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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 6, Issue 4, April 2017 INDIGENOUS MEDICINE Ayurveda – Rasa Shastra – Review article A REVIEW ON MANDOORA (IRON SLAG) Mayank Krishna Kulshrestha*, K B Mahapatra, Arun Kumar Das
64–74
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 4 | April 2017 | 64–74 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
Review Article A REVIEW ON MANDOORA (IRON SLAG) Mayank Krishna Kulshrestha1*, K B Mahapatra2, Arun Kumar Das3 1
Reader, Dept of Rasa Shastra evam Bhaishajya Kalpana, Govt Ayurveda College, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, INDIA 2 Professor and HOD, PG Dept of Stree Roga and Prasuti Tantra, G.J. Patel Ayurved College,Vidya Nagar, Anand, Gujarat, INDIA 3 Professor and HOD, PG Dept of Rasa Shastra evam Bhaishajya Kalpana, Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Puri, Orissa, INDIA *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: drmayankkrishnakulshrestha@gmail.com
Received: 20/03/2017; Revised: 15/04/2017; Accepted: 18/04/2017
ABSTRACT Mandoora (Iron slag) and its formulations are one of the extensively used classical medicine in disease related to hematopoietic system. Not only the Rasashastra (Indian alchemy) texts but the Samhita grantha like Charaka Samhita also mentioned formulations of Mandoora (Iron slag) as drug of choice in the Pandu Roga Chikitsa (treatment of anaemia). Most of the classical texts of Rasashastra contain detail description of Mandoora, its types, suitability for the medicinal purpose, Shodhana (purification), Marana (incineration) etc. Many researches have also been done to standardize Mandoora’s formulations and proving its clinical efficacy mainly in Pandu Roga (iron deficiency anaemia). The present review is intended to highlight the classical aspects along with modern researches of Mandoora, for this the classical text of Rasa Shastra were thoroughly searched along with the articles published in PubMed and SCOPUS indexed journals. Classical texts of Rasa Shastra mentioned Gomutra and Triphala decoction as common drug for purification and Nirvapa (heating and dipping) as the most commonly used method to purify the Mandoora. Gajaputa (providing heat by using 1000 cow dung cakes) is mainly used for the preparation of Mandoora Bhasma (incinerated iron slag). The physicochemical characterization of Mandoora, Mandoora Bhasma, Ksheera Mandoora are described in this review as per the published research findings. Both classical and recent researches proves that Mandoora formulations such as Punarnava Mandoora, Mandoora Bhasma are safe to use even during pregnancy and old age and significantly effective in the management of iron deficiency anaemia. Key words: Mandoora, Lauha Kitta , Iron slag, Rasashastra
Cite this article: Mayank Krishna Kulshrestha*, K B Mahapatra, Arun Kumar Das (2017), A REVIEW ON MANDOORA (IRON SLAG), Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 6 (4): 64–73
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 4 | April 2017 | 64–74
INTRODUCTION In Sanskrit the word Mandoora is derived from “Mandate Lauham Vestate”, which means that which covers the Lauha (iron). The commonly used synonyms for this are Lauhasinghanaka, Lauhakitta, Lauhamala, Lauhabhava, Singhan, Kitta. These synonyms commonly indicate that Mandoora is rust of the iron. Mandoora is formed on earth due to chemical reaction on Lohadhatu by air, sunrays and water. One view of Mandoora is the debris accumulated around the anvil of blacksmith during the heating and beating process of Iron (Gulraj Sharma Mishra, 2014) (Virupaksha Gupta K.L et al., 2011). Mandoora is known since the ancient times in India and occurs in over 500 years old slag dumps near village Singhana (Khetari), Rajasthan. Mandoora of similar quality may also be available at other places in the country where smelting of copper ore was carried in the past. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India mentioned that Mandoora is a metallic oxide-cum-silicate of iron, generally having the composition Fe2SiO4 and commonly known as slag (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 2008). Mandoora (iron slag) and its formulations are one of the drugs of choice in the treatment of Pandu Roga (iron deficiency anaemia) as many of the formulations mentioned in Pandu Roga Chikista contain Mandoora in it (Kasinatha Shastry, 2012). These formulation are proved by researches for its efficacy and safety and
