GJRMI - Volume 6, Issue 2, February 2017 by Dr. Hari Venkatesh.K.Rajaraman

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ISSN 2277 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4289 www.gjrmi.com Editor-in-chief Dr Hari Venkatesh K Rajaraman

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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 6, Issue 2, February 2017 INDIGENOUS MEDICINE Stree Roga and Prasuti Tantra - Ayurveda PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PRELIMINARY PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF VIDANGADI LAUHA TABLET Chaudhari Krutika, Dei Laxmipriya, CR Harisha, Shukla V J

15–23

Dravya Guna - Ayurveda - Literary Research PARYAYAMUKTAVALI - AN UNEXPLORED NIGHANTU OF ODISHA, INDIA Deepa KK, Rabinarayan Acharya

Cover Page Photography: Dr. Hari Venkatesh K.R. Plant ID: Inflorescence of Tectona grandis L.f.* of the family Lamiaceae; Place: Off Kanakapura Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India *Botanical Name validated from www.theplantlist.org as on 28/02/2017

24–33

Research article PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PRELIMINARY PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF VIDANGADI LAUHA TABLET Chaudhari Krutika1*, Dei Laxmipriya2, CR Harisha3, Shukla V J4 1

Ph.D. (Ayu.) Scholar, Stree Roga and Prasuti Tantra Department, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar, Gujarat, India Professor and HOD, Stree Roga and Prasuti Tantra Department, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar, Gujarat, India 3 HOD, Pharmacognosy Laboratory I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar, Gujarat, India 4 HOD, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar, Gujarat, India *Corresponding Author: chaudhari_krutika88@yahoo.com 2

Received: 10/12/2016; Revised: 18/01/2017; Accepted: 28/01/2017

ABSTRACT Vidangadi Lauha is one of the most common drugs used in routine Ayurveda practice. Till date no published data is available on its analytical profile. In the present study, pharmacognostical and physicochemical profile of Vidangadi Lauha tablet was studied by following standard guidelines. Results of Pharmacognostical study had shown the presence of colouring matter of Vidanga, starch grains of Musta, group of lignified cells of Haritaki, trichome of Bibhitaki, scleroids of Amalaki, fibers of Devadaru, oleoresin content of Pippali, simple starch grains of Pippali moola, epidermal cells of Chavya, border pitted vessels of Chitraka, oleoresin content, scalariform vessels of Sunthi, group of stone cells of Maricha. Physicochemical analysis of Vidangadi Lauha tablet showed loss on drying 5.224%, ash value 41.417%, Acid soluble extractive 40.818%, Water soluble extractive 14.128%, Iron content 50.41% pH value 4. On performing HPTLC, the chromatography showed 11 spots at 254 nm and 7 spots at 366 nm. The findings of the study will be useful in the standardization of the Vidangadi Lauha. KEY WORDS: Vidangadi Lauha tablet, HPTLC, pharmacognosy, physicochemical

Cite this article: Chaudhari Krutika*, Dei Laxmipriya, CR Harisha, Shukla V J (2017), PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PRELIMINARY PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF VIDANGADI LAUHA TABLET, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 6 (2): 15–23

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INTRODUCTION: Vidangadi Lauha is one of the most common herbo-mineral drugs used in OPD in routine Ayurvedic practice. There are many types of Vidangadi lauha mentioned in Ayurveda Texts. Vidangadi lauha is used for mostly Pandu (Anemia), Sthaulya (Obesity), Amavata (Rheumatoid Arthritis), Prameha (Diabetes) etc. Anaemia is a major health problem in India. In the 2005–2006 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), the prevalence of Anaemia was 70% in children aged 6–59 months, 55% in females aged 15–49 years, and 24% in males aged 15–49 years (Alvarez-Uria et al., 2014). There are so many iron containing allopathic formulations in the market for treatment of iron deficiency anemia. The long term treatment with iron salts is associated with several side effects like heartburn, nausea, upper gastric discomfort, constipation and diarrhoea (Khot et al., 2013). The hematinic market in India is currently worth around Rs. 900 crore and is

growing at 15% per Annum. Lauha Kalpas (Iron formulations) can be a better alternative in Ayurveda. Lauha Kalpas are formulations which possess Lauha Bhasma (calyx of Iron) as the major ingredient along with the other herbal ingredients (Gupta K. L. et al., 2012). One clinical work by Savaj Vaishali Nanubhai et al. (2016) was published on Vidangadi lauha on Pandu but till date no research work has been done on its analytical profile. So, the present study has been undertaken to evaluate the pharmacognostical and physico-chemical profile of Vidangadi lauha tablet. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Procurement of raw materials: The test drug Vidangadi Lauha tablet consists of 14 ingredients (Table 1). All of the raw drugs were collected from the pharmacy of Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

Table 1-Ingredients of Vidangadi Lauha tablet (Indradeva Tripathi, 2014) No

Name of drug

Vidanga

2 3 4 5

Botanical name (Latin name)

Part used

Part

Embelia ribes Burm.

