Indexing links of GJRMI GJRMI has been indexed in the Following International Databases
Google Scholar, ProQuest, DHARA online; DOAJ; Index Copernicus; NewJour; ScienceCentral; getCITED; RoMEO; Geneva Foundation for Medical Education & Research ; Catalog ebiblioteca; Ayurbhishak; Medicinal plants (Dravya Guna); Indianscience.in; Necker; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Library; University of Zurich; University of Kansas; Western Theological Seminary; CaRLO; Mercyhurst University; University Library of Regensberg; WZB; Jadoun science; University of California, San Fransisco (UCSF Library); University of Washington; University of Saskatchewan; University of Winnipeg; Universal Impact Factor; Global Impact factor, Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, New York Public Library, WISE, Cite factor, DRJI, Miami University Libraries, AYUSH RESEARCH PORTAL - Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family welfare, Govt. of India -
Chakradatta Ayurveda Chikitsalaya, Mysore. (Panchakarma & Netra Roga Chikitsa Kendra) Get treated through Ayurveda, at our Hospital. (Exclusive Panchakarma Therapy available with accommodation) Address: Beside Vikram Jyothi Hospital, Hospital, Temple Road, V V Mohalla, Mysore – 12, Karnataka, India.
Contact: Mobile: +919980952358, +919035087999 E- mail: raviamrita.kumar9@gmail.com
Consultant Physician: Dr. Ravi Kumar. M. (Specialized in different types of Keraliya Ayurvedic treatments especially in ENT & Eye diseases)
Arudra Arudra Ayurveda, Ayurveda, Bangalore (A PANCHAKARMA TREATMENT CENTRE) CENTRE)
All types of Keraliya Ayurvedic treatments available for all the diseases) Ayurvedic Treatments in the following diseases: Eye diseases, Asthma, Skin diseases, Joint diseases, Diseases of the nervous system, Gynaecological & Obstetric diseases, Obesity, Asthma, Stress, Anxiety, Insomnia, Depression, Loss of Memory & Concentration, Piles, digestive tract diseases, Infertility etc. Address: No. 40, IInd cross, cross, KV Pai Layout, Konanakunte, Near Silicon city school, Bangalore – 62, Karnataka, India.
Contact: Mobile: +919480748861 +919480748861
An International, Peer Reviewed, Open access, Monthly E-Journal
ISSN 2277 – 4289 www.gjrmi.com Editor-in-chief Dr Hari Venkatesh K Rajaraman
Managing Editor Dr. Shwetha Hari
Administrator & Associate Editor Miss. Shyamala Rupavahini
Advisory Board Prof. Rabinarayan Acharya Dr. Dinesh Katoch Dr. S.N.Murthy Dr. Mathew Dan Mr. Tanay Bose Dr. Nagaraja T. M.
Editorial board Dr. Nithin Ujjaliya Mr. Sriram Sridharan Dr. Ashok B.K. Dr. Madhu .K.P Dr. Sushrutha .C.K Dr. Vidhya Priya Dharshini. K. R.
Honorary Members - Editorial Board Dr Farhad Mirzaei Dr. Sabarinath Subramaniam Dr. Yogitha Bali
INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 6, Issue 3, March 2017 INDIGENOUS MEDICINE Ayurveda – Dravya Guna – Literary Research A LOOK INTO THE CONTRIBUTION OF RAJA NIGHANTU, AN AYURVEDIC LEXICON OF 14TH CENTURY AD, TOWARDS DRUG SAFETY Pooja Rohilla*, Raghavendra Naik, Rabinarayan Acharya
34–53
Ayurveda – Dravya Guna – Review Article AN APPRAISAL ON ETHNO-MEDICINAL CLAIMS OF EUPHORBIA CADUCIFOLIA HAINES. – A SOURCE DRUG OF AYURVEDIC MEDICINAL PLANT ‘RAKTA-SNUHI’ Shashi Gupta*, Rabinarayan Acharya
54–63
COVER PAGE PHOTOGRAPHY: DR. HARI V ENKATESH K R, PLANT ID – FLOWER BUDS IN THE INFLORESCENCE OF CALLICARPA TOMENTOSA (L.) L.* OF THE FAMILY L AMIACEAE PLACE – KOPPA, CHIKKAMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA *BOTANICAL NAME VALIDATED FROM www.theplantlist.org AS ON 31/03/2017
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
Literary Research A LOOK INTO THE CONTRIBUTION OF RAJA NIGHANTU, AN AYURVEDIC LEXICON OF 14TH CENTURY AD, TOWARDS DRUG SAFETY Pooja Rohilla1*, Raghavendra Naik2, Rabinarayan Acharya3 1
Post Graduate scholar, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, IPGT&RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, 361008 PhD Scholar, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, IPGT&RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, 361008 3 Professor & Head, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, IPGT&RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, 361008 *Corresponding Author: E-mail: dr.poojarohilla06@gmail.com 2
Received: 09/02/2017; Revised: 20/03/2017; Accepted: 28/03/2017
ABSTRACT Pharmacovigilance is a basic and fundamental concept which plays an important role in assessing drug safety in any system of medicine. There is need to boost the drug safety concepts already noted in the classical texts of Ayurveda including all the possible adverse reactions and consequences of medicines when they are either prepared or used inappropriately during clinical practice. Nighantus (lexicons) of Dravyaguna are the best evidence for the illustration of above lines. In the present review, an attempt has been made to emphasize the contra-indications and possible adverse effects caused by inappropriate administration of certain medicinal drugs documented in Raja nighantu. About 845 drugs of different origin are mentioned in various chapters of Raja nighantu. When the different varieties of the drug are excluded, it is found that, about 698 drugs of plant, animal and mineral origin are mentioned under 11 different Vargas (groups). Among these, 240 drugs along with food items have been found for their possible adverse drug reactions, if consumed wrongly or against regular protocol. The description of adverse reactions is mainly based on imbalance of Dosha, Dhatu and Mala. The present review reports the possible adverse effects due to improper administration of certain drugs and dietetic items. These mentioned possible risks of adverse effect can be minimized by adopting various guidelines and instructions mentioned in the classical texts KEYWORDS: Dhatu, Dosha, Dravyaguna, Mala, Medicinal plants, Pharmacovigilance, Raja nighantu.
Cite this article: Pooja Rohilla*, Raghavendra Naik, Rabinarayan Acharya (2017), A LOOK INTO THE CONTRIBUTION OF RAJA NIGHANTU, AN AYURVEDIC LEXICON OF 14TH CENTURY AD, TOWARDS DRUG SAFETY, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 6 (3): 34–53
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53
INTRODUCTION Pharmacovigilance is defined by WHO as, the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse drug effects or any other possible drug-related problems (WHO, 2002). It is essential that new and medically still evolving treatments are monitored for their effectiveness and safety under real-life conditions, post release (Anonymous, October 2004). As the global use of herbal medicines, phytonutrients or nutraceuticals continues to grow and many more new products are introduced into the market, public health and safety issues regarding the medicines used in traditional systems, especially Ayurveda, are on a rise. Physicians should have a thorough knowledge about the properties of medicines that are being prescribed by them. In order to combat the probable side effects, a sound knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the Dravya (drug) is necessary. The attributed action of Ayurvedic drugs is due to their respective properties namely Rasa (taste), Guna (properties), Vipaka (post digestion and metabolism effect), Virya (potency) and Prabhava (specific actions) etc. (Sharma P. V., 2013). Manifestation of diseases is due to the disturbance in the equilibrium and normal functions of the Dosha (bio-elements), Dhatu (tissue systems) and Mala (waste products) (Vidyanath, 2013). Thus, the action of drug can be assessed based upon the alterations occurring in these fundamentals of human physiology through Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, etc. Further, the target action of drugs have been described by mentioning three types of drug action; one in which drug acts on doshas (Vata, Pitta & Kapha), other wherein drug affects the seven dhatus (tissues) and the third type where dravya acts to maintain equilibrium (Sharma R. K., 2008). For this acquirement, various modalities of drugs, their administration along with cautions and restrictions have been suggested in various Samhita (texts) and Nighantus (Lexicons). Nighantus contain documented list of medicinal
plants that includes their names, properties, therapeutic actions, contra-indications and their possible adverse effects, if not used judiciously. Among the available frequently quoted Ayurvedic lexicons, the contribution of Dhanwantari nighantu (Ranade Anagha & Acharya, Contribution of Dhanvantri Nighantu towards drug safety- acritical review, 2014), Bhavaprakasha nighantu (Kohle & Acharya, 2015) and Madanpala nighantu (Ranade Anagha & Acharya, 2016) towards drug safety has been reported. Rajanighantu, a lexicon written between the end of 14th and starting of 15th A.D, is considered to be one of the important nighantu of Ayurveda. It describes various drugs, being classified under 23 Vargas (groups) along with certain properties and actions of individual dravyas. The nine groups are predominantly medicinal plant-based, one is dealt with vegetables known as Moolakadivarga and one group Suvarnadi Varga deals with minerals and metals having medicinal value. Groups like Paniyaaadi, Ksheeradi and Shaliyadi typically focuses on food items. MATERIAL AND METHOD Rajanighantu, available in print form, being edited in Hindi by Dr Inderdev Tripathi (Tripathi I, 2010) and in English by Dr S.C. Sankhyadhar (Sankhyadhar, Sankhyadhar, & Chunekar, 2012) was considered for the present review. The obtained data were put in a tabular form consisting of the name of the plant, part used, botanical name, its effect on dosha, dhatu, mala and others. For easy understanding, an attempt has also been made to express the technical Sanskrit terms along with probable English terms taking the help of English and Sanskrit dictionary by M. Monier Williams (Williams, 1976) and possible English word for the disease condition with the help of Ayurvedic Formulary of India (Part -3) (AFI, 2011) in table 1 . OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION The observed data in relation to the number of drugs and their possible side effects as
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53
mentioned in Raja nighantu have tabulated and presented in table 1.
