Aziz art augaust 2015

Aug 2015

Toby Brown

Gulnar Sacoor

Iran

Rob ert Andl erLips ki

Sherman Hay competition

Omar Khayyรกm

1. Bahram Dabiri 4. Competition 5. Toby Brown 6. Marc Chagall 13. Competition 14. Sherman Hay 16. Khayyam 24. Gulnar G.Sacoor 25. Robert AndlerLipski 26. Iran

‫خیام اگر ز باده مستی _ خوش باش‬ ‫ خوش باش‬- ‫با ماهرخی اگر نشستی‬ ‫چون عاقبت کار جهان نیستی است‬ ‫ چو هستی خوش باش‬- ‫انگار که نیستی‬ Khayyam,if you get intoxicated while drinking wine, then do so and be happy And if you are glad communicating to virtuous humans, then do so.

As the sequel of life is inexistence, so think that even you don't exist. therefore be delighted as you livie in the present.

Director: Aziz Anzabi Editor and translator : Asra Yaghoubi Research: Zohreh Nazari

http://www.aziz-anzabi.com

Contemporary Art, Tehran, French Embassy, Tehran, 2000 Art Expo was born in Shiraz in 1950.

New York, 2000 Contemporary His family appreciated art; his Iranian Modern Art exhibition, New mother was the daughter of a York, Reagan Center, Washington, landowner who loved art and literature, and his father, who Fabien Fryns Gallery, Marbella, took no pride in aristocracy, had a Spain, Hotel Mirage, UAE, Bernak Gallery, Bremen, Germany. deep interest in literature and Influences[ history.

Dabiri's initial influence came by Dabiri’s childhood was the works of Hieronymus Bosch and simultaneous with the Pieter Bruegel the Elder. He studied disintegration of Iran’s social under Hannibal Alkhas, Behjat Sadr, system and the emergence of a Parviz Tanavoli and Rouin Pakbaz. new elite.

Even the remnants of an aristocracy on the verge of extinction could not help keep his family in his hometown, leaving them with no alternative but to migrate to Tehran. is an Iranian painter and artist. Dabiri work has been displayed in many exhibitions in Iran, United States, Spain, Germany and United Arab Emirates.

Academic career In 1970, he was accepted into the Fine Arts Department of Tehran University, and received his undergraduate degree in painting.

Exhibitions Dabiri's work has been displayed, among others, at Museum of 1

Bahram Dabiri

"Drawing" Deadline: September 14, 2015 (Midnight EST) Open for Submissions, $7,600 in Cash & Marketing Prizes Theme: "Drawing" Whether the work is created as classical or experimental this call is all about drawing. Drawing is the original art and language of man and continues to allow us to communicate what we see and feel. A drawing can be formal and refined or expressive and energetic, can even capture our thoughts with doodling. Marks, lines or shaded areas expresses our external world and our individual thoughts. It is a record of who we are as humans and our need to connect with each other.

Art-Competition.net announces "Drawing" art call to artists for an online-juried international competition, for drawing only. Deadline for submission - September 14, 2015 (Midnight EST), $7,600 in Cash & Marketing Prizes. (Winners will receive extensive marketing of their work worldwide.) The competition is open to all artists 18 years of age or older expressing themselves in any drawing medium. For example digital art, pastel, charcoal, pencil, experimental mediums, etc. The work can be in black and white or color of any subject from representational to non-representational expression.

Submission Deadline: 09/14/15 (Midnight EST) Jury Selection: 09/18/15 Notification: 09/23/15 Submission Fees: Entry Fee: 1 image $20, 3 images $35, 7 images $60 Payments: All credit and debit cards are accepted through PayPal

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Toby Brown The majority of Toby Brown work is based around a feeling or emotion…but there is also an element of how the artist’s interpretation of a line or verse from a song. His work starts it’s journey through closed eyes, listening to music.

Lyrics and the feel of a song take Tony’s mind to a place of images and colour.

