GJRMI - Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2017 by Dr. Hari Venkatesh.K.Rajaraman

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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2017 MEDICINAL PLANT RESEARCH Nature & Life sciences FLORA AND MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE GREEN SPACES OF BOUSAÂDA (ALGERIA) AND SURROUNDINGS Bounar Rabah*, Rebbas Khellaf, Ghadbane Mouloud, Dahia Mustapha, Miara Mohamed Djamel

Cover Page Photography: Dr. Hari Venkatesh K.R. Plant ID: Inflorescence of Spermacoce alata Aubl.* of the family Rubiaceae; Place: Off Kanakapura Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India *Botanical Name validated from www.theplantlist.org as on 15/01/2017

01–14

Research article FLORA AND MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE GREEN SPACES OF BOUSAÂDA (ALGERIA) AND SURROUNDINGS BOUNAR Rabah1*, REBBAS Khellaf2, GHADBANE Mouloud3, DAHIA Mustapha4, MIARA Mohamed Djamel5 1,2,3,5

Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of M'Sila 28000, Algeria Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences University of Djelfa 17000, Algeria *Corresponding author: bounar.rabah@yahoo.fr 4

Received: 10/12/2016; Revised: 11/01/2017; Accepted: 14/01/2017

ABSTRACT The green spaces are parts of social expectations and affective reactions that show the deep attachment of the population. Whatever shape they take, green spaces take part in shaping the urban scenery and hence they contribute in life quality of the city. Their role is diverse-social, psychological, ecological, aesthetic, cultural and political. With an awareness raising trend, the wellbeing of cities has seen another interest regained in what concerns the city green spaces. This study which concerns itself with the dynamic situation of urban and sub urban green spaces of Bousaâda, Algeria and its position in the town management, is conducted through a diagnostic survey achieved under the city managers. The floristic inventory showed the existence of a great floristic diversity. In sum, 74 species distributed in 62 genres and 37 families. These were heterogeneously distributed through the urban construct, but globally concentrated in the north-east (33%) and to the southwest (32%).Due to the fast urban changes, this horticultural richness started to feel the danger coming from the urban environmental conditions. Hence, it receives multiple aggressions and difficulties.72 medicinal species are inventoried in the different stations of Bousaâda (green spaces and palm grove of Bousaâda, Chott El Hodna and Djebel Kerdada). KEYWORDS: green space, urban landscape, floristic diversity, medicinal plants, wellbeing sustainable development.

Cite this article: Bounar Rabah*, Rebbas Khellaf, Ghadbane Mouloud, Dahia Mustapha, Miara Mohamed Djamel (2017), FLORA AND MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE GREEN SPACES OF BOUSAÂDA (ALGERIA) AND SURROUNDINGS,Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 6 (1): 01–14

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INTRODUCTION Algeria has ratified three important international conventions in 1982, RAMSAR, CITES and African Convention in 1992, the one related to Biological Diversity Conservation (BDC). In this way, the conservation dimension of the rare species has been inscribed as an urgent priority action due to the great number of threatened disappearing species. One of the most important files is the botanical gardens that play an important role in the conservation of biodiversity (BGCI, 2000; Bouguera et al.,2003; Bounar et al.,2013). Thus, peri-urban agriculture, and, to a lesser degree, non-agricultural natural areas, face significant land pressures. These pressures, which are perfectly reflected in the decline in the useful agricultural area, also have farreaching consequences at the farm level, especially if it falls within the domain of the State. This one is weakened not only for economic reasons but also cultural. The cultivated space is considered only as lost ground, the value of which appears to be low compared to other uses and therefore low priority (Boudjenouia et al., 2008). They are rare sources of biological material for the scientific research, witness and reserves for biodiversity in general and more specifically for the vegetal. The urban and suburban green spaces play the role of gap fillers of information and public education and constitute real shop windows of the living world (Degreef, 2000; Abichou and Zaibet, 2008; Anderson, 2008). However, the intricacies related to these ecological entities are numerous and can be envisaged through the question of the green space and territories management namely in the sub urban areas and even to down town. Also, these spaces take part in the political life of territories and can issue varying modalities of social relations and recreational services (Wyse Jackson, 1999; Clergeau, 2010; Boutefeu, 2011; Larcher & Gelgon, 2000; Bekkouche, 1999).