been
Number of drugs: Analysis of the data shows that, about 845 drugs of different origin are mentioned in various chapters of Raja nighantu. When the different varieties of the drug are excluded, it is found that, about 698 drugs of plant, animal and mineral origin are mentioned under 11 different vargas (groups). Among these 698 drugs, 240 drugs were mentioned for their possible adverse drug reactions when they are used in appropriately. Out of these 194 drugs are of plant origin, 11 of mineral origin, 23 of animal origin, five Lavana (salt), three kshara, four alcoholic preparations are mentioned with their pharmacovigilance concerns. Among the 194 drugs of plant origin, botanical identity of Jivani, Sashanduli, Garmotika and Karkatadhatri is not still established (Sharma SK., 1998). Effect on Dosha: In Ayurveda, Tridosha are the essential triad influencing the health and disease conditions (Sharma PV., 2013). Thus, the knowledge of side effects of drugs that affect the normal functions of Tridosha becomes necessary. Out of 240 drugs mentioned with possible side effects, 35 have been reported to vitiate Vata, 44 to vitiate Pitta, 21 as Kapha dosha and five to vitiate all the three Doshas (Table-1). Effect on Dhatu: Dhatus are vital for basic metabolism in the body (Sharma PV., 2013). Thus, the knowledge of interference of drug and dietetic items in normal function of dhatu is essential in clinical practice. In Raja nighantu, 15 drugs have been mentioned for their possible adverse reaction on dhatus. Among these, 13 drugs cause Raktadushti (vitiation of blood), two causes Sukrakshaya (reduction in seminal parameters) and one causes Punsatavghana (Loss of libido) when they used inappropriately or in excess.
Effect on Mala: Trimala namely Mala (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sveda (sweat) form an indispensable part of excretory processes which maintain equilibrium in the body by eliminating toxic waste products. Hence, the study of consequences of different dravyas on these processes is crucial. Raja nighantu reports 98 drugs for their action on Trimala. Out of them, maximum drugs (11) show Rechaniya (purgative) effect. Masha (Phaseolus mungo Linn.) has been reported to increase the faecal output whereas Kedara shali (variety of Oryza sativa L.) reported to decrease the faecal output. There is direct reference of Chanchu (Corcorus acutangulus Lam.) causing constipation. Six drugs are having mutrala (increase urine output) action whereas three are reported to cause mutrakruchata (decrease urine output). Others: Twelve drugs are having durjara (heavy to digest) property and five drugs are reported to cause vishtambha (constipation). Romakalavana (Lake salt), Sarshapa patra shaka (Leaves of Brassica compestris Var.) have been reported to possess very hot potency and eight dravyas have been reported to vantikruta (induce vomiting) (Table-1). Guduchiyadi varga: This group consists of 52 drugs; among these eight drugs i.e. four fruits, one root, one seed and two leaves have been reported to cause possible adverse drug reactions. Two drugs i.e. Yavatikta (Andrographis paniculata Wall), Indravaruni (Citrullus colocynthis Schrad.) have reported for their purgative action and three are emetics. Leaves of Shweta (Capparis sepiaria Linn.) and rakta kakadani (Abrus precatorius Linn.) are considered to be vishakaraka (poisonous) (Table-1). Shatahavyadi varga: This group details 80 drugs having “aroma�. Among these, adverse effects of 17
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53
have been mentioned and most of the drugs affect gastrointestinal tract with symptoms like vomiting, indigestion, diarrhoea, constipation etc. A unique effect of Shana (Crotalaria juncea Linn.) and Kalihari (Gloriosa superba Linn.) is given as Garbhapatini (abortive) whereas Vishamusti (Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.) is stated to produce some adverse symptoms like bleeding disorder, pains, burning sensation etc. (Table-1).
alba Linn.), has been reported to induce sleep. The leaves of Sarshapa (Brassica compestris/rapa Var.) may act as Sukra dhatuhara (loss of semen production). Baluki (Gisekia pharnaceoides Linn.), is difficult to digest and has also been reported to cause cough, rhinitis and anorexia. Karkati (Cucumis utilissimus Linn.) and Trapushi (Cucumis sativus Linn.) described to cause excessive urine, if not used judiciously. (Table-1)
Parpatadi varga:
Shalmalyadi varga:
Among 60 drugs mentioned in this group, 05 drugs have been reported for their possible side effects. Untoward effect of this group is mainly pertaining to the gastro intestinal tract. Meda (Polygonatum verticillatum All.) is reported to vitiate vata dosha, Katutumbi (Lagenaria vulgaris Seringe) and Golomika (Acorus calamus Linn.) are having grahi (Stool binding agents) action on excess consumption (Table-1).
Among the 81 drugs, 11 drugs have been reported to possess adverse effects. Shami (Prosopis cineraria Linn.) has been reported to cause loss of hairs. Karira (Capparis decidua Edgew.) has been reported to cause the distension of abdomen, when used in excess quantity (Table-1). Prabhadradi varga:
Among 96 drugs along with their varieties described in this group, 21have been reported for their adverse effects. Eight drugs belonging to the lavana and kshara category viz. Samudra lavna, Virakkshara etc. are also described in this group. Excessive as well as long term consumption of these drugs leads to disorders like palitya (graying of hairs) and raktapitta janya roga (bleeding disorders). Ahiphena (Papaver sominiferum Linn.) has been reported for its delusion action (Table-1).
Total 67 drugs have been described in this group and out of these, 15 are reported for their side effects on dosha, dhatu and mala. Here, majority of drugs are of ushnavirya (hot potency) and cause constipation like effects pertaining to gastro-intestinal system. Among them five drugs like Vaanira (Salix tetrasperma L.), Kumbhi (Carea arborea Roxb.), Dhnavanga (Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl.) etc. have grahi (constipative) and three drugs like Toola (Morus indica Griff.), Asana (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.), Nilabeeja (Pterocarpus species) are sarini (laxative) in action (Table-1).
Moolakadi varga:
Karaveeradi varga:
This group describes 105 drugs, mostly under vegetable categories. Among them, 33 drugs have adverse effects and these effects belongs to plant parts such as roots (3), bulbs (2), whole plant (4), leaves (8), tubers (4), fruits (6) and six plants having adverse effect of both fruit and seed. Generally most of the drugs have vata and kapha dosha vitiation properties. Excessive consumption of Raja palandu (Urginea indica Kunth.) and Upodika (Basella
This group incorporates 83 drugs along with their varieties and most of them are flowering plants. In this varga, adverse effects of eight drugs have been mentioned which includes flowers (04), bark (02) and whole plants (02). Ashoka (Saraca indica Linn.) and Japa (Hibiscus rosasinensis Linn.) have been typically reported to cause worm infestation. Ketaki (Pandanus odorattisimus Roxb.) and Vasanti (Ixora arboria Roxb.) specified for
Pippalyadi varga:
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53
their side effects as Unmadadayani (paranoia). Vanadavani is responsible for the Viryastambhana (retention of semen) action (Table-1). Aamradi varga: About 110 drugs (mainly fruits) have been described in this varga. Fruits are generally considered healthy but still pose problems when consumed recklessly. Among these adverse effects of 41 drugs are described and maximum fruits are considered as durjara (difficult to digest), grahi (stool binding) and vistambhi (constipative). The contra-indications in case of consumption of Haritaki fruit is unique and should be made applicable in clinical practice. Mango, one of the most favourite seasonal fruit, in unripe condition leads to vitiation of Tridosha and Rakta Dhatu has been specified. Freshly collected leaves of Tambula (Piper betle Linn.) when consumed more may cause Mukharuja (mouth pain), Jadyata (stiffness), Daha (burning), Arochaka (anorexia), Vantikruta (cause vomiting), Sirasathilya (varicosity of veins) and Twakadosha (skin disorders) (Table-1). Chandanadi varga: A total of 53 aromatic drugs along with their varieties are described in this group. It is specified that, Chida (Pinus longifolia Roxb.) when consumed in excess quantity causes Bhrama (vertigo) and Karpura (Cinnamomum camphora Nees) when used in excess quantity can cause sphota (boils) and vrana (wounds/ulcer) (Table-1). Suvarnadi Varga: In this group, a total of 58 drugs of mineral origin are described and out of them 12 have been explained with their possible side effects. Starting with metals, author has given a clear idea about the toxicity caused due to intake of Ashodhita (raw) and unprocessed drugs i.e. bhasmas. Kampillaka, (fruit resin of Mallotus phillepinensis Muell.), is highlighted for its purgative action (Table-1).
