Illustrated biography of Lawrence of Arabia

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Francis Baldewyns

Illustrated Biography of Thomas Edward Lawrence (And of his Colleague, Gertrude Bell)

Editions du Prof

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On the cover page during my visit to Jesus College (Oxford, Turl Street) where the guide showed us the painting of Thomas Edward Lawrence who was a student in this College. Below, a close-up of the painting.

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Table of contents - chronological benchmarks Foreword

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Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

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Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909)

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913)

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Chapter Four. Bell of Bagdad (1909-1913)

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Chapter Five. Memories of Baron Hotel in Aleppo

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Chapter Six. June 1914, the blaze of Europe

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Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916)

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Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba

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Chapter Nine. The Post-Aqaba

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Chapter Ten. Peace Conference, January 22, 1919

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Chapter Eleven. Loss of the first manuscript of "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom"

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Chapter Twelve. The Cairo Conference, March to December 1921

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Chapter Thirteen. In tribute to Gertrude Bell

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Chapter Fourteen. And it is at the moment of his celebrity that he decides to give it up

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Chapter Fifteen. His last five years

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Chapter Sixteen. Lawrence Post Mortem

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Postface

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Bibliography sorted on the chronology of the story

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Foreword Another book on T.E. Lawrence, could you say? Yes, there are three good reasons for writing this book: The first one is that it is, in a way, a continuation of my previous work on "The Battle of Mons", which I translated from the work of Conan Doyle and that I published in 2014. Mons and its region were the first battlefields of the English Army in 1914, from which several British Generals will be transferred to the Middle-East a few months later. Let’s remember Murray and Allenby, in the film of David Lean, when they meet this Lieutenant, with an unruly behaviour, called Thomas Edward Lawrence.

The second reason is that I wrote this book while going through all the literature built around the person of this lieutenant who will become Colonel, because he is for me an exceptional being. "Exception" does not mean that he brings together all the qualities I would have wanted to own or those I seek among my friends, but those that make him a man out of the ordinary, a man who appears as unique or very rare.

The third reason for writing this book is the horror (lived in the present time at the end of 2017, one hundred years after the victory of Aqaba) of the Syria War, country Lawrence adored and in which, since years, an unspeakable bloodbath occurs: 500 thousand dead, and 13 million displaced. « The Seven Pillars of Wisdom », the main work of T.E. Lawrence, has long been controversial, its detractors even speaking of a web of lies about it. However, archaeological research conducted in recent years on the ground tend to prove the words of its author.

This work is also a war book that lays the foundations of guerrillas as we know them today, and it is even said that during the last war in Iraq, this work was even recommended to the officers of the US Army.

Winston Churchill said about T.E. Lawrence : « The world naturally looks with some awe upon a man who appears unconcernedly indifferent to home, money, comfort, rank, or even power and fame. The world feels, not without a certain apprehension, that here is someone outside its jurisdiction; someone before whom its allurements may be spread in vain; someone strangely enfranchised, untamed, untrammeled by convention, moving independently of the ordinary currents of human action; a being readily capable of violent revolt or supreme sacrifice, a man, solitary, austere, to whom existence is no more than a duty, yet a duty to be faithfully discharged. He was indeed a dweller upon the mountain tops where the air is cold, crisp and rarefied, and where the view on clear days commands all the Kingdoms of the world and the glory of them.»

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Continuation of the foreword Gertrude Bell, nicknamed "Lawrence of Arabia female", but also "The Queen of the desert" will also be part of this biography, she who worked so much, in the same direction as Lawrence, for the Arabs to obtain a nation recognized by the major international powers.

This book will be abundantly illustrated by the iconography to which the Net gives us access, including the Google Earth Network that I borrowed as much as possible by its maps as by its "Street View". It will be built primarily from the work of T.E. Lawrence himself, which I read and reread in both French and English.

Nor did I neglect the work of current archaeologists and biographers who gave us their reflections on the events Lawrence knew and participated. I particularly chose the biography written by Michel Renouard as the thread of history.

In spite of all my efforts to respect the chronology of Lawrence’s life, I could not avoid some excerpts (or photos) sometimes referring to an event out of sync with the date of the story.

My own translations from French to English complete this book.

To help you in the visual perception of the book: The titles and essential texts are written in black on white, and you can be content with this reading as a first approach.

Titles and texts from Internet downloads in English are written in black on a beige background The titles and texts from my translations from French to English are written in black on a green background

I wish you enjoyable reading.

Francis Baldewyns

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Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896) August 16, 1988, Lawrence’s birth

Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896) August 16, 1988 ; Lawrence’s birth

Š Copyright Arthur C Harris and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence

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Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

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August 16, 1988 ; Lawrence’s birth Tremadog. This is where T.E. Lawrence, the second son of Thomas Chapman and Sarah Junner, was born. Bob, the eldest, was born in 1885; he is three years old.

T.E. Lawrence was the result of an adulterous act. His father, Sir Thomas Robert Chapman was married to Edith Hamilton, whom he abandoned as well as his family, to live in concubinage with Sarah Junner, the mother of Lawrence.

Sarah Junner was actually the governess of her daughters. The lovers leave Ireland for Wales where Thomas Edward comes into the world. And the couple chose Lawrence's pseudonym to avoid any suspicion or scandal (They are not married).

Despite this scandal, her mother exerts a strong Puritan influence on Thomas E. Lawrence. When he discovers the family secret, he will be marked for life.

THE GENTLEMAN AND THE GOVERNESS Sir Thomas Chapman (1846-1919) was an English landowner in Delvin, Ireland, who belonged to a family of considerable wealth.

He writes the following on his deathbed. “When I first met your Mother, I was already married. An unhappy marriage without love on either side – tho’ I had four young daughters. Your mother & I unfortunately fell in love with each other & when the exposé came, thought only of getting away & hiding ourselves.”(*1) The woman for whom he had fallen head over heels, was the governess of his daughters, Sarah Junner (1861-1959).

She became his mistress, and when pregnant left the household to live in Dublin, giving birth to Bob in 1885)

House of Sir Thomas Chapman, South Hill, Delvin, County Westmeath, Ireland Sarah Junner (1861-1959) Thomas Edward’s mother, around 1910, when she was 49 years old and T.E. 22

Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896) August 16, 1988 ; Lawrence’s birth I visited this village and, as is the case to each travel with the Google Street View car, I forced myself to find the place or object I'm looking for. I stopped in front of the house called "Snowdon Lodge", as indicated by the sign at the entrance.

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Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896) August 16, 1988 ; Lawrence’s birth

Another photo of Google Earth Street View showing the mountainous geography of this region

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Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

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August 16, 1988 ; Lawrence’s birth For information, given my great interest in geology, I cannot ignore the name "Tremadocian" that was allocated in reference to this village, whose sedimentary deposits have been dated from 477 to 485 million years This geological stage was first defined by geologist Adam Sedgwick in 1847, 41 years before the birth of T.E. Lawrence.

Snowdonia (Red Circle on the map) is a mountainous massif of Wales.

It is home to a national park of 2,170 km2 extending well south of the massif.

Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

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First move : Kirkcudbright in Scotland (End of 1988) When Thomas Edward (Nicknamed Ned) was thirteen months old, the family moved to Kirkcudbright, a port city in Dumfriesshire, Scotland.

After Bob (born in 1885) Ned (born in 1888), was born (December 10, 1889) a third boy, William George, in a house called Craigville at 89 Tongland Road (Today 89 St. Mary's Street).

I went there with the Google Earth car, and here is what I saw... at the address indicated. However, no number and no blue plaque...

Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

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Second move : 1891 (Dinard in France) It will be another short stay; In 1891, when Ned was three years old, the family took a house in Dinard (France) where it stayed during two years. I found their house, located 25 rue Barbine

Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

Second move : 1891 (Dinard in France) (Another photograph of their house seen from the other direction of the circulation)

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Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

Second move : 1891 (Dinard in France) Lawrence learns French in this school which is very close to their house (not visible in this photo)

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Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

Second move : 1891 (Dinard in France)

Dinard today, the red arrow below (25 rue Barbine) indicates Lawrence's house and, in the middle of the photo, the other red arrow shows the school.

T.E. Lawrence, in 1891, in Dinard when he was three years old

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Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

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1893, for one month in St Helier (Channel Islands); then return to Dinard In St. Helier, they stayed only one month for the preparation and the birth of Frank.

At that time, boys born in France were likely to be enlisted for military service, so the Lawrence family temporally moved to St Helier, on Jersey Island, for the birth of their fourth son.

Frank Helier was born in Bramerton House, Havre des Pas, February 7, 1893.

Some sources suggest that four-year-old Ned did not accompany his parents to Jersey, although a plaque on the front of Bramerton House indicates that he stayed here.

The following month, the Lawrence returned to Dinard.

In 1893, from left to right: Bob, William and Thomas Edward who is 5 years old

Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

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Inauguration of "Lawrence of Arabia" hiking trail Source « Le Télégramme » du 14 septembre 2015 http://www.letelegramme.fr/ille-et-vilaine/dinard/sentier-lawrence-d-arabie-hommage-a-un-amoureux-de-dinard-14-09-2015-10772557.php

The Lawrence of Arabia pedestrian path was inaugurated opposite the « Baie du Prieuré » by the mayor of Dinard, Martine Craveia-Schütz, in the presence of Pierre-Joël Chaignon, whose family welcomed in Dinard the Briton Thomas Edward Lawrence, alias Lawrence of Arabia, archaeologist, officer and writer.

The choice of baptizing this 12 km loop between countryside and seaside is a way to pay tribute to this passionate « lover » of the station, walker and cyclist, who discovered the region. The lecturer Henri Fermin recalled that T. E. Lawrence arrived at Dinard at the age of four, where he lived from 1891 to 1894 at the villa « Le Chalet du Vallon ». He then returned several times to the Chaignon family, where he was considered as the son of the house.

Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

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Third move: in 1894, the family moved back to England and settled in Langley Lodge Gardens

Family photo taken at Langley Lodge Gardens in 1895

In his mother’s arms, the last born, Frank-Helier, then from left to right: seated Thomas Edward (Ned); standing, William and Bob

Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

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Third move: in 1894, the family moved back to England and settled in Langley Lodge Gardens

On the left, this housing estate was built on the Langley Lodge site where Lawrence of Arabia spent the first years of his childhood from 1894 to 1896. Š Copyright Michael FORD and licensed for reuse (Creative Commons License)

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Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896) Langley Lodge Gardens is located 4.5 km from the RAF Calshot base where Lawrence will return, thirty five years later, to work in the Royal Air Force, after the Arab Revolt (In 1929)

R.A.F. Ă Calshot

Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

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In 1896, the family moved to Oxford, because the eldest, Robert (Bob) will soon begin high school Lawrence is only eight years old and however it is the sixth house he has lived in since he was born

Photos taken around 1899

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Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896) This house is located 2 Polstead Street in Oxford

Chapter One. From Tremadog to Oxford (1888-1896)

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Here is the plaque on the facade.

This house was his home from the age of 8 until he was 33 years old

Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909)

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http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/schools/boys_high_school.html

At the top of this map, the place of the house that Lawrence occupied from 1896 to 1909 and which was his property until 1921 At the bottom, the red dot shows, the Oxford High School on George Street, which he joined every day on a bicycle from 1896 to 1907 (From the age of 8 to the age of 19) Distance School-Home: about 1 Km. This school, founded in 1881, closed in 1966.

Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909) ©http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/schools/boys_high_school.html L’Oxford High School qu’il fréquenta de 1896 à 1907

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Plaque dedicated to T.E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”) (1888–1935), who was sent to the school at the age of eight in 1896 (the year his family settled in 2 Polstead Road), and remained there until 1907, when he won a Meyricke Scholarship to Jesus College.

The plaque was restored and returned to the old building on 19 May 2010

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TE Lawrence’s photos at Oxford High School around 1900

From an early age, Lawrence is passionate about ancient archeology, and he does not just read, because he will also make many surveys of pottery and various inscriptions...

The episode of young Lawrence breaking a leg at age twelve in a playground is significant of the particular character of this boy. First, he does not tell anyone about what happened to him, while he is hardly moving around the school. And it is only at the end of the day that he admits he cannot walk and cannot go home.

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It is said, moreover, that it was because of it, the calcification of which was long and painful, that he stopped growing when he was 1,66 meters high.

His small size (he said himself small) is, however, not abnormal since it corresponds to that of the average Englishman at that time. It is true that Oxford's student population has an average height of 1.76 meters.

However, let us stop for a moment on this first event, seemingly banal, but which already reveals a little the will of Lawrence not to easily show his suffering, unless he is really obliged.

The rest of his life will be dotted with events where he dares take action that others would never have taken. He will sometimes go to his last extremes to the point of fainting... Some will say that he was even masochist. I will not touch on this subject now, and when I'll do it, I will leave it to the serious historians to analyze the events that suggest this.

The High School clock, that Lawrence often watched, overcomes the emblem of Oxford (With the ox)

Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909) Current View of Old High School on George Street in Oxford , George Street

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Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909)

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It was in Oxford that in May 1900, Arnold (known as Arnie), eleven years younger than Lawrence, was born.

He will die in 1991 and will be the last survivor of the siblings.

Aerial view of the houses of Polstead Road. Lawrence's one is shown with a red arrow.

The Six Lawrence brothers photographed in 1902; from left to right: Frank, Will, T.E who holds Arnold in his arms and Bob.

This picture of Arnold was taken in 1910.

Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909)

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On the left, St Aldate's and in the distance, to the right of the photo, we see the main entrance of Christ Church College by the "Tom Quad"

Below, left, St Aldate's Tower and on the right Pembroke College

Alfred Millard William Christopher (August 20, 1820 - March 10, 1913) was an English churchman.