Dried fruit

Musta Haritaki Vibhitaki Amalaki

Cyperus rotundus Linn. Terminalia chebula Retz. Terminalia belerica Rox Emblica officinalis Linn.

Dried rhizome Dried fruit Dried fruit Dried fruit

1 1 1 1

Devadaru

Cedrus deodara Loud.

Dried wood

Pippali

Piper longum Linn.

Dried fruit

8 9

Pippalimoola Chavya

Piper longum Linn. Piper retrofractum Vahl.

Dried stem Dried stem

1 1

10 11

Chitraka Sunthi

Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Zingiber officinale Roxb.

Dried root Dried rhizome

1 1

12 13

Maricha Lauha Bhasma

Piper nigrum Linn.

Dried fruit

1 12

Gomutra

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Identification and Authentication: All the raw drugs were identified, authenticated in Pharmacognosy Laboratory by the Pharmacognist, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar and cross verified with API and WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines. The study included organoleptic evaluation and microscopic evaluation following standard guidelines (Anonymous, 1999). Voucher specimen nos. of the raw herbs of Vidangadi lauha tablet is IPGT & RA pharmacognocy 6212/ 16–17.

soluble extractive, Water soluble extractive, Methanol soluble extractive, pH value, Weight variation as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Anonymous, 2008) . HPTLC: Instrument used was CAMAG make HPTLC with WINCATS 1.4.3 software and linomat 5 sample applicator. Stationary Phase: HPTLC plate’s silica gel 60 F254

Method of Preparation of Vidangadi lauha tablet:

Mobile Phase: Toluene: Ethyl acetate: acetic acid= 7: 2: 1(v/v)

Gomutra (cow’s urine) and Lauha Bhasma were boiled together to form a thick paste then fine powders of other drugs were added then 5% glue acacia was added as excipient and mixed well and tablets weighing 500 mg each were punched in a tablet making machine.

The sample was prepared in methanol, and 2 ml sample was applied as 8 mm band for each spot. The plate was visualized under short and long ultraviolet (UV) radiations and density of the separated spots was recorded using scanner III. The plate was sprayed with vanillin-sulphuric acid reagent and observed in daylight and viewed under long waved ultra violet light at 366 nm (Plate 2) and short waved ultra violet light at 254 nm (Plate 2), (E Stahl, 1969)

Pharmacognostical evaluation: Vidangadi Lauha tablet dissolved in small quantity of distilled water then filtered through filter paper and the precipitate was treated with and without stain to find out the lignified materials along with other cellular constituents and later compared with the findings of individual ingredients of the Vidangadi Lauha tablet. The micro photographs were taken using carl zeiss Trinocular microscope attached with camera (T.E. Wallis, 2002). Analytical evaluation: Vidangadi lauha tablet was evaluated for organoleptic characters like taste, odour and colour etc. (Trease and Evans, 1996). Pharmaceutical evaluation: Physico-chemical analysis: Vidangadi Lauha tablet was evaluated with appropriate protocols for the standard physicochemical parameters (Anonymous, (2005), i.e. Loss on drying, Ash Value, Acid

OBSERVATION AND RESULTS: Pharmacognostical: Organoleptic characters: The sample (Powdered Vidangadi Lauha tablet) was coffee brown solid texture with muddy Astringent taste and characteristic smell was cow urine like smell (table 2). Microscopic characters: The diagnostic characters of Vidangadi Lauha tablet compound formulation showed (Plate 1,1–30) colouring matter and stone cells of Vidanga, starch gains of Musta, epicarp cells, group of lignified cells, lignified stone cell, stone cell of Haritaki, trichome and scleroids of Bibhitaki, fibers and scleroids of Amalaki, fibers and lignified fiber of Devadaru, oleoresin content, group of stone cells and stone cell of Pippali, simple starch gains and

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prismatic crystal of Pippali moola, epidermal cells, fibers and oil globule of Chavya, tannin content, stone cell and border pitted vessels of Chitraka, oleoresin content, scalariform vessels and starch grains of Sunthi, black debris, group of stone cells and lignified stone cells of Maricha. Physico-chemical parameters: The pharmaceutical parameters such as loss on drying, ash value, acid soluble extractive,

water soluble extractive, methanol soluble extractive, pH value, weight variation were mentioned in Table 3. HPTLC On performing HPTLC, the chromatography showed 11 spots with Rf values 0.03, 0.22, 0.28, 0.41, 0.49, 0.58, 0.64, 0.69, 0.73, 0.77, 0.94 at 254 nm and 7 spots with 0.03, 0.22, 0.58, 0.64, 0.69, 0.74, 0.97 at 366 nm (Table 4).