Paniyadi varga: This group details about different types of water and their properties, sugarcane, their products, honey and alcoholic preparations etc. all these drugs if not used judiciously, can lead to side effects. Continuous eating of Jaggery/tracle made from juice of yavanala cause various skin disorders like pruritis etc. It has been reported that alcoholic preparations, which are considered to possess therapeutic value in an optimum dose, if consumed carelessly can result into delusions (Table-1). Ksheeradi varga: Some harmful effects arising due to improper consumption of milk, curd etc. is explained in this group. Contraindication of milk and buttermilk consumption being advocated in the chapter is worth to apply in daily practice because there is a common notion among public that milk is a complete food which has meagre side effects. Perishing time of milk has also been stated. An account of oil bearing seeds with harmful effects has been mentioned. Oil derived from Kusumbha (Carthamus tinctorius Linn.) is said to be provocating Tridosha. Rajika (Brassica juncea L.) is stated to cause loss of libido. Butter and ghrita of the elephant’s milk has been reported as vistambhi (Table-1). Shalyadi varga: This varga describes about cereals, pulses and different varieties of rice wherein, adverse reports of 35 such dravyas have been quoted. Most of the symptoms like Adhmankari (flatulence), durjara (difficult to digest), vibandhadayi (constipative), vidahi (burning), vinmutrabandhaprada (constipation and oliguria) have been reported related to gastrointestinal disorders. Among them, Vaktaka Shali can cause stomatitis. The harmful effects of Kodrava (Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn.) have been described subtly as mohakruta (cause stupor) (Table-1).
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53
Table 1: The adverse effects of drugs mentioned in Raja nighantu Sr. no
Drug name
Botanical name/English name
Part used
Fruit
Effects on Dosha
Dhatu
Mala
Other possible adverse effect
Shl oka no.
Guduchyadi varga 1.
Katutumbi
2.
Indravaruni
3.
Yavatikta
4.
Jyotishmati
5.
Shweta kakadani
Lagenaria vulgaris Seringe Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. Andrographis paniculata Wall. Celastrus panniculatus Willd. Capparis sepiaria Linn.
6.
Rakta kakadani
Abrus precatorius Linn.
Leaves, root
7.
Atiamlaparni Palashi
Vitis pentaphyla Thunb. Hedychium spicatum Buch.Ham.
Fruit
8.
Shatahvadi varga Samasha9. thila
Vantikruta (causes vomiting)
57
Fruit
Rechani (Purgative)
72
Fruit
Rechani
78
Seed, Seed oil
Dahaprada (burning sensation) Root-Vantikari leaves -vishakarka (act as poison) Root-Vantikari leaves -vishakarka (act as poison) Tikshna (Sharp potency)
Leaves, root
Root
86
115
115
130 146
Pittakopakari (vitiates pitta)
-
Daha (burning sensation)
10.
Shitavari (Siriyari)
Celosia argentea Linn.
All parts except root
11.
Crotalaria verrucosa Linn. Crotalaria juncea Linn.
Seeds
12.
Shanapushpi Shana
Seeds
Mala Patana (laxative)
13.
Apamarga
Achyranthes aspera Linn.
14. 15.
Rakta apamarga Kalihari
Achyranthes rubro-fusca Wt. Gloriosa superba Linn.
Panchanga (Whole plant) Panchanga
16.
Chanchu
17.
Brihat chanchu
Corcorus acutangulus Lam. Corcorus trilocularis Linn.
karka
22
52
Sangrahi (Infrequent bowl movements) Vamani (emetic)
67 75, 76
Sangrahi
Garbha patna (abortive) ashra patna (cause bleeding) Vantikruta Vantikruta
Sangrahi
Vantikruta
93
Bark, Fruit, seed root
Sarini (Purgative)
Garbhanta (abortive)
130
Panchanga
Mala shoshini (cause hard stool) Malarodhini (difficult defecation)
Panchanga
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
91
145
147
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 18.
Ksudra chanchu-
Corcorus antichorus
Panchanga
19.
Bhenda
Panchanga
20.
Vishamusti
Hibiscus esculantus Linn. Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.
Tuber Panchanga
Sara
67
Leaf, fruit, flower, seed Root
Grahini
80
Grahini
96
Boerhavia diffusa Linn.
Panchanga
Sarini
120
Piper retrofractum Vahl. Roots of Piper longum Linn. Piper nigrum Linn.
Fruit
Parpatadi varga 21. Meda 22.
Laghu Brahmi
Polygonatum verticillatum All. Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn.
23.
Kutumbini
-
Golomika (Shwetadurv a) 25. Rakta punarnava Pippaliyadi varga Gajapippali 26 / Gajoshna 24.
27. 28.
Granthika/ Pippalimula Shweta maricha
Desmostachya bipinnata Staph.
149
Vibandhakruta (constipative) Grahi
Seed, bark, leaf, stem
158 Raktapitta (bleeding disorder) arti (anxiety), dahakruta
24
Vatadoshkari (vitiating vata)
mainly root
Root
15
Malavishoshini
23
Pitta-kopana
Fruit
183
34
Avrushya (Antispermatog enic)
29.
Chitraka
Plumbago zeylanica Linn.
Root, stem
30.
Vacha
Root
31.
Agnijara
32.
Kancha lavana
33.
Samudra lavana
Acorus calamus Linn. Ambergris (obtained from intestine of sperm whale) Prepared with Emblic myrobalan /Phyllanthus emblica Sodi muras
34.
Dronya lavana
-
Salt
Alpa-pittalam
Bhedaniya (purgative)
35.
Aushara lavana
Salt from region
Salt
Pitta-kruta
Mutra shoshakari (oliguria), Grahi
Vidahi
105
36.
Romaka lavana
Lake salt
Salt
Pitta prakopa
Grahi
Atiushna
107
bay
Aganisama ushna (hot potency like fire/corrosive) Vantikruta
52 78
Pitta-prada
Salt
45
Pittalam
Salt
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Dahaka
95
Palitya (graying of hairs), vidahi raktapitta,
101
103
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 37.
Kutaki
38.
Aparadanti
39.
Danti
40.
Trivruta
41.
Vatsanabha
42.
Anya Shati
43.
Ahiphena
44.
Lavanakshara Vajrakakshara Yavakshara
45. 46.
Moolakadi varga 47. Baala moolaka
48. 49.
Maakandi Singhada
50.
Sweta rasona
51. 52.
Raja palandu Surana
53.
Mukhalu
54.
Vidarika
55.
Musalikanda
56.
Chukram
57.
Palankya
58.
Upodika
59.
Kunanjara
Picrorriza kurroa Royal.ex Benth. Jatropha curcas Linn. Baliospermum montanum Muell.Arg. Operculina turpethum Aconitum ferox Wall. (Gandhapalashof dalhana) Papaver sominiferum L.
Root
Rechani
Root
Rechani
162
Seed
Rechani
163
Root
Virechaka
167
Root
Pitta-kopkari
Root
Pitta-kopama
-
Rechana
Potassium carbonate
Sara
Raphanus sativus Linn. (before food ) Old and cooked
Root
Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Allium sativum Linn.
Root Fruit
Urginea indica Kunth. Amorphophallus campanulatus Roxb. Dioscorea hispida Dennst. Pueraria tuberosa DC. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Rumex vesicarius L. Spinacea oleracea L. Basella alba Linn.
Bulb
Panchanga
Shleshma-kari
Vishtambhi
Digera muricata L.
Leaves
Pittasleshmakari
Sangrahi
Raktakopana
Sangrahi
Raktapitta
223
Moha (delusions)
234
Tikshna
252
Ati ushna, Tikshna
254 186
Daha
22
Daha,sosha (emaciation)
23 43 46
Alpa-vatala Sara
Bulb and cloves
Sutikshna (Very sharp potency) Bahunidrakara (Excessive sleep)
Tuber
132
231
Pitta-kopa
Pitta-kopana
(very
Santapkaraka (pyretic)
Flower, poppy, seeds
Carbonate salt
Atikatu pungent)
51
60 64
Rakta doshakrit
Tuber
Vata-kruta
68
Tuber
Kapha-kruta
101
Tuber
Kaphada
116
Panchanga
Ishatpitakara m
125
Panchanga
133
Grahi
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Nidrakari (induce sleep) Alasyakari (lethargic)
137
142
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 60.
Sarshapa patra
Brassica compestris /rapa Var.
Leaf, Seed
61.
Phanji
Rivea Choisy.
Leaves
Grahi
157
62. 63.
Jivani Tarkari
Leaves Leaves
Grahi Grahi
157 157
64.
Padma
Leaves
Grahi
157
65. 66.
Grahi
69.
Cucuka Ksheera kumbhi Dharakoshataki Hastikoshataki Patola
70.
Mrugakshi
71.
Nishpavi
72.
Vartaki
73.
Kharbuja
74.
Karkati
75.
Trapusa
Cucumis sativus Linn.
Fruit, seed
76.
Ervaru
Cucumis species
Phala majja (Fruit pulp)
77.
Baluki
Gisekia pharnaceoides Linn.
Panchanga
78. 79.
Sashanduli Kuduhunchi
Momordia tuberosa Roxb.
Fruit Fruit
Bombax malabaricum DC.
Root, flower, bark exudation Bark, flower, legume
67. 68.
Shalmalyadi varga 80. Shalmali
81.
Shami
ornata
Clerodendrm phlomidis L. Premna herbacea Roxb. Cucurbita lageneria Duch. Luffa pentandra Roxb. Luffa acutangula Roxb. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Cucumis momordica D&F. Dolichos lablab Linn. Solanum melongena Linn. Cucumis melo Linn. Cucumis utilissimus Linn.
Prosopis cineraria Linn.
