Measuring urban happiness by Azarya Halim

Measuring Urban Happiness Transitioning Spangen toward Happier Neighbourhood Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim (704821)

“We drive as fast as road designs tell us to drive. The result: drivers kill four times as many pedestrians on spacious suburban residential streets than on the narrow streets of traditional neighborhoods, because those spacious roads make driving faster feel safer. And it is not collisions that kill people, but collisions at high speed.” “Something happened because something was allowed to happened.” “a human on a bicycle is the most efficient traveler among all machines and animals.” “Enrique Peñalosa with a big and simple idea: that urban design should be used to make people happier.” Charles Montgomery, author of Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design

Special Thanks to: Andy Fergus & Katherine Sunderman This book cannot be completed without your guidances.

Contents Page

Cover Page & Content Page

06 Chapter 1: Thesis Agenda

The short executive summary, explaining the idea behind this project.

8 Chapter 2: Introduction

Introducing the background of this project, in order to get overview of the authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience which influence this project. 4

Chapter 3: Spangen In Context

Chapter 6: Happiness Indicator

Chapter 4: Spangen Condition

Chapter 7: Design Intervention

The overview of the specific site selected.

Indicator of happiness that influencethe design intervention

All information from selected site covering, Social Condition, Physical condition in neighbourhood scale and experiental scale

Design execution covering the plugins design, Axonometry overview, and 3D render of Future site.

146

Chapter 5: Transitional Phase

Bibliography Acknowledgement

Implementation plan, presented by colour coding maps.

People in South Holland are famous of using bicycle as the majority of transportation modes. This cultural helps people to produce more endorphins in human body, which can reduce the sensation of pain and stress. In other words, cycling can make people happier (Steven EC, 2013). Moreover, Ellard (2011) creates some experiment to measure emotional excitement. The result of the experiment is that, people who walk in the series of lovely restaurant and transparent frontage, show significant of a high level of emotional and physical excitement. However, those kind of interfaces can only be found in most of central area in South Holland. In Spangen neighbourhood, for example, located two kilometres from the Rotterdam Central, the environment completely different. The streets are empty, with monotonous interfaces, and lack of activity. 6

Chapter 1: Thesis Agenda

The short executive summary, explaining the idea behind this project.

To create emotional excitement in Spangen neighbourhood, there are many aspects need to consider such as, open space, social interaction, proximity, velocity and sense of safety (Montgomery, 2013). Starting from those aspects, give opportunity to compose series of urban happiness framework to be applied in Spangen as a role model. By using the case study from central area in South Holland and urban happiness framework, developed by stitching together psychological behaviour towards happiness, this project will assess Spangen neighbourhood, and implement the urban happiness design intervention to make Happier Spangen.

Chapter 2: Introduction Introducing the background of this project, in order to get overview of the authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience which influence this project.

Introduction Being Indonesian who studied in developed country, I feel very lucky. Not because the capability but the experience that I have, to see a different class group of people. I live in East of Jakarta, the most undeveloped region of Jakarta. My memories of growing up in the middle to low-class group of people are unforgettable. Playing in the field, crossing the unsafe roads, get on the unsafe public transport and even ride a motorcycle without a license. Sometimes in the holiday season, I went to Bangka Island, my father’s hometown, and basically, our house is in the middle of nowhere. The closest neighbour is one kilometre away, but I have fun to play almost everywhere in the woods. After my childhood is finished, I also experience to live in West of Jakarta when I went to University, South of Jakarta when I work for Architecture company, and finally in Melbourne to pursue my Master of Urban Design at the University of Melbourne. From all of my experiences, being happy is not about how much money people have because I have been in every economic situation and being happy. My life story leads to this project’s approach to using happiness to design public realm. This project’s site are located in South Holland, and I am going to use happiness theory to assessed the site and produce urban design implementation. Before and After the Trip Before I went to South Holland, my perception of South Holland is very monotonous, because as I am aware from several images and article, cities in South Holland are very famous for the monotonous design of a building. This hypothesis strengthens by the history of Netherlands, of using Prefabrication system. Since the second World War, Dutch population has significantly increased, and the demand of affordable housing increase as well. That is why Dutch’s Houses are using prefabrication system to fulfil the needs (Knaack, 2012). 10

It is true that developing prefabrication building can create cheaper building and faster to build. However, the impact of prefabrication building will create a series of a monotonous building. These monotonous effect can have an effect on people’s emotional state. Ellard (2011) in his book Place of the Heart, create some experiment to measure emotional excitement. As a result, people who walk in the series of lovely restaurant and transparent frontage, show significant of a high level of emotional and physical excitement. Being excited physically and emotionally can increase people’s strength and vitality. In other words, being happy can have a positive impact for people’s performance to study and work. From all of this research from Melbourne, encourage me even more to make South Holland happier. However, after I visited Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Delft. My perception of South Holland was faded away. Every people using bicycle to go everywhere. This cultural helps people to produce more endorphins in human body, which can reduce the sensation of pain and stress. In other words, cycling can make people happier (Steven EC, 2013). And as Colin Ellard experiments, public space in the city centre of South Holland creates high level of excitement, but not all public space. The public space in South Holland that give people happiness is only focussed on the city centre, in several neighbourhood, however, is a different story. In Spangen neighbourhood, for example, located two kilometres from the Rotterdam Central, the environment completely different. The streets are empty, with monotonous interfaces, and lack of activity. This problem can be my opportunity to applied the idea of creating happy neighbourhood. The Spangen There is no denying that gentrification of the neighbourhood is happening almost in every city. Private interest rapidly became institutionalized and began to transform the socio-economic structure and architectural appearance of the neighbourhood. This phenomenon also happened in Spangen neighbourhood in Rotterdam, known as Klushuizen project. 11