Listening to music takes him into a dream like state, where nothing is as it been told that his singular style is very similar to that of an airbrush although appears to be, the eyes do not focus Tony doesn’t paint as such…more like and an image or an idea appear and scrubbing the paint onto the canvas and disappear within a split second. building up the tones and shades that Through the medium of sound an image is born. A string of musical notes way. As a result of this process the artist gets through many brushes very quickly, are transformed into an intense, sometimes emotive image…a group of but it’s seen as a small price to pay for words from a song brought to life by the the end result.

A particular fact, Toby has 35% vision in strokes of a brush.

Not obvious and devoid of elaboration, his left eye, so in his work he each piece can either be viewed along incorporates both eyes, hence the with listening to the chosen song that blurred effect. Toby Brown was born with this condition, but it was never inspired each work or viewed as an seen as a problem, he early found it intense, stand alone body of work.

Lone, distorted figures emerge from a gives his work an interesting twist as a result, it shows the viewer how Tony mist, leaving the viewer wanting to look deeper into each piece. Seen as a sees the world around. natural progression, with a love of music and art, the two blend effortlessly together…using music as a vehicle to transfer what is heard onto canvas.

Drawing inspiration from bands such as Pink Floyd, Kasabian and Jimi Hendrix, the viewer gets a glimpse of how Toby Brown thinks. His work stands mostly in 5 oils and on a large scale. He has often

Marc Chagall 6 July 1887 – 28 March 1985) was a Russian-French artist.21 Art critic Robert Hughes referred to Chagall as "the quintessential Jewish artist of the twentieth century" (though Chagall saw his work as "not the dream of one people but of all humanity"). An early modernist, he was associated with several major artistic styles and created works in virtually every artistic medium, including painting, book illustrations, stained glass, stage sets, ceramic, tapestries and fine art prints.

According to art historian Michael J. Lewis, Chagall was considered to be "the last survivor of the first generation of European modernists". For decades, he "had also been respected as the world's preeminent Jewish artist". Using the medium of stained glass, he produced windows for the cathedrals of Reims and Metz, windows for the UN, and the Jerusalem Windows in Israel. He also did large-scale paintings, including part of the ceiling of the Paris OpĂŠra.

Before World War I, he traveled between St. Petersburg, Paris, and Berlin. During this period he created his own mixture and style of modern art based on his idea of Eastern European Jewish folk culture. He spent the wartime years in Soviet Belarus, becoming one of the country's most distinguished artists and a member of the modernist avant-garde, founding the Vitebsk Arts College before leaving again for Paris in 1922.

He had two basic reputations, writes Lewis: as a pioneer of modernism and as a major Jewish artist. He experienced modernism's "golden age" in Paris, where "he synthesized the art forms of Cubism, Symbolism, and Fauvism, and the influence of Fauvism gave rise to Surrealism". Yet throughout these phases of his style "he remained most emphatically a Jewish artist, whose work was one long dreamy reverie of life in his native village of Vitebsk. "When Matisse dies," Pablo Picasso remarked in the 1950s, "Chagall will be the only painter left who understands what colour really is".

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Early life Chagall's Parents Marc Chagall was born Moishe Segal in a Lithuanian Jewish family in Liozna,near the city of Vitebsk (Belarus, then part of the Russian Empire) in 1887. At the time of his birth, Vitebsk's population was about 66,000, with half the population being Jewish. A picturesque city of churches and synagogues, it was called "Russian Toledo", after a cosmopolitan city of the former Spanish Empire. As the city was built mostly of wood, little of it survived years of occupation and destruction during World War II. Chagall was the eldest of nine children. The family name, Shagal, is a variant of the name Segal, which in a Jewish community was usually borne by a Levitic family.

His father, Khatskl (Zachar) Shagal, was employed by a herring merchant, and his mother, FeigeIte, sold groceries from their home. His father worked hard, carrying heavy barrels but earning only 20 roubles each month (the average wages across the Russian Empire being 13 roubles a month).

