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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 6, Issue 7, July 2017 MEDICINAL PLANT RESEARCH Bio-Resource Technology – Research CURRENT STATUS OF VALERIANA JATAMANSI: AN ENDANGERED SPECIES Antim K Maurya, R L Meena, Amit Kumar, Ramdeen Prasad, Gopichand*
95–102
COVER PAGE PHOTOGRAPHY: DR. HARI VENKATESH K R, PLANT ID – INFLORESCENCE OF CURCUMA AERUGINOSA ROXB.* OF THE FAMILY ZINGIBERACEAE PLACE – KOPPA, CHIKKAMAGALUR , KARNATAKA, INDIA *BOTANICAL NAME VALIDATED FROM www.theplantlist.org AS ON 30/07/2017
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 7 | July 2017 | 95–102 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
Research article CURRENT STATUS OF VALERIANA JATAMANSI: AN ENDANGERED SPECIES Antim K Maurya1, R L Meena2, Amit Kumar3, Ramdeen Prasad4, Gopichand5* Division of High Altitude Biology, CSIR – Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh – 176 061, India * Corresponding author: E-mail: gopichand@ihbt.res.in; Phone +91-01894-233339-316 1,2,3,4,5
Received: 22/3/2017; Revised: 30/07/2017; Accepted: 31/07/2017
ABSTRACT Indian Valerian (Valeriana jatamansi Jones syn. V. wallichii DC) is a medicinal and aromatic plant of Himalaya. It has become threatened and endangered plant species and is included in the endangered category by IUCN. In order to know current status of this plant species on the basis of conservation point of view, the study was conducted by CSIR – Institute of Himalayan Bioresource technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India during 2014 to 2016. More than 40 surveys were conducted in various parts of Indian North-East as well as North-West. Himalayan regions (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Assam and West Bengal, which are Himalayan states of India). During surveys, GPS coordinates of the locations of occurrence of V. jatamansi were recorded and the soil samples were also collected from those sites for soil analysis in the lab. Among the soil parameters the minimum Nitrogen (73.0 kg/ha) was estimated in soils of Kukurgunda and the maximum in Darjeeling (437.53 kg/ha). Phosphorous was identified minimum (5.24 ppm) in Kandi (Mandi) soils. It was maximum (104.30 ppm) in Kalimpong (West Bengal). Potassium was lowest (59.03 ppm) in Bagsyad while it was maximum (262.46 ppm) in Laka wali Mata areas of Himachal Pradesh. It was observed that Valeriana jatamansi species were distributed in fragments. Most of the regions, where it was in abundance and in very good patches, are now disappeared. KEYWORDS: Valeriana jatamansi, Endangered species
Cite this article: Antim K Maurya, R L Meena, Amit Kumar, Ramdeen Prasad, Gopichand (2017), CURRENT STATUS OF VALERIANA JATAMANSI: AN ENDANGERED SPECIES, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 6 (7): 95–102
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 7 | July 2017 | 95–102
INTRODUCTION: Valeriana jatamansi is an endangered and high valued aromatic and medicinal plant of India (Mathela et al., 2005). In a separate study carried by our Institute, essential oil yield was estimated, 0.3–0.5 percent in the fresh underground rhizome and roots of its plant materials collected from forests of Himachal Pradesh, India. These essential oils are of commercial importance and used in world trade. Some investigators have reported its produce as valepotriates, having therapeutic and tranquilizing properties (Bos et al., 1998a). These valepotriates was reported to be very effective in leprosy treatment (Kour et al., 1999). It has cytotoxic and anti cancerous properties (Bounthanh et al., 1981) and also has high demand in perfumery and pharmaceutical industries (Singh et al., 2010). V. jatamansi is harvested from its natural habitat from Western Himalaya as well as North Eastern Himalaya from different agroclimatic regions. Its over exploitation, invasion, habitat loss, fragmentation, pollution, untimely harvesting, unplanned and degradation of natural habitat are major concerns and thus its conservation have been pointed out (Mabberley and Noltie 2014). The present study was conducted to study its fragmented population in different zones of India. The anthropogenic interferences have posed threat to its ecosystem resulting in hindrances in its natural establishment. The population growth, economic developments (new roads and other business establishments) and urbanisation has resulted in depletion of its natural resources. In order to know the population and distribution pattern of V. Jatamansi, a survey and collection of plant materials were carried out from different parts of Indian Himalayan region (Figure-1) and the collected plant materials were raised in CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. After 2–3 years, the growth parameters and other performance indicators were studied. In future the assessment of quality of its essential oil and its other chemical evaluation will also be targeted