can be effectively used even during pregnancy (DA Khandelwal, SB Donga, L. Dei, 2015) and old age (MG Pandya, AR. Dave, 2014). Preparations of classical herbo-mineral drugs need thorough knowledge of literature, practical expertise and proficiency in modern tools to examine the prepared material. The present review is intended to give the comprehensive knowledge about the types, suitability of Mandoora (iron slag) for medicinal use, Shodhana (purification), Marana (incineration), Dravana (liquefaction) of Mandoora (iron slag), from the classical literatures and the recent researches published in peer reviewed journals. Mandoora (iron slag) is excellent medicine but it can be hazardous if instructions given by Acharyas are not followed well, so it is very important to consider all the classical methods and modern parameters to use it in the form of medicine. The present review highlights all such aspects of the Mandoora (iron slag) from classical and research point of view. Vernacular Names: (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 2008) The vernacular names of Mandoora has been given in table no. 1 Physical Properties (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 2008) The physical properties of Mandoora has been discussed in table no.2.
Table no.1: Shows the vernacular names of Mandoora Sl.No. Language Name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Marathi Tamil Telugu Urdu
Slag Mandura Mandura, Loha Kitta Ierumbin Kittam Mandura Manturam, Irumbukkittam Loha Kittam Khabus-ul-Hadeed, Zang-e-Aahan
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Table no.2: Shows the physical properties of Mandoora Sl.No.
Properties
Description
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Nature Colour Streak Cleavage Fracture Lustre Tenacity Transparency Magnetism Hardness Specific gravity
Rough lumpy masses, exhibiting voids Black Black None Conchoidal Dull Brittle but hard Opaque Non-magnetic 6–6.5 3–3.8
Mineralogical Specification of Mandoora: (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 2008)
Mandoora should contain not less than 30% of iron (Fe) when analysed by gravimetric method Mandoora should contain not less than 30% Silica when analysed by gravimetric method Mandoora should show not less than 80% fayalite (Fe2SiO4) when studied through XRD method Heavy metal content should not be more than the stated limits for the following: - Arsenic = 6 ppm and Cadmium = 8 ppm Mandoora may contain other elements within ± 20% of the stated limits:- Copper = 0.45%, Zinc = 50 ppm and Silver = 7 ppm Composition of Mandoora: Chemically, Mandoora is the combination of Ferric Oxide (59.14%), Ferrous Oxide (26.7%), Chlorides (4.4%), Magnesium (3.9%), Sodium (1.7%) and few other trace elements (Virupaksha Gupta K.L et al., 2011). It consists of oxides of Calcium, Iron, Silicon, Aluminium, Magnesium and Manganese in complexes of Calcium Silicates, Alumino silicates and Alumino ferrite. These compounds are generally similar to those found in the natural environment (Sathya N. Dornala, J. Snehalatha, 2011).
Acceptable quality of Mandoora: (Kashinath Shastry, 2014) The Mandoora possessing Snigdha (unctuous), Guru (heavy), Dridha (hard), Krishna (blackish), Kotar Varjitam (should not have holes in it) and Jirnam (old) qualities is considered as best for the use. TYPES OF MANDOORA Mandoora is divided into 3 types 1. Mundakitta: It is reddish, heavy and unctuous. 2. Tikshnakitta: It will be shining like collyrium, heavy and solid (non porus). 3. Kantakitta: The heaviest, small, solid, ununctuous and yellowish Kitta is termed as Kantakitta. It gives silvery shining on cut. Below the table no.3 shows the types of Mandoora as per classical texts Suitability of Mandoora for Medicinal Purpose: (Gulraj Sharma Mishra, 2014), (Bhudeb Mukharji, 2006), (Gyanendra Pandey, 2010), (Dattaram Chaube, 2000), (Ayurveda Saar Sangraha, 2015), (Lakshmipati Shastry, 2015), (Kashinath Shastry, 2014) The Mandoora which is suitable for medicinal purpose is described here in table no.4
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Shodhana (Purification) of Mandoora: Shodhana (purification) procedure is must to remove the impurities and to make it suitable for the further processes of medicinal
preparation. Various purification procedures are described in classical Ayurveda texts which are listed here below in table no.5.