Chagall would later include fish

motifs "out of respect for his father", writes Chagall biographer, Jacob Baal-Teshuva. Chagall wrote of these early years:

Day after day, winter and summer, at six o'clock in the morning, my father got up and went off to the synagogue. There he said his usual prayer for some dead man or other.

On his return he made ready the samovar, drank some tea and went to work. Hellish work, the work of a galley-slave. Why try to hide it?

How tell about it? No word will ever ease my father's lot... There was always plenty of butter and cheese on our table. Buttered bread, like an eternal symbol, was never out of my childish hands.

One of the main sources of income Kabbalah. Chagall scholar Susan of the Jewish population of the Goodman describes the links and town was from the manufacture of sources of his art to his early home: clothing that was sold throughout Russia. They also made furniture Chagall's art can be understood as and various agricultural tools. From the response to a situation that has the late 18th century to the First long marked the history of Russian World War, the Russian Jews. Though they were cultural government confined Jews to living innovators who made important within the Pale of Settlement, contributions to the broader which included modern Ukraine, society, Jews were considered Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, and outsiders in a frequently hostile Latvia, almost exactly society... Chagall himself was born corresponding to the territory of of a family steeped in religious life; the Polish-Lithuanian his parents were observant Hasidic Commonwealth recently taken Jews who found spiritual over by Imperial Russia. This satisfaction in a life defined by their caused the creation of Jewish faith and organized by prayer. market-villages (shtetls) through Chagall was friends with Sholom out today's Eastern Europe, with Dovber Schneerson, and later with their own markets, schools, Menachem M. Schneerson. hospitals, and other community institutions.

Most of what is known about Chagall's early life has come from his autobiography, My Life. In it, he described the major influence that the culture of Hasidic Judaism had on his life as an artist. Vitebsk itself had been a center of that culture dating from the 1730s with its teachings derived from the

Art education A turning point of his artistic life Portrait of Chagall by Yehuda (Yuri) came when he first noticed a fellow Pen, his first art teacher in Vitebsk student drawing. Baal-Teshuva In Russia at that time, Jewish writes that for the young Chagall, children were not allowed to attendwatching someone draw "was like a regular Russian schools or vision, a revelation in black and universities. Their movement white". Chagall would later say that within the city was also restricted. there was no art of any kind in his Chagall therefore received his family's home and the concept was primary education at the local totally alien to him. When Chagall Jewish religious school, where he asked the schoolmate how he studied Hebrew and the Bible. At learned to draw, his friend replied, the age of 13, his mother tried to "Go and find a book in the library, enroll him in a Russian high school, idiot, choose any picture you like, and he recalled, "But in that school, and just copy it". He soon began they don't take Jews. Without a copying images from books and moment's hesitation, my found the experience so rewarding courageous mother walks up to a he then decided he wanted to professor." She offered the become an artist. headmaster 50 roubles to let him attend, which he accepted.

He eventually confided to his Museum of Art mother, "I want to be a painter", Marc Chagall, 1911, I and the although she could not yet Village, oil on canvas, 192.1 x 151.4 understand his sudden interest in cm, Museum of Modern Art, New art or why he would choose a York vocation that "seemed so Marc Chagall, 1911-12, The impractical", writes Goodman. The Drunkard (Le saoul), 1912, oil on young Chagall explained, "There's a canvas. 85 x 115 cm. Private place in town; if I'm admitted and if collection I complete the course, I'll come out Marc Chagall, 1912, Calvary a regular artist. I'd be so happy!" It (Golgotha), oil on canvas, 174.6 x was 1906, and he had noticed the 192.4 cm, Museum of Modern Art, studio of Yehuda (Yuri) Pen, a realistNew York. Alternative titles: artist who also operated a small Kreuzigung Bild 2 Christus drawing school in Vitebsk, which gewidmet [Golgotha. Crucifixion. included the future artists El Dedicated to Christ]. Sold through Lissitzky and Ossip Zadkine. Due to Galerie Der Sturm (Herwarth Chagall's youth and lack of income, Walden), Berlin to Bernhard Pen offered to teach him free of Koehler (1849–1927), Berlin, 1913. charge. However, after a few Exhibited: Erster Deutscher months at the school, Chagall Herbstsalon, Berlin, 1913 realized that academic portrait Goodman notes that during this painting did not suit his desires. period in Russia, Jews had two Artistic inspiration basic alternatives for joining the art Marc Chagall, 1911, world: One was to "hide or deny Trois heures et demie (Le poète), one's Jewish roots". The other Half-Past Three (The Poet) Halb vier alternative—the one that Chagall Uhr, oil on canvas, 195.9 x 144.8 chose—was "to cherish and cm, The Louise and Walter publicly express one's Jewish roots" Arensberg Collection, 1950, by integrating them into his art. For Philadelphia Chagall, this was also his means of "self-assertion and an expression of principle."