Table 2: Organoleptic characters of Vidangadi Lauha tablet Characters

Observed

Texture Colour Odor Taste Consistency

Rough Coffee brown Cow urine like smell Muddy astringent Solid

Table 3: Physico-Chemical Parameters of Vidangadi Lauha tablet Name of the Test Loss on drying (% w/w) at 110oC Ash Value (% w/w) Acid soluble extractive (% w/w) Water soluble extractive (% w/w) Methanol soluble extractive (% w/w) Iron content (% w/w) pH (5% v/v aqueous solution) Average wt. of Vati Highest wt. of Vati Lowest wt. of Vati

Value 5.224% 41.417% 40.818% 14.128% 4.96% 50.41% 4 518gm 530gm 499gm

Table 4: Vidangadi Lauha tablet Extract Methanol extract

Solvent System

Wave length Toluene: Ethyl 254 nm acetate: acetic acid (7:2:1) v/v 366 nm

Number of spots 11

Max Rf value 0.03, 0.22, 0.28, 0.41, 0.49, 0.58, 0.64, 0.69, 0.73, 0.77, 0.94 0.03, 0.22, 0.58, 0.64, 0.69, 0.74, 0.97

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Plate.1. Microphotographs of Vidangadi Lauha tablet

1.Colouring matter of Vidanga

2.Stone cells of Vidanga

3.Starch gains of Musta

4.Epicarp cells of Haritaki

5.Group of lignified cells of Haritaki

6.Lignified stone cell of Haritaki

7.Stone cell of Haritaki

8.Trichome of Bibhitaki

9.Scleroids of Bibhitaki

10.Fibers of Amalaki

11.Scleroids of Amalaki

12.Fibers of Devadaru

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13.Lignified fiber of Devadaru

14.Oleoresin content of Pippali

15.Group of stone cells of Pippali

16.Stone cell of Pippali

17.Simple starch gains of Pippali moola

18.Prismatic crystal of Pippali moola

19.Epidermal cells of Chavya

20.Fibers of Chavya

21.Oil globule of Chavya

22.Tannin content of Chitraka

23.Stone cell of Chitraka

24.Border pitted vessels of Chitraka

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25.Oleoresin content of Sunthi

26.Scalriform vessels of Sunthi

27. Starch gains of Sunthi

28.Black dabris of Maricha

29.Group of stone cells of Maricha

30. Lignified stone cells of Maricha

Plate- 2

Densitogram at 254 nm UV light

DISCUSSION: The colour of the final product was coffee brown due to lauha bhasma which forms half part of the tablet. Taste of the final product was muddy astringent as majority of the ingredients

Densitogram at 366 nm UV light

have Tikta (bitter) and Kashaya (astringent) taste. Powder microscopy showed striking characters of all individual 12 drugs of Vidangadi lauha tablet. These results confirm that there is no major change in microscopic structures of the raw drugs during the

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pharmaceutical process of preparation of tablet which suggest good quality of the final product. Vidangadi Lauha tablet contained 41.417 % w/w of total ash and 50.41% w/w Iron content due to the presence of Lauha Bhasma which occupies half the quantity in this tablet. The result revealed that Vidangadi Lauha tablet was free from any unwanted organic and inorganic compounds and the sample was free from dust and other soil matters etc. The 14.128% w/w water soluble extractive and 4.96% w/w methanol soluble extractive were present in Vidangadi lauha tablet indicate that the drug is having less solubility in water and in methanol. Toluene: Ethyl acetate: acetic acid (7:2:1) v/v was used as mobile phase solvent for the separation of steroids and triterpenoid mixture. In HPTLC profile of Vidangadi lauha tablet shows 11 Rf bands at 254 nm and 7 Rf bands at 366 nm. These possible compounds of the matrix may possess its therapeutic effect. These findings may help to generate qualitative and

quantitative standards to determine the quality and purity of the drug formulation. CONCLUSION: The present work was carried out with an aim to study Physico-chemical parameters of Vidangadi Lauha tablet deals with Loss on drying, Ash Value, Acid soluble extractive, Water soluble extractive, Methanol soluble extractive, Iron content, pH value, weight variation. All the pharmaceutical parameters of Vidangadi Lauha tablet analyzed and pharmacognostical evaluation showed their particular microscopical characters. This study is just a preliminary step towards standardization of a herbo-mineral drug Vidangadi Lauha tablet. Further study is necessary to discover other parameters related to standardization to be carried out to set the limit for the reference standards for the quality control and quality assurance of Vidangadi Lauha tablet.

