanduranga Nirnayasagaramudrana Yantralaya, Mumbai, p. 33–34.
P.V.Sharma, (2002), Nibhandhasamgraha of Dalhana on Susruta Samhita of Susruta, 1st Ed., Chaukhambha Vishwabharati Oriental Publishers, Varanasi, p. 162.
Source of Support: NIL
Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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Review article INFLUENCE OF DEHA PRAKRITI ON LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES - A REVIEW NR Navoday Raju1*, S Deepika2, Kekuda TR Prashanth3, Kulkarni Pratibha4 1
Post- Graduate Scholar, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India 2 Post- Graduate Scholar, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India 3 Associate Professor, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India 4 HOD & Associate Professor, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India *Corresponding Author: Email: drnrnraju@gmail.com; Mobile No.: +919533009553
Received: 12/08/2016; Revised: 25/09/2016; Accepted: 30/09/2016
ABSTRACT The concept of Prakriti (constitution) is a unique contribution of Ayurvedic science. Ayurveda lays great emphasis on the examination of Prakriti which is the natural physical constitution of an individual. Individuals with Vatala, Pittala and Sleshmala types of Deha (physical) Prakriti are supposed to have different strength, span of life etc. Ventilator functioning of lungs can be assessed by lung volumes and capacities which can be measured with the help of spirometer. Vital capacity is the index of physical fitness and greater chest expansion. The vital capacity of physically fit people is always high. This review is intended to understand the influence of Deha Prakriti on lung volumes and capacities of an individual. Most probable reasons for the variations in lung volumes and capacities are being highlighted. KEYWORDS: Vatala; Pittala; Sleshmala; Prakriti; lung volumes; capacities.
Cite this article: NR Navoday Raju*, S Deepika, Kekuda TR Prashanth, Kulkarni Pratibha (2016), INFLUENCE OF DEHAPRAKRITI ON LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES - A REVIEW, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(9): 235â&#x20AC;&#x201C;243
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INTRODUCTION The concept of Prakriti (constitution) is a unique contribution of Ayurvedic science. Ayurveda lays great emphasis on the examination of Prakriti which is the natural state of an individual because only by understanding the original state of the body function one can understand the possible derangement in the functioning. The primary aim of Ayurveda is to maintain health in a healthy person (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014) and hence knowledge of Prakriti is imperative. There are many differences at the physical and psychological levels of different Prakriti individuals (Dhargalkar ND, 2009). Individuals with Vatala (Vata predominant) type of constitution possess strength, span of life etc., in lesser quantity (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014). Pittala (Pitta predominant) type of constitution is endowed with moderate strength, span of life etc. (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014). Sleshmala (Sleshma predominant) type of constitution is gifted with excellence of strength, energy and longevity etc. (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014). Spirometer is the instrument used to measure lung volumes and capacities (Kim EB, 2012) (Tables 5, 6, 7). Vital capacity is the index of physical fitness and greater chest expansion. If person is strong, vital capacity will be more (Chaudhari SK, 1994). Prakriti is formed as a result of predominance specific Dosha. Dosha have their individual Guna. So, different Prakriti individuals are endowed with specific Guna which are dominating their functions in both physical and Psychological dimensions. Therefore there must be some change in the pulmonary functions i.e. lung volumes and capacities in individuals of different Prakriti. In this review influence of Prakriti on lung volumes and capacities is being discussed. LITERARY REVIEW Prakriti People are borne with various proportions of Dosha. Their body constitution is referred
accordingly (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014) (T Sreekumar, 2008). Those borne with equal proportion of three Dosha are Sama Prakriti. These individuals are generally healthy people and remain healthy. Few of them show predominance of one Dosha (humour). Those exhibiting predominance of Kapha, Pitta and Vata are called Sleshmala, Pittala and Vatala respectively (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014). Dominance (Utkata) (Acharya YT, 2010) and unchangeable nature of Dosha are called as Prakriti (T Sreekumar, 2008). Prakriti denotes individualâ&#x20AC;&#x;s natural body constitution (Monier W, 2002). Dosha Vata, Pitta and Kapha are the Dosha responsible for the formation of Prakriti. Dosha are classified into two components: Prakrita and Vaikrita Dosha (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014). Prakrita Dosha are congenital, maintain homeostasis, regulate physiological processes and responsible for health. Vaikrita Dosha are generated in metabolic processes and is responsible for diseases. Types of Prakriti Prakriti based on Tridosha and Triguna are Deha Prakriti, and Maanasa (psychological) Prakriti respectively (Dhargalkar ND, 2009). Deha Prakriti Prakriti with reference to Dosha is known as Dosha Prakriti or Deha Prakriti as it expresses mainly physical characters (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014) (T Sreekumar, 2008). Ekadoshaja (single Dosha) types are concerned with one dominant Dosha they are three Vata, Pitta and Kapha. Dwidoshaja types exhibit dominance of two Dosha and they are three (Vata Pitta, Pitta Kapha, Vata Kapha) while Sama Prakriti has three Dosha in balanced state. Thus there are 7 types of Deha Prakriti (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014).
