Culture Builds Community : Urbanizing Urban Villages

Urban Design Report

Culture builds Community Culture Led Urban Regeneration in Thaltej Gam

Ayushi Singh | PG180199 | Spring Semester | Urban Design Report

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Studio Brief

Urban Transformation Studio Vertical Title: Urbanizing Urban Villages Faculty: Umesh Shurpali, TA: Pooja Raval

The studio is an attempt to assess and deal with issues of urban villages engulfed by stereotypical urban development.City development plans often exclude these areas with an arbitrarily demarcated boundary with no vision to improve livability.In most cases,urban villages lack basic housing facilities and result into haphazard commercial & residential development in absence of regulation enforcement.Often teeming with multitude of community and cultural spaces,the villages relyon existing services on its periphery.Urban villages thus have always been treated as backyards of cities.

Against this background, the studio aims to sensitize students regarding urban villages as thriving urban systems and explore utilizing market forces to bring about positive change.Exploiting strong sense of community within the villages, the studio shall also focus on envisaging cohesive urban developmentthatis equitable.

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Students shall be required to take radical positions on how to bring change in these urban villages identified as illustrative cases.The proposals would rethink the conventional ‘one size fits all’pattern and shall identify categories and corresponding typological variations.Their proposals can consider catalysts such as transit/tourist/community/institutional developments etc. depending on individual case to trigger desired changes. Eventually the students shall carry out the exercise to derive guidelines, regulations and frame work basis their proposals.

The site area ranges from 20-40 acres with population between 5000 to 10000 people on average.

Sites selected: 1)Thaltej Gam, Ahmedabad 2)Makarba Gam, Ahmedabad 3)Hauz Rani, Delhi

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Contents 1. Urban Villages: A Global Anomaly.............................................................................................6 2. Gamtals: The urban villages of Ahmedabad...............................................................................8 3. Understanding Thaltej...............................................................................................................10 4. Culture builds Community: Introduction...................................................................................24 5. Culture led Urban Regeneration: Literature Review.................................................................26 6. Culture led Urban Regeneration: Case Study..........................................................................30 7. Mechanisms and Stakeholders.................................................................................................34 8. Vision, Objectives and Strategies.............................................................................................36 9. Pilot Project...............................................................................................................................40 10. Transformation Process..........................................................................................................46 11. Built Form Regulations and Guidelines..................................................................................55 12. Conclusions and Way Forward...............................................................................................56

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Urban Villages

A Global Anomaly

Source : https://gehlpeople.com/blog/urbanized-villages-taste-of-shenzhen/

Source : https://gehlpeople.com/blog/urbanized-villages-taste-of-shenzhen/

Urban Villages of Shenzhen, China The urban villages of China, “chéngzhōngcūn”, literally “village in the city” are villages engulfed in the downtown urban settlement of a city surrounded by skyscrapers, transportation and functioning as an alternative housing market for the working class of the society.

Source : https://canejason.wordpress. com/2014/03/26/urban-village-shenzhen-china/

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The emergence of urban villages in China is rooted in the dual-track land ownership policy adopted by the government. In this case the rural land ownership lies with the village as a collective entity and the state exercises limited control thus creating a dense,village rooted settlement with poor infrastructure in the middle of a thriving urban environment.

What emerged is something like the “Handshake village” that is a new typology of built environment unique to the urban village.

Gaothans and Koliwadas, Mumbai Gaothans (villages) and koliwadas (fishermen villages) are Mumbai’s forgotten points of inception, now engulfed in its stereotypical urbanity but forgotten by the city development authorities.

Till date, these areas are characterized by dense, slum like poor quality infrastructure, with no incentives to redevelop. The BMC recently granted an FSI of 4 to the gaothans of gaothans, giving them opportunity to build additional floors.

Source : https://cidco-smartcity.niua.org/redevelopment-of-urban-villages/

Lal Dora of New Delhi The Lal Dora is the imaginary boudary drawn by the land revenue department of delhi around a settlement to distinguish it from the agricultural land around it.