REFERENCES: Alvarez-Uria, Naik, Midde, Yalla 2014, Prevalence and Severity of Anaemia Stratified by Age and Gender in Rural India, anemia, Volume 2014, p.1–5 Anonymous, (1999), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume 1–4, Govt. of India, Dept. of Ayush, New Delhi, p. 155–56 Anonymous, (2005) Parameters for qualitative assessment of Ayurvedic and Siddha Drugs, Part A, CCRAS, New Delhi, p. 31 Anonymous, (2008) The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India, 1st Ed, New Deli; Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India,; 2(1):136

E Stahl, (1969), Thin-layer chromatography-A laboratory hand book, 2nd Ed., Springer - Verlag, New York, p. 125–133 Gupta K. L. Pallavi, Patgiri, Galib, Prajapati, (2012), Critical review on the pharmaceutical vistas of Lauha Kalpas (Iron formulations), Journal of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine, Volume 3 issue 1, P.21–28 Indradeva Tripathi (2014), Chakradatta, Panduroga Chikitsa-8/33-34, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Bhawan, Varanasi, p. 82. Khot.B.M., Patil, Kakad, (2013), Comparative Clinical Study of Dhatri Lauha and Navayasa Lauha in Garbhini Panduroga With Reference To Anemia in Pregnancy, Volume 11, Issue 1 (Nov.Dec. 2013), p.28–33

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K.R.

Kandelwal, (2008), Practical Pharmacognosy, 19th Ed., Nirali publication, Pune, p. 137–190

Savaj Vaishali Nanubhai, Sharma, Pandya (2016), Clinical evaluation of vidangadi loha in the management of Pandu roga, International Ayurvedic Medical Journal, Volume 4; Issue 08; p. 2388– 2395 Source of Support: NIL

Wallis, (2002), Text book of Pharmacognosy, 5th Ed., CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi: p. 123–132, 210–215

Trease and Evans, (1996), Pharmacognosy, 15th Ed., W.B. Sunders Company Ltd, p. 569, 570

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Literary Research PARYAYAMUKTAVALI- AN UNEXPLORED NIGHANTU OF ODISHA, INDIA Deepa K K1*, Rabinarayan Acharya2 1

Ph.D. scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India 2 Professor and Head, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India *Corresponding Author: e-mail id: drdeepanil@gmail.com

Received: 10/01/2017; Revised: 18/02/2017; Accepted: 28/02/2017

ABSTRACT In Ayurveda, Nighantu is considered to be the available base literature on Ayurvdic pharmacology. From nineteenth century onwards available manuscripts are being transformed in to printed texts. Available manuscripts of Paryayamuktavali, a nighantu of Odisha, India, are one of such nighantu which has been printed both in Odia and Devanagari script. Even though the nighantu was very popular, there is no critical analysis done on its structure, contents or contribution. Literary research is considered as the base of all researches in Ayurveda. Present study is a literary research on available three printed versions, in Devanagari script. The process of research started with critical edition, and progress through critical analysis to draft the comparative version, its interpretation, comparison to other available information about author, time period, style of presentation, hierarchy and contents. Comparison has also been carried out among both the texts, to find out their relationship with Paryayamuktavali, noted to be the redacted or modified version of Paryayaratnamala, authored by Madhavakara. The nighantu is authored by Haricharana Sena, an inhabitant of Utkala desha, referring to modern day state of Odisha, India during later half of 16th century, or early 17th century. Paryayamuktavali describes 608 drugs and diet items in 23 Varga (chapters), among which 17 varga deals with 475 of plant drugs, 2 varga describes 38 minerals. One chapter for each on, 60 items in Bhukatadi kritanna varga (cooked food items) and 35 items in paniya varga (drinkables). Last two chapters deals with paryaya (synonyms) of common technical terms used in Ayurveda and multiple meanings of one single term respectively. Paryayamuktavali is a redacted version of Paryayaratnamala with certain modification in terms of style of presentation, chapter division and addition of new drugs and synonyms. KEY WORDS: Dravyaguna, literary research, Manuscripts, nighantu, Paryayamuktavali, Paryayaratnamala.

Cite this article: Deepa K K, Rabinarayan Acharya (2017), PARYAYAMUKTAVALI - AN UNEXPLORED NIGHANTU OF ODISHA, INDIA, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 6 (2): 24â&#x20AC;&#x201C;33

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INTRODUCTION: The knowledge of Ayurveda spread in historic writings of ancient India such as Vedas, is later compiled in to a full- fledged science. Equally, Dravyaguna, (Ayurvedic pharmacology) is scattered all through the classics of Ayurveda, later developed in to a separate branch. Nighantu (lexicons), which means collection, is known from the time of ‘Vedas’ as one among six vedanga (parts of veda) and it refers to glossary of medicinal drugs in Ayurveda. They are essential source for students of Ayurveda by providing information about identification and usefulness of the drugs. There are around 227 nighantus and texts of Dravyaguna in Sanskrit and the contents and style of presentation varies from one to another (Sharma PV, 2010). Few are containing drugs of a particular samhita, (compendium) and some other a random collection of drugs without proper division of chapters. There are also few nighantus with only synonyms while others contain their properties and action too. Few nighantus are with proper division of chapters and well defined pattern of presentation, following the classical texts such as samhitas of Ayurveda. Paryayamuktavali, in short known as muktavali, is one such nighantus or synonymous medical lexicon of Odisha, India. It is mentioned in the mangalacharana (introductory verse) of Paryayamuktavali that this is a redacted version of Paryayaratnamala of Madhava. The manuscripts of Paryayamuktavali are found in Bengali, as well as Odia language and till date there is no critical study reported on its structure, contents or contribution. Critical studies in literary research incorporate regaining the original version of the author from variant readings and discover its usefulness at present, through a scientific process of critical edition and critical analysis. The huge number of manuscripts found in Odisha and Bengal shows reputation of Paryayamuktavali among the Vaidyas (Ayurvedic physicians). As there are many variant readings from text to text, the process of research starts with critical edition, and