By replacing the old housing with the new development, to improve the accessibility of the elderly people, increase the density of the neighbourhood, and improve the quality of life of the user in the new development. This project also engaging for the students, because the program also includes the low rent house for student in the old building before it will be demolished. However, what happen to the student after the building have been demolished? Where are the old tenants going to live? What happen to the social discrepancy in this neighbourhood, due to the expensive new development that the housing association offer? How did this kind of gentrification change the future of the Spangen Neighbourhood? Spangen Neighbourhood history Before 1990s, Spangen are very famous as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;no goâ&#x20AC;? neighbourhood (Ulzen Pv, 2007:25). The street is very unsafe because of the legalization of prostitution house in the south of Spangen which produce the drug addict in the neighbourhood. 12

This problem also has been used for a TV police series called “Spangen” as a story that explain about the crimes that happened in Rotterdam, especially in Spangen area (Ulzen Pv, 2007:24). Due to this prostitution problem, the government decide to get rid of the prostitution, and the drugs addict who live in the neighbourhood to increase the value of the neighbourhood. Unfortunately, no one wants to buy the house in Spangen even though the street already clear from the crime and drugs problem, because of the Source: Ulzen Pv, 2007 perception of “no go” neighbourhood. So, government started to create a new program of 1 Euro house called Wallisblok. Basically this program is to give away the house in Spangen to be renovated by the new owner. This project won the Job Dura Prize in 2006. However, because of this development, the gentrification in Spangen neighbourhood and soon leads to the social discrepancy. Present Condition of Spangen According to the one of the resident in Spangen, there is no social interaction that happen between the new resident and the old resident in Spangen. This happen because of the lack public space in the new development design. Aside from the design aspect, the programing in the new development also need to be consider. Lopez (2016) one of the community activist in Spangen pointed out that “Food is the thing that gather people together”. Therefore, the architects and urban designer should care about the arrangement of the architectural design and urban design have to address the activity inside and outside about food. 13

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

The present condition of the Dutch house is the front entrance always have ground floor level front entrance. This arrangement causing the centralize activity inside of the neighbourhood block, which very difficult to have combined activity across the economic background considering the separation actually happen between the urban blocks.

Learn from the South Spangen Program

Source: Kickstarter, 2015

Source: HTSPT, 2016

Interviewing with the local shop located in the south of Spangen, there is new program focussed on the commercial district in Mathenesserweg Street. These two friends started their new business in creative shop with coffee bar. The concept is similar with the Wallisblok, only the function is different. Moreover, this project is only located in the ground floor which make very useful in term of mixed use development that can be offered to break the boundaries of social discrepancy in Spangen Neighbourhood. Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Chapter 3: Spangen In Context The overview of the specific site selected.

e Train Lin

tro

Spangen

Lin

Macroplein Metro

map data: Google Maps, edited and analyzed by Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

City of Rotterdam located in the south of Delft and Den Haag. Even though their are seperated city, but those city are well connected by train. Not far from the Rotterdam Central, approximatelly 2 kilometres there is Spangen nighbourhod in Delfthaven Region. Spangen in Metropolitan context is very well connected by public transport. Metro line and Tram line move accross the Spangen, which not make an issue in term of connectivity to the outside of Spangen. 18

Rotterdam Central

Tram

Line

In the northern part of Spangen is connected to the highway which allow cars move through Spangen easily. However, all of this connection are supporting Sparta stadium, one of two big football club in South Holland, which become another issue of discrimination by the supporter to the majority of the residences.

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Disconnected Neighbourhood Looking from the edges of Spangen, this neighbourhood has a dike separated the neighbourhood and the outside of the Spangen. People in Spangen are very difficult to travel to the outside by foot for short distance because of the lack of permeability. Moreover, even though the boundary is very green, but there no street furniture that allows people to sit and make interaction to each other. As a result, people more interested to stay inside of the house, or go to the city central and leave this neighbourhood empty. This emptiness leads to poor eyes on the street which give an opportunity for crime to grow.

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Gated Community

Empty Street

Another situation which correlated to the first situation is the gated community. Every block in this neighbourhood is gated and leave no access to others. This gate gives absolute privacy to the people in the block and as a result, people tend to do the activity inside of the block. It would better if there is public space and private space equally to share the activity from the inside to the outside.

This empty street is the result of the gated community that happen in every block. The activity that is only happening in this street is parking. From this image also show that Spangen lack of bicycle park, which leads people to buy more car rather than use bicycle. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Something happened because something was allowed to happenâ&#x20AC;? (Montogomery, 2013: 171). This quote completely makes sense when we try to understand what is happening in Spangen.