From 1859 to 1905 he was rector of St Aldate Church in Oxford, where he oversaw the church's extensive expansion. From 1886 until his death, he was honorary canon of Christ Church.

He was an important member of the evangelical wing of the Church of England and an influential figure in Oxford for more than half a century.

Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909)

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What will remain of the religious education of Lawrence's sons?

My translation from French to English © Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 243-253). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

The pastor of Saint Aldate's little church, the old Reverend Alfred Christopher, is a vague acquaintance since the parents on the run have met him once, during a visit to the Isle of Wight. His evangelical fervor - it was, to the best of his ability, an excellent preacher - seduced Sarah, who is still tapping into problems of conscience. Young Lawrence attends the reverend and follows his Sun-day catechism classes.

Afterwards, he will move away from all established religion - to the great sadness of his mother -, keeping, at most, only a very vague deism. One of his brothers will become a missionary (and doctor) and another will declare himself an atheist.

Children of the same siblings, fed the same values, having received the same education and attended the same schools, can take, as adults, different ways, even opposing.

Alfred Millard William Christopher (1820-1913) De la biographie de J S. Reynolds

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Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909) 1905 is the year he will regularly attend the Ashmolean Museum (Illustrated by some pictures of my frequent visits)

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Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909) In 2011, the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford inaugurated six new galleries for the collections of Egypt and ancient Nubia.

This second phase of redevelopment doubled the number of exposed mummies and sarcophagi and brought the world-renowned Egyptian collections back to the general public.

Source The Guardian

These photos were taken during my recent visits to The Ashmolean Museum

Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909)

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These photos were taken during my recent visits to The Ashmolean Museum

Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909)

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On the left, photo taken in 1906.

Lawrence is 18 years old He still attends Oxford High School and receives first prize in English and literature at the Senior Local Examination And the following year, he enters Jesus College Whose entry is pictured below by the Google Street Viewer

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Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909) At Jesus College in Oxford (1907-1909, he is 19 years old), he is passionate about the study of Latin, Greek and for the Arthurian cycle of the search for the Grail.

In October 1907, he attends the Jesus College of Oxford where he undertakes historical studies He will get acquainted with this Quad and this dining room where I had the great pleasure to find him again 100 years later.

This is the time to present my two e-books on Oxford, entitled "From Colleges to Gargoyles" also containing links to my videos.

Here are these links: https://fr.calameo.com/read/001082200f29051cce8dd et https://fr.calameo.com/read/001082200e012165e4e45

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Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909) T.E. Lawrence

Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909)

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©Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 281-288). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle. My translation from French to English No special friendships in Lawrence's youth, as they flourished in the public schools and colleges of the day.

And then, his father keeps an eye. The Oscar Wilde affair, which just died in 1900, is still remembered, especially in Oxford, where the Irish writer was educated. As for the girls, Lawrence's only love, quickly extinguished, will remain, too, platonic.

The beautiful Janet Laurie, known as a neighbor when the Lawrence lived at Langley Lodge, and found again in Oxford again, is two years older than him and looks like a tomboy. Lawrence would have offered to marry him, which remains to prove. The final point of the idyll, if it has indeed taken place. What is certain, however, is that Janet and Lawrence will remain connected. A faithful friend, he will even be very generous with her after the war, he will become the godfather of her first child and will see her again in the early thirties. © The blog of Master Fitoussi https://blogavocat.fr/space/guy.fitoussi/content/lawrence-d-arabie--1888--1935-the-reve-brise-d-un-visionnaire_485fef18-a1a6-474a -b014-187ab4259d77 "T. E. Lawrence, the second of the siblings, had spent all his childhood in a male environment and a gambling accident, at sixteen, had blocked his growth to 1m64, inspiring him with repulsion for his physique.

Educated in a puritanical way, he was also upset by the revelation of his "bastardy" at seventeen.

So many circumstances that would inspire him with an aversion to sexuality, which is reflected in the film by David Lean.

Of a natural dreamer, T. E. Lawrence is very early passionate about history. In search of adventure and anxious to redo an identity, he committed himself under a false name in the Royal Artillery in April 1905 but stayed there only a few months until his father came to get him back "

Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909) Lawrence’s Tour de France by bike in 1908 (Il is 20 years old) Source Babelio: https://www.babelio.com/livres/Penaud-Le-Tour-de-France-de-Lawrence-dArabie/647031 My translation from French to English "This is the story of a fabulous trip. Thomas Edward Lawrence, who made history under the legendary name Lawrence of Arabia, was educated at Jesus College Oxford from 1907 to 1909. This did not prevent him from traveling to satisfy his insatiable curiosity. Thus, in 1908, he alone, by bicycle, made an extraordinary tour of France to admire, from north to east and from south to west, many historic sites, including castles dating from the Middle Ages.

Some of these fortresses were built by the famous King of England, Richard the Lionheart, whose memory was present throughout this journey.

As a student, several questions were asked Lawrence: on what model did the famous English ruler build these titanic works? Were other castles built in the 13th century, erected by other crusaders? How to answer these questions if it is only by visiting many fortified buildings dotting the land of France.

Lawrence, we follow day by day, was fascinated by his discoveries. However, the East haunted him already. As he finished his astonishing journey, Lawrence sent a premonition letter to his family from the shores of the Mediterranean: "I felt that I had reached the road to the mythical East of Greece. Carthage, Egypt, Syria, here they are, almost all at hand, I will have to come back here and go even further. " Guy Penaud

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Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909) In 1908, T.E. Lawrence met Leeds who was appointed Assistant Curator at the Ashmolean Museum. He will maintain a very rich correspondence with him for many years. In 1908 too, the museum was reorganized, and Leeds became the deputy curator of the department of antiquities. Throughout this period, his main research has been oriented towards Anglo-Saxon archeology.

He was a prolific discoverer, especially in Oxfordshire where he introduced modern archaeological research. He was commissioned to work on the redesign of the Oxford University Archeology Society after the First World War.

Edward Thurlow Leeds (1877-1955)

Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909)

http://www.nwpressbooks.com/?page=shop/flypage&product_id=478

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Chapter Two. His High School, the Ashmolean Museum and Jesus College (1896 – 1909)

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From : http://www.nwpressbooks.com/?page=shop/flypage&product_id=478# T. E. LAWRENCE: LETTERS TO E. T. LEEDS [SIGNED /NUMBERED BY EDITOR] EDITED BY JEREMY WILSON Contents: it includes 53 letters written between 1909 and 1935 by Lawrence to Leeds, who worked at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford for many years. Most of the letters originated at the Carchemish archaeological digs where Lawrence worked between 1911 and 1914. SIGNED by editor Jeremy Wilson, limited edition #47/750. Also comes with the hand-written letter from Wilson to the original collectors. Book Description: Gloucestershire: Whittington Press.

1988 Limited/Numbered edition hand numbered #47/750. Fine Hardcover. Folio-over 12"-15" tall. First Edition/Limited Edition. Slipcased.

Hardcover; small folio; quarter cloth spine and paper over boards; gilt spine titles; 140 pp.; b/w photographic frontispiece; illustrated with line drawings by Richard Kennedy and 23 b/w photographs in rear section. Condition: Overall, book in fine condition. Outer slipcase in fine condition. Not ex-library, book club edition, or written in by their previous owner. Price = 1000.00 USD

Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913)

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1909 is also an important year as Leeds presents to Lawrence the Archaeologist David Hogarth (1862-1927), the new curator of the Ashmolean Museum. at Jesus College on Turl Street, thanks to Leeds, who has been appointed assistant curator at the Ashmolean Museum, Lawrence GuyAnd Penaud meets Professor Hogarth, a leading Orientalist who knows the East like his pocket and also, what is of great importance to Lawrence's future, this Hogarth is the worthy representative of his day, for he is 47 years old and lived much of the Victorian era and that of Edward VII, and his reason for living, it's the British empire.

Hogarth is very influenced by "La Table Ronde" which gathers people who are passionate about the empire. https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/royaume-uni-l-empire-britannique/#i_95282 My translation from French to English This small excerpt from the Universalis encyclopedia clearly defines the mood of the members of this "round table" "From the sixteenth century Tudors to the 1960s, England identifies with the « open sea.» «Rock » at the tip of the European continent, it has extended its domination over more and more vast territories, to the point that its empire represented, at the beginning of the twentieth century, a quarter of the emerged land and a similar proportion of the human species. When it decided, from 1961, to privilege its continental identity and convince itself to seek to establish its destiny to that of the partners of the European Economic Community, it does not resign itself to break completely with a past that continues to inspire pride and nostalgia: at the beginning of the twenty-first century, a Commonwealth of fifty-three associated nations under the aegis of the British sovereign recalls and prorogues the existence of a group that has never known its equal."

Professor D. G. Hogarth M.A. (1862-1927) Drawn by Augustus John

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I can understand what was the excitement of T.E. Lawrence when he first saw the south of France and the Mediterranean, because I also felt that during my first trips there. As I have felt in some museums in front of Van Gogh's or Monet's paintings, when these impressionist painters communicated to me the bliss during which fugitive impressions of which the climatic and luminous phenomena took place before my eyes.

Lawrence too, in front of these ancient castles, like the one in Carcassonne, these historic places like Aigues-Mortes, or this very blue sea surrounded by flaming land, felt transported to a new world that the British cities and shores could have never produced.

And this excitement was such that, upon his return to England, he decided to prepare his thesis on "Crusader Military Architecture" Hogarth sent him a letter of recommendation, and Lawrence, who had meanwhile taken Arabic lessons, was going to walk 1600 kilometers in the great Syria of the Ottoman Empire. He could not be content by visiting as we do most of the time, often guided by tourism organizers taken with the timing whose sole purpose is to satisfy us by swallowing a maximum of information that we retain barely half at the end of our stay. No, Lawrence took the time to insert himself into the daily life of the inhabitants, and this love for Syria and his people will allow him to pass his thesis with the congratulations of the jury. Hogarth is obviously delighted and understands that he is dealing with a rare pearl, he charges him an archaeological mission to Karkemish in Asia Minor, in order to find traces of the Hittite civilization.

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1909 : Lawrence’s first stay in Orient © Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 448-479). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

My translation from French to English His religious training at St Aldate's, his interest in Richard the Lionheart and the Crusades, the castles of the Middle Ages, his passionate reading of Arabia deserta of Doughty, the tune of the times, (the ten -ninth century was passionate about the east), Lawrence left England on June 18, 1909 and arrived in Beirut on July 6.

He visits Lebanon, Palestine and Syria2: Sidon (Saïda), Tripoli, Antioch, Urfa, Tiberias, Caesarea, Nazareth, Haifa, Saint-Jean-d'Acre, Latakia, Aleppo, Homs ... He celebrates his twenty-one years at Krak des Chevaliers.

Remember that this is a castle dating from the time of the Crusades, located in the west of Syria and that since 2006, it is inscribed on the list of World Heritage of UNESCO. Thomas Edward Lawrence, on discovering it in 1909 on his 21st birthday, described it as "the most beautiful castles in the world, certainly the most picturesque I've seen, a marvel. That's about 1700 kilometers.

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913)

Source : http://www.veroeddy.be/proche-orient/syrie/peuple-et-patrimoine-en-danger/le-krak-des-chevaliers

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Photo taken in 1910.

From left to right Thomas Edward, Frank Helier, Arnold (Arnie), Robert (Bob) and William (Will) Frank and William have only five years of life left, in 1915, they will die in France on the battlefield

Other picture of T.E. taken in 1910

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) Late 1910 - Early 1911, T.E. Lawrence makes a new stay in the East via Constantinople, and will follow an Arabic course in Djebail (See following maps).

Constantinople at this time These photos were taken from the following video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puQQDKzy7Yk&t=3101s A movie from Sabine KrayenbĂźhl and Zeva Oelbaum

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemish My translation from French to English "Karkemish (called Europus by the Romans) is an ancient city of Mitanni and Hittite empires located on the border of present-day Turkey and Syria. In antiquity, the city commanded the main crossing point of the Euphrates. This situation must have contributed significantly to its historical and strategic importance. It was the scene of an important battle mentioned in the Bible between the Babylonians and the Egyptians. " http://www.manitou-lhebreu.com/israel/la-situation-du-moyen-orient-avant-la-premiere-guerre-mondiale,2 My translation from French to English "Let us remember that the Middle East of this time is coveted by all powers: Russia, which has been dreaming of Constantinople for centuries, Istanbul connected Europe and Asia - the city was the key to the domination of the Middle East and the shortest route from Europe to India. Catherine II dreamed so much of Constantinople that she even named one of her grandchildren Constantine (named after the first and the last emperor of Byzantium), Then there is Germany, which is colonizing Turkey. France, too, is not ready to abandon Syria and Lebanon, which she has been coveting since the Crusades, and finally England, who wants at all costs to protect her way to the Indies by the Red Sea. The archaeologist T.E. Lawrence arrives in Karkemish at a time when the ruling nations of the day sent spies, and of course, many English agents.

Even though archeology is a pretext, Lawrence is one of those spies.

Today, times have changed: digging is inherently hard on the ground given the precautions for extracting these treasures from the past, but their detection has improved considerably. Indeed, despite the difficulties encountered by archaeologists in conducting excavations in countries at war, images of spy satellites and drones reveal the distant past of these countries, at the heart of the Silk Road.

And today we know of the existence of gigantic caravanserails, underground canals, or outposts used by traders who took the road of silk for many millennia. These discoveries from images collected over several decades open the way to new discoveries. "

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Karkemish 1913 https://www.ouest-france.fr/leditiondusoir/data/15540/reader/reader.html#!preferred/1/package/15540/pub/22521/page/5 My translation from French to English "I expect tens of thousands of archaeological sites to be discovered. Only when these sites are listed, they can be studied and protected," says David Thomas, an archaeologist at Melbourne's La Trobe University in Australia, who is interviewed by the American scientific journal Science Magazine. Future discoveries may well rewrite history in this region, which is currently under stress.