Sukra dhatuhara (loss of semen production )
Atiushna, Vidahi
147
Leaves Fruit, Seed
Vata-prada
157 166
Fruit, seed
Ishat- vatakari
172
Fruit, seed
Vatakruta
Aadhmaan kruta (flatulance)
Root Fruit
177
Virechana
180
Pittakruta
Fruit
193
Sangrahi
Fruit
Fruit, seed, Kshara Fruit, Seed
Guru (heavy to digest)
196
201
Kaphada Raktadoshkara
203
Bahumutrakari (Diuretic) Bahumutradam (Diuretic)
203
208
Vata-prakopa (excess amount) Cause Pinasa (Rhinitis), kasa (cough), durjara (difficult to digest), Mandaanala (Anorexia) Vidahakrit Vatadoshkruta
174
Raktadoshakruta
218 221
11
Grahi
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
210 – 211
Kesha-nashanam (destroys hairs
35
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 82.
Jaala baboola
83. 84.
Nishpatri (karira) Kaari
85.
Ramakanda
86.
Ikshuraka
87.
Balvaja
88.
Shweta durva Garmotika Panyandha
89. 90.
Prabhradi varga Shreetala 91.
92.
93.
Hintala (Garbhstravi – synonym) Maada Vruksha
94.
Toola
95.
Vaanira
96.
Kumbhi
97.
Vetasa
98.
Dhava
99. 100.
Dhanavanga Tinisha
101.
Arjuna
102.
Dagdha
103.
Asana
Acacia Arabica var. cupressiformis Stewart Capparis decidua Edgew. Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Erianthus munja Jesw. Hygrophylla spinosa T. And.
Gum resin, Bark, legume
Pitta-karaka
Dahakaraka
40
Fruit, Bark, Kali Leaf, Root
Kapha kari
Aadhmaan-karaka
48
Root
Pitta-kruta
Root
Imperata arundinacea Cyrill. Cynodon dactylon Linn. Tridax procumbens L.
Panchanga
Kinchit vatakara eats daily) Vataprakopini
Caryota urens L.
Fruit
Variety of Borassus flabellifer Linn.
Fruit
Variety of Borassus flabellifer Linn. Morus indica Griff. Salix tetrasperma L.
Fruit
Carea Roxb. Salix Linn.
arborea caprea
Anogeissus latifolia Wall. Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl. Ougeinia dalbergioldes Benth. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.)W.& A. Saccharum munja Roxb. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
78 83 (if 96
Panchanga
Atishishira (Intense cool)
Panchanga
87
Kapha-karaka, Ishat Vata prakopa Kapha-kruta
90
Tridosha karaka
Bark, Leaf, Root Bark, Flower Leaf, Bark
Dahakaraka
Resin of stem bark, gum
92
Saram
94
Sangrahi
104
Grahi
105
Pitta prakopa
107
Pitta-prakopa
109 111
Grahi Grahi
Bark
Panchanga
111 132 140
Sarini Sarini
Panchanga
Root, Fruit, flower Pushpasara, Bark Stem Bark, Root Stem Bark, gum Resin
65
Grahini
Dahajanak
115
Marutamayakopan a
118
122
Pittaprakopini Saraka
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
133
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 104.
Nilabija
Pterocarpus species
105.
Lakucha
Artocorpus lakoocha Roxb.
Karveeradi varga Ashoka 106.
Saraca Roxb.
asoca
Resin of stem bark, gum Fruit
Malasangrahi
Bark
107.
Ksudra Chanchu
Corchorus antichorus Lam.
Panchanga
108.
Bakula Vasanti
Bark, leaf, flower Flower
Malasangrahaka
110. 111.
Kunda
Flower, Bark, leaf
Sara
112.
Japa
113.
Rajataruni
114.
Vana davana
Mimusops elengi Linn. Jasminum arbores Roxb. Jasminum pubescens Willd. Hibiscus rosasinensis L. Rosa brounonii Lindl. Artemisia vulgaris Linn.
Amradi varga Aamra 115. (Unripe)
Mangifera indica Linn.
Fruit, bark, flower, seed Fruit
Tridosha prakopa
Tridosha pradam
Raktadoshaprada
117.
Rajamra (Unripe)
Mangifera species
Fruit
118.
Jambu
Fruit
Vistambhini
119.
Bhujambu
Fruit
Sangrahi
120.
Panasa
121.
Kadali
Eugenia jambolana Lam Eugenia operculata Lam Artocarpus heterophyllus L Musa paradisiaca L.
122.
Kastha Kadali Giri Kadali
124.
Narikela
125.
Madhu Narikela
Sweet variety
112
Jantu
of
12
Rakta vikaraprada
Grahi
Durjaram- param
Manda-agnijana, durjara Durjara, guru
Fruit
Vistambhi (khubarafruit pulp)
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
15
20, 22 25, 27 31
Durjaram
Pittakari (ripened fruit water
122
147
Guru VidahaVishophakari (oedema) Dahajanaka, shwasa (dyspnoea)
Fruit, flower, rhizome Fruit
Fruit, water in unripe fruit Fruit
90
Sangrahi (epicarp of the fruit)
Pitta-pradam
Vatalam (seed)
62
66
Viryastambhnakari (retention semen )
Schleichera trijuga Willd.
Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cocos nucifera Linn.
56
128
Koshamra
123.
Krumikaraka (worms to proliferate) Vahnistambha (decrease digestive fire)
Kapha karini
116.
Musa species
152
Vichardi, jananam
Panchanga
Fruit, seed
Daaha karaka
Unmaddayni (paranoia)
Flower Flower
135
Saraka
33, 34 39
41 43
Durjara
49, 50
Durjara, jantukari
54
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. Sweet variety
Fruit
Phoenix dactylifera Linn. Mimusops hexandra Roxb Punica granatum Linn. Diospyros embryopteris P.
126.
Kharjuri
127.
129.
Madhu Kharjuri Pinda Kharjuri Rajadana
130.
Dadima
131.
Tinduka
132.
Kaka Tinduka
Diospyrosmelan oxylon Roxb.
133.
Akshota
134.
Peelu
135.
Draksha
Juglans regia Linn. Salvadora persica Linn. Vitis vinifera Linn.
136.
Karmaara
137.
Parushaka
138.
Ksudra Badara
139.
Bijora Nimbu
140.
128.
Krumikara
56
Fruit
Jantukari
58
Fruit
Agani-mandakara, Guru Sthuoltyakari (obesity)
63
Kapha-karaka
Fruit, Leaf Panchanga
Fruit, exudate, fruit pulp Fruit, exudate, fruit pulp Fruit, seed
75
Grahi Param kruta
vata-
Sangrahi
Kapha-kruta
Durjara
78
Vatavikara-kruta
80
82
Kapha-kopana
Fruit
84
Sara
Fruit
72
Pittasradosha-pradam (Unripe) Pitta-karaka
92
Pittada
111
Averrhoa carambola L. Grevia subinaequalis DC. Zizyphus nummularia W.& A. Citrus medica Linn.
Fruit
Citrus decumana Watt. Tamarindus indica Linn.
Panchanga
141.
Madhu Bijpura Chincha
Fruit pulp, seed
Pitta-Kapha prakopini
142.
Jambira
Fruit
Pittakruta
143.
Kapitha
Citrus limon Linn. Limonia acidissima L.
Fruit leaf, flower
Tridoshavardhana (Unripe)
144.
Bilva
Aegle marmelos Correa
Ripe fruit, Leaf, bark
Sangrahi
145.
Shallaki
Boswellia serrata Roxb.
Grahini
146.
Karkata Dhatri Shleshmataka
-
Oleo gum resin, bark, leaf, Fruit
190 – 192 195
Grahi
199
Cordia dichotoma Forst
Fruit, pulp, bark, leaf
147.
Bark fruit Fruit
and
Fruit
Tridosha kara (Unripe fruit)
109
Rakta karanama (Unripe fruit)
Rakta doshaprakopini
Jantukaraka
145
Durjara (epicarp of the fruit)
149
Durjara
155
Daha (Unripe)
164
176 Sangrahi (Both ripe & unripe fruit)
Kapha-kara
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Unripe fruit cause Kantha-rujam (Throat ailments) Jivhajadatva (Stiffness of tongue)
171 – 173
201
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53
149.
Bhukarbudara Karamarda
150.
Haritaki
151.
Pugaphala
148.
Cordia rothii Roem. & Schult. Carrisa carandas Linn. Terminalia chebula Retz.
Fruit
Areca Linn.
Fruit
Pittala
Fruit not taken along with betel
vitiates vata
Pitta kopini
catechu
Fruit, leaf, flower Fruit, bark
152.
Amlavaati Betle
Type of betel
Leaf root
153.
Amlasira
Type of betel
154.
Patulika
Type of betel
155.
Tambula
Piper Linn.
Leaf and root Leaf and root (Freshly plucked betel leaf)
betle
203
Vata-prakopa
and
Rechani
Rechana
Rakta kopa
Vistambha
157.
Karpura
Stem, bark, Exudate
Cinnamomum camphora Nees & Ebern.
Exudate (excess quantity and aprasasta)
C/I in Trushna (morbid thirst Hanustambha (lock jaw) Galagraha (throat infection), Shosha, navajwara (Acute fever ) Jirnavastha (debilitated conditions), Garbhini (Pregnancy) Sammoha (delusions)
216 , 229
Sosha, Pandu (anemia) Matibhrunsa, (Loss of intellect) Mukhapaka (Inflammation in mouth) Vidaha Madakari (Intoxicated)
234 , 244 245
250
253 254
Raktadayi (bleeding disorders)
Vistambhi
Rakta kruta (Juice)
Rotten leaves
Pinus longifolia Roxb.