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Event Mode: Sparta Stadium Spangen is famous for the location of one of two big football club stadium in South Holland. Every fortnight this stadium brings people from all over Rotterdam to watch the football game. However, for 13 days in two weeks this stadium is empty and there is no activity in such a big public space. This photo was taken in front of the football stadium. As you can see every dwelling in front of the stadium is residential, which make uncorrelated activity in this junction. If the ground floor area at least has a restaurant or commercial uses, it will make this neighbourhood more vibrant.

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Focused Park There are three big parks in Spangen, Bellamy Park, Western Park and the Stadium park. The quality of parks is very well maintained. However, these parks are too focused. Children that live very far from this park have difficulties to go to these parks. It would be better if Spangen has a hierarchy of park so every people in the neighbourhood can taste the same amount of playground and greenery around their home.

400 m 200 m

Year of Built Map LEGEND: 1850 - 1900 1900 - 1930

1930 - 1945 1945 - 1960 24

1960 - 1975

1985 - 1995

1975 - 1985

1995 - 2005 > 2005

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Community Segregation This map shows the year of built of building in Spangen. The majority of the buildings are built in 1900-1930, and those buildings are occupied lowmedium income. The new development, however, is occupied by mediumhigh income which creates community segregation. As mentioned in the introduction about the community segregation, this problem grows because of the 1 euro house that sold to attract new people to live in Spangen. As a result of this segregation, people do not communicate to each other and create no activity in the public space.

Chapter 4: Spangen Condition All information from selected site covering, Social Condition, Physical condition in neighbourhood scale and experiental scale.

Spangen Social Condition Neighbourhood Scale

In order to achieve the true happiness, sociology is one key factor to be considered, because if we implement the happiness as a whole it may not touch every people’s hearts, due to the subjectivity of people’s judgment. Spangen has a huge number of ethnicity diversity. According to Rotterdam Woont (2016), Spangen has 85% of an immigrant in 2011. moreover, the immigrant who recorded in the census percentages has the majority of non-western people (Majority from middle-east).

85% of Immigrant in 2011

26% of owner occupied home 2010

Another information that we can take from this data is 61% of people in Spangen stand in the low-income rate in 2010. This percentage is above the standard low income in whole Rotterdam, and answering the issue of land-owner in Spangen.

61% of low income rate in 2010

According to Maslow’s (1987) theory of basic needs, in order to provide happiness, the safety of economic have to be fulfilled, to gain the next step of needs. Therefore, the designer has to consider the socioeconomic first to capture the heart of Spangen’s people.

11% of unemployed job seeker in 2010

0-15

15-65

65+

Rotterdam

17%

69%

15%

Spangen

21%

72%

Naďż˝ve

Western Foreigner

Non-Western

Rotterdam

51%

12%

37%

Spangen

17%

10%

73%

Single

Couple

With Children

Rotterdam

48%

21%

19%

Spangen

41%

15%

26%

Low

Medium

High

Rotterdam

51%

33%

16%

Spangen

64%

29%

Age percentages From the comparison of this charts, the conclusion of these is Spangen have younger population compare to Rotterdam as a whole.

Ethnicity From the comparison of this charts, the conclusion of these is Spangen have a huge number of non-western immigrant population.

Household Type From the comparison of this charts, the conclusion of these is Spangen have more family live together compare to Rotterdam as a whole.

Household Income From the comparison of this charts, the conclusion of these is people in Spangen have below average wages compare to Rotterdam as a whole.

Spangen Physical Condition Neighbourhood Scale

When the previous analysis was concerned about the social condition of Spangen, this analysis investigates the physical condition at neighbourhood scale in order to know the situation in Spangen and take the opportunity as a catalyst. In this analysis, physical data in neighbourhood scale will become a key point to investigate the issue and opportunity that is happening in Spangen.

01 | Building Footprint

By combining several different types of analysis, we can figure it out the catalyst of where the issue and the opportunity to be considered in making of future Spangen. Each map has their own issue and opportunity but sometimes correlated to each other.

02 | Urban Blocks

03 | Water Infrastructure 30

04 | Public Transport

07 | Parking Space

05 | Green Public space

08 | Number of Storey

06 | Existing Trees

09 | Public Facilities 31

400 m 200 m

LEGEND: Building Footprint 32

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Building Footprint Building footprint explains how building are shaped on the ground floor. However, in the majority of housing in Netherlands, building footprint do not explain it all. In fact, almost every housing building have courtyard typology. This map explains individual dwelling inside the courtyard building to give the idea of the building entrance. Some dwelling has individual entrance to the ground floor and some of the dwellings have one access every 4-5 dwellings.

400 m 200 m

LEGEND: Urban Block 34

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Urban Block This map explains how a community in the neighbourhood has territory of activity. Because of the typology of the building, 1 euro house program and lack of activity on the street, leads to the exclusiveness of each block.

400 m 200 m

LEGEND: Water way 36

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Water Infrastructure Water infrastructure sometimes has a problem and sometimes have an opportunity to develop even more. By looking at the environment at the edge of the Spangen, this infrastructure has a huge opportunity to connect people inside the neighbourhood and outside of the neighbourhood. Unfortunately, this facility is under-developed and there no effort to make it more vibrant. The bridges are too far to reach for several households, and the green space has no furniture in it. It would be better if there is a development to connect people in the Spangen to the outside of the neighbourhood using this opportunity.