Chagall biographer Franz Meyer, explains that with the connections between his art and early life "the hassidic spirit is still the basis and source of nourishment for his art."Lewis adds, "As cosmopolitan an artist as he would later become, his storehouse of visual imagery would never expand beyond the landscape of his childhood, with its snowy streets, wooden houses, and ubiquitous fiddlers... scenes of childhood so indelibly in one's mind and to invest them with an emotional charge so intense that it could only be discharged obliquely through an obsessive repetition of the same cryptic symbols and ideograms... " Years later, at the age of 57 while living in the United States, Chagall confirmed this when he published an open letter entitled, "To My City Vitebsk": Why? Why did I leave you many years ago? ... You thought, the boy seeks something, seeks such a special subtlety, that color descending like stars from the sky and landing, bright and transparent, like snow on our roofs.

Where did he get it? How would it come to a boy like him? I don't know why he couldn't find it with us, in the city—in his homeland.

Maybe the boy is "crazy", but "crazy" for the sake of art. ...You thought: "I can see, I am etched in the boy's heart, but he is still 'flying,' he is still striving to take off, he has 'wind' in his head." ... I did not live with you, but I didn't have one single painting that didn't breathe with your spirit and reflection.

Art Call "Abstract II" - 6 Days Left To Enter Deadline: August 17, 2015 (Midnight EST) Cash Prizes Have Doubled First Place Now $1,000 Open for Submissions, $1,500 in Cash $6,825 in Prizes Theme: "Abstract ll" The artist's work can be the "abstracting of representational objects" as in expressionistic, surrealistic or cubistic work. "Pure abstraction" is also accepted where there is little to no visual references of the external world.

Art-Competition.net announces a Call to Artists for "Abstract ll" an online-juried international competition, July 10, 2015 - August 17, 2015 (Midnight EST), Cash Prizes are Doubled, $1,500 in Cash and $6,825 in Prizes. (Winners will receive extensive marketing of their work.)

Submission Deadline: 08/17/15 (Midnight EST) Jury Selection: 08/20/15 Notification: 08/25/15 Submission Fees: Entry Fee: 1 image $20, 3 images $35, 7 images $60 Payments: All credit and debit cards are accepted through PayPal.

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Sherman Hay awarded his first Public Art Commission Sherman was born in 1948 and raised to create an Outdoor Sculpture for the in San Jose, California.

Calaveras County Library in San Sherman started his love of art at age Andreas, California. In 2000 and 2001, five working along side his grandmother he designed and created two mosaic tile creating mosaic designs on bowls. He murals for local elementary schools in enjoyed drawing in high school.

Calaveras County. The first one is a In 1966, he was drafted and served in larger than life size mural depicting Vietnam. In 1976, he received his B.A. Mark Twain for Mark Twain Elementary Degree in Art in from California State School in Angels Camp. The second one University, Hayward where he learned is a cougar for Copperopolis Elementary the fine art of lithography and intaglio School in Copperopolis. These images printmaking. Mr. Hay attended are realistic but contain sophisticated California State University, Humboldt in design concepts. Sherman won first Arcata, and graduated with a Masters of place in the Gemini Saw International Art Degree in 1979. During this period Competition for his mural design at of time Sherman’s prints were Copperopolis Elementary School. In expressionist figurative works with 2004, Sherman was awarded a Public realistic facial structures that tended to Art Commission for the City of Stockton. be political in nature. In the 1980’s, Mr. He designed ten contemporary Hay again became intrigued with design butterflies cut out of metal. These brass and architecture. He combined the butterflies were embedded into the constructivist geometric ideas along concrete sidewalk in front of Harrison with organic shapes.