208
Pittakruta
Black/dark green betel leaf Leaf stalk
Chandanadi varga Chida 156.
Dahaka
Pitta-vikara (excess quantity)
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Mukharuja (Mouth ulcers), Jadyavha (numbness) daha, Arochaka, Vantikruta Daham vaktrajadyam with mala Saithilya (laxity & weakness)
256
257
258
Twakadosh (Skin disorders) Sitaroga
258
Bhramadayaka (Vertigo-used in excess quantity) Sphota (boils) and vrana (wounds/ulcer
34
67
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 Suvrnadi varga Trapu 158.
Stannum (Sn)
159.
Suvarna
Aurum (Au)
160.
Raupya
Argentinum (Ag)
161.
Naaga
Plumbum (Pb)
162.
Loha
Ferrum (Fe)
163.
Tikshna Loha
Steel iron
164.
Kanta Loha
165.
Munda Loha
Cast iron
166.
Tamra
Cupram (Cu)
167.
Kansya (Bronze)
Mixture of Copper and Tin (8p Cu+2p Sn)
168.
Riti (Brass)
169.
Kampillaka
Mixture of Copper and Zinc (2p Cu+1p Zn) Mallotus phillepinensis Muell. Arg.
Sara
Un-purified: Saririka doshotpatti Un-purified: Shrmakara (fatigue) Swedavaha (Excessive sweating) dusaha (Untolerable) Un-purified: Jathara roga (abdominal disorders), Jadyata, Agnimandya Un-purified: Saririka doshotpatti (aggravates doshas in body) Un-purified: disorders like gulma, taapkaraka (induce fever) kleda karaka (Increase sweating) Un-purified: Shoolakara, (induce pain) Karshnya (darkened skin) Sphototpatti, Gulma and gaurava(heaviness) ksudha nasha Un-purified: Karshnya and sphotautpatti Un-purified: Ksudha nasha Guarava and Gulma roga Un-purified: Vanti, Bhranti (Illusions) Un-purified: Taapkaraka Kleda karaka Un-purified: Sammohakruta (Stupor), shosha
Fruit resin
Virechani
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
22, 46 46
46
46
46, 47
46, 47
46, 47 46, 47
47
47
47
100
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 Paaniyadi varga Ikshu (Sweta) 170. 171.
Sacharum album Linn.
Stem
Kapha-kruta, After meal Vatakruta
Ikshu rasa (Sugarcane juice)
84
Mutrakruta During meal Gurutara (heavy to digest) Juice extracted other than home device cause
94, 97
Jadyata, Pratishyaya (cold)
172. 173.
Pundrekshu Yavanala Guda
174.
Yavanala Sharkara
175.
Madhu
176.
Pautika Madhu
177.
Madya
Jaggery made from juice of yavanala Sugar made from yavanala Honey
Kapha-kruta Pittaprada (eating for long time)
Kandu (Itching), kustha (skin diseases) Daha, Pittasradayani
Sara
Grahi honey
Yellow coloured honey Wine/alcohol
-old
Sara
86 102
107 111
Unripe honeySosham janayati Santapkaraka (with hot substances) Fresh honeySthaulya Raktapitta Dahakruta
131, 132
Madavaham (cause
142
128
delusions)
178.
Gaudi Madya
179.
Saindhi Madya
180.
Ekshava Madya
Khseeradi varga Dugdha 181.
Alcohol prepared by flower juice of Woodfordia fruticosa K. and jaggery Alcoholic preparation from Borassus flabellifer L. Alcoholic preparation made from Sacharum officinarum L. Milk
Pittakarini
145
Vatada
148
Vistambha
Moha karaka
152
Unboiled milk cause Vistambha
Cause Kustha when taken with matsya (fish), mamsa (meat), Guda (jaggery) mudga (green gram), mulaka (radish) and with shaka (pot herbs) and Jambu (black plum)
28, 30
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 Milk of recently delivered animal Milk of lately delivered animal Milk of pregnant animal Curd
182.
Nava Prasuta Dugdha
183.
Chira Parsuta Dugdha
184.
Garbhini Dugdha
185.
Dadhi
186.
Go Dadhi
187.
Mahisha Dadhi
188.
Aavika Dadhi
189.
Vadva Dadhi
190.
Takra
Curd of Cow’s milk Curd of Buffalo’s milk Curd of Sheep’s milk Curd of Mare’s milk Buttermilk
191.
Navaneeta
Butter
192.
GouNavaneeta Mahishi Navaneeta Hastini Navaneeta
Butter of cow’s milk Butter of Buffalo’s milk Butter of Sheelephant’s milk
193. 194.
Pitta - kara
Raktaamyakar
Daha
33
Vidaha
34
36
Pitta-doshakruta Sangrahi
Vahni shanti (reduce appetite) Shotha karaka (oedema). Contraindicated in sharad (winter), vasanta (spring), ushnakala (summer), ratri (night) and during association of kapha or pittadosha
49, 51
40
Grahi Kaphakruta
41
Kapha-pitta kara Alpa vata karaka
43
Kapha-kara (Fresh)
45
Sangrahi (Fresh)
Contraindicated in kshata (trauma), ushna kala, daurbalya, trusha (thirsty), murcha (unconscious), bharma, raktapitta, strictly contraindicated in Sutika (postpartum cases) Takra with Sneha (fat) cause tunda (increase belly), nidra and jadya
62, 63
Kept for more than 1 day butter is Ahrudya (bad for heart) and lead to all other ailments
75
Sangrahaka
63
Grahi
65
Vistambhi
70
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 195. 196.
197. 198.
Aavika Ghruta Hastini Ghruta Ashavi Ghruta Kanji Taila
200. 201. 202.
Tandula Ambu Souviraka Ashwa Mutra Ushtra Mutra Kusumbha
203.
Eranda
204.
Jyotishmati
205.
Rajika taila
199.
Shalyadi varga Shimbi dhanya 206.
Ghrita of Sheep’s milk Ghrita of Elephant’s milk Ghrita of Mare’s milk Oil made by sour gruel Prepared rice
Vata-karka
Daha, palitya, gatra shaithilya (laxity of body)
91
96
Sangrahi
Seed oil
Pitta kari Pitta kopana Tridosakruta
103 105 111
Seed oil
Pittakari
114
Seed oil
Pitta santapa
120
Seed oil
Pumstvaghna (loss of libido)
122
Grains with legume Grassy grains
Seed Seed
Vatala
Variety of Oryza sativa L. Bluish white variety of rice
Seed
Alpa kapha
Seed
vatakruta
26
Variety of Oryza sativa Linn.
Seed
Pittakapha kara
32
Truna dhanya
208.
Gandha shali
209.
210.
Vrihi (mechaka) Shali Kalam Shali
211.
Vakta Shali
Variety of Oryza sativa L.
Seed
212.
Kedar shali
Seed
213.
Chinna-ruha shali
214.
Ropya shali
215.
Niropya shali
Cultivated in watery fields After harvesting growing again Replanted after sprouting seeds -
216.
Tuvar Yavanala
Red variety of Sorghum (juara) A variety of Sorghum
Seed
Sharad Yavanala
83
Alpa-vatala
207.
217.
82
Vistambhi
by
Horse’s urine Camel’s urine Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Ricinus communis Linn. Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Brassica juncea L.
80
Pitta-prakopa
Seed
3
Vibandha
3 24
vata
Mukhapaka (stomatitis) Pitta kara
44
Alpa mala
56
Vibandha kara
56
Mutravivardha
Vidahi
56
Mutravivardha Sangrahi
Vidahi
56
Visophatakruta, Vidahi, Soshakaraka
64
Shleshmkari
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
65
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53 218.
Godhuma
219.
Masha
220.
Rajamasha
221.
Chanaka
222.
Shweta Chanak Masura Kalaya
223. 224.
226.
Lanka (khesari) Aadhaki
227.
Kshava
228.
Nishpava
229.
Tila
230.
Atasi
231.
Aasuri
232.
Shyamka
233.
Kodrava
234.
Varaka
235.
Kanguni
236.
Dugdh beeja
237.
Ardhapkava Mudgadi
238. 239.
Nava Dhanya Purana Dhanya
240.
Chinnodaka shalidhanya
225.
Triticum sativum Lam. Phaseolus mungo Linn.
Seed Seed
Pittashleshma Sleshmakari
Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cicer arientum L.
seed
Vata kruta
Seed
Vata kruta
White gram
Seed
Vata kara
Ervum lens L. Pisum sativum L Lathyrus sativus L. Cajanus indicus Spreng. Brassica juncea Linn. Dolichos lablab L. Sesamum indicum Linn. Linum usitatissimum L. Variety of Brassica juncea L. Echineochloa frumentacea Link.