400 m 200 m

Public Transport This map illustrate the Tram line and metro line that connect Spangen to the outside of the neighbourhood. LEGEND: Tram Networks

Metro Networks 38

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

400 m 200 m

LEGEND: Green Public Space 40

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Green Public Space This map shows the green public space area in Spangen. As the map illlustrate, there are three big parks in Spangen, Bellamy Park, Western Park and the Stadium park. The quality of parks is very well maintained. However, these parks are too focused. Children that live very far from this park have difficulties to go to these parks. It would be better if Spangen has a hierarchy of park so every people in the neighbourhood can taste the same amount of playground and greenery around their home.

400 m 200 m

LEGEND: Green Public Space

Existing Trees 42

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Existing Trees This map indicates the existing trees in Spangen. As you can see, the distribution of trees in this neighbourhood is very focussed to the big green area. Most of the are inside the neighbourhood have no trees. This aspect is very important because the existence of trees creates different to the public realm and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heart. The pictures show the difference of the block with proper trees distribution and without proper trees distribution. However, it seems both pictures share a single similarity, which the distribution of car park.

LEGEND:

Map Illustration by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Parking Space

400 m 200 m

Parking Place

As mentioned earlier from the last page, Spangen has many car parks around the neighbourhood. Every single frontage in Spangen provides a car park. Ironically, in the country that claims as cyclist friendly, this neighbourhood is not friendly to the cyclist at all. 44

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

400 m 200 m

LEGEND: 4 storey

5 storey

6 storey 46

Individual Roof

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Number of Storey This map shows the number of storey building in Spangen. Most of the building have 4 storey building, But only a few that have 5 to 6 storey building. If we look back at the year of built map. The buildings that have 5 to 6 store is the building that has been built recently. This happened because of the increases number of population in Spangen.

Local School

Sparta Stadium

In-active Public space In-active Public space

Pharmacy

Active Public space

Commercial Facilities

In-active Public space Active Public space

Local School

400 m 200 m

LEGEND: Active Public Space

Inactive Public Space

Commercial Facilities

Social Infrastructure 48

Pharmacy

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Public Facilities Spangen has the facilities that the residence needs such as the school, pharmacy, commercial stores and public space. However, for this neighbourhood this distribution of Public facilities still insufficient compare to the number of residences. Moreover, the location of the commercial area is not engaging to the people around Spangen. To redesign this neighbourhood, the strategic location to determine the commercial area is very crucial, and the type of the interfaces also important for people to know what is going on in their neighbourhood.

Spangen Physical Condition Experiental Scale

Not enough footpath design

Disconnected Space Empty Space

Opportunity for active plinth

When the previous analysis was concerned about the physical condition of Spangen at neighbourhood scale, this analysis investigates the physical condition at 01 | Disconnected Boundary experimental scale in order to know the situation in Spangen intimately. No activity in the area

From these nine samples of places in Spangen which explain different type of issue, there is some similarity of issue and opportunity to be considered.

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

No activity in the area

The similarity of the issue might become the main issue to deal with and to be transformed into a design implementation.

Inactive Greenery

02 | Inactive Park and Water Feature

Opportunity for active plinth Disconnected Space

Inactive Greenery

Not enough Bicycle Park No activity in the area

03 | No interactive (Park & Residential)

This key plan shows the location which photo shows. The bigger marker is the main picture that has been assessed, and the other mark indicates the similar situation (in a variety of forms) occur.

Opportunity for active plinth Too many car park

Opportunity for Greenery

Too many car park

Not enough Bicycle Park

Too many car park

Opportunity for meeting place Not enough Bicycle Park

Empty Space

Opportunity for meeting place

Empty Space

No activity in the area

04 | Empty Street with many car park

07 | No Bike park

Too many car park No activity in the area

Not enough Bicycle Park Opportunity for meeting place Empty Space

Empty Space

05 | Inactive Street

08 | Opportunity for greenery

Opportunity for meeting place Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

No activity in the area Unidentified Greenery

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Gated Community too strong

06 | Gated Community

09 | Segregation of Park

Location and mapping of this situation This key plan shows the location which photo shows. The bigger marker is the main picture that has been assessed, and the other mark indicates the similar situation (in a variety of forms) occur.

Similar Situation

Insufficient Greenery

Gated Community too strong

Inactive Greenery

Opportunity for Greenery

Unidentified Greenery

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

Opportunity for meeting place

No activity in the area

Sufficient Eye on the street

Not enough footpath design

Insufficient Eye on the street

Not enough Bicycle Park

Too many car park

Not enough footpath design

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

No activity in the area

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Disconneted Boundary This picture is taken at the boundary of Spangen. As the image show, and it is mentioned earlier, the boundary of Spangen is very green. However, this green area on the dike, create segregation between the neighbourhood and the outside of Spangen. This happens because there is no activity in the green area, inappropriate footpath, and there is no attraction on the ground floor of the building. The most crucial part in order to re-develop this site is to facilitate the commercial area on the ground floor of the building to make the area more vibrant. Moreover, by creating a facility in the green area will invite people to do the activity, and it will become mutualism symbiotic for the commercial area and active green space.