Elementary School.

During the years of 1984 through 2003 Sherman has won numerous awards in Mr. Hay was awarded thirteen California international juried art competitions in Arts Council, Artist in Residence Grants New York, California, Arizona, Texas and for Artists Serving Social Institutions.

Utah.

He taught visual arts to inmates at Sierra Conservation Center. Each of these grants were ten months, including mediums ranging from drawing, painting, mural painting, handmade paper-making, printmaking, sculpture and mosaic tile murals.

Mr. Hay has designed and completed 14 four Public Art Projects. In 1995 he was

In 2003, he won the Juror’s award, a Golden Bear from the California State Fair. Throughout the last twenty years he won five Awards of Excellence and five Awards of Merit at the California State Fair, Fine Arts Division in Sacramento.

Sherman has taught drawing and painting part-time for Yosemite Junior College District at Columbia College and Modesto Junior College. He also taught at Merced Junior College for four years.

Presently, his paintings combined both of his love for design and architecture with his love of the human figure to create surrealistic, expressionistic work. Mr. Hay has also been creating a huge environmental sculpture using rock, stone, concrete, ceramic and metal at his home in Sonora, California.

"Khayyam" redirects here. For and obtained his education there. other uses, see Khayyam (disambiguation).

Afterwards he moved to Bukhara Omar Khayyám and became established as one of Omar Khayyam bust in Nishapur, the major mathematicians and Iran astronomers of the medieval Born 18 May 1048 period. He is the author of one of Nishapur, Khorasan, Iran the most important treatises on Died 4 December 1131 (aged algebra written before modern 83) times, the Treatise on Khorasan, Iran Demonstration of Problems of School Persian mathematics, Algebra (1070), which includes a Persian poetry, Persian philosophy geometric method for solving cubic Main interests equations by intersecting a Mathematics, Astronomy, hyperbola with a circle. He Philosophy, Poetry contributed to a calendar reform.

Influences His significance as a philosopher Omar Khayyám; born Ghiyāth ad- and teacher, and his few remaining Dīn Abu'l-Fatḥ philosophical works, have not ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm al-Khayyām received the same attention as his Nīshāpūrī pronounced scientific and poetic writings. Al18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131, Zamakhshari referred to him as was a Persian mathematician, “the philosopher of the world”. He astronomer, philosopher, and poet, taught the philosophy of Avicenna who is widely considered to be one for decades in Nishapur, where of the most influential scientists of Khayyám was born and buried. His all time. He wrote numerous mausoleum there remains a treatises on mechanics, masterpiece of Iranian architecture geography, mineralogy and visited by many people every year. astrology. .

Born in Nishapur, in northeastern Iran also known as Persia, at a 16 young age he moved to Samarkand

Outside Iran and Persian-speaking countries, Khayyám has had an impact on literature and societies through the translation of his works and popularization by other scholars. The greatest such impact was in English-speaking countries; the English scholar Thomas Hyde (1636– 1703) was the first non-Persian to study him. The most influential of all was Edward FitzGerald (1809–83), who made Khayyám the most famous poet of the East in the West through his celebrated translation and adaptations of Khayyám's rather small number of quatrains (Persian: ‫ رباعیات‬rubāʿiyāt) in the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam.

Omar Khayyám died in 1131 and is buried in the Khayyám Garden in Nishapur. The reconstruction of the tombs of Persian icons like Hafez, Saadi, Attar, Poor sina and others were built by Reza Shah and in 1963, the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám was reconstructed on the site by Houshang Seyhoun

Early life Ghiyāth ad-Din Abu'l-Fat'h 'Umar ibn Ibrāhīm al-Khayyām Nīshāpūrī was born in Nishapur, in Iran, then a Seljuq capital in Khorasan, which rivaled Cairo or Baghdad in cultural prominence in that era.