If Lawrence is asked about his happiness among all these arable workers, he answers that he is their friend and that his English nationality is of no importance and that the camaraderie and the spirit which animate them are much more important. He speaks like them, he suffers like them under the sun during work sometimes painful. Lawrence lives with these people in all humility.

Among these workers, however, he has a preference, and his name is Dahoum. It is a donkey-driver who carries potteries and shards.

They even wanted to photograph themselves. First a photo of Dahoum by Lawrence, then one of Lawrence when he is wearing Dahoum's clothes.

When the Karkemish shipyard is closed, Lawrence and Dahoum leave with their camels on the Euphrates or Port Said. This is where Lawrence and his companion become charcoal bearers.

And Lawrence is in no way disturbed by these most subaltern professions... to the point of living in the dirt and vermin...

And when the excavation district opens again, Lawrence resumes his archeology activity in Karkemish.

The Karkemish Site. Photo’s Source : http://antikforever.com/Asie_Mineure/Hittites/hattousa_karkemish.htm The site is crossed by the railway of Baghdad which forms today the Turco-Syrian border.

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) 1911 He meets Dahoum at Karkemish archeological site

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) It was said that Thomas Edward intended to decorate his home with this statue of a naked man, and people gossip claim it is Dahum's statue

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1911 He meets Dahoum at Karkemish archeological site Source : https://www.tumblr.com/search/dahoum You are obviously interested to hear what the Arabs think of England. Unfortunately, they are too intelligent to be ridiculous about it. They describe it as a garden, empty of villages, with the people crowded into frequent towns. The town wonderfully peaceful and populous, the houses very high: the tube railways are to them a source of stumbling. They tell the villagers that Syria is a small poor country, very likely to be coveted by us treelovers‌ and that the Arabs are too few to count in world-politics. All of this is very proper. They also estimate the value and quality of the food they ate in England:‌and feel relieved at their discovery of the true end of the collecting of antiquities.

T.E. Lawrence to his mother, August 1913. T.E. brought his Arab friends Dahoum (seen in the photograph above on the left) and Sheikh Hamoudi (seen above on far right) to Oxford. T.E. worked with these men on an archeological site in Carchemish. The photograph above is from their living quarters on the site. The Hittite-inspired carving in the background was carved by T.E. himself, largely with a screwdriver.

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) Lawrence, Dahoum and Hamoudi are visiting Oxford Norman Andrew, intitulé: T. E. Lawrence - Tormented Hero (Emplacements du Kindle 357-412). Fonthill Media. Édition du Kindle. (…)

In the summer of 1913, when Lawrence made a return visit to Oxford, he took Dahoum and his site foreman Sheikh Hamoudi with him. All three stayed in the bungalow which his father had constructed at the bottom of the garden at Polstead Road, owing to the lack of space in the main building. The three drew glances as they rode around the city on bicycles wearing their Arab costumes (Lawrence included), and when Lawrence took them to London and showed them the underground railway, Dahoum and Hamoudi were astonished.

Norman, Andrew (2014-07-27T23:58:59). T. E. Lawrence - Tormented Hero (Emplacements du Kindle 387-391). Fonthill Media. Édition du Kindle.

We, the regulars in the city of Oxford, since that time (or a little later), have always seen students bike around in an outfit that seemed more suitable for Rolls Royce drivers.

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Lawrence, Dahoum and Hamoudi are visiting Oxford No doubt it was for Dahoum and Hamoudi the opportunity to discover a real miracle of stones, a profusion of architectural styles harmoniously associated and a pleasure to observe the gargoyles and facades. Summer, at the end of the day, when the sun sets and touches the carved lace of pinnacles, domes, bell towers, towers, and gargoyles, it's time to enjoy the serenity and charm of the city.

At the beginning of the XXth century, Above, left, Magdalen College, and right, Christ Church College; Below, High Street with St Mary the Virgin Church, and far off on the left, Lincoln College Library tower

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Lawrence, Dahoum and Hamoudi are visiting Oxford

Lynn Watson recorded this pin on TE Lawrence at https://www.pinterest.com/pin/375628425162852723/ With this mention: "Bungalow built in the garden behind their house at 2 Polstead Road in Oxford"

Lawrence, Dahoum and Hamoudi lodged in this Bungalow

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) En savoir un peu plus sur Dahoum Norman, Andrew : T.E.Lawrence - Tormented Hero (Emplacements du Kindle 357-412). Fonthill Media. Édition du Kindle.

Lawrence spent the 1911 digging season at Carchemish, and it was here that he met a youth called Dahoum (meaning ‘the dark one’), who was to change his life. Lawrence could not help but notice him. He was looking after the donkeys. He was of slender build, and his eyes, which were large and brown, followed Lawrence wherever he went. Lawrence, equally curious about the boy, summoned him to come and look at an ancient, newly excavated wall, one which had lain beneath the desert sands for centuries. ‘The donkey boy,’ Lawrence told his mother, is an interesting character: he can read a few words of Arabic, and altogether has more intelligence than the rank & file. He talks of going into Aleppo to school with the money he had made out of us. I will try to keep an eye on him, to see what happens.1 By all accounts, Dahoum was a handsome fellow and a good wrestler. Lawrence had him pose for a sculpture, which he himself carved in limestone in the manner of the ancient Greeks and displayed it in front of his house. From his appearance, Lawrence guessed he was a mixture of Hittite (the ancient civilization of northern Syria which included the area where they now were—Carchemish) and Arab. There was an immediate affinity between the two, and over the weeks Lawrence was able to find out more about Dahoum, who now took on the extra task of being his servant and companion. He spoke about going to Aleppo to school after he had made sufficient money from his work as a donkey boy, ferrying people to and from the site of the excavations. Meanwhile, Lawrence decided to ask Miss Fareedah, a local teacher, to help the boy with his reading and writing, and to loan him a few simple books with which to commence an education. In the same way that his father Thomas had taught him various skills, so Lawrence taught Dahoum photography and made him his laboratory assistant. However, perhaps remembering his resentment at his mother’s efforts to mould him to her will in matters of religion, Lawrence insisted that he remains a Moslem. He would respect Dahoum’s faith, and there was to be no question of him being evangelised.

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) Learn more about Dahoum https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/sur-les-traces-de-lawrence-d-arabie_909681.html

In the footsteps of Lawrence of Arabia (Sur les traces de Lawrence d'Arabie) Par LEXPRESS.fr , publiĂŠ le 02/08/2010 Ă 07:00

My translation from French to English Like Shelley, whom he quotes often, Lawrence likes "any place, desert and solitary, where we savor the joy of supposing all that we see, without limit, as we would wish our souls". Since he arrived at Karkemish, Lawrence knows he is no longer alone in this desert.

Dahoum does not leave him anymore.

Dahoum is the boy, the donkey-boy, but he is called Sheikh Ahmed because he imposes it, despite his young age. He is fourteen years old when Lawrence meets him in 1911. Small, very robust, great rider and good shooter as a good swimmer. With Thomas Edward, they enjoy crossing the Euphrates during competitions that they invent. Although black with pigment, her skin is strangely clear, her complexion pale. Mixed blood of Hittite and Arab. He will inherit the nickname of Dahoum, (...)

A scandal will yet go through the village of Djerablous. The friendship between the Levant teenager and the young archaeologist is singular in many ways and makes people talk. Ned found his soulmate, kindred spirit, he says. Photographic pose sessions, imagined by Lawrence, disconcert. Dahoum first, in traditional dress with a pistol on his knees. (See photo on page 53) Then, immediately after, Lawrence with the clothes of Dahoum that he passed and the same weapon in the same place. Disturbing image, so much the resemblance is striking. And finally, Dahoum naked, to carve a statue in the local limestone.

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) Source: La Plume et le Rouleau, 200 chronicles illuminate the Present in the light of history http://laplumeetlerouleau.over-blog.com/article-4309873.html My translation from French to English "Ned does not drink, do not smoke, does not flirt, eats vegetarian, works like a madman, lives with asceticism, flees from group activities and indulges in individual physical culture: a sort of anchorite passionate about ancient or modern military art and castles. He will thus support a thesis on "The Influence of the Crusades on the Military Architecture of Europe until the end of the thirteenth century" and, from 1909, stay in Syria, Egypt and Sinai, until 1914, where he participated for nearly three years in the Hittite archaeological digs of Karkemish (Northern Syria). "

Two pictures of Woolley and Lawrence at Karkemish around 1913

Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) Karkemish 1913

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) Another photo with Woolley. Sir Charles Leonard Woolley, born April 17, 1880 at Upper Clapton, London, died on February 20, 1960 (aged 79), is a British archaeologist who spent fifteen years of his life, from 1919 to 1934, excavating the site of ancient Ur (Mesopotamia, in the territory of present-day Iraq). T. E. Lawrence was his assistant there from 1912 to 1914.

Later, in 1922, Sir Leonard Woolley is holding the famous excavated Sumerian Queen's Lyre.

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) Karkemish's site when Lawrence was doing excavations there. The Ottoman Empire during Lawrence's excavations at Karkemish was still considerable, but compared to its beginnings, it only included the colored surface in light green.

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) The Karkemish site currently Karkemish, an outpost of the Hittite Empire and an Assyrian city, dominates the Euphrates and is today on the Syrian-Turkish border (see map). Recently, with the improved accessibility of the site in Syria and the availability of high-resolution satellite imagery, Carchemish (Current spelling) has begun to reveal a wealth of new and exciting information.

In 1911, the Berlin-Baghdad railway was built across the site, and the Turkish-Syrian border was later established along this site.

Subsequently, the excavated citadel and part of the outer city was located in Turkey. The rest of the outer city, nearly 40% of the total intramural site, is now in Syria. Under the patronage of the British Museum, the site was excavated between 1911 and 1920 (Hogarth 1914, Woolley 1921, Woolley & Barnett 1952).

In 1911, the Berlin-Baghdad railway was built across the site

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Chapter Three. T.E. The Archeologist (1909 to 1913) Excavations in Egypt with Flinders Petrie Sir William Flinders Petrie, (1853-1942), commonly known as Flinders Petrie, was an English Egyptologist and pioneer of systematic methodology in archeology and artefact preservation. He held the first chair of Egyptology in the United Kingdom and excavated several of Egypt's most important archaeological sites, in collaboration with his wife, Hilda Petrie.

January 2, 1912 T.E. Lawrence goes on a mission to Egypt to participate in the Flinders Petrie digs. The latter discovers a prehistoric cemetery in the vicinity of the city of Kafr Ammar located 50 km from Cairo. February 2, 1912 Lawrence leaves Egypt to return to Syria to prepare new searches for the archaeological site. He stays in Damascus where he negotiates the purchase of a Hittite seal.

Chapter Four. Bell of Bagdad (1909-1913)

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1911. First meeting with Gertrude Bell Lawrence forgot his misogyny when he worked with her (until 1921) In May 1911, at Karkemish, Lawrence met Gertrude Bell for the first time. She is 43 years old, twenty years older than him.

Source: https://www.babelio.com/livres/Mouchard-Gertrude-Bell-Agent-secret-aventuriere-and-archeol/792632 My translation from French to English "She was a headstrong and dizzying woman," said Lawrence; we should say, "Bell of Baghdad" as he is called "Lawrence of Arabia."

Gertrude Bell's adventure with the Bedouin leaders of Mesopotamia is a feminine reflection of that of Colonel Lawrence of Arabia. Daughter of a great Yorkshire industrialist, first prize winner in Oxford, known as "khatun", "lady" or "queen of the desert" completed between 1900 and 1914 six archaeological and diplomatic expeditions between the Levant and the Euphrates.

Christel Mouchard, ISBN : 2253186236 Éditeur : LE LIVRE DE POCHE (07/06/2017) My translation from French to English Secret agent and occult ambassador at the service of Her Gracious Majesty during the Great War, she is the only woman to participate as anadvisor to the international conferences of 1919 and 1921. Another point in common with TE Lawrence, she combines a courage Extremely phy-sic with a great fragility sentimentale and like him, she knows a tragic end: painfully struck by the death of her lover on the front in 1915, she will never recover, and her disappearance in Baghdad, in 1926 At the height of his career, there are doubts. Inspired by her magni fi cent correspondence (whose letters exchanged with her lover), largely preserved and never translated into French, the book paints a moving portrait of a great lady of adventure 

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Chapter Four. Bell of Bagdad (1909-1913) T.E. would soon be working with Gertrude Bell Source : http://christelmouchard.blogspot.be/2014/04/ My translation from French to English T. E. Lawrence did not like women - we suspect. He said even less to the women who wrote: "All women who have written literary works might as well be strangled at birth: the history of literature would lose nothing."

A sentence written when George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans of his real name) had already produced her work, that Edith Wharton was writing Chez des heureux du monde, and shortly before Virginia Woolf wrote La Traversée des apparences, one may wonder whether it would have been better for Lawrence to have been strangled at birth rather than Virginia Woolf.

Finally ... Forgive. He forgot his misogyny when he was with Gertrude Bell. After her first meeting with her, at Carchemish in May 1911, he wrote of her: "She is a woman with a lot of heart and a dizzying head."

They would soon be led to collaborate.

Quotations found in The Longest Dream in History - Lawrence of Arabia, Benoist-Mechin, Omnibus, 2011.