The zone of study is furnished with gardens situated in the interior of the town or in its suburbs. Due to the long absence and relegation of these spaces, it has incited the mobilization of a massive labor hand, ecological and scientific association as well as the national press that the restitution and restoration of these could be possible. The ecological potentialities and their vital functioning for the local population as unique relaxation places have been seriously impaired. There is today a new dynamic perspective of sustainable local development. The question that raises itself is that under which conditions will the municipalities’ actions have positive or negative effects on the dynamics of these spaces? The sustainable development of the town as it is conceived by the elected, will it take into account the natural green spaces as new parameters for sustainable development of the town or just as designs on work plans? The answer to this question has to be necessarily overlooked by the management system. It is in this view that our study has to bring concrete answers to and show a significant contribution to the knowledge and contribution of the species dynamics. In this respect, we have opted for three objectives 1. To achieve a territorial evaluation of the urban and suburban green space species that exists in Bousaâda City. This evaluation is to be achieved through two distinct ways. The first level is related to the identification of their typology; the second will treat the diagnostics and their present state. 2. To determine the accompanying vegetation of each infrastructure and its management for a better knowledge of its natural patrimony of the region. 3. To elaborate a landscape survey for the identification and the users’ behavior towards these infrastructures and to limit their aspirations in terms of green space within the urban milieu.

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The inventory that constitutes a fundamental step to obtain a quantitative and qualitative floristic patrimony of Bousaada city concerns four urban and sub urban samples (4) and (1) linear green space and an oasis: El Wiaam garden (G1), Okba Ibn Nafaa garden (G2); Hotel Kerdada Garden (G3), City el Anasser Square (G4). This diversity and richness in green spaces is seriously threatened. Yet, few research works have been conducted in this respect.

PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY ZONE Bousaâda city is located on the Tellien Atlas and south of Chott el Hodna and extends over an area of 256 square kilometer, is considered the gate of the desert, situated between 4°11'18" longitude East and 35°13'24" latitude North. The culminating point is found at 560 m altitude with a range of weak slopes with an average of (10 to 25%), limited to the north by the municipalities of OuledSidiBrahim, Maarif and El Haouamed and to the south by Oultame, Temsa and ELHamel (Figure 1).

Subsequently, an analysis was made on the level of this floristic diversity and the work that has focused on the use of medicinal plants in Algeria to highlight medicinal plants of the Bousaâda region. Figure 1: Bousaâda Location Map

The hydrographic network in Bousaâda region is dense and diversified, thanks to its semi-permanent rivers, the underground water supplies and the water sources reservoirs that constitute a hydraulic reservoir not to be denied in the region (A.N.A.T, 2003, Nacib, 1986). At the geological level the study zone represents a stratigraphy of the meridional valley based on rocky ranges pointed in the sand and rocky hills; the Rmel and the mountainous chains are composed of marl and sandstone. The main types of soil are mineral soils, calci magnetic, hydromorphous soils, Saline and Alkaline soils (Nacib, 1986). The

average annual rainfall is 185.8 mm. The minimal temperature in the coldest month registered in January is 4.1°C and the average maximal temperature of the hottest day (July) is 39.8°C.The dry season extends all along the year, the seasonal type is APHE with an equation Emberger’s thermal rainfall,1955 is 17.55 (Dahbazi, 2010). METHODOLOGY The methodological approach is based on the identification, all along Bousaâda City, of the main actors in charge of suburban and urban green spaces management to collect the

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different data concerning the quantitative as well as the qualitative of the various existing situations to list and eventually find solutions to these natural spaces. i)- The first phase consists of collecting and synthesizing from the bibliography data, information on the key terms as green space, floristic biodiversity and sustainable towns of Bousaâda city. The second phase is based on the direct interactions with the responsible management staff and the specialized services (forest services, Town council Environmental services as Hotel Kerdada with the intent to achieve population surveys and to take notes of the available statistics in this respect. A questionnaire was achieved for this purpose. In terms of steps, registration was obtained

through field visits to the existing green spaces of the town (gardens, green spaces, trees…). Figure 2 and also to the interior green spaces situated in the cultural and socioeconomic structures; the diagnostic relates the present state of green spaces, their number, the mundane upkeeps, recreational and game spaces, furniture (relaxation material, game equipment, lighting, water fountains, cleanliness…). Also the population frequentation to these structure followed by a floristic inventory established on a subjective scale on all the existing vegetation at the level of the listed green spaces (4 suburban and urban species, One (01) linear green species and one (1) oasis.