progress through critical analysis to find the most authentic version, its interpretation, comparison to other available information etc. The systematic way of presentation, vast number of medicines dealt, rare and important synonyms etc reveal the significance of this study to explore its expediency and contribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study is based on three available printed versions of Paryayamuktavali (PM), viz 1. PM1- Sree Haricharana sena virachita Paryayamuktavali in Hindi, Giri K and Shankhua P (Eds) (2013). Chaukhamba Viswabharati, Varanasi. 2. PM2Chowdhary T (1947)Paryayamuktavali. Patna University press, Patna. Containing only the base Sanskrit verses. This book is based on 9 manuscripts among which 7 are from Bengal and two from Odisha. It is a reprint from Patna University journal,vol 1&2 [JBRS Journal of Bihar Research Society] 3. PM3- Sreemanmadhavakara virachitaa haricharanasena samshodhitaa Paryayamuktavali, Hota NP and Padhi MM (Eds) (2015). Directorate of AYUSH, Govt. of Odisha and Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, New Delhi. This book is based on 24 palm leaf manuscripts, of which three were taken as main source of study. PM1 and PM3 include the Sanskrit verse and its direct meaning in Hindi, while PM2 is presenting only the Sanskrit slokas. PM1 does not give any variant readings, and gives synonym of each drug under its basonym. PM2 gives variant readings as foot notes, by specifying the source manuscript. In this, slokas are continuously presented, without basonym. In PM3 variant readings are given as end notes in each chapter without reference of source manuscript. Basonyms are also given under which the sloka (hymn) of synonym is given. There are many differences in the versions on comparison of these books.

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Other than these, the present study also depends on two printed versions of Paryayaratnamala (PR) viz 1. PR1 Paryayaratnamala only the base Sanskrit verses, Chowdhary T (1947) Patna University press, Patna. It is also reprinted from Patna University journal, vol 1& 2 [JBRS Journal of Bihar Research Society] in 1947. 2. PR2 Paryayaratnamala published on-line by National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage, CCRAS, Hyderabad. Critical edition is reconstructing the text, nearest to the author’s autograph work on the basis of evidences through lower criticism and higher criticism (Jilby John et al., 2016). Lower criticism is to find original reading through 3 stages-Heuristics, Recession and Emendation. Heuristics is collection, analysis and study of evidences done by, giving siglum and collation. Recension is filtering the variants of a reading to find which is closer to the author’s intension, by cognitive analysis, and emendation is the process of making a revision or correction to a text based on the assumption of the editor looking in to the evidences available about the authenticity word or text, whether it is by original author, or later addition. Higher criticism includes assessing the time-period and details of the author. It also deals with the style of presentation, sources of the work, the circumstances that made the author to compose the work, Influence of other similar texts on the selected work etc. (Jilby John et al., 2016). Critical analysis is to thoroughly analyze the work, part by part, with the help of its meanings, compare to other similar works, or apply it practically to see its authenticity. It is oriented towards the usefulness of the selected work in the present era, and its contribution to the existing knowledge system. In this study, the three source materials collected are compared, letter by letter, using collation sheet and the differences are noted down. Meaning of each word observed with Pathabheda (variations) is collected from

vaachaspatyam and sabdakalpadrumam, the two available and frequently referred Sanskrit dictionaries. Based on this, deletions and recentions are made to draft an edited version of Paryayamuktavali, with English explanation. Further research about the author, time period, contribution of nighantu, structure, contents etc are carried out based on this edited version. OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION The structure and style of presentation Paryayamuktavali follows a classical style of presentation, as seen in Ayurvedic samhitas. It is composed of 23 vargas (chapters) encased in mangalacharana as well as short description of the purpose of text at first, and summary along with specialty of the text at last. Each chapter is organized with name of all drugs dealt at first, then paryaya (synonyms) of individual drugs and the inter-text colophon revealing the authors name and number of drugs in the particular chapter at last. The drugs are arranged based on order of superiority. The number of drugs in each chapter varies. Equally, the number of lines is also not fixed. Each drug is described with three to seven synonyms, in half line, one line or two line sloka haphazardly. The basonym and synonyms are not distinguished. Naming of chapters There is a difference in naming of chapters in different source materials. In PM1, chapter name includes, first drug followed by the specialty of the varga (chapter), while PM2 and PM3 gives chapter number followed by specialty of varga in the name. For example, first chapter is named karpuradi sreshta gandha varga in PM1 while the same is named prathama shreshta gandha varga in PM2 and PM3. Hierarchy of the text There are two systems seen in nighantu literature of Ayurveda. One is simply enumerating the drugs and their synonyms, while the other is characterized by classification in to different vargas, and