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and accessories of life (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014).
Maanasa Prakriti It mainly deals with attributes of mind. Gunaja Prakriti is again classified into the following types: Shuddha/Sattva, Rajas and Tamas (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014). As this review is based on Deha Prakriti, more emphasis is given to Deha or Doshaja Prakriti. Features of individual Deha Prakriti The Guna (attributes) of Dosha are expressed in physical and psychological characteristics. The Lakshana as per the Guna are mentioned below in Table 2, 3 & 4. Because of the features mentioned in table 2 individuals with Vatala constitution will be endowed with strength, span of life, procreation, accessories of life and wealth in lesser quantity (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014). By virtue of the qualities mentioned in table 3 individuals with Pittala constitution will be endowed with moderate strength, span of life, spiritual and materialistic knowledge, wealth
By virtue of mentioned qualities in table 4 individuals, a man having Sleshmala type of constitution will be endowed with the excellence of strength, wealth, knowledge, energy, peace and longevity (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014). Respiration and Prana Vata Prana Vata is responsible for respiration (Dhargalkar ND, 2009). According to Gheranda Samhita, the natural speed of Prana Vata is decreased, the life span increases and if it is increased, the lives span decreases (Bhat S & Giri GP, 2014). Lung Volumes and Capacities Pulmonary function tests or lung function tests are useful in assessing the functional status of the respiratory system both in physiological and pathological conditions (Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P, 2012). Lung function tests are based on the measurement of volume of air breathed in and out in quiet breathing and forced breathing.
Table 1: Dosha Guna (attributes) (T Sreekumar, 2008)
Vagbhata
Sushruta
Charaka
Vata Ruksha (dry) Laghu (light) Sheeta (cool) Khara (rough) Sukshma (subtle) Chala (mobile) Bahu (abundance) Ruksha, Laghu, Sheeta, Khara
Ruksha, Laghu, Chala, Bahu, Sheeghra (swift), Sheeta, Parusha (harsh), Vishada (transparency)
Pitta Snigdha (unctuous) Teekshna (penetrating) Ushna (hot) Laghu Visra (foetid) Sara (flowing) Drava (liquid) Teekshna, Drava, Pooteegandha (foul smelling), Neela (blue), Peeta (yellow),Ushna, Katurasa (pungent), Amlarasa (sour) in Vidagdha (decomposed) state Ushna, Teekshna, Drava, Visra, Amla, Katu
Kapha Snigdha Sheeta Guru (heavy) Manda (slow) Slakshna (fine) Mritsna (sticky) Sthira (stable) Shweta (white), Guru, Snigdha, Picchila (sticky), Sheeta, Madhura (sweet), Lavana (salt) in Vidagdha state Snigdha, Slakshna, Mridu, Madhura, Saara (firm), Sandra (viscous), Manda (slow), Sthimita (stable), Guru, Sheeta, Vijjala (compactness), Achha (clear)
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Table 2: Vata Pradhana Prakriti Guna Ruksha Laghu Chala Bahu Sheeghra
Sheeta Parusha Vishada
Features Dry, slightly built physique dry, low, broken obstructed and hoarse voice, alert in approach. Light and inconsistent in actions, movement, likes and dislikes. Unstable joints, eyes, eyebrows, jaws, lips, tongue, head, shoulder, hands and legs. Talkativeness, abundance in visibility of tendons and veins. Quick in initiating actions, quick in getting irritated and quick in the onset of ailments. Quick in affliction with fear, quick in likes and dislikes, quick in understanding and forgetting things. Intolerance for cold things, often getting afflicted with cold, tendency towards shivering and stiffness. Roughness in the hair of the head, face and other parts of the body, nails, teeth, face, hands and feet. Cracking of the limbs and organs, production of cracking sounds in joints when they move. Table 3: Pitta Pradhana Prakriti
Guna Ushna
Teekshna Drava Visra Amla and Katu Pradhana
Features Intolerance for hot things. Tender and clear body. Abundance of freckles, black moles and birthmarks. Excessive hunger and thirst. Quick advent of wrinkles, greying of hair and baldness, the hair will be soft and will have a tinge of light brown colour in the scalp and face. Sharp (demonstration) of physical strength, strong digestive power, intake of food and drink in large quantity, intolerance to stressful conditions. Looseness and softness of joints and muscles, voiding of sweat, urine and faeces in large quantity. Putrid smell of axilla, mouth, head and body in excess Insufficiency of semen, less sexual desire and procreation power.