Once set inside the Lal Dora, the agricultural land was acquired by the authorities and developed as infrastructure for the city. Hence the urban villages of Delhi came into existence, surrounded by the growing city, the Lal Dora limiting its expansion.

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Urban Villages of Ahmedabad

Gamtals

There are approximately 156 gmatals across the entire AMC boundary. According to the Development Plans, the urban villages are demarcated as a separate region under “Gamtal� with separate developmental regulations and different set of infrastructure policies.

This results in Gamtals becoming islands of very distinct urbanities, growing inwards as the rest of the city follows a separate developmetal arc. The Gamtals are still characterized by an idyllic village environment with dense built form, narrow streets and very stark divisive lines of caste and community.

Looking at four different Gamtals across the city, the varying degrees of densification and urbanization around them shows the four different stages of a Gamtal in the city, Navrangpura Gam

Vastrapur Gam

Thaltej Gam

The biggest village Makarba is situated on the outskirts of the city, still away from the urbanization process. In comparison, Navrangpura is the smallest, located in the heart of one of the most expensive neighbourhoods of the city.

The scale is a reflection of the pressure on the village to assimilate with the city, in the process completey obliterating.

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Makarba Gam

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Thaltej Gamtal

History & Evolution

Origin of Thaltej

Thaltej Village dates back to thousand years when it was a Brahmin settlement known as Brahmanpura. Their main occupation was farming, worshipping,

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2005

Rail Route introduced to the North

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Development of SG Highway

2015

TP scheme on the east of highway. The sprawl is limited at the SG highway Development beyond the highway. Slum encroachment around lake.

2019

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Understanding the Village

The Morphology

The Site

Auda Synthesis Park

Sports Academy

Thaltej Lake Drive-in Cinema

Thaltej Gamtal is located to the west of the intersection of SG highway and Thaltej –Shilaj road.

Thaltej is strategically located in proximity to several local area level landmarks giving it an important edge.

These public landmarks create a network of city level destinations that give the village a strategic edge over the other villages.

Indian Institute of Public Health Auda Park

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The village has a TOZ line passing through the village although the ramifications are still ambiguous.

Spanning an area of 91.4 acres, the village is abutting the Thaltej – Shilaj road.

Adjacent to this arterial road in close proximity is the Thaltej lake along with a small informal settlement across the village.

The existing situation of the thaltej lake is very poor, however the AMC plans to revive the lake as a city level public infrastructure.

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Connectivity and Road network The adjoining map illustrates the important arterial roads that encircle the village. While these arterials have considerably greater ROW, the internal roads of the village are much lesser in width.

The major arterial is the thaltej Shilaj road that links the village to SG Highway on one side and the shilaj gamtal on the other.

Major Nodes and Landmarks The major landmarks in and around the site include religious institutions like temples and schools that are adjoining important nodes that form intersections of pedestrian and vehicular activity.

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Building Use Distribution The village has predominantly residential building use with the buildings adjacent to the thaltej Shilaj road have mixed use and commrcial building use.

The institutional building use is mainly due to temples across the village as well as a primary school and a post office.

Community Mapping The communities are segregated according to caste.

The people of one caste reside together in one colony, and rent out their units to people of the same caste.

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Understanding the Village

The Places Chowks as Gathering Spots

The chowks are important social interaction spaces, but in most cases they are used for parking with no designated programme or urban furniture.

Owing to the close proximity of the houses , the terraces are interconnected to each other leading to close interactions especially during festivals like Uttarayan, or Holi.

Terraces as Interlinked Social Spaces Residential tenements with accessible terraces

One storied, single family units Small retail setups on the ground floor

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Informal Markets along Edges

The Thaltej Shilaj road transforms into a busy, interactive commercial edge where it abuts the Gamtal, leading to important economic opportunities for the residents, as well as an interface between the lake and the village.

Incidental Open Spaces, and Otlas The incidental open spaces are the only breathing spaces for the residents, often being occupied by parking of vehicles, or very poor infrastructure.