He is thought to have been born into a family of tent-makers (khayyāmī "tent-maker"), which he would make into a play on words later in life: Khayyám, who stitched the tents of science, Has fallen in grief's furnace and been suddenly burned, The shears of Fate have cut the tent ropes of his life, And the broker of Hope has sold him for nothing!

— Omar Khayyám He spent part of his childhood in the town of Balkh (in present-day northern Afghanistan), studying under the well-known scholar Sheikh Muhammad Mansuri. He later studied under Imam Mowaffaq Nishapuri, who was considered one of the greatest teachers of the Khorasan region.

Throughout his life, Omar Khayyám was tireless in his efforts; by day he

would teach algebra and geometry, in the evening he would attend the Seljuq court as an adviser of MalikShah I,[9] and at night he would study astronomy and complete important aspects of the Jalali calendar.

Omar Khayyám's years in Isfahan were very productive ones, but after the death of the Seljuq Sultan Malik-Shah I (presumably by the Assassins sect), the Sultan's widow turned against him as an adviser, and as a result, he soon set out on his Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. He was then allowed to work as a court astrologer, and was permitted to return to Nishapur, where he was renowned for his works, and continued to teach mathematics, astronomy and even medicine.

Mathematician Khayyรกm was famous during his times as a mathematician. He wrote the influential Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra (1070), which laid down the principles of algebra, part of the body of Mathematics that was eventually transmitted to Europe. In particular, he derived general methods for solving cubic equations and even some higher orders.

"Cubic equation and intersection of conic sections" the first page of two-chaptered manuscript kept in Tehran University In the Treatise, he wrote on the triangular array of binomial coefficients known as Pascal's triangle. In 1077, Khayyรกm wrote Sharh ma ashkala min musadarat kitab Uqlidis (Explanations of the Difficulties in the Postulates of Euclid) published in English as "On the Difficulties of Euclid's Definitions". An important part of the book is concerned with Euclid's famous parallel postulate, which attracted the interest of Thabit ibn Qurra. Al-Haytham had previously attempted a demonstration of the postulate; Khayyรกm's attempt was a

distinct advance, and his criticisms made their way to Europe, and may have contributed to the eventual development of non-Euclidean geometry.

Omar Khayyรกm created important works on geometry, specifically on the theory of proportions. His notable contemporary mathematicians included Al-Khazini and Abu Hatim al-Muzaffar ibn Ismail al-Isfizari

Theory of parallels See also: History of non-Euclidean geometry and Parallel postulate At the Tomb of Omar Khayyam, by Jay Hambidge Khayyรกm wrote a book entitled Explanations of the difficulties in the postulates in Euclid's Elements. The book consists of several sections on the parallel postulate , on the Euclidean definition of ratios and the Anthyphairetic ratio (modern continued fractions) , and on the multiplication of ratios

The first section is a treatise mathematicians to prove the containing some propositions and proposition. And he, as Aristotle, lemmas concerning the parallel refuses the use of motion in postulate. It has reached the geometry and therefore dismisses Western world from a reproduction the different attempt by Ibn in a manuscript written in 1387-88 Haytham too. In a sense he made AD by the Persian mathematician the first attempt at formulating a Tusi. Tusi mentions explicitly that non-Euclidean postulate as an he re-writes the treatise "in alternative to the parallel postulate, Khayyรกm's own words" and quotes Khayyรกm, saying that "they are worth adding to Euclid's Elements after Proposition 28."This proposition states a condition enough for having two lines in plane parallel to one another. After this proposition follows another, numbered 29, which is converse to the previous one.The proof of Euclid uses the so-called parallel postulate . Objection to the use of parallel postulate and alternative view of proposition 29 have been a major problem in foundation of what is now called non-Euclidean geometry.