Seed Seed Seed
Pitta
Seed Seed
81
Bahumalakar
83 Rakta-dosh kruta (fried)
Aadhmana kara (increase flatulence)
Sangrahi
Vatamyakari Aamadosha kruta
85, 89
Pavana karaka Vatala kaphada Pitta kara
95 96 99
Vata kruta Grahika
101
Aadhman kara
106 108 112
Alpamutrta, Sangrahi
Seed
Kapha kara
Seed
Pitta prada
Seed
Vata kruta
Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. Panicum miliaceum L. Setaria italica Beauv. Yielded from unboiled paddy Half boiled leguminous grains New grains Old grains
Seed
Vatalo
Seed
Vata Pitta kruta Vata kruta
Paddy harvested and grow again in the dry soil
Seed
Seed
Rakta pittaprakopa
67
85
Seed
Seed
Daha kruta
118
Vata
Daha prada
120
127
Sangrahi
Mohakruta
129
131 133
Seed
Durjara
148
Seed
Vistambha, Adhmana
150
Seed Seed
Abhishyandi Durjara, durbala
157 158
Vinamutra bandhaprda
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
159
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53
CONCLUSION: Out of the 845 drugs described in Raja nighantu 240 are found to have certain pharmacological actions, which if not considered during administration of the drug, may produce side effects /adverse drug reactions. These adverse reactions are mainly based on imbalance of Dosha (35 vitiate vata dosha, 44 vitiate pitta dosha, 21 vitiate kapha dosha and 5 vitiate all the three), Dhatu (13 cause raktadushti, two cause sukrakshaya, one causes punsatavaghana), Mala (11 rechaniya, 6 mutrala and one increase faecal output) and others (12 are durjara, 5 are vistambhi, 8 are vantikurta). These ideas do not focus only on medicines but also foodstuffs that are mandatory in our day to day life. Contraindications regarding milk and milk products which should be applied by physicians to rule
out the aetiology of a disorder. We can see that how the unintended use of food stuffs and fruits give an impact on the normal physiology of the human body. So these points must be taken in consideration even in the “Pathya-apathya (dietary and behavioural regimen) of a patient. On the other hand, information reported here regarding the un-purified (raw) mineral drugs along with the contra-indications suggests that pharmacovigilance was a well-developed even in traditional medical system, particularly in Ayurveda. These mentioned possible risk of adverse effects related to administration of drugs and dietetics can be minimized by following various guidelines and instructions mentioned in classical texts of Ayurveda. Thus, it can be concluded that Raja nighantu encompasses a well-organised data in the context of pharmacovigilant aspects of various drugs.
REFERENCES AFI. (2011). The Ayurvedic Formulary Of india (Ist ed., Vol. III). New delhi: Ministry of Health and family Welfare, Departement of AYUSH.
Ranade Anagha, V., & Acharya, R. (2016). A pharmacovigilance concern as quoted in various chapters of Madanpal Nighantu. Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen Med; 5 (3); 92–106.
Anonymous. (October 2004). Pharmacovigilance:Ensuring the safe use of Medicines-WHO policy Perspective on medicines. (No. 009 ed.). Available on: http://apps. who.int/medicinedocs/fr/d/Js6164e/1.ht m.
Ranade anagha, V., & Acharya, R. (2014). Contribution of Dhanvantri Nighantu towards drug safety- acritical review. Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen Med; 4 (2); 20–29.
Sharma, R. K.(2008). Charaka samhita, English translation and critical exposition, Sutrasthana. Chp. 1, verse 68 (Vol. Vol. 1). (R. Sharma, & B. Das, Eds.) varanasi: Chauklhamba sanskrit series Office. (pp. 49) Kohle, R., & Acharya, R. (2015). Analyzing the Drug safety issue in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu- acritical review. Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci 4 (10); 183–196.
Sankhyadhar, S., Sankhyadhar, D., & Chunekar, K. (Eds.). (2012). Raja Nighatu of Pandit Narhari in English (I st ed.). Varanasi: Chaukhambha oriantalia. Sharma PV. (2013). Sushruta samhita with English translation and dalhana Commentry (Vol. I). (P. Sharma, Ed.) Varanasi, Chaukhmbha Vishvabharti. 14 (20):
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 34–53
Sharma, S. (1998). Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda. New Delhi: Rastriya Ayurved Vidyapeetha (National Academy of ayurveda).
Vidyanath, R. (Ed.). (2013). Astanga Hridya, Sutrasthana, Chap 11, Verse 1–5. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashna. (pp.187–188)
Tripathi I (Ed.). (2010). Raja Nighantu of Pandit narhari, Dravyaguna prakashika with hindi commentary. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishna das Academy.
WHO.
(2002). The importance of Pharmacovigilance- Safety monitoring of medical products. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Williams, M. (1976). A dictionary English and Sanskrit (4th Indian ed.). Delhi: Motilala banarsidas publishers private limited.
Source of Support: NIL
Conflict of Interest: None Declared
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 54–63 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
Review Article AN APPRAISAL ON ETHNO-MEDICINAL CLAIMS OF EUPHORBIA CADUCIFOLIA HAINES. – A SOURCE DRUG OF AYURVEDIC MEDICINAL PLANT ‘RAKTA-SNUHI’ Shashi Gupta1*, Rabinarayan Acharya2 1
Post Graduate scholar of Dravyaguna, IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar - 361008., Gujarat, India 2 Professor &Head, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar 361008., Gujarat, India *Corresponding Author: Email: shashi.gpt@gmail.com
Received: 10/02/2017; Revised: 15/03/2017; Accepted: 24/03/2017
ABSTRACT Euphorbia caducifolia Haines. (Euphorbiaceae) is considered as the botanical equivalent of Rakta-Snuhi, which has been attributed with copious therapeutic claims in Indian traditional medical systems especially with reference to its ethnomedicinal and economical uses. A single hand compiled data is scarcely available regarding its ethnomedicinal and economic uses. In the present review an attempt has been made to congregate all available ethnomedicinal information from 11 books and 24 research journals. After critical analysis, it is found that there are almost 7 tribes in and around India who use Euphorbia caducifolia Haines. Different parts of the plant are used in 31 different diseased conditions where the drug is used as internal (21) and external (20) applications. Its economic utilities suggest that all the parts of the plant have some or the other economic potential. Easy and abundant availability of Euphorbia caducifolia with single hand information on its potential ethno medicinal and economic uses may give lead to new research on this plant. KEYWORDS:
Ethnomedicinal,
Euphorbia
caducifolia,
Folklore,
Rakta-Snuhi,
Snuhi.
Cite this article: Shashi Gupta*, Rabinarayan Acharya (2017), AN APPRAISAL ON ETHNO-MEDICINAL CLAIMS OF EUPHORBIA CADUCIFOLIA HAINES. – A SOURCE DRUG OF AYURVEDIC MEDICINAL PLANT ‘RAKTA-SNUHI’, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 6 (3): 54–63
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 54–63
INTRODUCTION Plants have been an indispensible use to the health of humankind since time immemorial. Folklore medicine is a major area that is being focused upon in the health research that involves both poisonous and non-poisonous plants. Ethno-botany deals with study of total natural and traditional inter-relationships between man, plants and his domesticated animals (P.C Trivedi, 2006). One species of the genus Euphorbia of family Euphorbiaceae viz. Euphorbia caducifolia Haines. considered as the botanical equivalent of Rakta-Snuhi. It has been attributed with copious therapeutic claims in Indian traditional medical systems especially with reference to its ethnomedicinal and economical uses. Euphorbia contains about 750 species, inhabiting chiefly subtropical and warm temperate countries. Some species have a fleshy angular stem, furnished with spines, resembling that of a cactus; these species yield by incision a resinous juice which is strongly drastic, and used externally as a vesicant (Fr. Jean Ferdinand Caius, 2003). About 68 species, including a few exotics, are found in India (Anonymous, 2003). Euphorbia caducifolia is conspicuously and regularly represented in the flora of the great Indian Thar desert, and distributed in dry rocky areas, up to 500 m altitude of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra (EfloraIndia, 2016). Euphorbia caducifolia Haines. is also one of the dominant species in the southern region of West Pakistan. Its distribution range is rather narrow, being confined mostly to the southern part of the Tropical region, hence its ecology seems to be very interesting (Hussain and Qadir, 1970). The plant is used in parks and gardens for ornamentals and also for protective hedges, due to the fragility of its branches together with the well known skin irritancy of its latex. Due to easy and abundant availability, the plant has been a part of traditional use in economic and healthcare purposes. Many claims have been reported during surveys in the
tribal regions of various states of India. Single hand information about the ethno-medicinal, economical uses of the species of Euphorbia caducifolia i.e. Rakta-Snuhi is still lacking. Hence, in the present article, an attempt has been made to congregate research journals, survey study reports etc. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information of all the reported ethnobotanical uses of the Euphorbia caducifolia Haines. from 11 books on ethnobotany and 24 ethnomedicinal research articles have been compiled during October 2016 to January 2017. The obtained data are arranged in a tabular form, with regards to various local names of Rakta-Snuhi as known by different tribes across India, name ofthe tribe and their area of presence, part used, therapeutic indications External (E) and mode of administrations as Internal (I) of the drug are also noted in a separate column with individual references. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Snuhi and its types: Snuhi and its types have been described in classical texts of Ayurveda. In modern texts of Dravyaguna, different species of genus Euphorbia, based upon the pharmacognostical characters of the plant, are considered as botanical source of various types of snuhi (Table no. 1). In the peripheral areas of Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, physicians frequently use latex, for preparing of Ksharasootra, of a predominant available species Euphorbia caducifolia Haines. (Euphorbiaceae). When studied its morphological characters it is observed that this plant is having red stipular spines, blood red colour flowers which matches with the classical description of “Rakta-Snuhi’, a variety of snuhi, mentioned by Rasendra Mangala, a text related to Rasashastra written during 9th Century AD (HS Sharma (2003).
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 54–63
Table No.1. Botanical source of various types of Snuhi as noted in different Dravyaguna texts Type of Snuhi
Botanical Source
Family
References
Patra Snuhi
Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.
Euphorbiaceae
Tridhara Snuhi
Euphorbia antiquorum Linn.