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systematic presentation of contents in each chapter. Paryayaratnamala follows the method told first, while Paryayamuktavali is modification of Ratnamala with relevant additions in to the second system. This method of classification became popular in nighantus from Dravyavali of Dhanvantari nighantu onwards. Here also, one can observe two traditions. One, is explaining only names and synonyms, and another one, explaining guna karma (properties and actions) along with the synonyms. Few nighantus like shodhala nighantu, synonyms are dealt in naamasangraha part of the text, followed by guna sangraha. Paryayamuktavali enumerates only synonyms, and it resembles the style of naamasangraha part of shodhala nighantu. Further, structure of the text, organized way of presentation with colophons, mangalacharana, summaries of each chapter etc, and classification appears to be the uniqueness of Paryayamuktavali. Colophons and mangalacharana The text starts with Mangalacharana offering salutation to Lord Krishna for successful completion of the text. PM3 gives two slokas here, first two line sloka addressing Mukunda and second four line sloka to lord Krishna. PM1 shows only the first sloka while PM2 has only the second sloka with variant writings. Following this, purpose of the text is explained, and finally the index of vargas are given in the form of slokas. Author justifies the need of writing a new nighantu and notes that, at first Madhava who is interested in making kosha (lexicon) has collected all the ratnas (gems) of Ayurveda and then made a maala (garland), based on which this book is created, for easier understanding. It has two types of colophons End colophons is at the end of the text, where it is told that, Haricharana sena is the author of the book. It is presented in six ‘two-line’ slokas and says that, Paryayamuktavali is a modified form of Paryayaratnamala with correction in method of classification, presentation, addition

of synonyms etc. by which it became easier to understand and remember. Inter-text colophons is at the end of each chapter.- where, the name of the text, name of the chapter, number of drugs in each chapter has been noted. Author In all the three source materials (PM1, PM2 &PM3) at the end of the text, the last verse says that the author of the work is Haricharana sena. In introductory verse the word “asmabhi” (means by us) is used, while explaining the purpose of nighantu, which indicates that there may be a group of authors involved with this. As per PM3; a generation with title “Sena” was settled at Haladia, near Khordha 30 km from Bhubaneswar, around middle of 16th century (Hota NP and Padhi MM (Eds), 2015). Many scholars known in literature, and Ayurveda were born in this family. PM1 gives reference of some of them, such as Vidvat pravara Umapathi Sena, his grandson Tapan Sena (having title sad kavi mani & sad vaidya chudamani) whose time period is known to be 1497–1534 AD, his son Narasimha sena, the author of famous Odia epic Parimala, during 1500–1559 AD, and his son is Viswanatha sena, who wrote Viswanatha chikitsa or chikitsarnava and pathyapathya vinischaya, during 1534–1568 AD. Thus, it is assumed that author Haricharana Sena also belongs to the same family of Odisha (Giri K and Shankhua P (Eds) 2013). PM3 also presents a view that the original author is Madhavakara, and Haricharana Sena is the redactor of the work. But, the work of Madhavakara is separately available in the name Paryayaratnamala. Haricharana Sena, has taken this text as the base while preparing Paryayamuktavali. Thus, the authorship of Paryayamuktavali cannot be ascribed to Madhavakara. There is also a reference in the Madhava nidana edited and published by Yadavji Trikamji Acharya that Gopi Mohan Sena is the author of Paryayamuktavali (Acharya YT,

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1955; Giri K et al., 2013). Prof. P.V.Sharma reports that, Bharat ka bruhat itihas, by Atrideva gives Hemachandra Sena as the author of Paryayamuktavali (Sharma PV, 2010). But there is no further evidence to support these views. According to PM2, the author belongs to Bengal, as the title Sena is common in Bengal, and book is famous in Bengali speaking districts as well (Chowdhary T, 1947). Similarly, referring to the end sloka of pathyapathyavinishchaya, some opines that, he is a Bengali settled in Odisha. But PM1 strongly disagree with this opinion and says that, the title is seṇa (सेण) not sena (सेन). This is a name pertaining to ancient Utkala Desha. The Utkala kingdom's borders were formed by the River Ganga in the north and the River Godavari in the south, and by the Amarakantaka hills to the west and the Bay of Bengal in the east (Mahalik N, 2004). The Amarakantaka region is a unique natural heritage area and is the meeting point of the Vindhya and the Satpura Ranges located in the border of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Thus, Utkala area includes Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, almost half of Bihar, small parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tripura on either side, as per the state division today. Contents The nighantu contains 23 vargas, of which 21 are about synonyms of medicinal drugs used in Ayurveda. Almost 608 drugs and their synonyms are enumerated in 1157 lines. Among these fifth and sixth varga contains 38 objects dealing with drugs of mineral origin while rest of all describes about plant drugs and diatetic articles. Each plant has three to seven synonyms. Last two vargas are about the terms of Ayurveda, in which the first being technical terms and their synonyms while the last with terms having multiple meanings. To finish, conclusion is given by the author in five slokas which emphasizes on the usefulness of this text.