for selection, its elite quality plant material. Further to that it will be raised for commercial purposes. V. jatamansi has great impact on human society and traditionally used for curing many diseases, e.g., obesity, snake bites, nervous system disorders, epilepsy, eye troubles, skin disease, etc. (Chopra et al., 1956; Panday et al., 1994). The valepotriates of V. jatamansi contain sesquiterpenoids, essential oils, flavones glycosides, acylated (Lin et al., 2009; Lin et al., 2010) iridoids, etc., and possess sedative, cytotoxic, antitumor and antifungal activities. As we are aware that by the continuous and repeated use of antibiotics the human body gets adapted, become resistant and any higher dose of antibiotic is ineffective (Hart and Karriuri, 1998). In current scenario, the world population is exploring the natural resources as a substitute of antibiotics. Therefore, about 80% of the world population now depend on natural resources for medicines (Arora and Kaur, 2007). V. Jatamansi is also used in several ayurvedic preparations such as Sudarshan Churna, Pipalayasava, Dasan-ga_lepa and widely used for treatment of obesity, skin diseases, insanity, epilepsy and snake bite, etc. (Prakash, 1999). The Valeriana roots and rhizome have astringent, thermogenic emollient, hypnotic, carminative, stomachic, laxative, hepato and cardiotonic, expectorant, diuretic, aphrodisiac and tonic properties. Thus it is also used in kapha and vata, ulcers, wounds dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, constipation, jaundice, dry cough, asthma, leprosy and intermittent fever etc (Wagner et al., 1980). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experimental work was conducted in CSIR– IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India which is located at 32º06´05”N, latitude 76º34´10”E longitude. It is situated in the mid hills of Himachal Pradesh at an elevation of 1325 m amsl. In last three years during (2014– 2016), about 40 surveys were carried out in all Indian Himalayan regions at the expected natural distribution and cultivation areas of Valeriana jatamansi. The plant sample, soil
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 7 | July 2017 | 95–102
sample from its growing places, its GPS coordinates and other relevant parameters was recorded from all sites. The soil sample was collected from 0 to 15 cm and 15 to 30 cm soil depth and analysed the physico-chemical properties (Table 1).
plant species through chemical evaluation (essential oil and valepotriates) is also targeted in the future and selection of suitable plant materials would be accordingly done.
Preparation of soil samples and analysis:
The surveys were conducted in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, the Himalayan states of India. It was observed that due to high pressure of pharmaceutical industries, most of the population are being untimely harvested in unscientific manner. However plants are surviving very well here in CSIR-IHBT campus. During the tour in different areas of Himachal Pradesh, we could not find V. jatamansi at various possible localities such as Kullu region up to Mandi, Manikaran area upto Burseny, Sainj valley, Great Himalayan National park, Banjar region, most of the areas in Kinnaure. Perhaps all these populations are now extinct. Only at Jalory pass area, some scattered/fragmented population were noticed. We could observe similar situations at Salooni, Dalhousie, Kalatop, army cant area of Banikhet, etc. in Chamba district; Jhanjali and Shikari Mata regions in Mandi district; Dhauladhar, Chhota and Bada Bhangal, Barot area in Kangra district. However in Holi and Bharmour region of Chamba district a few population was seen (Figure-1).