Streets and otlas are important public spaces for the residents, especially women.

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Understanding the Village

The Streets

Main Street The main streets are used for vehicular and pedestrian movement along with the occasional mobile vending, retail along the edges as well as unorganized vehicle parkig activity.

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Cul de Sacs The main streets end in internal cul de sacs. These cul de sacs are spillover spaces for the households, becoming a semi private semi public realm for the residents utilized for parking, storage, socializing as well as a relief space for ventilation and recreation.

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Understanding the Village

The People

The majority of the population of the village consists of families with a small portion contributed by migrant population. The village settlement pattern is heavily influenced by the community based lines. The village consist of distinct clusters of Patels, Thakors, Prajapatis,etc. The caste based divisions also seep into the rental market were the rented out units are also occupied by the same caste as that landlord.

But apart from the community based divisions, there is an collective aspiration among the villagers to create entrepreneurial opportunities from their land holdings inside the Gamtal.

Thaltej is one of the expensive real estate hotspots of the city.

The villagers are well aware of the value of their land holdings and thus there is an opportunity for the project to empower people to make choices that gives them economic stability and still retain ownership.

There is also a very strong sense of community interdependence and the villagers enjoy the sense of community and interpersonal relationships they create in the village. The inherent sense of community should always be retained.

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Also religion is an important bonding experience for the village residents, which explains the presence of a temple at all the important nodes which is accompanied by chowks.

Apart from a sturdy social fabric, the built environment of the village is in need of rehabilitation and regeneration.

Also thaltej is surrounded by immense pressure to urbanize, which explains the restlessness among the villagers regarding the proposed metro station.

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Understanding the Village

The Problems Insufficient Street ROW

The streets in the village that are used as major thoroughfares are encroached considerably by two wheeler parking and spillover from retail setups and households. The movement of vehicles as well pedestrians is hampered.

Underutilized Public Space

The chowks of the village which happen to be adjoining major nodes are over taken by four wheeler parking, taking away from very few public open spaces that is already rare in the village.

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Need for Densification

There are a lot of dilapidated one storey structures that are either abandoned or are under utilized. These structures have potential for redevelopment as they can add to the housing stock inside the village leading to a more sustainable, compact setup.

Poor Condition of Infrastructure

The condition of a lot of public infrastructure in the village is very poor or is either in need of state intervention as people lack the resources to repair it on their own.

These points are good points to intevene and propose something that can tie in to a bigger scheme for the village.

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“Culture builds

Community�

The village residents aspire to upgrade their economic opportunities while retaining their roots inside the Gamtal. The collective aspiration to remain a part of the community that nurtures them in multiple ways while still creating better economic opportunities is a strong reflection of the survival spirit of the village.

The idea for transformation for the village stems from this fact, aiming to create a system that benefits the residents while giving the village a unique identity across the city.

Culture Led urban regeneration has been used by various countries, societies and, organizations to use culture and art to revitalize precincts or societies that are plagued with socio-economic depletion. Culture is used to build community while adding auxiliary activities to enhance the economic value of the area. The idea for Thaltej stems from this ideology, using urban design as a tool to upgrade existing infrastructure.

Culture combined with a strong programme and economic structure can generate revenue and create healthier community interactions.

The transformation story is inspired from the positive social conditions that can result from cultural participation among diverse communities. Along the way, the neighborhood gets a new identity, recognition and economic prosperity.

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Culture Led Urban Regeneration

Literature Review

Artists and Shanghai’s culture-led urban regeneration Sheng Zhong Department of Urban Planning and Design, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China

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The paper discusses the various mechanisms prevalent in China for Culture Led Urban Regeneration. For simplification of research, artists are broadly classified into two groups, elite and non elite. The paper tries to explore the various factors that help or impede the growth of artists and how cultural quarters as well as culture based urban regeneration decisions are sometimes influenced by important connection of elite artists.