Figure 2: Map localizing the studied sites

Each sample is photographed and coded by a number, the identification of species is completed from the Flora of Quezel & Santa (1962, 1963), Clergeau (2007), Ozenda (1991), Rebbas et al. (2012, 2014), Burnie et al. (2013), Godet (2006), Beniston (1984), Lieutachi (2004), Sterry (2001), Messaili (1995), Clergue et al. (2004), Fennane et al. (1997, 2007) and a specimen is deposited in the laboratory. To determine relation between patient and green space, and to better

appreciate the interest accorded to the natural element in the town, as a biological support, we tried to limit the urban populations’ aspirations towards the green spaces and to clarify the different roles assumed. In this respect, 90 persons took part. The established questionnaire is based on the identification of the surveyed sample with open and multi answers.

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The list of medicinal species was based on the work of Bounar et al. (2012), Rebbas et al. (2012), Bounaretal. (2013), Rebbas (2014), Rebbas and Bounar (2014), Benderradji et al. (2014), Sarri et al. (2014) and unpublished observations in the study area. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Specific richness The number of items listed within the green spaces is 74 vegetal species representing 62 genres and 37 botanical families (Table 1).

Moraceae (6), Rosaceae (5), Verbenaceae (4), Cupressaceae (3), Oleaceae (3) are the best represented with a numbering rate of more than three (3) species. These families represent around 51% of the total green spaces specific richness. Nyctaginaceae, Anacardiaceae, Poaceae, Malvaceae, Agavaceae, and the Bignoniaceae, are present each with two species, the other families with one species. The frequency of specific richness is well marked at the level of the four studied gardens, El Wiam garden, Okba Ibn Nafie, El Kerdada Hotel Garden and El Annacer.

Among the registered flora at the green spaces level, Fabaceae (11), Arecaceae (6), Table 1 : Distribution of species and their frequency per garden Species Latania lantaroides (Gaertn) H.E. Moore Duranta plumieri L. Phoenix dactylifera L. Phoenix canariensis Chabaud Ficus longifolia Schott Ficus microcarpa L.f. Olea europea L. Leucaena glauca Benth. Ceratonia siliqua L. Otherspecies Total

G1 121 92 89 75 70 65 63 56 40 284 955

Fr% 12.7 9.63 9.31 7.85 7.33 6.8 6.6 5.86 4.18 29.8 100

G2 425 230 135 95 86 79 54 43 35 353 1535

Fr% 27.7 15 8.8 6.18 5.6 5.14 3.51 2.8 2.28 23 100

G3 195 109 96 89 75 68 57 42 38 280 1049

Fr% 18.59 10.4 9.15 8.48 7.15 6.48 5.43 4 3.62 26.7 100

G4 92 87 79 66 58 49 37 35 23 252 778

Fr: frequency, G1: El Wiaam garden, G2: Okba Ibn Nafaa garden, G3: Hotel Kerdada Garden, G4: City el Anasser Square

Figure 3: Histogram of species repartition and their garden frequency 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

J1 Fr% J2 Fr% J3 Fr% J4 Fr%

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Fr% 11.82 11.18 10.15 8.48 7.45 6.29 4.75 4.5 2.95 32.43 100

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The garden (G2) includes 1535 vegetal specimens, a very important number that shows the richness that the garden offers not only in number of species that it contains but also in the number of specimen. It is obvious that Latania lantaroides is the most dominant with 425 specimens at a rate of 27.7% of the total listed species, occupying thus a quarter of the installed plants in Okba Ibn Nafie garden. The second in class is Duranta plumieri with 230 specimens at a rate of 14.98% followed by Phoenix dactylifera with 135 specimens (8.8%) and Phoenix canariensis with 95 specimens (6.18%).The species Ficus longifolia, Ficus microcarpa, Olea europea, Leucaena glauca and Ceratonia siliqua, present important numbers whereas the rest of species are represented the least. According to Figure 2 the distribution of species is more expanded in G2 than in gardens (3), (1) and (4). The floristic inventory done at the oasis level has allowed the completion of the fixed list of floristic species on table 2. The families that present high numbering rate are the Fabaceae that dominate with a rate of 31% among the families constituting garden (2) flora, and garden (3) with a rate of 28%, garden (1) with a rate of 23%, followed by garden (4) with a rate of 21%. The quasi-totality of vegetal species existing in the four gardens, the oasis and linear space are designed decorative, the specimens are presented at different ages.There are even some that were implanted in 1915 (Mediouni, 1999; MATET 2005; Godet, 2006). It must be noted that many species have disappeared mainly at the level of garden (3) and garden (4) due to the milieu biodegradation. According to the protection statute of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), there exists an endangered species in the four gardens(1), (2), (3) and (4) under the name of Latania lantaroides of Arecaceae family, and two quasi-threatened species Washingtonia filifera