Table 4: Kapha Pradhana Prakriti Guna Snigdha Slakshna Mridu Madhura Saara Saandra Manda Sthimita Guru Sheeta Vijjala Accha
Features Unctuousness of organs. Smoothness of organs. Pleasing appearance, tenderness and clarity of complexion. Semen of good quality, desire for sexual act and number of procreation. Firmness and stability of the body. Plumpness and roundedness of all organs. Slow in action, intake of food and movement. Slowness in initiating actions, getting irritated and morbid manifestations. Non-slippery and stable gait with the entire sole of the feet, pressing against the earth. Lack of intensity in hunger, thirst, heat and perspiration. Compactness in joints. Happiness in the look and face, happiness and softness of complexion and voice.
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Table 5: Static Lung Volumes Volumes 1. Tidal Volume (VT) 2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 4. Residual Volume (RV)
Definition Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs in a single normal quiet respiration. Additional volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after the end of normal inspiration. Additional volume of air that can be expired out forcefully, after normal expiration. Volume of air remaining in lungs even after forced expiration.
Normal Value 500 mL 3,300 mL 1,000 mL 1,200 mL
Table 6: Static Lung Capacities Capacities 1. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) 2. Vital Capacity (VC) 3. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) 4. Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Combination Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume+ Residual Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume+ Residual Volume
Normal Value 500 + 3,300 = 3,800 mL 3,300 + 500 + 1,000 = 4,800 mL 1,000 + 1,200 = 2,200 mL 3,300 + 500 + 1,000 + 1,200 = 6,000 mL
Table 7: Dynamic Lung Function Tests
1. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) 2. Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
3. Maximum Voluntary Ventilation 4. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
Definition The volume of air that can be exhaled forcefully and rapidly after a maximal or deep inspiration. Forced expiratory volume is the volume of air, which can be expired forcefully in a given unit of time.
Normal Value 4800 mL
FEV1- 83% of VC, FEV2- 94% of VC FEV3- 97% of VC After- 100% of VC Maximum volume of air, which can be breathed in Male - 150 to 170 and out of lungs by forceful respiration per minute. L/minute Females - 80 to 100 L/minute. Maximum rate at which the air can be expired after 400 L/minute. a deep inspiration.
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume are the lung volumes and total lung capacity, vital lung capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity and forced vital capacity are the lung capacities. Spirometer is the instrument used for the measurement of lung
volumes and capacities (Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P, 2012). Ventilation In general, the word „ventilation‟ refers to circulation of replacement of air or gas in a space (Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P, 2012). In respiratory physiology, ventilation is
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the rate at which air enters or leaves the lungs. Ventilation in respiratory physiology is of two types: 1. Pulmonary ventilation and 2. Alveolar ventilation. Compliance It is the ability of the lungs and thorax to expand or it is the expansibility of lungs and thorax. (Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P, 2012). It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in the pressure.
other study titled “The study of physiological pattern of electrocardiogram in different Deha Prakriti persons” different physiological ECG patterns were recorded in different Prakriti persons (MUHS, 2015) and in another study titled “Analytical study of seasonal variations of vital signs in different healthy young individuals of different Shareera Prakriti” variations of vital signs in physiological limits were recorded in different Shareera Prakriti persons (Hiremath R Anupama, 2015).
Dosha Guna will show their influence over Prakriti. The Chala, Sheeghra, Laghu Guna of Vata; Ushna, Snigdha, Teekshna Guna of Pitta and Manda, Sthimita, Guru Guna of Kapha Prakriti will have specific effects on all functions of the body (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4) along with respiratory functioning i.e. increase or decrease of lung volumes and capacities within their physiological limits.
The main function of lungs i.e. gaseous exchange is carried out by Prana Vayu. Prana Vayu must have more or less influence of these Guna of Prakriti which will affect its function i.e. Shwasana (respiration).
According to Gheranda Samhita, span of life will be more for individuals with more rates of respiration and vice versa.