Published by Christel Mouchard à 4/18/2014

Later on at the end of Gertrude’s life T.E. and Gertrude In Cairo (1921)

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Gertrude Bell : a few other photos autres photos Gertrude Bell when she was 26

create

Gertrude Bell in the lobby of her school, Queen's College, Harley Street (London). The original bronze bust was stolen from the National Museum in Baghdad in 2003.

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Chapter Four. Bell of Bagdad (1909-1913) Gertrude Bell : suite Source : Le Temps From : https://www.letemps.ch/culture/2016/01/15/gertrude-bell-meilleure-ennemie-arabes My translation from English to French Gertrude Bell, the best enemy of the Arabs Long forgotten by the bad colonial conscience, the British finds her place among the great explorers of the twentieth century. Her role in the founding of Iraq makes her one of the most influential women of her time In the immensity of the desert red of the Nefoud, battered by the sandy winds and the storms, the Bedouins of one hundred years ago sometimes intersected an astonishing silhouette, green eyes, fine and pointed nose, hard white skin, which walked without fear and spoke their language.

This unusual apparition, they called it the "Khatun" (noble lady), and she enjoyed all the hallmarks of local hospitality.

In her country, England, Khatun was called Gertrude Bell: pure product of the Victorian high society, both classy and extravagant, she broke all the glass ceilings imposed on women and led exactly the life she wanted: photographer, writer, traveler, archaeologist, mountaineer, secret agent, diplomat and, last but not least, chief architect of a new nation-state, Iraq.

Is it for this last achievement (perceived today with embarrassment and bad conscience) that Gertrude Bell was relegated to the oblivion of history for 80 years, unlike so many other intrepid explorers like Alexandra David-Neel or Isabelle Eberhardt? In 2016, a biopic was released on Swiss screens (Queen of the Desert, by Werner Herzog, 2015), with the flattering features of Nicole Kidman in the title role. Of what to do justice to the feminine counterpart of Lawrence of Arabia, mythical personage whom she knew besides and which she called "my little one" - Birthright obliges.

Gertrude, in front of her tent in the German Archeological Camp of Babylon in 1909 http://www.therountons.com/festival/gallery/bell/gertrude/arabia/arabia.htm

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Source : Ampersand : http://www.ampersand.fr/detail.php?id=1057 My translation from French to English In 1913, fleeing a forbidden love, Gertrude Bell, an English aristocrat, embarks on a dangerous mission for her country. She ventured into the heart of the Arabian desert that no European had explored for 20 years.

Gertrude travels 1,500 kilometers to the ancient city of Hail where is the palace of Prince Rachid, leader of the clan that reigns over the center of Arabia. This odyssey will change the course of Middle Eastern history. https://www.amazon.com/Gertrude-Bell-Arabian-Diaries-1913-1914/dp/0815606729 : The Englishwoman Gertrude Bell lived an extraordinary life. Her adventures are the stuff of novels: she rode with bandits; braved desert shamals; was captured by Bedouins; and sojourned in a harem. Called the most powerful woman in the British Empire, she counseled kings and prime ministers. Bell's colleagues included Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, who in 1921 invited Bell-the only woman whose advice was sought-to the Cairo Conference to "determine the future of Mesopotamia." Bell numbered among her closest friends T.E. Lawrence, St. John Philby, and Arabian sheiks. In this volume of three of her notebooks, Rosemary O'Brien preserves Bell's elegant, vibrant prose, and presents Bell as a brilliant tactician fearlessly confronting her own vulnerability. The fundamental themes of her lifereckless behavior; a divided self which combined brilliance of intellect with a passionate nature; a sense of history; and the fatal gift of falling in love with a married man-are all here in remarkable detail. Her journey to northern Arabia in 1914 earned Bell professional recognition from the Royal Geographical Society, and solidified her reputation as a canny political analyst of Middle Eastern affairs. In addition to Bell's own photographs, O'Brien has provided us an unprecedented first access to excerpts of the Bell/Richard Doughty-Wyllie love letters, the married British army officer with whom she was in love and for whom her diaries were written.

Chapter Four. Bell of Bagdad (1909-1913)

NEJD (or NEDJED)

Above, map showing the geological relief of Arabia and the Nejd Highlands. On the right, the brown graph of altitudes.

Hail (also spelled Hail, Ha'yel, or Hayil) is a city in Saudi Arabia, located in the province of Hail (north of the Nejd region). In light green, on the right, the Nejd is superimposed on the modern political divisions of Saudi Arabia.

The city, which currently has more than 300,000 inhabitants, was once the capital of a powerful emirate controlled by the family Al Rachid, rival of the Al Sauds, until the creation by the latter of the current Saudi kingdom.

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Miss Bell had long been anxious to enter Arabia and to see Nejd (Or Nedjed), where only one European had preceded her. In December 1913, having set up a caravan, she vanished into the desert; she carried a little traveling theodolite of the Royal Society of Geography, drew a line of wells hitherto unknown on the map, and accumulated information on the tribes that became of national importance thereafter. Despite the bad weather, freezing nights and hostility of an Arab tribe from Djebel, she covered the first stage in just 21 days.

However, Gertrud Bell leaves without escort and without protection from the English authorities; she totally cleared the Ottoman authorities whom she was leaving at her own risk. So she left for Nejd.

Physical Geography of Nejd

Nejd is superimposed on the current Saudi Arabia

Chapter Five. Memories of Baron Hotel in Aleppo

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June 1914: new excavations at Karkemish; Lawrence lodges at the Baron Hotel This is where Olivier and Patrick Poivre d'Arvor found the footsteps of T.E. Lawrence, at the scene that will decide his commitment.

Charles De Gaulle, Theodore Roosevelt, Agatha Christie, Yuri Gagarin, T.E. Lawrence stayed there. It is from the balcony that King Faisal proclaims the independence of Syria and in 1920, and it is in front of the hotel that the parade of independence took place.

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Chapter Five. Memories of Baron Hotel in Aleppo

Opposite and below, two neighborhoods of Aleppo, today, in 2017

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Chapter Five. Memories of Baron Hotel in Aleppo l’Angleterre ne perd pas de vue que les intérêts de sa politique passent par l’anéantissement du Bagdad-Bahn.

It is there that Olivier and Patrick Poivre d'Arvor found the traces of T.E. Lawrence, on the places that will decide his commitment.

England aimed at the annihilation of the Baghdad-Bahn.

https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/sur-les-traces-de-lawrence-d-arabie_909681.html By LEXPRESS.fr , publié le 02/08/2010 An «Arab among the Arabs» My translation from French to English: The heat becomes overwhelming. Even in the mountains, the «rocks» almost seem to exhale a vapor, which is atrocious; add to that the sirocco, a wind that has huddled all that meets with greenery, which blows your face and hands and gives you the impression that you are walking towards a gigantic oven, and you will have an idea of vast possibilities," he wrote to his mother.

An acute attack of malaria seized him in mid-September, while he is in Aleppo, exhausted, very thin, but happy to have lived as an "Arab among the Arabs."

At the Grand Hotel Baron, he takes a long invigorating hot bath.

We returned to the Hotel Baron. Nothing has changed. Only the patina arrived on the ground. Tourists in search of nostalgia replaced the adventurers of the time. Lawrence's room is intact. Since then, everyone has slept there: kings, princesses, but also Charles Lindbergh, Agatha Christie, Pierre Benoit, Gertrude Bell, Kemal Atatürk, Theodore Roosevelt and many others. It still floats a smell of fuel and arak intimately mixed. Everything here breathes Lawrence and his dreams. For it is in this Hotel Baron that he is sworn: he will return to Aleppo, but this time as an archaeologist, his passion for adolescence, to go for a hundred kilometers, in the Hittite town of Karkemish, near from Djerablous, on the dreaded frontier of the Ottoman State, on the other side of the Euphrates.

Indeed, excavations have been interrupted for thirty years and the railway line connecting Baghdad to Berlin must pass close to the site.

In front exactly. A gigantic bridge will even be thrown on the Euphrates at the precise place where Djerablous is installed. Many German engineers and Arab and Kurdish workers are already preparing for major works. There is, therefore, an urgent need for archaeologists to reclaim the land to prevent the construction of the railway and the passage of convoys to destroy this glorious past.

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England aimed at the annihilation of the Baghdad-Bahn.

Source : https://saint-andre-d-olerargues.com/wpdossier/blog/2014/11/14/1914-1918-les-vraies-raisons-de-la-boucherie/ Indeed, even if the war exhausts its human and material forces, in France and on the Russian front, England does not lose sight of the fact that the interests of its policy go through the annihilation of the Baghdad-Bahn. The England's aim is to completely destroy the German project that aims to control the production and transport of oil from Mesopotamia, and to prevent the emergence of an economically unified continental bloc from Hamburg to the shores of Chatt-el-arab.

Photograph of the construction of the Berlin-Baghdad railway

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See this movie on You Tube - Interview of the owner of Baron Hotel where T.E. Lawrence stayed during his excavations. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP7EajEOCaA and Baron Hotel Owner Interview (RT March 2016) https://francais.rt.com/international/16967-interview-proprietaire-hotel-baron

Armen Mazloumian, the owner of Baron Hotel, Aleppo's oldest hotel in Syria, sits on the terrace with his black Russian terrier on November 17, 2014.

Getty Images Joseph EID

Chapter Five. Memories of Baron Hotel in Aleppo And our guide approaches a window decorated with various objects including a book written by T.E. Lawrence, a letter on which through a magnifying glass we can read: "I write my letters from the terrace of Baron Hotel."

"And this is his bill," she tells us, showing us a folded sheet of paper.

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Then, believing that we should defend Lawrence's honesty, our guide told us of the communication by Armen Mazloumian, the former boss who died two months before the production of this short film: "Many people tell us that he did not pay his bill because it is still here."

And the old boss answered: "These people, they lie"

Many people tell us

He did not pay his bill And he said : ÂŤ These people, they lie Âť

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Chapter Six. June 1914, the blaze of Europe While T.E. Lawrence is searching in Karkemish excavations, Europe is getting ready to catch fire From the declaration of war, the Patriots demonstrate through Patriotic gatherings formed in the London streets (Like here in White Hall) In the foreground young kids are already dressed as soldiers and say they are ready to die for England.

The butcher is preparing. Below, these men are doomed: Not a single soldier of this Irish Guards team, photographed in 1914, survived the horrible massacre that took place on the battlefield

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Chapter Six. June 1914, the blaze of Europe Lawrence is in England on August 4, 1914. He met Gertrude and his disappointment is obvious: Turkey is not a belligerent and consequently Lawrence doesn't have any opportunity to intervene against this army, he who knows this country so well. . But in October, this is no longer the case, the Turks go to war alongside the Germans.

His first instinct is to meet Hogarth, his benefactor in many cases, to intervene with the British authorities so that Lawrence can help England. And thanks to Hogarth, he is sent to the staff of Cairo.

Source : https://www.herodote.net/Lawrence_d_Arabie_1888_1935_-synthese-1882.php My translation from French to English From the beginning of hostilities, Lawrence went to Cairo as a reserve lieutenant. He joins an Intelligence Service team that will later become the Arab Bureau of the British Secret Service. He was introduced to his job as a spy by Gertrude Bell (1868-1926), a writer and adventurer who was as eccentric as he was.

In 1915, the Turks having gone to war with the Germans and Austro-Hungarians, the Franco-British Allies tried to fight on two fronts, firstly by landing an expeditionary force on the peninsula of Gallipoli, doors of Istanbul, on the other hand occupying Mesopotamia (current Iraq).

Both operations result in disaster. The expeditionary force of Gallipoli must re-embark in disaster on January 8, 1916. When the AngloIndian army of Mesopotamia, it is forced to a humiliating surrender April 26, 1916, while the trench warfare in full swing in Europe.

In Cairo, from which the English watch the East, we decide, for want of anything better, to raise the Arab Sheikhs against the Turks.

Chapter Six. June 1914, the blaze of Europe

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1915: T.E. loses two of his brothers on the Battlefield

en avant préparatoire à l'assaut

Second Lieutenant Frank Helier Lawrence August 1914: volunteer for service in the army and commissioned second lieutenant in the 3rd Gloucesters February 9, 1915: joins the 1st battalion at the front May 9, 1915: killed in action, at the age of 22, at Richebourg l'Avou, while leading his men • BIRTH 7 Feb, 1893 St Helier, Jersey • DEATH May 9, 1915 France • ENTERREMENT Le Touret-Memorial, Richebourg-l'Avoue, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France

William Lawrence - the third of the Lawrence brothers (and whoever T. E. was closest to) was missing while aboard a plane near St Quentin Here is the content of the telegram sent by the War Office three days later: "I regret to inform you that Second Lieutenant W.G. Lawrence has been missing since October 23. This does not necessarily mean that he is killed or wounded." William has been serving in France for less than a week. He was 25 years old. Although his death was not confirmed until the following May, Thomas Edward was convinced.

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Meanwhile, a general of the Battle of Mons joins Palestine. Excerpt from my book "The Battle of Mons", translation authorized by the Arthur Conan Doyle inheritance https://www.calameo.com/read/001082200b1606bc953fd Who was General Allenby?

Born in 1861, he enjoyed a privileged education and served with distinction in South Africa (1884-1888) and in the Boer War (1889-1901). At the beginning of the First World War, General Allenby commanded the British Expeditionary Force Cavalry Division sent to Belgium and France. His successes brought him up to the command of the Third Army until his clash with his supreme commander, General Douglas Haig, who had replaced French. Allenby was then transferred to the Palestine front where his only real danger was boredom.