Division of chapters The division is not based on a single attribute. Aromatic substances are classified in first three chapters based on the intensity of aroma. Then the derivatives of plants are compiled in fourth chapter. Mineral origin drugs are presented in chapter 5 and 6. Chapters 7 to 13 are of plant drugs such as fruits and vegetables. Then from 14 to 19 chapters are based on morphological differences. Next two being cooked edibles and last two, common important terms. The contents of Paryayamuktavali, for easy understanding, are presented in a concise form (Table 1). Time Period There is no direct information regarding the time of author and work. To fix the time period, the evidences of external and internal nature were collected (Lucas DS, 2009). External evidences 1. PM3 mentions that, a palm leaf manuscript of Odisha state Museum (Ay434) has a reference at the end that, it was completed during 32–33 anka of the reign of the king Mukunda Deva, which was second day of mesha (vaishakha), Shashti (sixth lunar day), Friday, with Purvashadha nakshatra. Mukunda Deva (also known as Mukunda Harichandana) came to throne, in 1559 and it lasted up to the end of 1568, till Odisha was under the control of Sulaiman Khan Karrani. The time period of Tapan Sena, to Viswanatha Sena shows that Sena family was famous during 15–16 century. Internal evidences: 1. The classical style of writing mangalacharana, also includes salute to the ruling king. In Paryayamuktavali, mangalacharana is done for Mukunda as per PM1 and PM3. The word mukunda may also indicate king Mukunda Deva, which supports the above assumption. 2. Yasada, Jayapala, Bhanga, Ahiphena etc. are seen first in nighantus of 11–14 century

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such as Dhanvantari nighantu, Shodhala nighantu, Madhava Dravyaguna etc. All these are found in Paryayamuktavali, indicating that Paryayamuktavali is after 14th century.

Based on these facts it can be fixed that, Paryayamuktavali was written during later half of 16th century, or early 17th century.

Table 1: A brief information on the contents of Paryayamuktavali Chapt er No

Chapter Name

Basis of Subclassification division

śreṣṭha vargaḥ

gandha Aromatic drugs

Intense aroma

Karpura, agaru

madhyama vargaḥ

gandha

Medium aroma

Jiraka, Ajamoda

hīna gandha vargaḥ

Very less aroma

sāraja vargaḥ

Karkata srungi, Katphala Ahiphena, Mocharasa

ratnavargaḥ

dhātūpadhātu vargaḥ

Manikya, Mukta Parada, Suvarna

madhuravargaḥ

amla vargaḥ

uttamaśākavargaḥ

10.

tiktaśāka vargaḥ

11.

puṣpavargaḥ

Flowers

Draksha, Kadali Dadima, Aamra Jivanti, Vaastuka Paata, Meshasrun gi Jati, champaka

12.

latāphalavargaḥ

Kushmanda 19 , Pinditaka

13.

kandavargaḥ

Fruits used as vegetables, derived from creepers Roots and tubers

14.

mahāvṛkṣavargaḥ

Kasheruka, 37 Srungata Nyagrodha, 45 Agnimanth a

Exudes and resins without aroma Obtained Gem from earth. stones Metals, minerals and toxins Fruits Sweet tasted Sour tasted Greens Best greens Bitter greens

Big trees

No. of Examples drugs

14 24

27 25 31 30

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No. of lines

32 38 51

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15.

madhyamavṛkṣavargaḥ

16.

hrasvavṛkṣavargaḥ

17.

latāvargaḥ

18.

śimbīśūkadhānyavargaḥ

19.

tṛṇadhānyavargaḥ

20.

bhaktādikṛtānnavargaḥ

Cooked food preparations

21.

pānīyavargaḥ

Drinkables

22.

avaśyavargaḥ

–

23.

nānārthavargaḥ

Technical terms of ayurveda Terms with multiple meanings

Erect plants

Cerals

Literary criticism Various Chandas such as - arya chanda, shardoola vikreeditam, anushtup, upendravajra and vasanta tilaka are used. Among this, the slokas pertaining to synonyms of the drug is exclusively in anushtup Chanda. All other chandas are used for summary of the chapter, mangalacharanam, end note etc. Paryayaratnamala and Paryayamuktavali It is clearly stated that, Paryayamuktavali is a modified form of Paryayartnamala of Madhava. It is important to find whether it is only a redacted form or an independent text. This can be made out by a comparative study. Percentage of same sloka in comparison to Paryayaratnamala is 42.85. Percentage of variant sloka in comparison to Paryayaratnamala is 48.57. Percentage of new sloka in comparison to Paryayaratnamala is 8.72 (Figure-1)