The power yielded by artists is defined through three broad categories, cultural capital, economic capital and social capital.

The author further elucidates the privileges created due to economic capital, giving elite artists the opportunity to study and travel abroad and acquire a global understanding of different countries and their urban regeneration mechanisms. In addition to this, elite artists tend to know other elite artists thus creating a network of privileged creative class that interacts with state employed representatives and influences their decisions.

The non elite artists who look at cultural quarters as an opportunity to benefit from in terms of identity and connections, often have no power or involvement in the major programmatic decisions of state led cultural urban regeneration decisions.

Often injection of capital by the state into creating artist centric quarters leads to gradual gentrification of the neighborhood. These artists that initially lent the district its unique culture are often forced out of their rented studios or workshops as real estate prices rise.

Hence the non elite artists, in context of China, are often the losers in the entire process, with the bureaucratic nature of the process only involving the elite artists.

Therefore, the system of class and economic disparity trickles in the creative direction of China’s culture led urban regeneration mechanisms, in contrast to its European counterparts.

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Culture Led Urban Regeneration

Literature Review

The Role of Urban Design in Cultural Regeneration Matthew Wansborough & Andrea Mageean Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 5, No. 2, 181Âą 197, 2000

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The paper tries to dissect the role of culture in urban regeneration and how urban design plays an important role in the whole process. Starting off with the defining exactly what culture is, the author discourages the attchment of “high art” tag to culture. Rather culture is defined as the consumtion pattern generated as a result of cities that are growingly diverse and cosmopolitan as a result of a global mindset.

The different ways culture can contribute to creating a mixed use based active neighbourhood is further listed to make a case for urban regeneration techniques that are economically and socially based on cultural capital of a district or city.

The urban design scope in this whole process is delayered in form of six clear parameters. These parameters being : 1.Public Realm/ Placemaking 2.Environmental Improvement 3.Cultural Activity 4.Building Development 5.Community Participation 6. Design Strategy The integration of urban design into urban regeneration process through these parameters is explained through the example of the Northern Quarters, a cultural quarters in Manchester.

The Northern Quarter urban regeneration process was an “organic” and “grass roots” level movement that involved the stakeholders directly and outlined the exact improvements and infusions that the urban design team undertook for the neighbourhood.

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Culture Led Urban Regeneration

Case study

Nantou Old Town, China Founded in 331AD, as the administrative center of Dongguan Prefecture, Nantou is one of the oldest urban villages in central part of Shenzhen. The walled city was given a new lease of life when Urbanus proposed to promote the rejuvenation of the ancient city through surgical interventions and cultural activities. And the idea of hosting the (UABB) Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism/ Architecture (Shenzhen) was born.

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Source : https://www.archdaily.com/899370/urban-design-and-research-ofnantou-old-town-plus-architectural-design-of-uabb-venue-urbanus

The exhibition was designed as a route consisting of architectural spaces and exhibition venues along with reconstruction and renovation of a public open space system which is non existent in the old city currently.

Moving from north to south, the route consists of five zones with each of them marking a specific landmark in the village. During the renovation, the design team intervened on different scales, albeit sensitively, including streets, squares, factory buildings, residential buildings, historical landmarks as well as parks.

Following the narrative of “Introduction, Elucidation, Transition, Conclusion, agglomeration, Openness and Seclusion� the entire exhibition route tries to imitate the structure of Chinese literature or drama.

Source : https://www.archdaily.com/899370/urban-design-and-research-ofnantou-old-town-plus-architectural-design-of-uabb-venue-urbanus

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Culture Led Urban Regeneration

Case study

Itaewon, Seoul, South Korea Itaewon is a district in Seoul regarded as the melting pot of multi ethnic cultures, owing to its unique geographical location and history. Located in proximity to a US military camp, since the 1950s.

“The conspicuous presence of ‘foreigners-only’ clubs and bars as well as gay clubs deteriorated Itaewon’s image as a sexually and morally ‘contaminated’ place within a society with strong Confucian morals.“(Kim,2015).