of Arecaceae and Cupressus sempervirens that belong to Cupressaceae family. Medicinal plants of Bousaâda region The region of Bousaâda contains a rich and diverse flora. 72 plants have a medicinal interest (Table 2). We noticed that the public green spaces and those of the schools of Bousaâda contain some toxic plants. It is important to place signs of these plants at the level of these different green areas. Bousaâda Oasis Bousaâda oasis the nearest oasis to capital city, Algiers. It contains some 10000 palm dates planted between 1850–1860 extended over 74 hectares with a density of 135 plants /ha. Contrary to what is today, some 6000 extended over 150 hectares with a density of 40 palm trees per ha, where the watering system is very traditional-the use of saguia (ditch watering). The oasis is a green space of tree growing vocation, the spontaneous vegetation is abundant, with the absence of upkeep hand labour that in certain cases inexistant. The oasis is subdivided into four orchards (djnanes) Djnane Nakhara, Djnane Hemaida, Djnane Batoum et Djnane mimoune. The inventory works achieved over the four natural zones of this site by DSA, 2006; Abdelkrim et al, 2007; Dahbazi, 2010) have shown that Bousaâda oasis still maintains an important diversity of cultivars and is distinguished by varieties that pertain to Bousaada and its regions proper (Bousaâdia, Nebgaya, Zebla). In general and according to Bousaâda agricultural services, this marvelous site has been submitted to various constraints: the oued (river) pollution caused by the unorganized and anarchical rural constructions mainly along and on the nearby of the oasis. *The heritage problem induced has placed the palm trees to fragmentation of small areas that have become sterile.

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*The palm trees uprooted by the proprietors under the pretext that vegetable products are more beneficial than the palm dates in the region.

*Land pressure demands an oasis suffocation due to urban population in extension and the negative effects it result in (domestic wastes, walking on green spaces, stealing of crops, etc).

Table 2: List of medicinal plants in the region of Bousaâda Acacia cyanophilla L. Acer palmatum Thunb Ajugaiva (L.) Schreb. Allium cepaL. Allium sativumL. Agave americana L. Artemisiacampestris L. Artemisia herba-alba Asso. Arundo donax L. Astragalus gombo L. Avena sterilis L. Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd Bougainvillea spinosa Heimerl Casuarina equisetifolia L. Ceratonia ciliqua L. Chamaerops humilis L. Cotulea cinerea L. Cupressus sempervirensL. Daphne mezereum L. Daucus carota L. Duranta plumieri Jacq. Ecballium elaterium Rich. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh Ficus carica L. Ficus religiosa L. Ficus glomerata L. Fraxinus ornus L. Globularia alypum L. Hordeum vulgare L. Inula viscosa L. Juniperus phoenicea L. Laurus nobilis L. Latania lantaroides Gaertn Lepidium sativum L. Leucaena glauca Benth. Limoniastrum guyonianum Boiss.

Lycium europeum L. Malva sylvestris L. Marrubium vulgare L. Matricaria chamomilla L. Mentha spicata L. Neriumoleander L. Olea europaea L. Papaver rhoeas L. Paronychia argentea (Pourr.) Lamk. Peganum harmala L. Phoenix dactylifera L. Phoenix canariensis L. Pinus halepensis Mill Pistacia atlantica L. Pistacialentiscus L. Pistacia terebinthus L. Plantago albicans L. Retam aretam Webb. Rosa rugosa Thunb Rosmarinus officinalis L. Rhus tripartitum L. Quercus ilex L. Saccocalyx satureioïdes Coss et Dur. Salvia officinalis L. Scorzonera undulata Batt. Stipa tenacissima L. Tamarix africana Poiret. Tamarix aphylla L. Thapsia garganica L. Teucrium polium L. Thymelaea hirsuta Endl. Thuya orientalis L. Trigonella faenum-graecum L. Triticum vulgare Vill. Vitis vinifera L. Ziziphus lotus (L.) Desf.