The treatise of Khayyรกm can be considered the first treatment of the parallels axiom not based on petitio principii, but on a more intuitive postulate. Khayyรกm refutes the previous attempts by other Greek and Persian

Geometric algebra Whoever thinks algebra is a trick in obtaining unknowns has thought it in vain. No attention should be paid to the fact that algebra and geometry are different in appearance. Algebras are geometric facts which are proved by propositions five and six of Book two of Elements.

Omar Khayyam Omar Khayyรกm's geometric solution to the cubic equation x3 + 200x = 20x2 + 2000.

This philosophical view of mathematics (see below) has had a significant impact on Khayyรกm's celebrated approach and method in geometric algebra and in particular in solving cubic equations. In that his solution is not a direct path to a numerical solution and in fact his solutions are not numbers but rather line segments. In this regard Khayyรกm's work can be considered the first systematic study and the first exact method of solving cubic equations.

In an untitled writing on cubic equations by Khayyรกm discovered in the 20th century, where the

above quote appears, Khayyรกm works on problems of geometric algebra. First is the problem of "finding a point on a quadrant of a circle such that when a normal is dropped from the point to one of the bounding radii, the ratio of the normal's length to that of the radius equals the ratio of the segments determined by the foot of the normal." Again in solving this problem, he reduces it to another geometric problem: "find a right triangle having the property that the hypotenuse equals the sum of one leg (i.e. side) plus the altitude on the hypotenuse ".To solve this geometric problem, he specializes a parameter and reaches the cubic equation x3 + 200x = 20x2 + 2000.

Indeed, he finds a positive root for this equation by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle. This particular geometric solution of cubic equations has been further investigated and extended to degree four equations.

Regarding more general equations he states that the solution of cubic equations requires the use of conic sections and that it cannot be solved by ruler and compass

methods. A proof of this possibility was only plausible 750 years after Khayyám died. In this paper Khayyám mentions his will to prepare a paper giving full solution to cubic equations: "If the opportunity arises and I can succeed, I shall give all these fourteen forms with all their branches and cases, and how to distinguish whatever is possible or impossible so that a paper, containing elements which are greatly useful in this art, will be prepared."

This refers to the book Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems of Algebra (1070), which laid down the principles of algebra, part of the body of Persian Mathematics that was eventually transmitted to Europe. In particular, he derived general methods for solving cubic equations and even some higher orders.

Astronomer The Jalali calendar was introduced

by Omar Khayyám alongside other Mathematicians and Astronomers in Nishapur, today it is one of the oldest calendars in the world as well as the most accurate solar calendar in use today. Since the

calendar uses astronomical calculation for determining the vernal equinox, it has no intrinsic error, but this makes it an observation based calendar.

Like most Persian mathematicians of the period, Khayyám was also an astronomer and achieved fame in that role. In 1073, the Seljuq Sultan Jalal al-Din Malik-Shah Saljuqi (Malik-Shah I, 1072–92), invited Khayyám to build an observatory, along with various other distinguished scientists. According to some accounts, the version of the medieval Iranian calendar in which 2,820 solar years together contain 1,029,983 days (or 683 leap years, for an average year length of 365.24219858156 days) was based on the measurements of Khayyám and his colleagues. Another proposal is that Khayyám's calendar simply contained eight leap days every thirty-three years (for a year length of 365.2424 days). In either case, his calendar was more accurate to the mean tropical year than the Gregorian calendar of 500 years later. The modern Iranian calendar is based on his calculations.

Heliocentric theory ephemeris for calculating dates.

It is sometimes claimed that The lengths of the months can vary Khayyรกm demonstrated that the between 29 and 31 days depending earth rotates on its axis[ by on the moment when the sun presenting a model of the stars to crosses into a new zodiacal area (an his contemporary al-Ghazali in a attribute common to most Hindu planetarium. calendars). This meant that The other source for the claim that seasonal errors were lower than in Khayyรกm believed in heliocentrism the Gregorian calendar. is Edward FitzGerald's popular but The modern-day Iranian calendar anachronistic rendering of standardizes the month lengths Khayyam's poetry, in which the first based on a reform from 1925, thus lines are mistranslated with a minimizing the effect of solar heliocentric image of the Sun transits. Seasonal errors are flinging "the Stone that puts the somewhat higher than in the Jalali Stars to Flight". version, but leap years are Calendar reform calculated as before.