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Post independence, owing to industrialization and globalization, Korea saw an influx of migrant population, foreign as well as native and Itaewon became an easy choice for them due to low rents. In contrast to state initiated culture led urban regeneration efforts, Itaewon has a unique and organic growth trajectory.

By the 2000’s the neighborhood flourished with cafe, restaurants, trendy boutiques as well as tourist hostels for the foreigners. The cultural identity of Itaewon owing to the cultural entrepreneurs transformed to one experimental and trendy thus pulling more young population and artists thus creating a destination in Seoul despite the absence of flagship programmatic infusion.

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Mechanisms and

Stakeholders

Auxiliary cultural functions like studios, workshops, cafes, exhibition spaces support the

Cultural Producers utilize the rental opportunity to create entrepreneurial setups.

The State

Cultural Entrepreneurs Artists, Designers, Performance Arts, Musicians, Architects, Writers, Educators

Placemaking Alternative Entrepreneurship Economic Redevelopment Cultural Redevelopment

Gamtal Residents

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Developers

Non Governmental Organization

Creates opportunities for local residents, cultural producers as well as the city.

The whole process involves the State, various NGOs and other stakeholders like the residents, real estate developers and most importantly cultural producers.

Cultural producers here refer to professionals (architects, graphic designers, art directors) as well as artists who can benefit from low property rents, in the process, creating outputs that can give the village an interesting cultural and aesthetic revival.

Incentivize Culture Building Grants

Placemaking

NGO

Rental Opportunity

Land amalgamation FSI incentive

State

Host events Invite artists Create headquarters

Cultural Producers Economic symbiosis

Developers

Develop Real estate

Gamtal Residents

NGOs play an important role in this process, creating opportunities for the cultural producers inside the village to initiate the process of cultural infusion.

Execution of this idea involves systematic Incentivization of land amalgamation, a programmatic infusion that creates local area-level cultural landmarks, the addition of pedestrian-friendly shared streets, as well as active street frontages that make the experience of walking through the village a unique one.

All these mechanisms are employed while retaining some of the important nodes, landmarks, streets of the existing village to preserve the memory of the places inside the village. Infusing active ground floor built use along with auxiliary functions like cafes, retail space, offices, and galleries can transform Thaltej into a possible hot-spot for cultural festivals, biennales, as well as a city-level destination for tourists.

The scope of urban design in this project largely consists of land restructuring, amalgamation, street design, nodes, and public space design as well as the creation of built form guidelines that are conducive to creating a vibrant and walkable neighborhood that thrives on its own.

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Vision and

Objectives

To rejuvenate the Thaltej urban village by infusing art and culture in the daily socio economic practices of people.

To create a socio-cultural symbiosis between creative entrepreneurs and village residents, which leads to a unique trajectory of growth and placemaking.

Pilot Project Strategy

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1

2

3

4

Delineate areaand Delineate area and Incentivize Incentivize Amalgamation Amalgamation

Use Use Land Land Readjustment Readjustment toto create a better create a better public public realm realm

Plug theArt Art Plug in in the District through District through a aProgrammatic Programmatic Infusion Infusion

Use UseSystematic Systematic Placemaking Placemaking along along theand streets the streets nodes and nodes.

Design Strategies

Objectives 1. Create additional ROW through widening and enhance the street design.

2. Incentivize amalgamation and restructure plots to create public spaces.

3. Carve out open spaces and design nodes with relevant programme and urban infrastructure.

4. Improve street frontage and built form to create a comfortable pedestrian experience.

5. Plug In spaces for urban art, exhibition and cultural celebration to give the residents an opportunity to customize and transform the spaces periodically.

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Existing Villages Condition Some buildings are retained as they are important landmarks, to preserve the sense of place.

Existing Temple

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Thaltej Lake, despite its deteriorated condition, is a strong potential city landmark.

Existing Temple Proposed Metro Station as part of Phase I

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Pilot Project Some buildings are retained as they are important landmarks, to preserve the sense of place.