Euphorbiaceae
K C Chunekar (2010), K. Nishteswar and K. Hemadri (2013) K C Chunekar (2010)
Kanda Snuhi
Euphorbia tirucalli Linn.
Euphorbiaceae
Sehunda (Thuhar)
Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham Euphorbiaceae
Saptala
Euphorbia dracunculoides Euphorbiaceae Lam. Euphorbia pilosa Linn.
Area of reporting: It is observed that E caducifolia is being used as medicine in 12 states of India viz. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh (Table no.2). This shows the wide availability and use of this plant throughout India. In countries like Baluchistan and Pakistan, this plant is also reported for its medicinal uses (Qasim, et al., 2010). Tribes: India has more than 300 tribal communities (Kamble, et al., 2010). In the present review, it is found that about seven tribes (Bhil, Damor, Garasia, Kalbelia, Kathodia, Meena and Kukna) use the species to combat various disease conditions (Table no. 2). Parts used: It is observed that various parts of E. caducifolia are used to combat several diseases. About 20 external applications and 21 internal administrations are reported. Latex, as a part used, has maximum applications in 22 dosage forms. Stem is being used for 12 dosage forms, leaves in 6 dosage forms and roots in three dosage forms. Young twigs and flowers are also used for one dosage form each. There were variations observed in the total number of
K. Nishteswar and K. Hemadri (2013), Vaidya Bapalal (2013) Vaidya Bapalal (2013) K C Chunekar (2010)
claims and the external and internal applications as in some claims the mode of administration was not vividly explained (Table no. 2). Therapeutic uses: E. caducifolia is observed to be used in 31 different disease conditions. It is exclusively used in skin ailments, cough, asthma and body pain. Thus, it is observed that it has a vast range of therapeutic claims and is used in seven types of skin disorders; four each in gastro-intestinal diseases, gynecological and obstetrical problems; three respiratory diseases; two each in musculo-skeletal disorders, ENT disorders, immune disorders and as an antidote in snake-bite, scorpion bite (Table no. 2). E. caducifolia has also been reported for its wound healing, (Goyal, Nagori and Sasmal, 2012) antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal (Goyal, Sasmal and Nagori, 2012) and anti nematologiacal activities (Maqbool, Hashmi and Ghaffar, (1987). Economical uses: Phylloclade dried biomass of E. caducifolia has potential as a renewable source for biofuel (Patan Shaik et al., 2013). Laticifers in its phylloclade have also been reported for potential hydrocarbon yielding (Bugude et al., 2014).
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 54–63
Table no. 2: Ethnomedicinal claims of different useful parts of Euphorbia caducifolia Haines. Sr. No
Local Names
Latex Dandathor 1.
Tribes/ areas
Dosage form: External application (E); Internal administration (I).
Therapeutic claims
References
North – West Rajasthan North – West Rajasthan North – West Rajasthan North – West Rajasthan North – West Rajasthan North – West Rajasthan
Latex (I)
Purgative
Latex (I)
Rubefacient
Latex (I)
Expectorant
Latex (E)
Cutaneous eruptions Earache
Malhotra, et al.,1966 Malhotra, et al.,1966 Malhotra, et al.,1966 Malhotra, et al.,1966 Malhotra, et al.,1966 Malhotra, et al.,1966
2.
Dandathor
3.
Dandathor
4.
Dandathor
5.
Dandathor
6.
Dandathor
7.
Dandathor
Jodhpur district, Rajasthan
8.
Dandathor
9.
Dandathor
North – West Rajasthan North – West Rajasthan
10.
Dandathor
North – West Rajasthan
11.
Dandathor
12.
Dandathor
13.
Dandathor
14.
Thuar
15.
Thuar, Thor
North – West Rajasthan Peri-urban areas of Punjab, Pakistan Kota District, Rajasthan KuknaTribes of Jhavada Tapkeshwari Hill, Bhuj, Kachchh, India
Latex (E)
When compounded Asthma with equal part of latex and simple syrup (I). Milky latex of plant Skin ailment along with ‘ghee’ applied to cure cutaneous eruption, leucodermaand to expel guinea worms. Latex also applied for wound healing (E) Latex (I) Tumours Latex is heated with Jaundice common salt and is given (I) Latex is heated with Leprosy common salt and is given Latex (E) Body pain Latex is heated with Whooping common salt and is cough given (I) The milky latex
Treat week eyes
Application of latex to Skin allergy cure skin allergy. (E) Latex used on cure Boil boil. (E)
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Goyal, Sasmal and Nagori, 2011
Godara, Kumar and Parihar, 2015 Godara, Kumar and Parihar, 2015 Godara, Kumar and Parihar, 2015 Godara, Kumar and Parihar, 2015 Khurram et al., 2013
Mathur, Nama and Choudhary, 2016 Navaroja and Kanchana, 2012 Patel and Joshi, 2010
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 54–63
16.
Khirasiju
Kalahandi, Odisha
The milky latex
17.
Dandathor
The milky latex (E)
18.
Dandathor
19.
Dandathor
Some parts of Rajasthan Some parts of Rajasthan Some parts of Rajasthan
20.
_
21.
_
22.
_
Stem Dandathor 1.
2.
Dandathor
3.
Danda Thore
4.
Danda Thore
5.
Danda Thore
6.
Danda
The milky latex (I)
Detection of Sahu et al., 2015 diabetes mellitus, erythrocytes surface changes in alcoholics Blistered skin EfloraIndia, 2016 and wounds Cough EfloraIndia, 2016
The latex is useful as Injuries and a cure injuries and fractures fractures (E) Some parts of The latex of stem (I) Increase male Pakistan sexual vigour Some parts of The milky latex Citrus diseases Andhra in organic Pradesh citriculture Some parts of The milky latex Chronic Pelvic Andhra Pain Pradesh North – West Rajasthan
The roasted paste of Swelling stem is applied on the injured part of body to reduce the swelling (E) 10 ml juice (Branches) Colic of mixed in 250 ml water (I)
Peri-urban areas Punjab, Pakistan Bhil tribe of S. Dried stem is burnt to Rajasthan produce smoke; affected painful part of the body is exposed to smoke for sometime to relieve body pain. (E) Damor tribe of Dried stem is burnt to S. Rajasthan produce smoke; affected painful part of the body is exposed to smoke for sometime to relieve body pain. (E) Garasia tribe Dried stem is burnt to of S. Rajasthan produce smoke; affected painful part of the body is exposed to smoke for sometime to relieve body pain. (E) Kalbelia tribe Dried stem is burnt to
EfloraIndia, 2016
Academiaedu, 2017 Paramparik, 2016
Oudhia 2016
Pankaj,
Godara, Kumar and Parihar, 2015
Khurram et al., 2013
Body pain
Meena and Yadav, 2010
Body pain
Meena and Yadav, 2010
Body pain
Meena and Yadav, 2010
Body pain
Meena and Yadav,
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 54–63
Thore
of S. Rajasthan
7.
Danda Thore
Kathodia tribe of S. Rajasthan
8.
Danda Thore
Meena tribe of S. Rajasthan
9.
Sabar (Thor)
Dang District of Gujarat
10.
_
Sindh to Uthal (Balochistan)
11.
_
12.
Thor
Hub, Dried stem (I) Balochistan Nimar Region Stem (I) (M.P.)
Leaves _ 1.
2.
_
3.
_
4.
Thor
5.
_
Jothpur district, Rajasthan Karachi, Sind, Baluchistan and Indus delta. Greater Cholistan desert, Pakistan Western Rajasthan
Some parts of Rajasthan
produce smoke; affected painful part of the body is exposed to smoke for sometime to relieve body pain. (E) Dried stem is burnt to produce smoke; affected painful part of the body is exposed to smoke for sometime to relieve body pain. (E) Dried stem is burnt to produce smoke; affected painful part of the body is exposed to smoke for sometime to relieve body pain. (E) One piece of stem is roasted and the outer layer is removed. This is taken twice a day along with meals. (I) Cut stem, warm it and place on the site of bite and used until cure (E)
2010
Body pain
Meena and Yadav, 2010
Body pain
Meena and Yadav, 2010
Enhaning lactation
Paul Thresia, 2016
A remedy for Qasim et al., 2014 antidote against poison or infection. Increases milk Qasim et al., 2010 production Cough Sainkhediya and Pachaya, 2013
Leaves, decoction Asthma taken orally with honey (I) Milky juice of leaves is Snake bite effective.
Milky juice of leaves.
Scorpion bite
Succulent leaves Eaten boiled, water discarded vegetable and eaten as vegetable (I) A few leaves taken Malaria with betel leaf and areca nut are
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
P.C Trivedi, 2006
Asad et al., 2011
Nasim et al., 2013
as Robert 2016
Freedman,
EfloraIndia, 2016
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 54–63
6.
_
Some parts of Rajasthan
considered to be a cure for malaria (I) The leaves are eaten, Eaten and sometimes being vegetable sold in the market as vegetables (I)
Root _ 1.