Medium trees and shrubs Small shrubs and herbs

Bigger cerals smaller cerals

Nandivruks ha, Shala

Durva, Kandekshu

Taambuli, Atmagupta Chanaka, Nishpava Shyamaka, Nivara Anna, peya

24 17

–

28 21 80

Samudra 44 jala, nadi jala Abhanga, 88 snana Mahabhuta , Desha

293

Style of presentation and contents of Paryayaratnamala Paryayaratnamala has 1336 sloka lines. It is not having divisions of chapters, instead continuous slokas are given. It starts with mangalacharana at first, followed by the purpose of text and way of presentation in 12 lines. Paryayaratnamala has two line (sloka) for one dravya, up to 102 dravyas, which includes plant drugs, metals, salts, panchamahabhuta, animals, classes of men like servants etc. Then one line to describe one drug, for 361 drugs, including plant drugs, minerals, metals, salts, animals, avashya dravya (useful things for life) etc. Then half line to mention one dravya, for 754 factors including body parts, emotions, diseases, plant parts, plant drugs, drugs of animal origin, and drugs obtained from earth. Then one forth sloka, for 48 factors including drugs of plant, animal and earthen origin. Then it continues with nanartha dravya (names giving multiple meanings) in single line. The selected text,

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Paryayamuktavali is compared with Paryayaratnamala, to make out the relationship (Table 2).

Variation and recention Among three source materials the percentage of variation and recention is 42.358 and the percentage of emendation is 22 (Figure2).

Table 2: A comparative presentation of various attributes of Paryayaratnamala and Paryayamuktavali SI NO. 1 2 3 4 5

Attribute

Paryayaratnamala

Number of sloka lines Style of presentation

1336 Continuous slokas. no division. mangalacharana 12 lines Contents dealing with only synonyms Type of slokas for each Drugs given in slokas, half drug slokas and quarter slokas consequently. Chanda used Anustup only

Paryayamuktavali 1157 contains 23 chapters, well organized. 14 lines dealing with only synonyms double line or single line slokas randomly. Uses five chandas, majorly anushtup.

Figure 1: A comparative presentation of Paryayamuktavali and Paryayaratnamala in terms of similarity and variation of shlokas

New shloka, 8.72%

Same shloka, 42.85% Variation, 48.43%

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Figure 2: A comparative presentation of three source materials of Paryayamuktavali in terms of variation and recention.

Words without variation, 57.642%

CONCLUSION: Paryayamuktavali is a redacted version of Paryayaratnamala with certain modification in terms of style of presentation, chapter division and addition of new drugs and synonyms. The three versions, taken as source materials for literary research, show a lot of variation from one another. A new edited version of Paryayamuktavali, with word meaning and explanation in English is brought out. It is identified as a text of unique contribution in Dravyaguna among all nighantus of Ayurveda. Author of the work is fixed to be Haricharana

Variation and recention, 42.358%

Sena, an inhabitant of Utkala desha, referring to present state of Odisha, India. The time period of Paryayamuktavali is fixed as latter half of 16th century, or early 17th century. Paryayamuktavali describes 608 drugs and diet items in 23 Varga (chapters), among which 17 varga deals with 475 plant drugs, 2 varga describes 38 minerals. One each for, 60 items in Bhukatadi kritanna varga (cooked food items) and 35 items in paniya varga (drinkables). Last two chapters deals with synonyms of common technical terms used in Ayurveda and multiple meanings of one single term respectively.

REFERENCES: Acharya YT (1955). Preface. In: Madhava Nidana. Nirnaysagara Press, Bombay, pp. v.

Giri K and Shankhua P (Eds) (2013). Bhumika. In: Paryayamuktavali. Chaukhamba Viswabharati, Varanasi, pp. xiv, xvii.

Chowdhary T (1947). Paryayamuktavali. press, Patna. pp ii

Hota NP and Padhi MM (Eds) (2015). Introduction. In: Paryayamuktavali. Directorate of AYUSH, Govt. of Odisha and Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, New Delhi, pp. I.

Introduction, In: Patna University

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John J, Shukla A, Nair LP, Nampoothiri Mund J S (2016). Basics Manuscriptology. Unique Journal Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines. (01): 26-30.

V, of of 04

Lucas DS (2009). An Introduction to Nighantu of Ayurveda, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, pp.105.

Source of Support: NIL

Mahalik N (2004). Maritime Trade of Ancient Orissa. Orissa review. 39–45. Sharma PV (2010). Introduction to Dravyaguna (Indian Pharmacology), 4th Ed, Choukambha Orientalia, Varanasi, pp. 194–210, 206.

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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