Visual Art Centre Thaltej Collective neighbourhood Centre Temporary Art Station

Shared Street

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Redesigned Street Edge Artist’s Co-Housing

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Pilot Project Detail

Nodes and Edges One of the first step of the Pilot project was to redesign the main edge of the Thaltej village. Since there is a proposed metro station in vicinity, this edge has the potential to become the gateway into the village as well as interface to the Thaltej Lake.

The proposed street section consists of reorganizing the available right of way to create designated pedestrian walkways, an AMTS bus stop as well as an additional canvas street that can be used as a multipurpose stretch by the pedestrians.

Canvas Street Parking AMTS Bus Stop

Retail Edge

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Thaltej Lake

Existing Condition of the Edge

The existing situation of the street shows the arbittrary usage of the right of way, mostly occupied by informal vending.

Proposed Street Section of the Edge The proposed section tries to include additional programme for pedestrians, create an entry to the Thaltej Lake as well as maintain the comfortable movement of vehicular traffic. Inclusion if an additional bus lane will encourage village residents to use public transport instead of private vehicle.

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Pilot Project Detail

Nodes and Edges The nodes are an important part of the entire urban design strategy as the village has a clear system of activities centered around these nodes which are adjoining public chowks.

The pilot includes the redesign of one such intersection which is characterized by diverse landmarks located at the node, unified by a shared street which connects it to the thaltej Shilaj main arterial road.

Temporary Art Station

Shared Street

Thaltej Collective Neighbourhood Center

Temporary Art Exhibit + Parklet

Pedestrianized Street

A cultural Landmark at the node

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Key Strategy of a Shared Street The Shared street means to create a pedestrian oriented street culture in the village while maintaining controlled movement of vehicles to facilitate daily activities. The shared street is not a stand alone intervention, therefore working in conjunction with the programmatic infusion on the ground floor as well as designated public open parklets and street design.

All these strategies work together to create a street that transforms the village at the edge.

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The Growth Stages Some buildings are retained as they are important landmarks, to preserve the sense of place.

Visual Art Centre Thaltej Collective neighbourhood Centre Temporary Art Station

Shared Street

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Redesigned Street Edge Artist’s Co-Housing

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Redesigning Edges

And Placemaking The illustrated node is an example of the incidental open spaces being redesigned to create enhanced programme and updated public infrastructure. These public improvements respond to the increased density and neds of the people who move in.

Here the node has a parklet adjoining a green wall that is a vertical urban farm that can be cultivated as a community.

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Existing Typical Street Section The existing streets of the Gamtal have an organization similar to a shared street with no designated pathway for pedestrians. The ROW is shared by vehicles as well as pedestrians in addition to on street parking and cultural processions in case of special occasions.

Proposed Typical Street Section The proposed street section demonstrates an additional ROW that adds to the efficiency of the street as a shared street as well as better movement of pedestrians in case of an event.

In addition to widened road, the amalgamation facilitates additional built floors and retail on ground floor.

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Transformed Village Some buildings are retained as they are important landmarks, to preserve the sense of place.

Proposed Children’s Park formed through land readjustment.

Visual Art Centre Thaltej Collective neighbourhood Centre Temporary Art Station

Shared Street

Art Street

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Redesigned Street Edge Artist’s Co-Housing

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Redesigning Edges

And Placemaking The art street is a dedicated pedestrianized street designed as an experience in retail, public open space and public art. Connecting two important nodes together, this street has several pause points that make the entire street as one comprehensive public realm experience.

A street like this can be used as a module across the entire village in case the village hosts a festival, thus creating an experience for the visitor.

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The whole street is a canvas for creative experimentation and cultural festivity.

An active ground floor makes the street more engaging and walkable.

The street is punctuated by a parklet, that can be used for vending or temporary events.

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The village has an absolute pausity of children centred public infrastructure despite the huge numbers of young families in the village. Using land readjustment, a playground was carved out to create a space for the kids, along with the art wall adding an element of experimentation for the artists.