Similar Situation

Insufficient Greenery

Gated Community too strong

Inactive Greenery

Opportunity for Greenery

Unidentified Greenery

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

Opportunity for meeting place

No activity in the area

Sufficient Eye on the street

Not enough footpath design

Insufficient Eye on the street

Not enough Bicycle Park

Too many car park

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

No activity in the area

Inactive Greenery

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Inactive Park and Water Feature This picture is taken along the boundary area in Spangen as an extension of the previous analysis. The same problem occurs in this area, which is inactive public space, and inactive ground floor uses. Besides those problems, there are opportunities that can make this area active. For example, the integrated street furniture (blend with nature), playground for children to play both in the green field and the water, and the opportunity for a meeting point. As you can see the boundary of Spangen divide the outside of the neighbourhood and Spangen neighbourhood. By opening this separation, the people from inside and outside can meet and they can share activity and share cultural activity as well. Of course, the community group will become very important in this role, to arrange activities program to attract people.

Similar Situation

Insufficient Greenery

Gated Community too strong

Inactive Greenery

Opportunity for Greenery

Unidentified Greenery

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

Opportunity for meeting place

No activity in the area

Sufficient Eye on the street

Not enough footpath design

Insufficient Eye on the street

Not enough Bicycle Park

Too many car park

Opportunity for active plinth Disconnected Space

Inactive Greenery

Not enough Bicycle Park No activity in the area

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

No Interaction (Park & Residential) Walking out from the boundary, but not too far. This image explains the improper connection between the residential area and park. In order to have a great park, this area needs eyes on the streets and parks as well. However, the ground level interfaces of the surrounding building are very opaque, and even there is a window, the residence seems to prefer privacy. This problem creates a conflict. Residents are demanding the privacy and people in the park require eyes on the park to keep them safe. From this problem comes an opportunity to facilitate this area with commercial activity to make this area more vibrant and create a job opportunity.

Similar Situation

Insufficient Greenery

Gated Community too strong

Inactive Greenery

Opportunity for Greenery

Unidentified Greenery

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

Opportunity for meeting place

No activity in the area

Sufficient Eye on the street

Not enough footpath design

Insufficient Eye on the street

Not enough Bicycle Park

Too many car park

Opportunity for active plinth Too many car park

Opportunity for Greenery

Not enough Bicycle Park

Empty Space

Too many car park

Opportunity for meeting place

No activity in the area

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Empty Street with many car park Going deeper into the neighbourhood block of Spangen, this image shows the condition in between the building block. As the image explains, the situation has the same problem as the previous analysis, which is no activity which leads to emptiness. Moreover, this street also has too many car parks. This decision of urban design makes people want to buy cars and use cars. As Montgomery (2013) states â&#x20AC;&#x153;Something happened because something was allowed to happenâ&#x20AC;?. If urban designer decides to put the car park rather than bicycle park, this example will happen. However, instead of creating car park, bicycle park and other street furniture that can create activity on the street might be great.

Similar Situation

Insufficient Greenery

Gated Community too strong

Inactive Greenery

Opportunity for Greenery

Unidentified Greenery

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

Opportunity for meeting place

No activity in the area

Sufficient Eye on the street

Not enough footpath design

Insufficient Eye on the street

Not enough Bicycle Park

Too many car park

No activity in the area

Not enough Bicycle Park

Empty Space

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Inactive Street As a result of too many car parks on the street and lack of activity in the surrounding area, the local street that suppose to be used very often, but in the reality it is empty. However, this inactive street can become an opportunity to extend public space to the street, or even close several streets to be used by people in the neighbourhood.

Similar Situation

Insufficient Greenery

Gated Community too strong

Inactive Greenery

Opportunity for Greenery

Unidentified Greenery

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

Opportunity for meeting place

No activity in the area

Sufficient Eye on the street

Not enough footpath design

Insufficient Eye on the street

Not enough Bicycle Park

Too many car park

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Gated Community too strong

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Gated Community As mentioned earlier in the introduction, every block in Spangen is gated and leave no access to others. This gate gives absolute privacy to the people in the block and as a result, people tend to do the activity inside of the block. The same issue happens in the community park. Some of the parks are gated.

Similar Situation

Insufficient Greenery

Gated Community too strong

Inactive Greenery

Opportunity for Greenery

Unidentified Greenery

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

Opportunity for meeting place

No activity in the area

Sufficient Eye on the street

Not enough footpath design

Insufficient Eye on the street

Not enough Bicycle Park

Too many car park

Not enough Bicycle Park

Too many car park

Opportunity for meeting place Empty Space

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

No Bike Park Another issue that occurs in this neighbourhood is the insufficient amount of bicycle park. Bicycle usually have to park on the fences and make people in this neighbourhood feel unsafe to park their bicycle outside of their house. This issue leads to the “too many car park” problem because people inconveniently use their bike and have to park inside of their house. By replacing car parking with something else, such as bicycle park, bench, greenery or other things that encourage the grow of activity, it will change the people’s perception of using cars.