The air-dried soil should be lightly crushed in a wooden pestle and mortar to break clods. This soil will be then passed through a 2 mm sieve. Plant residues, gravel and other foreign matter retained on the sieve are to be discarded. Determination of pH: To prepare 1:2 soil water suspension, weigh 25 g of soil into a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add 50 ml of distilled water in it. Stopper the flask and shake the mixture on the reciprocating shaker for one hour. The electrodes are then immersed in the beaker containing soil paste or soil water suspension and read pH on the dial and record it (Gupta PK, 1997). Electrical Conductivity: Gupta PK 1997. Nitrogen: The procedure involves distilling the soil with alkaline potassium permanganate solution and determining the ammonia liberated. This serves as an index of the available (minerlizable) N status of a soil and was therefore proposed as a soil test for N by Subbiah and Asija (1956). Phosphorus: An extractant known as Mehlich No.3 was introduced as a universal extractant (Mehlich, 1984). Potassium: An extractant known as Mehlich No.3 was introduced as a universal extractant. Analysis by BWB XP Flamephotometer UK Make (Mehlich 1984). Organic Matter: Walklay – Black Method (1934). Soil Texture- Hydrometer Method: Gupta PK 1997. Some of the plants, having some morphological variations were selected and collected in the polysleeves as it may be possible elite clone. Later it was shifted from polysleeves to plastic pots for the recording of growth performance. All the collected samples were planted in plastic pots with the soil mixture 1:1:1 means equal ratio of garden soil: sand: farm yard manure. The hand irrigation was also applied as or when it was required. Besides the status, the quality and yield of the
RESULTS:
In J&K, scattered distribution of V. jatamansi was found near Padari check post. In Uttarakhand a few samples were collected from Pithoragarh region. As per our discussion with state forest persons, it is rarely available in Uttarakhand forest. It’s some plants were found distributed in Kosi-katarmal natural forest region. Our survey team also visited in Sikkim and West Bengal especially Darjeeling area, there is no healthy sign of Valeriana crop and V. jatamansi had scattered distribution in Kalimpong areas (Figure-1). The Sikkim state PCCF did not allow us to visit their forest. Besides, Valeriana is also found in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mezoram, Meghalaya, and Assam (Figure-1). Our team also visited and collected the plant materials from West Bengal
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 7 | July 2017 | 95–102
and Sikkim. Due to unfavourable logistics and security issues in North-East India, more number of surveys could not be conducted. However, Chakarborty et al. 2015 has reported
that Valeriana is a highly endangered medicinal plant in North Eastern-Himalayan region.
Figure-1. Distribution map of Valeriana jatamansi in the Indian Himalayan Region showing its locations of occurrence (depicted as red asterisks in the figure).
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 7 | July 2017 | 95–102
Table-1: Soil parameters of different places, where the plant material of V. Jatamansi collected. S.N 1
Location
pH
EC
N
P
K
Avail./ha
Avail. Kg/ha
Avail. ppm
OM %
Sand %
Silt %
Clay %
Soil Type
6.15
0.213
185.02
74.48
426.29
3.1
35.76
44
20.24
Clay Loam
2 3 4 5
Padhari check post Dhargla-2 Langera-2 Khaddimural Priyanglu
7.76 7.05 5.7 7.98
0.161 0.089 0.18 0.166
147.39 203.84 235.2 178.75
18.48 29.68 35.28 21.28
96.614 146.41 90.637 101.59
2.46 1.81 4.89 1.68
35.76 49.76 33.76 53.76
42 30 46 24
22.24 20.24 20.24 22.24
6 7
Dhargala-1 Bhandal-1
7.98 7.56
0.219 0.198
250.88 191.3
18.48 31.36
396.41 144.42
4.01 3.28
49.76 63.76
28 24
22.24 12.24
Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Sandy Clay Loam Clay Loam Sandy Loam
8
Salooni-1
6.88
0.08
191.3
20.16
140.44
1.55
11.76
50
38.24
9
5.98
0.048
141.12
89.04
166.33
2.53
17.76
52
30.24
10 11 12
Salooni2Jhakhral Langera Biching Zhatingri-2
7.96 5.11 6.56
0.168 0.81 0.075
172.48 106.62 269.7
15.12 40.32 39.76
117.53 86.653 609.56
4.4 1.68 4.94
37.76 27.76 25.76
36 62 50
26.24 10.24 24.24
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Zhatingri-3 Tikkin-1 Barot-1 Zhatingri-1 Kanda-1 Kanda-2 Satrundi Plachak 1 Plachak 2 Kalimpong Darjeeling
6.48 5.61 6.73 5.91 6.42 6.94 5.54 5.6 5.1 5.12 6.10
0.091 0.052 0.065 0.077 0.09 0.071 0.064 0.042 0.094 0.38 0.59
206.98 191.3 169.34 128.58 141.12 131.71 144.26 125.44 213.25 194.43 244.61
24.64 19.6 13.44 34.16 52.08 11.2 10.64 18.65 6.41 104.30 145.70
315.74 368.53 122.51 118.53 240.04 71.713 155.38 84.437 96.242 169.04 166.09
5.07 5.43 2.02 0.34 1.73 3.05 3.47 2.64 1.55 3.18 3.83
63.76 39.76 45.76 55.76 53.76 19.76 29.76 67.76 69.76 23.76 25.76