Flora of Root decoction is used Abbotabad as an effective City, Pakistan abortifacient at initial stages. (I) Thor Pratapgarh, Root powder with 2. Rajasthan black pepper powder is given to the victim. (I) Ekkadi Some Root powder with 3. Nivdung parts of black pepper powder is Maharashtra given to the victim. (I) Young twigs and flowers Thor Desert Young twigs and 1. National Park, flowers are used for Rajasthan feeding (I) Others _ Nandimandala Phylloclade dried 1. m region, biomass Andhra Pradesh _ Nandimandala Laticifers in the 2. m forest areas Phylloclade of Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh CONCLUSION: Euphorbia caducifola Haines., considered as botanical source of Raktasnuhi, is traditionally used in 12 states of India, by almost seven tribes, in various disorders. Its various parts are used to combat 31 disease conditions through 20 internal administration and 21 external applications. Some unique
as EfloraIndia, 2016
Abortifacient
Sabeen and Sheikh, 2009
Mundaana (Mouth desiseas)
K.L. Meena, 2014
Snake bite
B. W. Chavre, 2013
Feeding ecology Jaipal, 2015 of Chinkara
A renewable source for biofuel.
Patan, Bugude and Kumar, 2013
Potential Hydrocarbon yielding CAM Plant
Bugude 2014
et
al.,
folklore claims made for E. caducifola, includes management of tumours, jaundice, leprosy, asthma, snake bite etc., can be taken a lead for further research. Its economic utilities suggest that all the parts of the plant have some economic potential which can be put into practice owing to its easy and abundant availability.
REFERENCES: Academiaedu (2017), Halophytes as medicinal plants [online] academia Available at https://www.academia.edu/2685001/Hal ophytes_as_medicinal_plants. [Accessed 05 Jan. 2017].
Anonymous (2003) The Wealth of India, Dictionary of Indian raw materials and Industrial products, Vol 3, Ca-Ci, CSIR, New Delhi.
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 54–63
B. W. Chavre (2013), Botanicals used on the treatment of snakebite in some parts of Maharashtra, Indian Journal of Plant Sciences, pp. 52–54. Bugude Rajeswari, Sake Pradeep Kumar, Allu Prasada Rao, Patan Shaik Sha Valli Khan (2014), A Distribution and Ultrastructure of Laticifers in the Phylloclade of Euphorbia caducifolia Haines, a Potential Hydrocarbon Yielding CAM Plant, American Journal of Plant Sciences, pp. 70–79. EfloraIndia (2016), eFlora of India, [openaccess online database]. Available at https:// efloraindia.nic.in/efloraindia/taxonList.a ction?id=471&type=4 [Accessed 25 Dec. 2016]. Fr.
Jean Ferdinand Caius. (2003), The Medicinal and poisonous plants of India, Scientific Publishers Jodhpur.
Godara, Surendra Kumar, Nitesh Kumar, and Ravi Parihar. (2015) Study of the Ethno-medicinal-importance of some plant species among flora of North– West Rajasthan. International Journal 3.3, pp. 723–726 HS
Sharma (2003), Rasendramangala, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, pp. 137.
K.L.Meena, (2014), Some Traditional Ethnoveterinary Plants of District Pratapgarh, Rajasthan, India, American Journal of Ethnomedicine, Vol. 1, No. 6., pp. 393– 401 KC
Chunekar (2010), Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy; Varanasi; pp. 294–299.
Khurram Goraya, Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Sohail Sajid, Ghulam Muhammad, Quratul Ain and Muhammad Saleem (2013), Diversity of flora used for the cure of equine diseases in selected periurban areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine 9.1., pp 9–41 Mahesh Chandra Sahu, Debasmita Dubey, Shakti Rath, Tribhuban Panda and Rabindranath Padhy (2015), "Monograph: In vitro efficacy of 30 ethnomedicinal plants used by Indian aborigines against 6 multidrug resistant Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 5.2, pp. 136–150. Malhotra S. P., Dutta B. K., Gupta Raj Kumar and Gaur Y. D (1966), Medicinal plants of the Indian arid zone. Journal d'agriculturetropicaleet de botaniqueappliquée 13.6, pp. 247–288.
Hussain, S. Sadr-Uddin, and S. A. Qadir (1970) “An Autecological Study of Euphorbia Caducifolia Haines.” Vegetatio, vol. 20, pp. 329–380
Manoj Goyal, D. Sasmal, B.P.Nagori, (2011), Review on Medicinal Plants used by Local community of Jodhpur District of Thar Desert, International journal of Pharmacology 7(3), pp. 333–339.
Jaipal, B. R. (2015)Feeding Ecology of Chinkara (GazellaBennetti Sykes) in Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered Species.
Manoj Goyal, B.P.Nagori, D. Sasmal, (2012), Wound healing activity of latex of Euphorbia caducifolia, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 144 (3): pp. 786– 790
K. Nishteswar and K. Hemadri (2013), Dravyagunavijnana, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratisthan, Varanasi.pp. 295– 298.
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 54–63
Manoj Goyal, D. Sasmal, B.P.Nagori, (2012), GCMS analysis and antimicrobial action of latex of Euphorbia caducifolia. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol, 1 (2) pp. 119–123. Maqbool, M. A., S. Hashmi, and A. Ghaffar. (1987), Effect of latex extracts from Euphorbia caducifolia and Calotropis procera on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infesting tomato and egg plant, Pak. J. Nematol., 5 (1), pp. 43–47. Meena, K. L., and B. L. Yadav. (2010) Some traditional ethnomedicinal plants of southern Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9.3, pp. 471– 474. Meenu Mathur, Krishnendra Singh Nama and Kiran Choudhary (2016) Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4 (4), pp. 167–173. Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad, Ghulam Murtaza, Sami Siraj, Shujaat Ali Khan, Saira Azhar, Muhammad Sikander Hussain, Tariq Ismail, Muhammad Shahzad Hussain and Izhar Hussain. (2011) "Enlisting the scientifically unnoticed medicinal plants of Pakistan as a source of novel therapeutic agents showing anti-venom activity." African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5.20, pp. 2292– 2305. Muhammad Jawad Nasim, Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad, Ashif Sajjad, Shujaat Ali Khan, Amara Mumtaz, Kalsoom Farzana, Zarmina Rashid, and Ghulam Murtaza (2013) Combating of scorpion bite with Pakistani medicinal plants having ethno-botanical evidences as antidote. Acta Pol Pharm-Drug Res 70, pp. 387– 394.
Muhammad Qasim, Salman Gulzar, Zabta khan Shinwari, Irfan Aziz and M. Ajmal Khan, (2010) Traditional Ethnobotanical uses of Halophytes from Hub, Balochistan, Pak. J. Bot., 42 (3), pp. 1543–1551 Muhammad Qasim, Zainul Abideen, Muhammad Yousuf Adnan, Raziuddin Ansari, BilqueesGul and Muhammad Ajmal Khan (2014). Traditional ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants from coastal areas. J. Coastal Life Medic, 2 (1), pp. 22–30. Navaroja, D. Reena, and M. Kanchana. (2012) Observations of Medicinal Plants Used By Kukna Tribes of Jhavada Villages of Waghai Forest, Dangs DT, Gujarat, India. International Journal of Applied Biology & Pharmaceutical Technology, pp. 414–417 Oudhia Pankaj (2016), Medicinal Plant used for Chronic Pelvic Pain [online] archive. Available at https://archive.org/.../Medicinal Plant used For Chronic Pelvic Pain-Pankaj Oudhia [Accessed 27 Dec. 2016]. P.C.Trivedi (2006), Medicinal plants: Ethnobotanical approach, Agrobios. Paramparik (2016), management-of-downymildew [online] blogspot Available at https:// paramparik.blogspot.com/2012/10/man agement-of-downy-mildew-of_31.html [Accessed 29 Dec. 2016]. Patan Shaik Sha Valli Khan, Bugude Rajeswari and Sake Pradeep Kumar (2013), Potential of Euphorbia caducifolia Haines as a renewable source for biofuel, Indian Journal of Energy, Vol.2., pp. 99–107 Patel, Y. S., E. P. Joshi, and P. N. Joshi. (2010) Ethnobotanical study of Tapkeshwari Hill, Bhuj, Kachchh, India. Life Sci Leaflets 2, pp. 22–31.
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 3 | March 2017 | 54–63
Paul,
Thresia. (2016) Ethno-Therapeutic Remedies for Women’s Problems, in Dang District of Gujarat, India, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Volume 5 Issue 3, March, pp. 822–828
Robert Freedman, (2016), Famine Foods [online] purdue. Available at https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Famine Foods/ff_families/EUPHORBIACEAE. html [Accessed 25 Dec. 2016]. S.Y.Kamble, S.R. Patil, P.S.Sawant, Sangeeta Sawant, S.G.Pawar, E.A.Singh (2010), Studies on plants used in traditional medicine by Bhilla tribe of Maharashtra, Indian Journal of
Source of Support: NIL
Traditional Knowledge Vol. 9 (3), pp. 591–598. Sabeen, Maria, and Sheikh Saeed Ahmad. (2009). Exploring the folk medicinal flora of Abbotabad city, Pakistan. Ethnobotanical Leaflets., pp. 810–833 Sainkhediya Jeetendra and Pachaya Jeetendra (2013), Studies of Ethnomedicinal Plants used by Tribals in Some Selected Villages of Nimar Region (M.P.) International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), pp. 1206–1210 Vaidya Bapalal (2013), Nighantu Adarsha. Vol-2, Chaukhambha Bharati Acadamy; Varanasi. pp. 421–425.
Conflict of Interest: None Declared
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Call for Papers – Vol. 6, Issue 5, May 2017 Submit your manuscripts (Research articles, Review articles, Short Communications, Letters to the Editor, Book Reviews) to Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine – GJRMI Submit it online through www.gjrmi.com or mail it to submitarticle@gjrmi.com on or before April 10th 2017.