Insufficient Greenery

Gated Community too strong

Inactive Greenery

Opportunity for Greenery

Unidentified Greenery

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

Opportunity for meeting place

No activity in the area

Sufficient Eye on the street

Not enough footpath design

Insufficient Eye on the street

Not enough Bicycle Park

Too many car park

Similar Situation

Too many car park

Opportunity for meeting place Empty Space

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Opportunity for greenery Aside from all the issues, some of the streets have promising potential to be redeveloped to become an excellent example of the active neighbourhood. This street has the right amount of trees, not too much and not too little. By replacing car park with something that can create activity, this street will become a great example for others street to acknowledge.

Insufficient Greenery

Gated Community too strong

Inactive Greenery

Opportunity for Greenery

Unidentified Greenery

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for active plinth

Empty Space

Opportunity for meeting place

No activity in the area

Sufficient Eye on the street

Not enough footpath design

Insufficient Eye on the street

Not enough Bicycle Park

Too many car park

Similar Situation

Opportunity for meeting place No activity in the area Unidentified Greenery Disconnected Space

Disconnected Space

Opportunity for Integrated Street Furniture

Photo by: Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Segregation of Park This picture explains the example of two blocks from the different era. The left blocks are built in 1900-1930 and the right block is built recently. The right building is occupied by mid-high class people and the left building is occupied by mid-low class people. As a result, there is a sense of community segregation and there is not so much contact with each other. Designing Spangen to be used by different class and to encourage the mixed activity is what happy city wants to achieve.

Facilita�ng exis�ng public space with good street furniture

Shops and restaurant to ac�vate public space

Close several street for cars

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Communit Facili�es

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Sunday Market (Shared street)

Community workshop network

Playground Facili�es

C t Pocket park every 40m

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Ac�ve public space

Chapter 5: Transitional Phase Implementation plan, presented by colour coding maps. Integrated Bicycle Line

Playground Facili�es

Redesign Public Space Close several street for cars Integrated Bicycle Line

Community workshop network

Close several street for cars

Commercial area to a�ract people

Redesign Public Space

Pocket park every 40m

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Commercial area to a�ract people

Integrated Bicycle Line

100 m 50 m

200 m 150 m

This map explains the existing situation in Spangen. There are several commercial and public spaces. This chapter will explain the transitioning of Old Spangen to Future Spangen Happy neighbourhood.

400 m 200 m

Existing Situation

100 m 50 m

200 m 150 m

Shops and restaurant to ac�vate public space

Community workshop network

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Commercial area to a�ract people

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Community workshop network

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Commercial area to a�ract people

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Ac�ve public space

This map illustrates the intervening phase that will happen in Spangen. The most important urban intervention is to facilitate the commercial area along the spine from Spangen Stadium to the main road. Moreover, by adding the specific uses to the existing area, will make this development in the first phase not so expensive to make a big change.

400 m 200 m

1: Intervening Phase Community workshop network

Commercial area to a�ract people

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

mmercial area a�ract people

100 m 50 m

200 m 150 m

Shops and restaurant to ac�vate public space

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Community workshop network

Com to

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Ac�ve public space

1: Intervening Phase Community workshop network

Commercial area to a�ract people

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

mmercial area a�ract people

100 m 50 m

200 m 150 m

Mul� Mee�ng Point

Pocket park for mee�ng Shops and restaurant to point and recrea�onal ac�vate public space

Community facilites

Community workshop network

Commercial area to a�ract people

Ac�ve Public Space

Playground Facili�es

Community workshop network

Bicycle centre to support cyclist in the area

Community facilites

This map explains the densification of existing area by adding a new pocket park in order to make this neighbourhood more safe and vibrant. Moreover, the old park will be facilitated by furniture to enhance activity in the park.

400 m 200 m

2: Densifying Phase Community workshop network

Commercial area to a�ract people

Pocket park every 40m

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Commercial area to a�ract people

100 m 50 m

200 m 150 m

Shops and restaurant to ac�vate public space

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Communit Facili�es

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Community workshop network

Playground Facili�es

C t Pocket park every 40m

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Ac�ve public space

80 Playground Facili�es

2: Densifying Phase Community workshop network

Commercial area to a�ract people

Pocket park every 40m

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Commercial area to a�ract people

100 m 50 m

200 m 150 m

Mul� Mee�ng Point

Pocket park for mee�ng Shops and restaurant to point and recrea�onal ac�vate public space

Facilita�ng public space with good street furniture

Community facilites

Community workshop network

Commercial area to a�ract people Redesign Public space

Sunday Market

Ac�ve Public Space

Playground Facili�es

Community workshop network

Bicycle centre to support cyclist in the area

Integrated Bicycle line

Redesign Public space

Community facilites

This map illustrates the facilitating phase when the neighbourhood already has money to redeveloped and to add more commercial area in order to increase the economic factor in this neighbourhood.