Table No.3. Shows the types of Mandoora as per classical texts Types Mundakitta Tikshnakitta Kantakitta
R.R.S. + − −
R.B + + +
R.J.N. + + +
A.P. + + +
B.R.R.S. + + +
R.R.S.- Rasa Ratna Samuchaya (Ambikadatta Shastry, 2015), R.B.- Rasendra Bhaskar (Siddhinandan Mishra and K.K Jhala, 2009), R.J.N. – Rasa Jala Nidhi (Bhudeb Mukharji, 2006), B.R.R.S.- Brihat Rasa Raaj Sundar (Dattaram Chaube, 2000)
Table no.4: Shows the Mandoora and its suitability for medicinal purpose S.No. 1 2 3 4
Types Mandoora more than 100 years Mandoora more than 70–80 years Mandoora more than 60 years Mandoora less than 60 years
Suitability Best for medicinal purpose Moderate efficacy and good for medicinal use Not useful for medicinal purpose It is poisonous and should never be used for medicinal purpose
Table no.5: Shows the Shodhana (purification) procedures of Mandoora as per different classical texts Sl No. 1
Drug and Media
2
Gomutra
Gomutra urine)
(cow’s
Type
Procedure
Vishesha (specific)
Pachana (roasting and dissolving) Nirvapa (heating and quenching)
Vishesha
Repetition -
8 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 7
Reference (Kasinatha Shastry, 2012) (Santosh Kumar Sharma, 2010) (Sadanand Sharma, 2000), (Ambikadatta Shastry, 2015), (Ayurveda Saar Sangraha, 2015), (Gulraj Sharma Mishra, 2014), (Gyanendra Pandey, 2010), (Siddhinandan Mishra, 2013), (Bhudeb Mukharji, 2006),(Kashinath Shastry, 2014), (Ayurvedic Formulary of India, 2003) (Anonymous, 2014), (Anonymous, 2015)
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3
Triphala Prepared Gomutra
kwatha by
Vishesha
Nirvapa
-
4
Gomutra Triphala Kwatha
Vishesha
Abhisheka (sprinkling) Pachana
7
5
Taila Takra Gomutra Kanjika Kulottha Kwatha Triphala kwatha Prepared by Gomutra Gomutra Triphala kwatha
Samanya
Nirvapa
7 in each
Vishesha
Nirvapa
21
Nirvapa
7 7
(Devnath Singh Gautam, 2000), (Indradeo Tripathy, 1984) (Shyam Sundaracharya Vaishaya, 2010)
Gomutra Vibhitki Patra Swarasa Gomutra Triphala kwath
Vishesha
Nirvapa
7 7
(Lala Vaishya,1909)
Vishesha
Nirvapa
6
(Siddhi 2010)
6
7
8
9
Vishesha
(Ambikadatta Shastry, 2015), (Bhudeb Mukharji, 2006), (Gangadhar Shastry Gune, 2011) (Shailaja Shrivastava, 2013), (Siddhinandan Mishra and K.K Jhala, 2009), (Dattaram Chaube, 2000), (Bhudeb Mukharji, 2006), (Lakshmipati Shastry, 2015), (Gangadhar Shastry Gune, 2011) (Ambikadatta Shastry, 2015)
Nandana
Shaligram
Mishra,
Marana (Incineration) of Mandoora:
Therapeutic Uses of Mandoora
The Marana (incineration) of Mandoora as per different classical texts are depicted in table no.6
The therapeutic uses of Mandoora has been presented in Table no.8
Properties of Mandoora: (Kashinath Shastry, 2014) (Anonymous, 2014) Properties of Mandoora as per classical texts is mentioned in table no.7 Dose: Âź (31.25 mg), to 2 Ratti (250 mg) (RT) 1 (125 mg) to 3 (375 mg) Ratti BD (Anonymous, 2014) 2 (250 mg) to 8 (1 gm) Ratti (Anonymous, 2015) Anupana: Pippali-Madhu, Kumaryasava (Anonymous, 2014), Madhu (Anonymous, 2015)