There, he met an unkempt and somewhat erratic leader, Captain T. E. Lawrence, the recent winner of Aqaba, always ready to stir up revolt. Lawrence, later, will remember Allenby as a man "physically tall and confident, but also morally so great that the understanding of our smallness came slowly to him" And Lawrence will add: "He was so unprepared to meet someone so weird as myself - a little man with a silk shirt and barefoot offering to repel the enemy by his sermons, for provisions and a funding up to £ 200,000 monthly to convince and then order converts," Allenby said he would do what he could and, in fact, used Lawrence as his personal liaison with the Arabs east of his forces. Allenby combined their northern advancing efforts against the Turks by using their mechanized forces against them in rapid attack while the Arabs hit Turkish railway lines and hampered their movement of troops and supplies. Until December 1917, Allenby had moved to Upper Egypt and captured Jerusalem.

John French Field-Marshal du Corps Expéditionnaire Britannique Premier Corps Général

Général Lomax

Corps de Cavalerie

Général

Troisième Corps

Général

Général

Edmund Allenby

William Pulteney

Horace Smith-

Douglas Haig

Première Division

Deuxième Corps

Dorrien

Deuxième Division Général Charles Carmichael Monro

Troisième Division

Sixuième Division

Général

Général

Hubert Hamilton

Charles Fergusson

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Gertrude Bell, fallen in love with the British consul in Damascus, Richard Doughty-Wylie, will be painfully struck by his death on the front in 1915, and she will never recover

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Following of article: http://crosnierlyd.over-blog.com/article-5197455.html : T.E. Lawrence et Gertrude Bell, deux vies My translation from French to English "In January 1914, Gertrude Bell's caravan was on the territory of the formidable Howeitat tribe, which LAWRENCE rallied the leader, Aouda Abu Tayi, Daoud, two years later. He is the dominant figure in the entire Hejaz campaign. Daoud frequently wreaked havoc on rezzos, often making no quarter. For days Miss BELL had not unfolded her portable bath for lack of water. Conscious of the danger, and as she had become accustomed to doing it, she decided to confront it from the front and advanced to the Howeitat camp, heading straight and alone to the chief's black tent, which was dinner party. Somewhat taken aback by this apparition, the latter invited him to sit down and share his meal, the only woman among all those fierce men gathered around a huge plateau loaded with a mountain of rice and mutton where everyone plunged his hand. Miss BELL certainly was not cold in the eyes that she had a beautiful green under a flamingo hair. Aouda Abu Tayi himself was conquered. Politics in Arabia was a man's affair, but that also fascinated her, and now she allowed herself to discuss it. The Arab instinct admires courage, whether physical or moral. Aouda had measured at a glance that of this Western woman he held yet at his mercy, she and her suite. Gertrude had nothing to fear for herself, her men, or her property. In her diary she speaks of this sinister tribe as "a great people" and its leader as "a remarkable leader and a great future."

End of the article entitled: ÂŤ T.E. Lawrence et Gertrude Bell, deux vies Âť Photo: Aouda Abu Tayi, born May 17, 1874 and died July 22, 1924) was the leader of the Bedouin tribe of Howeitat Arabia (in) during the Arab Revolt during the First World War. T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) succeeded in convincing him to join the revolt. His troops took an important part during the falls of Aqaba (July 1917) and Damascus (October 1918). Lawrence, in The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, declared that Auda was the greatest fighter in northern Arabia. His role in Lawrence of Arabia was played by Anthony Quinn. He is portrayed as a complex character, both wise and hacker.

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November 30, 1915, Cairo Gertrude Bell writes: Mr. Hogarth and Mr. Lawrence, former archaeologists at Karkemish, now on the Secret Service, boarded to greet me and take me to this hotel where they also reside. Hogarth writes: "Gertrude arrived as planned last Friday in excellent form; she is recovering both physically and morally and begins to invest the place. The military wonders if they can trust her and how far to put her in the confidence,Âť I told them that she would see that with them and they did not have to worry.

Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) November 30, 1915, Cairo

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Lawrence and Lieutenant-Colonel Dawnay with D.G. Hogarth outside their Cairo Office (Photo 1915-1916)

Let's remember at the beginning of the film, Lawrence in his Cairo office burns a match and lets it burn on his hand without flinching. This need to show his resistance to suffering is a clue that the director of the film considered useful to present from the outset.

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Kut-el-Amara would eventually fall In April 1916, Lawrence was ordered to go to Kut-elAmaea, on the Euphrates, north of Basra. The English army had been shut up in that city since September 1915.

They had tried from India to take the Turks back, but it was a failure. And ten thousand British people were imprisoned there, surrounded by the Turks.

The Turkish general was Halil Pasha. As Lawrence spoke well in Arabic and knew the region well, he was chosen. Delicate and exceptional mission for this junior officer, archeologist, and spy, certainly, but very little militarized.

Lawrence was to offer Halil Pasha a million pounds to lift the siege.

When Lawrence arrives in Basra, he is rather badly received by the British officers who consider that this man disgraces the army and his country. The Pacha refuses the million and despite the fact that Lawrence will double the offer, the Pacha will refuse again.

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Above, British General Charles Townshend, Turkish Governor General Halil Kut and unidentified officers after the siege of Kut. Left, Charles Townshend (1861-1924)

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Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) Faced with this refusal, Lawrence will have to deploy all his skills in negotiation and his main concern will be to ask that the civilian population of the locality be spared because it was common at that time (and many others besides) to punish these civilians by relentless repression. Barely returned to Basra, he receives another mission worded as follows: "Lieutenant Lawrence, tell us if you could trigger, then strengthen, a nationalist sentiment among the Arab population. If that is possible, then Arab nationalism will serve us against the Turks... Why would we not make them want to be independent?

"I only found 12 Arab nationalists in Basra," he wrote in a report.

On April 29, 1916, the British surrendered to the Ottomans at Kut. Anonymous Turkish artist, chromolithography of 1918

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June 10, 1916 The Sharif of Mecca, Hussein ben Ali, proclaims himself king of the Hejaz with the assent of British High Commissioner to the Sultanate of Egypt, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry McMahon.

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_ben_Ali_(chĂŠrif_de_La_Mecque) Hussein ben Ali (chĂŠrif de La Mecque) (1853-1931) Hussein ben Ali (Sharif of Mecca) (1853-1931) During the First World War, he played an important role in launching the Arab Revolt and in allying himself with the British and the French against the Ottoman Empire. At a conference of Arab leaders in Damascus in May 1915, he was recognized as the spokesman of the entire Arab nation (as such he is frequently considered the founder of pan-Arabism.)

He proclaimed the independence of the Hejaz in 1916. It was his son, Faisal, who led most of the comrades to lead to the capture of Damascus by the Arabs, popularized in the West thanks to the story of Lawrence of Saudi. In 1924, the day after the abolition of the caliphate, King Hussein proclaimed himself caliph but he was overthrown by Abdelaziz Al Saoud dit ibn Saoud.

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Ier_(roi_d%27Irak) Faisal (1885-1933) He leads the Arab uprising against the Ottoman forces. Initially, the influence of the revolt does not exceed the framework of the Arabian Peninsula and is limited to skirmishes with the Ottomans and a guerrilla in the desert. The revolt took on a geopolitical dimension of prominence with the capture of Aqaba in 1917 where Aouda Abu Taya (sheik of the Taouiha tribe) plays a decisive role. In October 1918, the capture of Aleppo by the Sherifian forces marked the end of the Middle East campaign and allowed Faisal to claim the creation of the great Arab kingdom promised by the Britons.

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Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) Location of the Kingdom of Hejaz (in green). The red border corresponds to the current region of Hedjaz in Saudi Arabia.

Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) On this 1914 map, the Hejaz was part of the Ottoman Empire, as indicated by the green area

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Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) The Arabs of Hedjaz (The coastal strip west of the Arabian Peninsula whose name means "barrier," a name predestined to block the road to the Turks) won several successes against these.

However, the railroad brings from Damascus troops and equipment. And the Arabs are forced to accept the yoke of their oppressors.

Old Hussein calls the English to his aid. Finally, « he is awake », they say, this time he needs us.

We are arriving at the moment when the British feel that the fruit is ripe and must be picked, and they send Stoors to meet Hussein and his sons. https://jeddavaoenyo.wordpress.com/2015/09/29/yanbu-series-part-2-t-e-lawrences-house-and-yanbu-ruins/ StoorsStores will arrive on the Arabian Peninsula by Djeddah (See map p. 92). A young officer is with him. His name is Lawrence.

What was T.E. Lawrence doing in Djeddah?

He was dispatched by ship to Jeddah to assess the situation in the Hejaz Region and also suggest further courses of action. Lawrence’s major contribution to WWI was convincing the Arab leaders to coordinate their revolt to aid British interests. Part of his mission was to assess the various Hashemite leaders and determine which of these was most likely to pursue the war effectively against the Turks (Ottoman Empire).

Despite his young age and lack of field experience, Lawrence quickly assessed the qualities of the various Arab leaders. He fixed his attention to Emir Faisal, a son of Sharif Sayyid Hussein bin Ali of Mecca, King of Hejaz (a descendant of Prophet Muhammad, PBUH). He recognized Faisal as being a charismatic leader. On Lawrence’s recommendation, Faisal would receive increasing amounts of support from Britain, in terms of money and military materiel. Faisal established a camp near Yanbu with around 9,000 men (See the map next page).

Translation from : T.E. Les 7 piliers de la sagesse (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 598-603).

A verba futurorum. Édition du Kindle. "The first of us was Ronald Storrs, the Residence's Eastern Secretary, the most brilliant Englishman in the Middle East, subtly active despite the energy expended from his work; he loved music, letters, sculpture, painting and, in general, all the beauties of this world. He did not sow what we harvested; Storrs, always the first among us, was our great man. His shadow would cover our work and all English politics in the East if he could only give up the world in order to prepare his mind and body with the severity of an athlete before the fight."

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In Jeddah, Lawrence meets Abdullah (35 years old), then he goes to Rabigh by boat, further north, where he meets Ali (37 years old), and he ends his tour in Hamra, near Wadi Safrah, where he meets Faisal. (See the map) Lawrence's journey between Rabigh and Wadi Safrah will be done in camels, that will travel more than one hundred and fifty kilometers in a desert under overwhelming heat, with temperatures reaching 50 degrees in some places.

Extrait de Lawrence, T.E. Les 7 piliers de la sagesse (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 739-741). A verba futuroruM. Édition du Kindle.

My translation from French to English.

The Sharif of Mecca was, we knew, old. I found Abdullah too subtle, Ali too clean, This battle Zeid too cold. I went back to Faisal's research and discovered in him the leader with will the necessary flame, with enough reason not to reject the support of our expe- highlight the shortrience.

Without revealing the rest of my story, Faisal will already participate in a first battle in Yanbu where he will receive the help of an explosives expert, Major Herbert Garland (see pages 104 to 106).

Then he will lead his troops further north to Al Wadj where he will fight too. This battle will highlight the shortcomings of Faisal's army.

comings of Faisal's army.

Faisal camp with 9000 men Where he will take part in a battle

Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) Extrait de Lawrence, T.E. Les 7 piliers de la sagesse (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 882-895). A verba futuroruM. Édition du Kindle. My translation from French to English.

"Storrs intervened then: he supported me with all his weight, insisting on the capital importance which, for the commander-in-chief of the English forces of Egypt, a complete and rapid information provided by a competent observer; besides, the fact that Sir Archibald Murray1 had sent me, his most qualified and most indispensable staff officer, did not prove the consideration that this high person gave to the Arabic affairs? Abdullah picked up the phone and tried to get his father's consent for my trip inside the country. The Grand Cherif did not hide the suspicion that this proposal inspired him. Abdullah argued, scored two or three points, and passed the phone to Storrs, who immediately turned his old diplomat's batteries against old Hussein.

The unleashed Storrs Arabic was both a joy for the ears and a lesson for any Englishman who must strive to conquer suspicious or refractory Orientals. Rarely, he was resisted more than a few minutes; once again, here he swept everything. The Sherif asked Abdullah again, gave him permission to write to his brother Ali a letter suggesting that if the conditions were normal and if he himself did not mind, we could probably let me go up to Faisal’s camp in the Jebel Subh.

Abdullah, under the influence of Storrs, turned this cautious message into direct written instructions: they enjoined Ali to give me without delay the best of his mĂŠharis and to lead me by a sure guide to the camp of Faisal. Having thus obtained all that I asked for and half of what Storrs asked, we parted to go to lunch."

Another photograph of Storrs who helped Lawrence a lot to join Faisal

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Hussein (Above) authorized Lawrence to meet his son Faisal. And without waiting, Lawrence leaves, accompanied by two men.

After 3 days and 3 nights, he arrives at Faisal camp. http://culture-et-debats.over-blog.com/article-notre-thomas-edward-lawrence-par-serge-talbot-123058569.html Translation from French to English Arcadie n°71, Serge Talbot (pseudo de Paul Hillairet), Septembre 1959 "I saw then, in the black frame of a door, a person dressed in white who was watching me attentively. It was, I understood at first glance, the man I was looking for in Arabia - the leader who would set the Arab Revolt in full glory. In his long white silk robes with a brown veil on his head, held by a cord of purple and gold, Faisal was like a very tall, very thin column. He kept his eyelids down, his black beard and his expressionless face surmounted by a kind of mask the strange, motionless vigilance of his body. His hands were crossed in front of him on his dagger...

How do you find our camp? ... Superb, but far from Damascus. " Lawrence does not wait to signify to Faisal that it is Damascus he is aiming for because this city is located far to the West and to the North and it is towards this objective that he would like the Arabs to go (He wants to liberate Damascus from the Turks.

Faisal does not answer and he smiles.