24 44 42 30 32 54 48 16 15 46 52
12.24 16.24 12.24 14.24 14.24 26.24 22.24 16.24 12.24 30.24 22.24
24 25
BSI Gangtok Birni-1
6.85 5.56
0.45 0.12
269.70 247.74
12.24 22.14
144.45 161.17
2.97 1.55
67.76 11.76
22 50
10.24 38.24
26
Birni-2
5.75
0.082
156.80
8.741
173.96
1.75
12.52
40
24.20
27
Birni-3
5.20
0.09
235.20
6.993
150.35
1.81
49.76
30
20.24
28
Birni-4
5.15
0.081
244.61
8.159
121.82
1.70
50.00
37
26.40
29
Kukurgunda
6.0
206
73
40
95
1.55
69.76
15
12.24
30
Kafnoo
5.9
110.2
238.4
34
264.5
1.70
50.00
37
26.40
31
Sangla
6.2
153
320
64.5
115
0.34
55.76
30
14.24
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Silty Clay Loam Silty Clay Clay Loam Silty Loam Silty Clay Loam Sandy Loam Silty Loam Loamy Sandy Loam Sandy Loam Silty Loam Clay Loam Sandy Loam Sandy Loam Clay Silty Clay Loam Sandy Loam Silty Clay Loam Silty Clay Loam Silty Clay Loam Silty Clay Loam Sandy Loam Soil Silty Clay Loam Sandy Loam
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32
Khazziar
5.75
0.082
156.80
8.741
173.96
1.75
12.52
40
24.20
33
Alha (Khazziar) Dalhousie Banikhet Bharmour Hudsar
7.96
0.168
172.48
15.12
117.53
4.4
37.76
36
26.24
Silty Clay Loam Clay Loam
5.98 6.42 6.94 5.38
0.048 0.09 0.071 0.06
141.12 141.12 131.71 156.8
89.04 52.08 11.2 12.32
166.33 240.04 71.713 140.96
2.53 1.73 3.05 4.7
17.76 53.76 19.76 35.0
52 32 54 46.4
30.24 14.24 26.24 18.6
Silty Clay Sandy Loam Silty Loam Loamy
34 35 36 37
DISCUSSION The V. jatamansi were found at various places from altitudes ranging from 1076 meters to 3500 meters (Figure 1). It has been observed that Valeriana thrives under diverse climatic conditions ranging from temperate to tropical. It is found in regions having temperature range of 11°C to 40°C to below freezing point as Shikari Mata mandir (district - Mandi, HP) Birni-2, Plachack-1 and Plachack-2, (district Kangra, HP), etc. Even there is distinctive variation in the average annual rain fall, noticed in locations of its occurrences. The soil was also of various types in different regions such as sandy loam, loamy, clay loam, etc. (Table2). These soils also varied in terms of N, P and K contents (Table-2). In the Dalhousie forest the plants are healthy, while in Jalory pass region the plants were very thin and its leaf were very narrow in size. The same type of morphology was also seen in upper Mandi region, Jhanjali and Shikari Mata region. It was visible in natural forest where the trees are mixed, broad leaved and deciduous in nature. Humus and moist soil resulted in a healthy population. From November to February end these plants remain dormant. A huge amount of litter of different deciduous species (Rhododendron, Prunus, Populus deltoides etc.) when fell on the ground, gets rotten in due course of time producing a humus moist layer of compost providing main source of nutrient for the natural flora. Valeriana, due to its fibrous roots, gets enriched from the natural nutrients leading to its healthy population. Places where Valeriana population was not healthy and the plants were very poor in growth, are the ones with overlaying canopies were of evergreen coniferous (e.g., Cedrus
deodara, Blue pines, Kail, Abies, Spruce, Taxus, etc.). Due to their evergreen nature the litter is not produced in sufficient quantities leading to soil enrichment in their natural habitat. CONCLUSION As per literature survey it is evident that Valeriana jatamansi is an endangered and threatened plant species in India including in North East. The seasonal variations of bioactive compounds were also noticed and its morphology and genetic profile have also been studied. Many workers have worked on medicinal properties of Valeriana from various perspectives. It is therefore recommended that the extraction of Valeriana from wild should be banned as it is being sold in Nepal, Bhutan and India in a large scale. There is an urgent need of its protection and conservation. Regarding conservation of Valeriana jatamansi in its natural habitat, we have raised elite population on the basis of chemical characterization and morphological selection. We have distributed and raised its plantation in its natural habitat and in the forests of Himachal Pradesh. In spite of our attempts, the Valeriana could not be conserved because it’s untimely, unscientific and immature harvesting by locals, NGOs and agents of pharmaceutical industries. For its conservation, a strong policy should be made by State Government and department of Environment and Forest. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We are highly thankful to National Medicinal Plant Board, Govt. of India New Delhi for providing the financial assistance.
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Source of Support: NIL
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Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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