Khayyรกm was a member of a panel that reformed the Iranian calendar.

The panel was convened by Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah I, and completed its reforms in 1079, resulting in the Jalali calendar.

The Jalali calendar remained in use across Greater Iran from the 11th to the 20th centuries. It is the basis of the Iranian calendar, which is followed today in Iran and Afghanistan. While the Jalali calendar is more accurate than the Gregorian, it is based on actual solar transit, similar to Hindu calendars, and requires an

Gulnar G.Sacoor which expresses without reason. Pure.

She was born in Mozambique. Living in Direct. Enabling me to experience grace Portugal since 1974. Started self-taught and peace, fundamental in this painting since 1984, having since then disturbed time of mass fear and participated in many painting, drawing confusion. I love to play with colors. and art history courses in different They have the ability to trigger our portuguese art schools (SNBA, INATEL, emotions, to affect the way we think, FBAUL, CCB, Atelier Dra. Rosa Fazenda, act and influence our attitudes. They Dojo Zen Lisboa, among others).It is a can make us happy and sad, and so work in progress! The artist has been forward... I paint according to my states displayed in various individual and of mind, leaving to those who perceive collective exhibitions since 2000. She is them the final task of appreciating the also represented in private and official paintings. It is in art that I search peace collections both in Portugal and abroad. and lightness of spirit. It’s thanks to it In the process of her evolution, various that I renew my energies and the daily techniques were used, while presently life with hope and joy. I accept my she focuses on the use of acrylics, evolution by the inspiration life brings mixed media and collages. Member of me every day.

National Society of Fine Arts – Portugal, Associação Galeria Aberta.

Statement "My life is my school" (M. Ghandi) This saying has always directed and inspired me. It was with this frame of mind that I initiated a new path in my life, as a decision in the new Millennium, doing what pleases me most and continue to work with passion and joy.My intention is to work through the fountain of Grace and Gratitude to, in my own way, contribute positively for balance and peace in all walks of life: personal, professional, social and global.

My goal is to hopefully convey energy through colors making this my humble contribution towards grace and peace. I 24 paint with love. The profound Love

Robert Andler-Lipski He is a visual artist specialized in mixed media, based in South Shields, North East of England.

Studied Methodology of Arts Teaching and Philosophy.

Completed Artistic Tapestry Weaving and Artistic Mosaic Design. Robert very early was introduced to the nature based figurative, modern and abstract painting. Worked as a fine arts teacher, journalist, graphic designer and creative consultant. However, after years he decided to devote himself exclusively to the artistic career. His artworks are in a private and institutional collections worldwide (e.i. permanent exposition at Bede's World Museum, Jarrow, UK; South Tyneside Council, South Shields, UK). Robert is a Member of International Society of Assemblage & Collage Artists (US)

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The snowy tunnel is one of the natural monuments in the city Azna in Lorestan.This tunnel has been formed naturally in ice and snow in the slopes of Oshtoran Kooh mountain in the area Kamandan in the city AZNA .The length of this tunnel is over 800 meters and its height from the floor to the ceiling is between 2-5 meters long . You can visit this tunnel only in Spring and summer due to the low temperatures in winter and Autumn. To get to this tunel you would have to drive to the Kamandan village and then walk for two hours in the mountain areas .

Azna is a city in and capital of Azna County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2011 census, its population was 41,706, in 11,594 families.

Azna is located in the Zagros Mountains.

It currently serves as a refuge camp for the Faili Kurds.

This township is located 133 km. east of Khoramabad and 75 km. south of Arak. It experiences cold winters and moderate summers.

The city is en route Esfahan Khuzestan and is connected to the railway network of the country

Brfy-- tunnel Azna-Iran

Amir kabir dam-Iran

http://www.aziz-anzabi.com