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Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) 1916 : Meeting with Faisal and Dahoum’s death In 1916, more precisely in June, Lawrence was sent on a mission to meet the leaders of the Arab tribes to revive the Arab uprising. Lawrence crosses a hostile desert, nameless mountains, valleys without roads and endless expanses. He must meet the leaders of the uprising in their camp. He is looking for a charismatic person who can be the leader leading the revolt to his success. At the end of June, he reached the fief of Faisal, son of the Emir of Mecca. Faisal is the man who will carry the Arab revolt. Faisal is a tall, flexible and strong man who can lead the Arab cause to an end. However, greed is a good way to mobilize other tribal princes to unite them into an army. Tri-bale rivalries are important, and money is a way to appease the spirits. In addition to the money brought by the English, they also bring weapons, supplies and military equipment. It is important for the British that the Arab army can compete with the Ottoman army.

Source: http://www.pbs.org/lawrenceofarabia/players/dahoum.html Some historians report that many Arabs working on the ancient site were 'tolerantly scandalized' by Lawrence and Dahoum's friendship, especially when Lawrence stayed on in 1913 and Dahoum moved in with him.

Others reject any notion that their relationship was anything more than friendship and believe Lawrence encouraged the scandalous gossip as it appealed to his sense of humor.

Whatever the truth, many agree, the few, short years with Dahoum at Carchemish were the happiest of Lawrence's life.

In June 1914, Lawrence left Dahoum as custodian to the Carchemish site. It was the last time they ever saw each other.

When Lawrence fought his way back to northern Syria in late 1918 the news reached him that Dahoum had died. A severe famine hit the area in 1916 followed by a typhus epidemic. Dahoum did not live to see his lands liberated.

Lawrence wrote that the strongest motive throughout his campaign in Arabia had been a personal one, adding that it was dead before he reached Damascus.

Mourning for his friend he dedicated The Seven Pillars of Wisdom to 'S.A', presumably Selim Ahmed, and wrote these moving words: "I loved you, so I drew these tides of men into my hands and wrote my will across the sky in stars to earn your Freedom, that seven-pillared worthy house, that your eyes might be shining for me when we came..."

Explanation below

"I loved you, so I drew these tides of men into my hands‌ It is a metaphorical expression, which we often find use in literature and in everyday life. In our lives, we receive ebb and flow; however, we are sometimes unable to recognize if the tide is an opportunity or an obstacle. It's up to us to take advantage of an opportunity or a warning sign. An older person can give this wise suggestion to the younger ones because it contains the beauty of the thought of taking advantage of the opportunity. It could also be suggested to businessmen to take action or not to act.

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Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) The Sykes-Picot agreements are signed on May 16, 1916 The Sykes-Picot agreements are secret agreements signed on May 16, 1916, (after negotiations between November 1915 and March 1916, between France and the United Kingdom, with the approval of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy) , providing for the sharing of the Middle East in several areas of influence for the benefit of these powers, which amounted to dismembering the Ottoman Empire. These secret agreements were finally revealed to the general public only on November 23, 1917, in an article of Izvestia and Pravda and on November 26, 1917, then included in an article by the Manchester Guardian.

Accord de Sykes-Picot https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/937171/le-jour-ou-lawrence-darabie-a-rencontre-lemir-faycal.html Ou http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/asie/syrie-Sykes-Picot-1916.htm In order to avoid the conflicts of French and British interests, France and Great Britain concluded in 1916 a confidential and ultra-secret agreement on the distribution of the British and French zones of influence.

This agreement between Lieutenant-Colonel Mark Sykes for Great Britain, and the Consul in Beirut, Francois Georges-Picot, for France, was signed on May 16, 1916. The agreement did not take into account geographical conditions, nor ethnic, religious or cultural distribution.

Next page: The blue zone of France included Lebanon and the southeastern part of present-day Turkey, as well as Syria and the northern part of Iraq. The red zone covered the southern part of Iraq and Kuwait, as well as Jordan, the northern part of Saudi Arabia and the international administration part.

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Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) Source : http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/asie/syrie-Sykes-Picot-1916.htm

Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) In June 1916, the agent of the British secret services (TE Lawrence), under a cover of most convenient archaeologists, is assigned to a mission which will disrupt the order of things in the Middle East. In an article in Le Monde diplomatique dating from 2003, Henry Laurens exposes that "a number of romantic spirits in Cairo" (...), including the future Lawrence of Arabia, are banking on an Arab renaissance that, based on Bedouin authenticity, would replace Ottoman corruption and Francophone Levantineism." Cambridge Archives Editions http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/titledetails.asp?tid=7 The Arab Bulletin was founded on the initiative of T. E. Lawrence to provide "a secret magazine of Middle East politics." Lawrence edited the first number on 6 June 1916 and thereafter sent numerous reports to it, enabling readers to follow, week by week, the Arab Revolt, which ended Ottoman domination in the Arabian peninsula. The British Foreign Office have described it as: "A remarkable intelligence journal so strictly secret in its matter that only some thirty copies of each issue were struck off... Nor might the journal be quoted from, even in secret communications." All 114 journals are here published for the first time, with an introduction by the late Dr Robin Bidwell.

The Arab Bulletin was written by experts for officials concerned with the area and for military commanders. The authors assumed on the part of their readers a very considerable background knowledge of recent events and of various individuals then of special significance. It is more difficult for people today to recall off-hand the exact position of the war in the Middle East in June 1916, the date of the first issue, or to grasp why intelligence officers took such a special interest in people now largely forgotten. (‌) The Arab Bulletin appeared in June 1916 – the first month of the Arab Revolt. The final issue, no. 114, came out in August 1919. Thus the Bulletin covers one of the most significant periods in the history of the modern Middle East. Not only does it describe in detail the campaign, known as the Arab Revolt, which ended Turkish domination in the Arabian peninsula. The Bulletin also reflects the emerging perception by the British of the idea of Arab unity.

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https://www.kcl.ac.uk/library/archivespec/spotlight/spotlights2017.aspx Copies of The Arab bulletin are now extremely rare and the annotations present in this copy indicate its use by Foreign Office personnel. The image above shows handwritten statistics which appear to refer to the geographical locations of Ottoman military forces.

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Novembre 1916 T.E. Lawrence meets Wingate in Khartoum in November 1916 when he reached the end of his term as governor general of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Wingate then has the new task of eliminating the harmful economic consequences of the war of the Mahdists (Sudan War), what occupies him until 1916.

General Wingate succeeded Sir Henry McMahon on January 1, 1917, as High Commissioner for Egypt, until October 7, 1919, when he was replaced by Viscount Allenby because of growing difficulties.

He was appointed Major General in 1903 and Lieutenant General in 1908. He was also given the title of Pasha.

As he speaks of Wingate and Khartoum, Lawrence is referring to the clothing of the Arabs he has chosen to wear. Š Lawrence, T.E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (French Edition) (Locations for Kindle 1685-1694). A verba futurorum. Kindle Edition. Our stubbornness to wear a hat in the East (due to our ignorance, in fact, of insolation) was, first of all, for the Orientals a subject of profound meditations. Finally, the wisest of them concluded that the Christians kept this hideous object on their head to put the screen of its edges between their weak sight and the embarrassing image of God. Our hat reminds us incessantly to Islam that God, the misnamed, is also unloved by Christians. The English, for their part, decided that such an unfortunate prejudice (and which has nothing in common with our hatred for turbans) must be corrected at all costs. They refused to give up their headgear: those who did not want their headgear would have nothing. For my part, I had been accustomed in Syria, even before the war, to wear the Arab costume when it was necessary; I felt comfortable there, without the slightest impression of degradation. The dresses were very annoying to climb the stairs four to four, but the veil was perfectly adapted to the climate. Having adopted it during our journey into the interior of the country, I was now, braving contempt, to fly it under the fire of the British fleet, until some shop agreed to sell me a cap.

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Š Lawrence, T.... The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (French Edition) (Locations of Kindle 1695-1726). A verba futuroruM. Kindle Edition.

Sir Reginald (Wingate), Sirdar of the Egyptian army, (Sirdar, honorary title of the general-in-chief of an army in the Middle East) received the command of the British troops intended to support the Arab Revolt; I thought it very necessary to go and see Sir Reginald, too, to confide my impressions to him. So I asked Admiral Weymiss for a place on his ship and on his train to Khartoum. He gladly granted it to me after an examination in good standing. I discovered that his active mind and broad intelligence had been concerned from the beginning with the Arab Revolt. Many times his flagship came to help the Rebels at critical moments; many times he had strayed from his path to support a fight on the coast, which was properly the work of the Army, rather than his own. Receiving all the requests with a real pleasure, he made it right with generosity. He had given the Arabs cannons and machine guns, transported, disembarked troops, provided technical advice, in short, cooperated with the Movement without skimping and the best will of the world (...) After Arabia, Khartoum seemed fresh to me. I drew on this change the energy necessary to communicate to Sir Reginald Wingate the long report written while waiting for Yanbo (sometimes spelled Yanbu). The conclusions were full of promise. The Arabs, in my opinion, needed, above all, technical advice; the success of the campaign would be assured by seconding to the Arab chiefs some officers of our regular army, instructed in the language of the country and experienced technicians, who would keep us in touch with the Revolt. My optimism cheers Wingate. For years, he dreamed of this Revolt. However, chance wanted him to receive, during my stay in Khartoum, the power to play the leading role. The intrigues against Sir Henry Mac Mahon had just succeeded: he was recalled to England; Sir Reginald Wingate was appointed to Egypt in his place. So, after two or three days comfortably reading Arthur's Death, I came back from Khartoum to Cairo sure to have told the man responsible all that I could tell him. The descent on the Nile became a pleasure. (End of the excerpt) https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslyn_Wemyss https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslyn_Wemyss April 12, 1864 - May 24, 1933), is an admiral of the British fleet who held various commanding positions during the First World War, especially in the Mediterranean and Egypt. He was named First Sea Lord in December 1917. He represented Great Britain, alongside Marshal Foch, Generalissimo of the Allied Armies, during negotiations with the Germans and the signing of the 1918 armistice in the Rethondes Glade.

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En décembre 1916, de retour au Hedjaz, Lawrence s’initie aux explosifs ©Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 1247-1262). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

"In Yenbo, the newcomer meets an outstanding thirty-six-year-old instructor, Herbert Garland, a prominent chemist and metal expert, nicknamed-ironically? - Bimbashi (major in Turkish, i.e. Commander). The man, who served several years in Sudan, is fluent in the Arabic language. Before inventing a rudimentary pomegranate, the so-called Garland pomegranate (used during the Dardanelles campaign), then a mine to blow up the railroad lines, this explosives specialist, ten years earlier, published a novel sentimental located in Guernsey.

Better handling the dynamite than the pen, the "Commander" teaches Lawrence the basics of his art (before becoming the last person in charge of the Arab Bulletin, in 1919). Lawrence will pay tribute to this discreet hero in The Seven Pillars of Wisdom: He had his own way of blowing up the trains, cutting down the telegraph lines or cutting the metals, and his knowledge of the Arabic language, combined with the freedoms that he took with the theories taught at the School of Engineering, allowed him to train in a jiffy Bedouins illiterate to the job of saboteur. He familiarized me with the explosives. While the engineering staff manipulated it like holy chrism, Garland stuffed a handful of detonators with a Bickford string and primer into his pocket, and then he cheerfully straddled his méhari and left for a whole week, all the way to the road of Hijaz. His health was failing, and the climate often made him sick. Her fragile heart was aching after an effort or a hard blow. But he treated these risks with the same casualness as his detonators... " On December 2 and 3, 1916, Garland commanded Arab forces inside the city during the Battle of Yanbu. The Arabs had no more than 1,500 men and it was expected that the Ottomans would descend on the city imminently. Garland made sure that a defensive trench was dug by the inhabitants of the city, barbed wire was established, the positions of the machine guns were correctly located and the 300-year-old coral walls were reinforced.

He even put an old Turkish gun into service which, in Garlands' words, was "able to pull back instead of forwards." With the support fire and searchlights of six Royal Navy ships, he prevented the Ottoman forces from advancing in a victory without the significant bloodshed that ensured the continuation of the Arab uprising. One of Garland's men thought the spotlight had played a key role in winning the battle, being used to discourage an Ottoman attack by highlighting the plain without the cover that had to be crossed before reaching the city. "

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HSource : http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7918929/Garland-of-Arabia-the-forgotten-story-of-TE-Lawrences-brother-inarms.html Garland of Arabia: the forgotten story of TE Lawrence's brother-in-arms He was a mentor to Lawrence of Arabia, a maverick explosives expert who played a pivotal role in the Arab insurgency against the Ottoman Empire.

Herbert Garland was a maverick explosives expert who played a pivotal role in the Arab insurgency against the Ottoman Empire.

By Richard Alleyne, Science Correspondent 6:00 PM BST 30 Jul 2010 But the part that Major Herbert Garland, a British scientist turned soldier, played in the First World War has largely been ignored, airbrushed from history in the wake of his more famous brother-in-arms.

Now the Royal Society of Chemistry is to finally commemorate the army officer who wrecked his health leading the Arab rebellion before dying forgotten and almost penniless in Gravesend aged just 38.

Dr Richard Pike, chief executive of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), said he was a very rare and "courageous soldier" who was admired by TE Lawrence for his daring and cleverness. “I am pleased that we remember him now, even if it is nine decades after his rather lonely death, far from the desert where his reputation should have been made, as it was with Lawrence, who had learned so much from him,� he said.

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Following: Garland of Arabia: the forgotten story of TE Lawrence's brother-in-arms Major Garland, born in Sheffield, had worked in Cairo as superintendent of a government explosives laboratory.

He was also intrigued by metallurgy of ancient artefacts, and on 15 May 1913 he was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society (the RSC forerunner) which later awarded a £10 grant to research ancient Egyptian metals.