Significance of determining Compliance Determination of compliance is useful as it is the measure of stiffness of lungs. Stiffer the lungs, less is the compliance. Spirometry Itis the method to measure lung volumes and capacities. Simple instrument used for this purpose is called spirometer (Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P, 2012). Modified spirometer is known as respirometer. Nowadays plethysmograph is also used to measure lung volumes and capacities. By using simple spirometer, respirometer or computerized spirometer, not all the lung volumes and lung capacities can be measured. Volume, which cannot be measured by spirometry, is the residual volume. Capacities, which include residual volume, also cannot be measured. Capacities that include residual volume are functional residual capacity and total lung capacity. Volume and capacities, which cannot be measured by spirometry, are measured by nitrogen washout technique or helium dilution technique or by body plethysmograph (Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P, 2012). DISCUSSION In a study titled “Assessment of the relation between different Prakritis and basal metabolic rate” differences were noticed among different Prakriti groups (Sivaram Anjali, 2006). In
Prakriti and Lung Volumes/ Capacities In physiology of respiration, lung volumes and capacities are dependent upon age, gender, height, weight, occupation of the individuals, strength of individuals and respiratory muscles strength. Strength depends on muscles of the body especially skeletal muscles. Strong people are supposed to have more vital capacity and vice versa. So, lung volumes and capacities must vary with strength of an individual so also with Prakriti of an individual. Height, weight, strength of individual as well as respiratory muscle strength must vary with Prakriti.
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Vatala/ Vata Pradhana Prakriti
These individuals are supposed to have less life span. Because of dominance of Laghu, Chaladi Guna those individuals are supposed to have more rate and rhythm of respiration. So, life span of Vatala individuals should be less with more rate of respiration. They are supposed to have rapid ventilation with shallow breathing. Total lung capacity must be less because persons will be lean. Compliance may be less because of predominance of Ruksha and Khara Guna.
Pittala/ Pitta Pradhana Prakriti
These individuals are supposed to have moderate span of life with the dominance of Ushna, Snigdha, Teekshna Guna. Moderate rate and rhythm of respiration are because of absence of Chala Guna/ Sheeghrata and counter action of Ushna Guna and Snigdha Guna with Teekshana Guna. Compliance and lung volumes and capacities must be more compared to Vatala individuals because of presence of Snigdha Guna and Laghu Guna respectively.
Sleshmala/ KaphaPradhanaPrakriti
These individuals are supposed to have more life span. Because of dominance of
Manda, Guru, Sthira, Snigdha Guna those individuals are supposed to have less rate and rhythm of respiration. So, life span of Sleshmala individuals should be more with less of rate of respiration. Rate of ventilation must be less and deeper because of Sthira Guna predominance. Compliance must be more because of predominance of Snigdha Guna. lung volumes and capacities must be more because of good body built. Thus Prakriti plays vital role in the functionality of the body system i.e. respiratory system thereby controls the Lung Volumes and Capacities. CONCLUSION Predominance of specific Dosha at the time of conception leads to Prakriti formation and it is permanent throughout the life of an individual. Guna of the dominant Dosha are supposed to influence all the activities in the body. So, lung volumes and capacities must vary with Prakriti along with all other physiological activities in the body because Prakriti is the entity which decides the structural and functional makeup of the body. Therefore, research works in the direction of evidence based science to prove the influence of Prakriti on respiratory system as well as other bodily systems is the need of the hour.
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Dhargalkar ND (2009). Sarira KriyaVijnana: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 2nd ed. Volume 1, P. 148, P.148, P.387.
Bhat S & Giri GP (2014). Gheranda Samhita: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, 2nd ed. P. 89.
Hiremath R Anupama (2015). Analytical study of seasonal variations of vital signs in healthy young individuals of different Shareera Prakriti. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. Bangalore. P.127.
Chaudhari SK (1994). Concise Medical Physiology: New Central Book Agency, Calcutta, Reprint 2nd ed. P.190.
Kim EB (2012). Ganong‟s Review of Medical physiology: Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 24th ed. P.629.
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Monier W (2002). Sanskrit English Dictionary: Motilal Banarasidas Publication, Varanasi, Reprint ed. P. 654. MUHS (2013). The study of physiological patterns of electrocardiogram in different Deha Prakriti persons. Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik. P.165. Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P (2012). Essentials of Medical Physiology: Jaypee brothers‟ medical publishers, New Delhi, 6th ed. P. 690, P.690–92, P.692, P.700, P. 687, P. 692-93.
Sharma RK & Dash B (2014). English translation on Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha‟s: Chowkhamba Sanskrit series office, Varanasi, Reprint ed. Volume 1, P.600–01, Volume 2, P.265, P.264, P.263, Volume 1, P.322, Volume 2, P.262, P.262, Volume 1, P.600–01, Volume 2, P.262, P.406, P.265, P.264, P.263. Sivaram Anjali (2006). Assessment of the relation between different Prakritis and basal metabolic rate. Kannur University, Kannur. P.124. T Sreekumar (2008). Astangahrdaya: Harisree Hospital, Thrissur, Reprint. Volume 1, P. 34, P.35, P.37, P.34.
Source of Support: NIL
Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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