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Built Form Regulations

& Guidelines

The change in regulation is brought because the built to line character of the street has to be maintained but new developments need rear setbacks or one side setback to facilitate access.

Area<250 Sqm

250sqm<Area<400 Sqm

400sqm<Area<600 Sqm

1. 90 % Built Up 2. Built to line 3. No parking 4. 2.5 FSI

1. 85 % Built Up 2. Built to line 3. Rear setback accessible from internal road.

4. 2.5 FSI

1. 70 % Built Up 2. Built to line 3. One rear and one side setback 4. 3 FSI

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Conclusions and

Limitations

The studio created an interesting discussion around the phenomenon of urbanization and what exactly does it mean to urbanize in the 21st century. Urban villages are not the textbook example of rural becoming urban as each urban village is an unique entity in itself, strongly rooted in its historic and cultural origins. That is why the challenge of way forward for urban villages in general becomes two dimensional as each village is like an unique specimen requiring careful contextual study and precise intervention.

The mechanism of land amalgamation and incentivization of FSI leads to more complex problems pertaining to execution and management of the project, which is one of the limitations of this project. The Pilot offsets a chain of events that further complicates the situation of the village. At the end of the day, the transformation arc projected in this report is speculative and can be imagined in a very different way.

But the heart of the discussion is at the importance of these urban villages and the ramifications of a tabula rasa approach. A simplistic approach can erase the memory of this settlement and replace it with the standard housing typology. But the niche population it takes care of, especially low cost housing and intimate social and heritage values carried by it, will be lost permanently, and its a challenge worth taking for the cause of modern urban design and planning.

One of the limitations of the project could be the extent of transformation that was triggered under the pretext of land amalgamation, which ends up creating a new housing stock but at the same time can imply the onset of gentrification, which is an undesirable side effect of urban regeneration.

However, the whole design process was a challenging exploration of modern urban planning and transformation mechanisms and the unique lessons that can be learned by looking at different environments and policies.

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References and

Citations

Zhou, Hang, "Redevelopment of Urban Village in Shenzhen" (2014).Masters Theses. 58. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/58 Kim, Ji. (2015). Cultural entrepreneurs and urban regeneration in Itaewon, Seoul. Cities. 56.

10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.021.

Tay, Pei-Chin & Coca-Stefaniak, J. Andres. (2010). Cultural urban regeneration – practice and policy in the UK and Singapore. 7.

Ojha, M. (2011). NESTED COHABITATION: THE MODERN CITY & URBAN VILLAGES. Macmillan Publishers India Ltd. Lueder, C. Urban villages and informal settlements as protagonists of urban futures. Urban Des Int 23, 4–21 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2016.12 John Montgomery (2003) Cultural Quarters as Mechanisms for Urban Regeneration. Part 1: Conceptualising Cultural Quarters, Planning, Practice & Research, 18:4, 293-306, DOI: 10.1080/1561426042000215614 Lin, C.-Y., & Hsing, W.-C. (2009). Culture-led Urban Regeneration and Community Mobilisation: The Case of the Taipei Bao-an Temple Area, Taiwan. Urban Studies, 46(7), 1317–1342. https://doi. org/10.1177/0042098009104568 John Mccarthy (2006) Regeneration of Cultural Quarters: Public Art for Place Image or Place Identity?, Journal of Urban Design, 11:2, 243-262, DOI: 10.1080/13574800600644118

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Matthew Wansborough & Andrea Mageean (2000) The Role of Urban Design in Cultural Regeneration, Journal of Urban Design, 5:2, 181-197, DOI: 10.1080/713683962 Timothy H. Jung, J. L. (2015, April). The role of stakeholder collaboration in culture-led urban regeneration: A case study of the Gwangju project, Korea. Cities, pp. 29-39.

Zhong, S. (2016, July). Artists and Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture-led urban regeneration. Cities, pp. 165-171.

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Ayushi Singh | PG180199 | Spring Semester | Urban Design Report

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