400 m 200 m

Redesign Public Space

3: Facilitating Phase Integrated Bicycle Line

Community workshop network

Commercial area to a�ract people

Redesign Public Space

Pocket park every 40m

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Commercial area to a�ract people

Integrated Bicycle Line

100 m 50 m

200 m 150 m

Facilita�ng exis�ng public space with good street furniture

Shops and restaurant to ac�vate public space

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Communit Facili�es

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Sunday Market (Shared street)

Community workshop network

Playground Facili�es

C t Pocket park every 40m

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Ac�ve public space

Integrated Bicycle Line

Playground Facili�es

Redesign Public Space

3: Facilitating Phase Integrated Bicycle Line

Community workshop network

Commercial area to a�ract people

Redesign Public Space

Pocket park every 40m

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Commercial area to a�ract people

Integrated Bicycle Line

100 m 50 m

200 m 150 m

Mul� Mee�ng Point

Pocket park for mee�ng Shops and restaurant to point and recrea�onal ac�vate public space

Facilita�ng public space with good street furniture

Community facilites

Sunday Market

Community workshop network Close several street for cars

Commercial area to a�ract people Redesign Public space

Ac�ve Public Space

Playground Facili�es

Community workshop network

Bicycle centre to support cyclist in the area

Integrated Bicycle line

Redesign Public space

Community facilites

After all the phase have been completed, this neighbourhood can go to Restructuring phase, when the building uses, street network, and public space are going to be re-arrange to achieve good urban design.

400 m 200 m

4: Restructuring Phase

Redesign Public Space

Close several street for cars Integrated Bicycle Line

Community workshop network

Close several street for cars

Commercial area to a�ract people

Redesign Public Space

Pocket park every 40m

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Commercial area to a�ract people

Integrated Bicycle Line

100 m 50 m

200 m 150 m

Facilita�ng exis�ng public space with good street furniture

Shops and restaurant to ac�vate public space

Close several street for cars

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Communit Facili�es

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Sunday Market (Shared street)

Community workshop network

Playground Facili�es

C t Pocket park every 40m

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Ac�ve public space

Integrated Bicycle Line

Playground Facili�es

4: Restructuring Phase

Redesign Public Space

Close several street for cars Integrated Bicycle Line

Community workshop network

Close several street for cars

Commercial area to a�ract people

Redesign Public Space

Pocket park every 40m

Mul�-Mee�ng Point

Bicycle centre to support cylist in the area

Commercial area to a�ract people

Integrated Bicycle Line

100 m 50 m

200 m 150 m

Nature Approach

Indicator that touch people from creating greenery.

Social Proximity

Indicator that considering the social interaction for people.

Velocity

Indicator which explains the importance of speed in happiness.

Place Arrangement

Indicator that influence how to design public place to achieve happiness.

Architectural Approach Indicator that correcting anti-sociality of most architectural design.

Biological & Psychological Indicator that focus of human biological effect and turn into psychological effect.

Chapter 6: Happiness Indicator Indicator of happiness that influence the design intervention

Nature Approach 1: Being with nature 2: Natural Interfaces V.S Barren Interfaces 3: Openess of the nature 4: Open Space Scale (More detail of Happiness indicator content will be diccused in “Happiness Indicator Booklet” for site focus purposes)

Social Proximity 1: Density V.S Proximity 2: Ability to escape to private space 3: Stranger Better 4: The more “people” the merrier (Shared space) 5: Space arrangement (No hallway) 6: Community engagement 7: Space in Between (More detail of Happiness indicator content will be diccused in “Happiness Indicator Booklet” for site focus purposes)

Velocity 1: Pedestrianzied 2: Science and Example of Speed 3: Parking space? Public Park Space? (More detail of Happiness indicator content will be diccused in “Happiness Indicator Booklet” for site focus purposes)

Happiness Indicator

(Further discussion in the Happiness Indicator Booklet) 92

Place Arrangement 1: Triangulation(Positioning Urban furniture) 2: Public Space = Living room of Urban realm 3: No empty & barren space (More detail of Happiness indicator content will be diccused in “Happiness Indicator Booklet” for site focus purposes)

Architectural Approach 1: Sight of garbage 2: Biophilia 3: Sharp Architecture 4: No blank wall 5: Varied Facade (More detail of Happiness indicator content will be diccused in “Happiness Indicator Booklet” for site focus purposes)

Biological & Psychological 1: Being active affected Human Health 2: Being helathy affected Human Hapinness 3: Being Happy individually affected urban happines. (More detail of Happiness indicator content will be diccused in “Happiness Indicator Booklet” for site focus purposes)

Chapter 7: Design Intervention Design execution covering the plugins design, Axonometry overview, and 3D render of Future site.

Street & Parking Intervention Design execution covering the plugins design of Street and parking 96

EXISTING CONDITION

REPLACING CAR PARK FOR PARKLET 98

NARROWING CAR PARK FOR CYCLIST

NARROWING CAR PARK FOR PEDESTRIAN 99

REPLACING CAR PARK FOR BIKE PARK

REPLACING CAR PARK FOR PARKLET 100

NARROWING CAR PARK FOR ACTIVITY CATALYST

REPLACING CAR PARK FOR PLAYGROUND 101

REPLACING CAR PARK FOR POCKET PARK TYPE 1

REPLACING CAR PARK FOR POCKET PARK TYPE 2 102

EXISTING CONDITION 103

NARROWING CAR PARK FOR CYCLIST 104

TEMPORARILY CLOSE THE STREET FOR COMMUNITY EVENT

105

ACCOMODATE SHARE STREET 106

NARROWING STREET AND REPLACE WITH POCKET PARK

107

NARROWING STREET AND REPLACE WITH POCKET PARK 108

CLOSE THE STREET AND REPLACE WITH POCKET PARK

109

Facilitate Commercial Uses

Design execution covering the plugins design of Possible commercial interfaces and extensions. 110