At the outbreak of war, he joined the Arab Bureau along with Lawrence, a group of intellectuals and businessmen whose "mission was to collect every possible bit of information about Turkish and German influence in the Middle East and act on it in the field."

Despite once blowing himself up with explosives and suffering severe shock, he joined Lawrence and Arab rebels to attack the Hejaz railway, one of the main supply lines of the Ottoman Empire.

He developed the mines and taught Lawrence and the rebels how to use them in their guerrilla campaign that acted as a great diversion allowing the British to take Damascus and bring down the Ottoman Empire.

His final act in the war was being sent to Medina, the last place to be surrendered by the Turks, in late 1918. He was responsible for the overseeing of the surrender of the key town to the allies.

But while Lawrence of Arabia, who died almost 75 years ago, refers to him briefly in his book, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, the full achievements of Garland have not been revealed until now.

Lawrence alludes to Garland in his book about the desert revolt, upon which the multi Oscar-winning film Lawrence of Arabia was based and which made great play of the derailing of Turkish trains.

He writes that Garland “had years of practical knowledge of explosives" and "his own devices for mining trains and felling telegraphs and cutting metals."

He said that "his knowledge of Arabic" enabled him "to teach the art of demolition to unlettered Beduin in a quick and ready way. His pupils admired a man who was never at a loss.”

“Incidentally, he taught me how to be familiar with high explosive," Lawrence adds.

"Sappers handled it like a sacrament, but Garland would shove a handful of detonators into his pocket with a string of primers, fuse, and fusees and jump gaily in his camel for a week’s ride to the Hejaz railway.

In a letter, Lawrence writes at one point that Garland contribution to the campaign was greater than his.

“Garland is much more use than I could be," he tells a diplomat.

"For one thing he is senior to me, and he is an expert on explosives and machinery. He digs their trenches, teaches them musketry, machine gun work, signaling, gets on with them exceedingly well and always makes the best of things and they all like him too."

A Major Davenport, who commanded British officers in Arabia, wrote after his death: ” No man worked harder for the success of the operations than Major Garland, and it was only due to dogged pluck that he worked on as long as he did in the Hedjaz.”

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Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) General Maude seizes Baghdad on March 11, 1917 General Maude seized Baghdad on March 11, 1917, and Gertrude Bell soon settled there.

By Not identified - Mrs. Stuart Menzies (1920). Sir Stanley Maude and Other Memories. London: Herbert Jenkins. p. 48. Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11766648

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General Maude seizes Baghdad on March 11, 1917 Le général Maude s’empare de Bagdad le 11 mars 1917 Link of the movie from which these photos are taken https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puQQDKzy7Yk&t=3101s

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Chapter Seven. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services (1914 to 1916) In Europe, the « Chemin des Dames » offensive began early in the morning of April 16, 1917. It was the only way to date when Lawrence found the Red Sea and returned to Faisal camp at Al Wadjh. And there he meets Auda Abu Tayi. ©Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 1404-1418). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

Lawrence describing Auda Abu Tayi "As always with Lawrence, it's the first impression that counts and, precisely, the fascination he feels for the Bedouin is immediate. We had been told many things about this man and what I had learned had led me to the conclusion that his competition would allow us to force the lock of Aqaba; when, having listened for a few moments, I perceived the strength and lack of detours of the character, I knew we were reaching the goal [...]. He must have been more than sixty years old, and his black hair was streaked with white, but he was still sturdy and straight, as supple, slender, and lively as a much younger man. His face, beautiful even in his wrinkles and furrows, reflected the great sorrow of his life, the disappearance of Annad, his favorite son [...] He had large expressive eyes that seemed black velvet.

Synthèse tirée du lien suivant : https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Aqaba La bataille d’El Wadjh (aussi El Wadj) fut un enseignement pour la bataille d’Aqaba Fin 1916, après l’autoproclamation d’indépendance du Hedjaz, la révolte arabe ne connaissait plus de progrès et le nouvel objectif de l’émir Fayçal, le plus dynamique des fils du chérif Hussein, est le port d’El Wadjh.

Tenu par environ 500 Turcs, il est situé à environ 300 kilomètres au nord de Yenbu. Prendre cette position, c’est rendre possible des attaques sur le chemin du fer du Hedjaz, la seule voie de ravitaillement de la garnison turque de Médine, et mettre un terme définitif aux menaces d’attaques ennemies sur Yenbu ou Rabigh.

En janvier 1917, le petit port d’El Wadjh est conquis par Fayçal. Mais le mérite ne lui revient pas : quand la flottille de l’amiral anglais Wemyss arrive à pied d’œuvre au large du port, la colonne de Fayçal est encore à deux jours de marche. Le Britannique ne veut pas attendre ; le 23 janvier, il lance sur la ville quelques centaines de soldats arabes réguliers et bombarde allègrement les Turcs. Fayçal et son impressionnante colonne n’arrivent à El Wadjh que le 25.

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Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba Map drawn and compiled by YAGITANI Ryoko showing the expedition of Lawrence to Aqaba in 1917 and the Hijaz railway line in comparison with the routes mentioned before. But no matter that the pink line corrects the blue line, the essential thing is to note the terrible effort it took to take the Turks back.

Watch out for differences in spelling (Al Wadjh is Wajh) on the map and Aqaba is also spelled Akaba

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Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba So, one might wonder why he chooses Aqaba?

Because, first of all, the Turkish army is very present and this army can prevent the English, located in Egypt, from marching towards Jerusalem.

On this route from Al Wadjh to Aqaba, Lawrence will decide to leave this army for a few days to go back alone to Damascus.

And when he returns to this army whose objective has not changed, since it remained Aqaba, he will even take the opportunity to blow a train.

Finally, it is July 5, 1917 that they arrive at Aqaba, whose defense sea side seems impassable.

What is not the case from the rear, and besides nobody had thought to defend the rear as it needed still big efforts from these Arab tired to accomplish this distance and overcome the difficulties of the ground.

When the Turks watched as the 2000 Arabs descended from the ridges, they were terrified and surrendered the next day.

It was an absolutely unpredictable victory And Lawrence obviously warned the staff of Cairo. Never mind, he will cross the desert and arrive in Cairo (250 km of desert in 49 hours, report the reports of historians) where after some understandable hesitation, he will be welcomed as a national hero. General Allenby will name him Major.Âť

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Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba

http://sociological-eye.blogspot.be/2015/04/how-to-become-famous-networks-of.html Lawrence with his Arab troops in 1917

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The Battle of Aqaba, July 6, 1917, Jordan, World War I As soon as Lawrence spread the news of the capture of Aqaba, the British navy supported the Arab army at Aqaba Auda ibu Tayi (center), surrounded by his two brothers, united the Arab forces he led to the conquest of Aqaba. Photo right: T.E. Lawrence on his camel in Aqaba.

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Some details on the Battle of Aqaba https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Aqaba The battle of Aqaba actually took place mainly at the Ottoman fortress of Abu el Lissal, halfway between Aqaba and the city of Ma'an. A separate group of Arab rebels, in coordination with the expedition, had taken up the position a few days earlier, but a Turkish infantry battalion took it over. They then attacked an Arab encampment and killed several of them. Having learned of these facts, Auda personally launched an attack on Turkish troops on 6 July. The Arab charge was victorious.

The Turkish resistance was weak, but the Arabs massacred hundreds of soldiers by pure revenge, before their leaders could prevent them.

A total of 300 Turks were killed and 160 others captured, for only 2 killed and some wounded. Lawrence himself nearly perished during the operations: he awkwardly killed his dromedary by shooting him with a pistol at the head, and was ejected several meters at the fall.

Auda also came close to death several times: six bullets crossed her clothes without reaching her but smashed her binoculars and her mare was shot by enemy fire. Meanwhile, some British ships positioned themselves off Aqaba itself, and began to bomb the fort. (See photo taken in 2006, next page) At that moment, Lawrence, Auda, and Nasir gathered their troops; they were now quadrupled, amounting to about 2,000 men, the local Bedouins having now joined the rebellion following the defeat of the Turks at Lissal. This force skirted the defensive lines of Aqaba and received the surrender of Ottoman troops from the fort.

The illustration (Turkish surrender of Aqaba is fulled of dignity compared to cruelty of the text above) The illustration comes from The Arab Revolt 1916-18 by David Murphy.

The work is by Peter Dennis.

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Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba Photo of Aqaba in 1917

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Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba Photo of Aqaba in 1917

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Faisal is in the center of the picture, and Lawrence, observes his right forearm that he squeezes with his left hand.

T.E. Lawrence (on the right of this first photo) in Aqaba with Damascene Nesib el Bekri (center), who was also one of the conquerors of the strategic port.

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Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba  In the shadow of the crescent http://shadowofthecrescent.blogspot.be/2011/03/cartographers-tool-kit-et-al.html AQABA: Lawrence and his colleagues set up quite decent camping arrangements. With a Persian carpet at its hearth entrance, this tent was equipped with beds and rudimentary washing facilities. The guy-lines of the tent were secured with pegs and with the additional weight of a sand bag at each corner, evidence that the weather in the desert could whip up quite a strong wind. Lawrence’s tent also possessed a gramophone player which was put outside on a tall table during the regular gatherings with fellow British officers. A box of records kept the men entertained, and one or two pets were introduced for added distraction. Major Scott, base commander at Aqaba, holds a terrier name "Robert."

Captain Goslett strokes a saluki named "Shorter."

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Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba The Aqaba Fortress photographed in 2006 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6215448

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AQABA is not far from Wadi RUM

The valley has been the location of many films; for desert scenes or for the Martian pays-films of sci-fi movies.

• Lawrence of Arabia, 1962 • Red Planet, 2000 • Passion in the Desert, 1998 • Transformers 2, to be Egypt • Prometheus, appearing the planet of Aliens • The Last Days on March, 2013 • Alone on March, 2015

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Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba This is where we find Lawrence driving an old Ford

Above, TE Lawrence driving a Ford T in the desert Wadi Rum | Yallamotor.com This massive mountain was called "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom" after the title of Lawrence's book was known.

Wadi Rum or Wadi Ramm (Arabic: ‫ )رم واد ي‬is a desert paysage with canyons, natural arches, cliffs and caves, located south of Arabah in Jordan.

It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2011 as a natural and cultural property.

Geologically, Wadi Rum is a valley (wadi or wadi) created by the erosion of an endorheic stream in the sandstone and granite rocks of southwestern Jordan.

Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba The only movie sequence where I heard the voice that I guess to be Lawrence's one.

Any approval or disagreement is welcome so that I can possibly correct – Thanks.

Email: editionsduprof@hotmail.com Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puQQDKzy7Yk&t=3101s

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Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba Meeting with General Allenby in Cairo in July 1917 Lawrence traveled through the Sinai Peninsula with a small bodyguard to personally inform the British Army in Cairo, under General Edmund Allenby, that Aqaba had fallen. Upon arriving at the Suez Canal, Lawrence phoned Cairo HQ to announce this success, and he also organized a naval supply ship to Aqaba.

Lawrence arrived in Cairo a few days later and met Allenby, who agreed to supply the Arab forces with arms, food, financing and several warships.

The capture of Aqaba allowed the transport of Faisal's army further north, where it could begin operations with the logistic support of the British army. The conquest of the city would also ease pressure on British forces in Palestine and isolate Turkish forces in Medina, opening the way for possible Arab military operations in Syria and Jordan.

Attached is a reminder of the historical map before the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which will not be released until November 23, 1917.

Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba This movie is considered one of the masterpieces of cinema: it has been awarded seven Oscars, including the best film.

It propels Peter O'Toole and Omar Sharif to the ranks of cinema legends. It is also particularly ranked in the Top 100 of the American Film Institute, where he is in seventh place.

Director: David Mac Lean The main actors : T.E. Lawrence Peter O’Toole Prince Faisal Alec Guiness Auda abu Tayi Antony Quinn Gen. Allenby

Jack Hawkins

Omar Sharif Sherif Ali ibn el Kharish From left to right: Auda Abu Tayi (Antony Quinn); T.E. Lawrence (Peter O'Toole); Sherif Ali ibn el Kharish (Omar Sharif)

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The Lawrence-Allenby meeting, the favorite scenes of moviegoers who remain attached to the glorious hours of T.E. Lawrence. The following photos are from a sequence of David Lean's film masterpiece (Between 1:59 and 2:09 minutes from the beginning) Lawrence and an Arab arrive at the British headquarters in Cairo

Arrested by the NCO on duty, Lawrence replied: ÂŤ We are thirsty Âť

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The Lawrence-Allenby meeting, the favorite scenes of moviegoers who remain attached to the glorious hours of T.E. Lawrence. The following photos are from a sequence of David Lean's film masterpiece (Between 1:59 and 2:09 minutes from the beginning)

We want two glasses of Limonade

We have taken AQABA

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The Lawrence-Allenby meeting, the favorite scenes of moviegoers who remain attached to the glorious hours of T.E. Lawrence. The following photos are from a sequence of David Lean's film masterpiece (Between 1:59 and 2:09 minutes from the beginning)

Under the greetings of all officers and NCOs in Cairo, Allenby leads Lawrence to the Bar

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Chapter Eight. July 6, 1917, the fall of Aqaba The Lawrence-Allenby meeting, the favorite scenes of moviegoers who remain attached to the glorious hours of T.E. Lawrence. The following photos are from a sequence of David Lean's film masterpiece (Between 1:59 and 2:09 minutes from the beginning)

Allenby and Lawrence arrive at Cairo Officers' Bar

In thirteen weeks, we can have Arabia in chaos…Give us 5000 small arms, money, they don’t like paper, a couple of armored cars, field artillery…

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Chapter Nine. The Post-Aqaba Lawrence meets Hussein, king of Hedjaz, July 28, 1917. Reminder of premises of the Arab Revolt

Source : https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedjaz Let's remember that Hussein played an important role in launching the Arab Revolt and in allying himself with the British and the French against the Ottoman Empire. At a conference of Arab leaders in Damascus in May 1915, he was recognized as the spokesman of the entire Arab nation (as such he is frequently considered the founder of pan-Arabism). He proclaimed the independence of the Hijaz (or Hedjaz) in 1916. It was his son, Hussein Ben Ali, who led most of the fighting leading to the capture of Damascus by the Arabs. In the movie Lawrence of Arabia his role is played by Omar Sharif (Below right) In a few weeks, Sherif Hussein 's soldiers had chased the Turks from Mecca and Ta'if - a nearby town to the holy city - and had seized Jeddah (Yidda on the map), Rabigh and Yanbo. The ephemeral Kingdom of Hejaz was born then, with Mecca as capital, and Hussein, on June 27, 1916, proclaimed himself king.