Management of Adverse Effect of Mandoora Mandoora is very safe medicine when prepared properly as per the classical instructions. For any adverse effect occurs due to wrong administration or due to any impurities, it can be managed by Haritaki Churna along with Madhu for 3 days (Anupana Manjari, 1972). Mandoora Dravan (Bhudeb Mukharji, 2006) Ingredients: Vidanga, Agastya Mandoora immersed in the liquid paste prepared from Vidanga, Agastya and dissolved in the same liquid, after this exposed for the
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long time to the heat of sun rays. By this Mandoora is liquefied and assumes the shape of butter.
Shape: Butter like
Heat pattern: Sun rays
The researches on Mandoora have been shown in table no.9
Researches on Mandoora
Table no.6: Shows the Marana (incineration of Mandoora) No. of process 1
Drug and Media Triphala Kwatha
2
Lauha Marak Gana Gomutra Triphala Kwatha Kumari Swarasa
Type Putapaka (subjecting to the heat by use of cowdung cakes) Putapaka
Repetition
Reference
30
(Kashinath Shastry, (Anonymous, 2003)
-
-
(Kashinath Shastry, 2014)
7 7 7 Total 21 Puta
(Yadavji Trikamji, 2013) , (Anonymous, 2015)
7
(Devnath 2000)
-
(Shyam Sundaracharya Vaishaya, 2010) (R. S. Shyam Sundaracharya Vaishaya, 2010)
4
Kumari Swarasa
Putapaka
5
Triphala Kwatha Vansankur Swarasa (Tender shoot of Bambusa vulgaris) Gomutra Gomutra Triphala Kwatha Triphala Kwatha Gomutra Kumari Swarasa
Putapaka
Ardha Gajaputa (providing heat by using 500 cow dung cakes) Gajaputa (providing heat by using 1000 cow dung cakes) Gajaputa
Putapaka
-
100
Putapaka Putapaka
Gajaputa Gajaputa
7 7 7
(Anonymous, 2015) (Gangadhar Shastry 2011)
Pachana Putapaka
-
3 3
(Anonymous, 2014)
3
6
7 8
9
Putapaka
Puta Specification -
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Singh
2014),
Gautam,
Gune,
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Table no.7: Shows the properties of Mandoora Rasa (taste) Guna (qualities) Virya (potency) Vipaka (end result of digestion) Karma Dosha Prabhava (effect on Dosha) Indication
Kashaya (astringent) Ruksha (dry), Laghu (light), Shishira (cold) Sheeta (cold) Katu (bitter) Dipana (carminative), Raktavriddhikaram Param (excellent medicine for improving blood) Pittakapha Prashamana (pacify Pitta and Kapha) Teevra Pandu (severe anaemia) Kamala (jaundice), Shosha (emaciation), Shotha (oedema), Halimaka (advance stage of jaundice), Pleeha Vriddhi (splenomegaly)
Table No.8. Therapeutic Uses Disease wise Anupana Mandoora Bhasma + Punarnavastak Kwatha Mandoora Bhasma + Kutki+Triphala+Haridra Churna Mandoora Bhasma +Triphala+ Vidang+ Panchakola+ Nagarmotha Churna
Mandoora Bhasma+Rasa Sindura Mandoora Bhasma+Dashamoola Kashaya Mandoora Bhasma+Mutrala Aushadha Mandoora Bhasma +Triphala Churna+ Ghrita+Madhu
Mandoora Bhasma + Guduchi swarasa or + Punaranava swarasa Mandoora Bhasma+ Louha Bhasma+Swarna Makshik Bhasma+Praval Bhasma
Disease
Reference
Sarvanga Sotha (generalised oedema) Kamala (jaundice)
(Kashinath Shastry, 2014) (Kashinath Shastry, 2014) (Kashinath Shastry , 2014)
Sotha (oedema), Arsha (piles), Grahani (irritable bowel syndrome), Pandu Roga (iron deficiency anaemia) Raktalpata (reduced haemoglobin count) Sotha (oedema), Jwara (fever) Sotha (oedema) Tridhoshaja Shoola (colicky pain due to aggravated all the three bodily humours) Pandu Roga (iron deficiency anaemia) Haridrak Roga (severe condition of jaundice)