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Since a long time, the traffic roads have played a great role in the development of a region. Today they have become a landmark in the daily landscape of the region from the street to the main road. Their principal role is the transport of people and their stuff. However, beyond this functional role, the street,the thoroughfare, and even the small street create the gap in our towns, cut short the territories and reshape the streets and design the landscape as a major element in urban and more specifically in the traffic planning especially in its aligned forms (Mahdi and Di Pietro, 2009). The majority of the urban aligned trees of the city of Bousaâda are located adjacent to the high street borders (down town towards Biskra, down town towards Algiers, downtown to Djelfa, downtown towards Hostel technical Institute and the touristic road towards Ferrero mill), and the principal axes of the town. These plantations diminish at the level of secondary streets and are totally absent on the secondary axes. It is mainly at the level of city center and the ancient residential cities where the aligned trees plantations are very developed (Caroubier, Eucalyptus). The trees bypass the streets pavements either unilaterally or bilaterally, certain of them dated back to the colonial period (the case of El Badr district). The generalization of the tree within the town space limit remains insufficient particularly at the level of newly inhabited localities. The follow up to this patrimony is in general limited to the whitewashing just for the aesthetic sake and is often done by non qualified hand labour. It is also to be noted that there is a total absence in the irrigation operation or the phytosanitary treatment. All through the city of Bousaâda, the plantations are realized by the technical services of the town council; the forestry services and also by particulars who voluntarily plant trees near their residences or their

workshop. At the level of ancient buildings, the tree stands as a marking line for private properties. In fact, we have used one tree for one house. In what concerns the follow up to the plantation operation and with regards to the plantation status, it is evident that the follow up and the upkeep are at fault at the level of the urban and sub urban composites. The upkeep team rarely comes back to the new shoots only at the replacement operation or at times of decorations. It is then to be noted that the management of growing trees and their realization obey to no code of use due to the absence of specific management documentations. This lacuna is narrowly related to the management composition team charged of follow up and treatment of green spaces where urban forestry competencies and the beauty of landscape conception are a defect. It is then recommended to conceive a simple and well documented folio including all the elementary data (species, variety or cultivar, date of plantation, origin and quality of plants and also management directives namely those that concern the trees suppression and treatment modalities). This document will accompany the green spaces process, well written to avoid all the intricacies and errors inherent to the management and the changing of stuff and allows the permanent follow up to the tree growing patrimony. It is to be noted also that the aligned trees contribute to the creation of certain harmony within the urban architecture and the aesthetic beauty of the town to give support to the citizen’s well being with the pleasure to sense and feel the four seasons where the tree evokes the colour of spring, autumn, the refreshing shadow of the hot summer and winter spectrum.

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Table 3: The aligned trees and their frequency in linear space in Bousaâda Families Arecaceae

Moraceae Fabaceae

Cupressaceae

Casuarinaceae Pinaceae Tamaricaceae Caesalpinioideae Nyctaginacae

Anacardiaceae Cyperaceae Myrtaceae Apocynaceae Oleaceae Rosaceae Aceraceae Thymeliaceae Agavaceae Lamiaceae

Common Name Palmier dattier Dattier des canaries Palmier nain Palmier japon Washingtonia Figuier Figuier des pagodes Cassier Févier d’Amérique Robinier Luzerne Cyprès Genévrier Thuya Casuarina Pin d’Alep Tamarin Caroubier The follow up to this patrimony is in general limited to the whitewashing just for the aesthetic sake and is often done by non qualified hand labour. It is also to be noted that there is a total absence in the irrigation operation or the phytosanitary treatment. Bougainvillée Lentisque Pistachier térébinthe Papyrus Gommier rouge Laurier rose Frêne à fleurs Olivier Ancien rosier Erable palmé Daphne Agave Romarin

Scientific Name Phoenix dactylifera L Phoenix canariensisH Chamaerops humilis L Washingtonia filiferaL Washingtonia robusta H Ficus glomerata L Ficus religiosa L Acacia cyanophilla L Gleditsia triacanthos L Robinia pseudoacacia L Medicago arborea L Cupressus sempervirens L Juniperus sp. Thuya orientalis L Casuarina equisetifolia L Pinus halepensis Mill Tamarix aphylla L Ceratonia siliqua L Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd

Nb 2200 400 95 100 350 120 100 110 200 90 165 850 150 140 130 200 159 300 300

(%) 27.5 5 1.18 1.25 4.38 1.5 1.25 1.37 2.5 1.12 2.06 10.6 1.87 1.75 1.62 2.5 1.99 3.75 3.75

Bougainvillea spinosa Heimerl Pistacia lentiscus L Pistacia terebinthus L Cyperus papyrus L Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh Nerium oleander L Fraxinus ornus L Olea europea L Rosa rugosa Thunb Acer palmatum Thunb Daphne mezereum L Agave americana L Rosmarinus officinalis L Total