MIDDLE ISLAND TYPE 1 112

MIDDLE ISLAND TYPE 2

113

REDESIGN INTERSECTION TYPE 1

REDESIGN INTERSECTION TYPE 1 114

COMMERCIAL INTERFACE TYPE 1 CLOSE

COMMERCIAL INTERFACE TYPE 1 OPEN 115

COMMERCIAL INTERFACE TYPE 2 CLOSE

COMMERCIAL INTERFACE TYPE 2 OPEN 116

COMMERCIAL INTERFACE TYPE 3 CLOSE

COMMERCIAL INTERFACE TYPE 3 OPEN 117

CONTAINER OF SURPRISE CLOSE 118

CONTAINER OF SURPRISE OPEN 119

FACILITATE COMMERCIAL USES TYPE 1 120

FACILITATE COMMERCIAL USES TYPE 2 121

FACILITATE COMMERCIAL USES TYPE 3 (CLOSE) 122

FACILITATE COMMERCIAL USES TYPE 3 (OPEN) 123

Commercial Area, and Street Parking area Situation 3D Rendering and modeling by Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Re-design Water Boundary

Design execution covering the plugins design of Possible activity and design in water boundary area. 126

VARIATION OF WATER BOUNDARY AREA

128

VARIATION OF WATER BOUNDARY AREA

129

VARIATION OF WATER BOUNDARY AREA

130

VARIATION OF WATER BOUNDARY AREA

131

VARIATION OF WATER BOUNDARY AREA

132

VARIATION OF WATER BOUNDARY AREA

133

VARIATION OF WATER BOUNDARY AREA

134

VARIATION OF WATER BOUNDARY AREA

135

VARIATION OF WATER BOUNDARY AREA

136

VARIATION OF WATER BOUNDARY AREA

137

VARIATION OF DIKE IN WATER BOUNDARY

FLIP SIDE 138

VARIATION OF DIKE IN WATER BOUNDARY

FLIP SIDE 139

VARIATION OF DIKE IN WATER BOUNDARY

FLIP SIDE 140

VARIATION OF DIKE IN WATER BOUNDARY

FLIP SIDE 141

142

FINAL COMBINATION POSSIBLE 143

Water boundary Situation 3D Rendering and modeling by Azarya Ashadi Putra Halim

Bartetzky A, 2009, Urban Planning and the Pursuit of Happiness, Jovis Diskurs, Berlin

Ellard, C, 2011, Places of the Heart: The Psychogeography of Everyday Life, Bellevue Literary Press, United States

HTSPT, 2016, MAAK Rotterdam, viewed 22 September 2016, <http://rotterdam.htspt.nl/en/ maak-rotterdam/>

Knaack, U, ChungKlatte, S, Hasselbach, 2012, Prefabricated Systems: Principles of Construction, Birhauser, Basel

Kickstarter, 2015, MAKE - Rotterdam, viewed 22 September 2016, <https://www.kickstarter.com/ projects/1269481884/maak-rotterdam>

Maslow, AH, 1987, Motivation and Personality, Harper & Row Publisher Inc, United States of America

Bibliography 146

Montgomery, C, 2013, Happy City, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, United States

Paans O, Pasel R, 2014, Situational Urbanism, Jovis Verlag GmbH, Berlin Special Thanks for the Reference of Urban Graphic

Rotterdam Woont, 2016, Neighbourhood History: Spangenberg, viewed 28 October 2016, <http:// www.rotterdamwoont.nl/neighbourhoods/view/23/Spangen>

Steven EC, 2013, Can Exercise Make You Happy?, viewed 18 September 2016, <http:// breakingmuscle.com/sportspsychology/can-exercise-makeyou-happy>

Ulzen Pv, 2007, Imagine a Metropolis: Rotterdam Creative Class, 1970-2000, 010 Publisher,Rotterdam

Wijkprofiel, 2016, Spangenberg 2014, viewed 28 October 2016, <http://wijkprofiel.rotterdam.nl/ nl/2016/rotterdam/delfshaven/ spangen/?toon=alles>

147

The research in this book was only possible with the overflowing knowledge and experimentation of all researchers and authors providing an in depth view on understanding the connection of human emotion and urban design. Further, I am indebted to Deltametropolis Association and TU Delft who assisted in the coordination of the project as well as key workshops during the Netherlands visit Finnaly, I want to thank you for studio leader of Opportunistic Urbanism Studio, Katherine Sunderman and Andy Fergus, who provide guidance, knowledge, and encouragement to finished this experimental series of urban happiness.

Acknowledgemnent 148

PLEASE BE AWARE:

this book is just one kind of theory and approaches from happiness to planning and design With this book, YOU CAN: # Adopted the theory and the design intevention maturely and use your own thinking to make ti even more perfect. With this book, YOU CANNOT: # Copy the entire shape design (Understand the concept first) #Make this as exact guidelines for your own design (You have to be more critical to this book)

Sincerely, The Author