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(Kashinath Shastry, 2014) (Kashinath Shastry, 2014) (Anonymous, 2014) (Anonymous, 2014)
(Anonymous, 2015) (Anonymous , 2015)
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Table no.9. Shows the current researches on Mandoora Sl.No.
Research Title
Result
Ref.
1.
Physicochemical characterization of an Iron based Indian traditional medicine: Mandura Bhasma
The result revealed that raw Mandura contained Fe2Si04, and Mandura Bhasma contained Fe2O3 and SiO2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies showed that the grains in Mandura Bhasma were uniformly arranged in agglomerates of sizes 200–300 nm as compared to the raw Mandura, which showed a scattered, arrangement of grains of sizes 10–2 microns.
(SB Mulik, CB. Jha, 2011)
2.
A clinical study of Punarnava Mandura in the management of Pandu Roga in old age (geriatric anemia)
Punarnava Mandura may work as Rasayana in geriatric anemia by providing highly significant results on clinical features of Pandu Roga, Dehabala, Agni Bala and Sattwa Bala and by improving QOL. of patients of geriatric anemia. Moderate and mild improvement was observed in quality-of-life (QOL) in 30 and 70% of the patients respectively
(MG Pandya, AR. Dave, 2014)
3.
Clinical efficacy of Punarnava Mandura and Dhatri Lauha in the management of Garbhini Pandu (anemia in pregnancy)
A total 24 pregnant women with symptoms of Garbhini Pandu were randomly divided into two groups (A and B). In Group A (n = 15) Punarnava Mandura, two tablets (each of 500 mg) thrice a day with one cup (100 ml) of buttermilk and in Group B (n = 9) Dhatri Lauha, two tablets (each of 500 mg) thrice a day with luke warm water were administered for 90 days. The results revealed that overall clinical improvement was better in Group A when compared to Group B.
(DA Khandelwal, SB Donga, L. Dei, 2015)
4.
Clinical Study on Efficacy of Mandura Bhasma in the management of Pandu Roga with and without Virechana Karma
Mandura Bhasma administered with and without Virechana Karma shows significant improvement in the management of Pandu Roga. However the patient treated with Mandura Bhasma withpout Virechana karma show less significant improvement in terms of overall improvement of health and general condition of the patient.
(A. Devulapally, M. Srinivasulu, S.B.S. Acharya, 2012)
5.
Preparation Physico-Chemical Evaluation Kshiramandura
In this study Kshiramandura was prepared as per the description found in the classical text of Ayurveda by Chakradatta. The resultant product was powdered to a fine state with strong odour of cow’s milk. Kshiramandura was found to contain less Acid insoluble matter than incinerated Mandura by 02.28%, less FeO by 08.62%, 2 3 more MgCO by 0.03% and CaCO by 0.59 %, by 5.17%. Analytical studies of Mandura in different stages
P.G. Jadar, M.S. Jagadeesh, 2010)
The study revealed that Mandura Bhasma have total ash 37.61 %, Acid insoluble Ash 38.86 %, Water soluble ash 0.62, Iron (Fe) 41.39% and average particle size 30.83 nm. has iron oxide (Fe2O3 andFe3O4) as major phase.