245

3.06

350 50 60 185

4.38 0.62 0.75 2.31

150 265 200 42 70 70 38 102 7986

1.87 3.18 2.5 0.52 0.87 0.87 0.47 1.58 100

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All this will be an integral part of the cultural patrimony of the country. Trees play a primordial role, fix the passing of travellers to their destinations and they help facilitate the car riders in keeping company. A great landscape patrimony due its beautiful sceneries and its role in giving a picturesque image. They are demarcation line and fixing borders in keeping land partitions, in what concerns the diversity of crops and vegetable products. A social patrimony thanks to the ambiance created as a life framework, the ecological role they play against the wind acting as wind breakers, a shelter against the sun and rain, a comforter to dust, an orienteer for passengers and travelers missing their destinations. Trees are an historical patrimony; they are accompanying elements of artistic art. A botanical patrimony for the species that are out of their natural habitat or as exotic creatures.

of Bousaâda is concerned with a sample rating estimated to 7986 trees DGF (2014).The most dominant species are: Phoenix dactylifera (27.5%), Cupressus sempervirens (10.6%), Washingtonia robusta (4.38%). 32 species belonging to 20 families. The most represented family of Arecaceae (39.31 %) with 05 species, followed by Fabaceae with 04 species (7.05 %). Cupressaceae represents (14.22 %) with 03 species, Moraceae (2.75 %), Nyctaginacae (6.81), and Oleaceae (5.68) with 02 species each.The other families are present with less than two (Table 3). Figure (4) represents the generic frequency per botanical family of aligned trees in the linear green space of Bousaâda.The families that possess high elevated rate number are the Fabaceae (4), Arecaceae (3), Cupressacae (3), Oleaceae (2) and the other families are present with one genre.

The inventory that constitutes a fundamental step to obtain a quantitative and a qualitative tree growing patrimony of the city

Some of the plants grown in Bousaâda are represented pictographically in Figure 5.

Figure 4: Generic frequency per botanical family of aligned trees in linear green spaces of Bousaâda 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

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Lamiaceae

Agavaceae

Tymeliaceae

Aceraceae

Rosaceae

Oleaceae

Terebinthaceae

Apocynaceae

Myrtaceae

Cyperaceae

Anacardiaceae

Nyctaginacae

Caesalpinioideae

Tamaricaceae

Pinaceae

Casuarinaceae

Cupressacae

Fabaceae

Moraceae

Arecaceae

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Figure 5: Annex - Plants of the green spaces of BousaĂ˘da 1

1. Duranta plumieri 2. Leucaena glauca 3. Latania lantaroides 4. Phoenix dactylifera 5. Ficus microcarpa 6. Ceratonia siliqua 7. Gleditsia triacanthos 8. Robinia pseudoacacia 9. Thuya orientalis 10. Cupressus sempervirens 11. Washingtonia robusta 12. Acacia cyanophilla 13. Medicago arborea 14. Nerium oleander 15. Bougainvillea spectabilis Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Global J Res. Med. Plants &Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 1 | January 2017 | 01–14

CONCLUSION The city of Bousaâda is thriving with green spaces represented by an oasis and other tree growing ranges that cover and spread all along its suburbs. Down town, this green patrimony comprises of different varieties and forms. This registered diversity is important in all the ecosystems urban and suburban (oasis, private gardens, plantations, etc) that, in the course of time, are a relaxation place and welfare for the inhabitants. In its spatial dimension, the problem of the climate, soils and altitude as well as the human activity play important roles. Green spaces in Bousaâda are not regularly distributed; hence the majority of the species are found in the localities where the humans mostly frequent. Green spaces are not well treated and kept; there exist a lot of constraints that curb the development and the effective management of these leisure spots. The best predicted solution to safeguard this natural patrimony is to assist specialists in horticulture with means and competent labour

hand, to prepare a well documented working plan that will be a lifelong folio for the management of the city in the future. Tree growing effective framework and policy if it is well done, will save the city and give it an aesthetic value face for tourism in the near future to come. The market for plants with medicinal properties is unchecked. Given the different uses of these plants, regulation seems necessary. Each country must develop its own specifications. The cultivation of these economical plants, especially medicinal plants, will increase the incomes of the local population of the Bousaâda region. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very much grateful to all the personnel of M’sila Directorate of Agricultural Services, the APC of Bousaâda and Dr. Bouazid Tayeb for her help.

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Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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