(D.S., Rajput, R. Gokarn, 2016)
6.
and of
Analytical standardization of Mandura Bhasma (incinerated iron oxide)
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CONCLUSION: Mandoora (iron slag) is rust of the iron and so only it named as Lauha Kitta. The present review highlights the overall view of Mandoora described in classical texts. It is mainly three types that is Mundakitta, Tikshnakitta, Kantakitta. It is having astringent taste, cold potency and pacifies Pitta and Kapha Dosha. By its Raktavriddhikaraprabhava, it is one of the drugs of choice in Pandu Roga which can be compared with iron deficiency anaemia. For purification of Mandoora most of the texts
have described Nirvapa (heating and quenching) method by the use of Triphala decoction and Gomutra. Marana (incineration) is done mainly by the Gajaputa in which heat is provided by using 1000 cow dung cakes. Modern researches have established the efficacy of Mandoora in the iron deficiency anaemia. Overall it can be said that Mandoora is an excellent and promising medicine which can be used safely in our routine clinical practice but care should be taken that the classical methods mentioned by our Acharyas are followed accurately.
REFERENCES: A.
Devulapally, M. Srinivasulu, S.B.S. Acharya, (2012), Clinical Study on Efficacy of Mandura Bhasma in the management of Pandu Roga with and without Virechana Karma, IJRAP MayJun, 3(3); p.391-394.
Ambikadatta Shastry (2015), Rasaratna Samuchaya of Shri Vagbhata, Chapter 5, verse 150–152, Chaukhambha Amarbharati Prakashana Revised edition,Varanasi, p.122 Anonymous (2003), Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part-I Published by Govt. of India Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Dept. of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy, 2nd edition, New Delhi, p.613–614. Anonymous (2008), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I Vol.-VII, Published by Govt. of India Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Dept. of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy, New Delhi, p.25–26. Anonymous (2015), Ayurveda Sara Sangraha, Shodhana Marana Prakarana, Shree Vaidyanatha Ayurveda Bhavan Limited, Nani Allahabad, p. 160–163.
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Devnath Singh Gautam (2000), Rasamruta, Chapter 4, verse 48–50, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, 1st edition, Varanasi, p.60.
Lala
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Gulraj Sharma Mishra (2014), Ayurveda Prakasha, Chapter 3, verse 284–292, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Reprint edition, Varanasi, p.405.
Shaligram Vaishya (1909), Rasa Ratnakara, Rasa Khanda, Chapter 9, verse 65–66, Khemraj Krishnadas Publication, edition, Mumbai, p.127.
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Shyam
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Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 4 | April 2017 | 64–74
Siddhinandan Mishra (2010), Shree Bhairavokta Ananda Kanda, Saptam Ullasa, verse 101, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 1stedition, Varanasi, p.741. Siddhinandan Mishra (2013), Rasa Manjari, Chapter 5, verse 68–71, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2nd edition, Varanasi, p.68– 69. Siddhinandan Mishra and K.K Jhala (2009), Rasendra Bhaskar, Chapter Chaturtha Mayukha, verse-93–101, Chaukhambha Orientalia, reprint edition, Varanasi, p.71–72. Source of Support: NIL
Virupaksha Gupta K.L, Pallavi .G, Patgiri B.J, Prashant Math (2011), Critical Review on Pharmaceutical vistas of Mandurakalpa (Hematinics of Ayurveda), International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archive; 2(6):1643–1650. Yadavji Trikamji, (2013), Sidda Yoga Samgraha, Chapter 19, Baidynath Ayurved Bhawan Limited, Naini Allahabad, p.153.
Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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