Location of the Kingdom of Hejaz (in green). The red border corresponds to the present-day region of Hedjaz in Saudi Arabia.

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Lawrence meets Hussein, king of Hedjaz, July 28, 1917. Reminder of premises of the Arab Revolt

Mecca (Photo from the following video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqvcjL6ObH0&t=586s (4 minutes and 30 minutes from the beginning) (Arabic: ‫م كة‬, makka) is a city in western Saudi Arabia, not far from the hinge separating Hijaz from Asir, 80 km from the Red Sea, and capital of the province of Mecca.

Place of birth, according to the Islamic tradition, of the prophet of Islam Mohammed at the end of the 6th century, it shelters the Kaaba in the heart of the mosque Masjid Al-Haram ("The Holy Mosque") and the Moslem tradition has linked its foundation to Ibrahim (Abraham), making it the holiest holy city of Islam. Access is forbidden to non-Muslim people as well as to single women, even Muslim women.

Chapter Nine. The Post-Aqaba Sur cette carte de 1914, le Hedjaz fait partie de l'Empire ottoman, comme indiquĂŠ par la zone verte

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Chapitre Neuf. L’après Aqaba Genealogy of the Royal House of Hashemites

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December 11, 1917, solemn entry into Jerusalem ŠLawrence, T.E. Les 7 piliers de la sagesse - Tome II (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 2925-2931). A verba futuroruM. Édition du Kindle.

I was still with him (with Allenby) when a message from Chetwode told him about the fall of Jerusalem. Allenby prepared to make his entrance there with the official pomp that had been drawn by the universal imagination of Marc Sykes. The General was good enough (though I was not for nothing in this victory) to allow Clayton to take me to him that day as a staff officer. The officers personally attached to the General searched for their wardrobes and, through their care, I ended up resembling a Major of the British Army. Dalmeny lent me the red insignia of the collar, Evans the braided cap: it is thus provided with all the trinkets reserved for my rank that I took part in this ceremony of the door of Jaffa, for me the supreme moment of the war.

Marshal Philip Walhouse Chetwode, (September 21, 1869 - July 6, 1950) was a senior officer of the British Army. He was active during the Boer War during the First World War on the Western Front, participating in the First Battle of Ypres, then at Sinai, and in the Palestine Campaign (First Battle of Gaza in March 1917), battle from Beersheba in October 1917 and Battle of Jerusalem in November 1917.

He became Chief of the General Staff in India in 1928 and Commander-in-Chief in India in 1930, and preoccupied much of the modernization and Indianization of the Indian Army.

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Chapter Nine. The Post-Aqaba Allenby welcomed by the Jewish community of Jerusalem

http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/2016/02/01/0300420160201ARTFIG00299-good-morning-jerusalem.php He is called "The Bull" because he is subject to memorable anger, but most of his men consider him the "last paladin".

A stick under his right arm, General Edmund Allenby made his entry on foot in Jerusalem. (...) The "Bloody Bull", followed by his officers, including Thomas Edward Lawrence in captain's attire, joins the Tower of David where Hussein alHusseini, the mayor of the city and member of one of the most prestigious Arab families from Jerusalem, must hand him the keys of the Holy City. The delegates of the Allied Powers, Franรงois Georges-Picot and Sir Mark Sykes, are part of the procession. They concluded in 1916 sharing agreements between France and Great Britain in total contradiction with the promises made to the Sherif of Mecca. General Allenby often spoke with Thomas Lawrence, who fought alongside the Bedouins of Prince Faisal, one of the sons of the Hashemite ruler. To thwart the Sykes-Picot agreements, Lawrence of Arabia, as he has been called since the capture of Aqaba, intends to liberate Damascus with the prince and put the allies before the fait accompli. A project that General Allenby is ready to support.

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December 11, 1917, solemn entry into Jerusalem

Description de JÊrusalem par T.E. Lawrence ŠLawrence, T.E.. Les 7 piliers de la sagesse - Tome II (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 413-419).

A verba futuroruM. Édition du Kindle.

Jerusalem, was a city horribly dirty, considered holy by all the Semitic religions. Christians and Mahometans came on pilgrimage to the relics of his past; some Jews saw in it the political future of their race. These united powers of the past and the future were so strong that the city had almost no present. Its inhabitants, with a few rare exceptions, were as devoid of character as hotel valets, and lived on the influx of visitors. The ideal of Arab nationalism was quite alien to them; yet the familiar spectacle of Christian dissension at the time of the most intense emotion had led the various classes of Jerusalem to despise us all.

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Chapter Nine. The Post-Aqaba December 11, 1917, solemn entry into Jerusalem

Lawrence, Abdullah and Allenby

Chapter Nine. The Post-Aqaba December 11, 1917, solemn entry into Jerusalem Two snapshots from the video here is the link on You Tube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78y7jYZ1lnE Lawrence among British officers at triumphal entry into Jerusalem

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General Allenby waits for the end of winter before conquering Damascus Le Général Allenby attend la fin de l’hiver avant de conquérir Damas © Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacement du Kindle 2068). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

In Syria, the winter can be icy, especially at altitude. The period from November to March is the rainy season, sometimes torrential, and the wind is penetrating cold. Snow can fall in Beirut, Jerusalem, Damascus, Amman, Petra and even Cairo or Sinai. General Allenby wants to avoid Napoleon's mistake in Russia: he will wait for the end of this bad season before continuing his offensive towards Damascus. It is because the bureaucrats of the British army have forgotten that it can be very cold in the East, and the light clothes of the soldiers of his Majesty do not allow to face the rigor of the climate. Once more, as in all wars, the stewardship does not follow ... The Indian sepoys fear the cold even more than the English. Continuing operations after the capture of Jerusalem would have been suicidal.

Allenby and Faisal

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Late 1917 and February 1918: Lawrence meets journalist Lowell Thomas who will contribute to his legend

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Chapter Nine. The Post-Aqaba Late 1917 and February 1918: Lawrence meets journalist Lowell Thomas who will contribute to his legend

Lowell Thomas (1892 - 1981) is a radio host, explorer and American writer.

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From : T. E. 27 Articles (p. 8-9). Simon et Schuster. Édition du Kindle.

In August 1917, the British High Command, belatedly realizing that they had no real idea how Lawrence had produced the miracle of capturing vital Aqaba with Faisal’s ragtag Bedu army, tasked him with codifying what he had learned about the Arabs in a manual that could be used by other British officers serving in the field with the Hashemite troops. It was feared that, given the good chance Lawrence might die, his unique knowledge of working with the Arab forces would be lost forever. So Lawrence, in the midst of the guerrilla campaign that followed Aqaba, somewhat grumpily began typing his 27 Articles in the heat of the desert sun.

A brilliant mixture of political, military and psychological analysis 27 articles offers nothing less than a revolutionary new way for Western nation builders tp look at the rest of the world.

Il was a century ahead of its time Lawrence realized that in his particular case he could not win without the political support of the local Arab population in western Arabia and Greater Syria – but with their support, he could not lose.

From T. E. 27 Articles (page 44). Simon et Schuster. Édition du Kindle.

Disguise is not abvisable. Except in special areas, let it be clearly known that you are a British officer and a Christian. At the same time, if you can wear Arab kit when with the tribes, you will acquire their trust and intimacy to a degree impossible in uniform. It is however, dangerous and difficult. (…)

If you wear Arabic things at all, go to the whole way. Leave your English friends and customs on the coast and fall back on Arab habits entirely. It is possible, starting thus level with them, for the European to beat the Arabs at their own game, for we have stronger motives for our action, and put more heart into it than they. If you can surpass them, you have taken an immense stride toward complete success, but the strain of living and thinking in a foreign language, the savage food, strange clothes, and stranger ways, with complete loss of privacy and quiet, and the impossibility and half understood, wild food, strange clothes, and strange ways, with the loss complete intimacy and calm, and the impossibility of ever relaxing your watchful imitation of the others for months, provide such an added stress to the ordinary difficulties of dealing with the Bedu, the climate, and the Turks, that this road should not be chosen without serious thought. (...)

In fact, Faisal came to be vexed on the rare subsequent occasion when Lawrence appeared in regulation British khaki, as if this meant he was breaking faith with the honorary tribal membership the Arabs had bestowed on him.

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http://www.lefigaro.fr/histoire/archives/2015/05/18/26010-20150518ARTFIG00323-les-conseils-de-lawrence-d-arabie-pour-traiteravec-les-arabes-publies-en-1917.php Summary of the 27 articles "The advice of T.E. Lawrence to deal with the Arabs published in 1917", by Marie-Aude Bonniel, Published on 18/05/2015 ARCHIVES - In 1917 Lawrence wrote 27 "articles" in The Arab Bulletin, in which he explained what attitude to choose in order to facilitate contacts between English soldiers and Arabs. Translated into French in 1965 The literary Figaro publishes them.

"When it comes to business, do not deal with the commander of the army [...] Your place is that of a counselor, and your advice should be given only to the commander."

"Never hold your hand on an Arab; you are degrading yourself."

"Among the Bedouins, Islam is an element that penetrates everything so much that there is little religiosity, little fervor, no consideration for the accessory."

"Do not mix the Bedouins and the Syrians, nor the tribes with the soldiers [...] because they hate each other."

Photo extracted from the article: Turks in Palestine in 1917

Chapter Nine. The Post-Aqaba This is the time when General Allenby will be able to charge Jerusalem and he would like to be accompanied by Lawrence. And this will be the case: the two men will be side by side when they enter Jerusalem.

Yet Lawrence did not change his goal: it was not Jerusalem he wanted to conquer, but Damascus.

Then he multiplies the actions in the desert and the knot of tracks of Deraa tries it particularly. The Turks are strongly implanted there and before possibly attacking this knot of railroads (See next map), which would disorganize the Turkish defense, he decides to go there alone again as he went to Damascus. So, he wears rags, night trip and a day at dawn enters the city of Deraa, sees the station, looks at the railways ...

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Chapter Nine. The Post-Aqaba 20 and 21 November 1917: arrested in Turkish territory, Lawrence is tortured and raped in Deraa

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This humiliation profoundly affected Lawrence; she touched him in the depths of his being. He told a few people that this humiliation had changed the meaning of his life and this is an authentic real thing.

From left to right and from top to bottom, the apparently homosexual Turkish officer is attracted to Lawrence whom he dares to stroke.

The Englishman responded with a sharp blow in the belly of the Turk.

The whip, followed by rape, which we guess, ends this scene from David Lean's movie.

(Between 2:49 and 2:50 minutes from the beginning) Chapter Sixteen of this ebook presents a recent inquiry about the reliability of this event.

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20 and 21 November 1917: arrested in Turkish territory, Lawrence is tortured and raped in Deraa From « Clio Visualizing History » https://www.cliohistory.org/thomas-lawrence/lawrence/deraa/ In his account of his role in the Arab Revolt, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Lawrence writes of an incognito reconnaissance mission from Akaba to Deraa, a Turkish supply base. He reports that he was captured — though not identified — beaten and raped before escaping. This incident is alluded to in David Lean’s film “Lawrence of Arabia.”

Some of the more recent of Lawrence’s many biographers lean to the conclusion that it never occurred. Adrian Greaves, for example, notes that Lawrence never mentioned the incident for a year after it was alleged to have taken place and that Lawrence’s account had changed and was full of questionable assertions. This included the notion that the Turks would have persisted in believing that this fair-skinned, blueeyed man they had arrested was some unimportant Arab they might abuse and then impress into their army. “The whole alleged incident appears to be little more than a fabrication,” Greaves writes.

Could Lawrence, as the historian David Fromkin suggests, have made it up in order explain whip marks from a voluntary session of sadomasochism? His account also has suspicious similarities to a scene in Joseph Conrad’s “Lord Jim,” asserts J.N. Lockman. Biographer John E. Mack, however, accepts the story and Lawrence’s later assertion that what happened to him at Deraa “apparently did permanent damage” to his psyche.

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150 After regaining his balance, the rape of Deraa has greatly disturbed him, he continues to fight the Turks. And he particularly aims at railway convoys.

With allies, Arabs, French, Muslims from North Africa, Indians and Australians, all these troops some of which are equipped with motor vehicles and armored, Lawrence participates in the battle of Tafila (One approaches Damascus, the city he has always wanted to conquer) and this victory is such that he receives the DSO (Distinguished Service Order) (see photo at the bottom of the following page) On March 12, 1918, he will be appointed to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Š Lawrence at the Battle of Tafila, January 25, 1918- By Giuseppe Rava

Chapter Nine. The Post-Aqaba The Turks are crushed then pushed out of Damascus. Lawrence arrives, not on his camel but in a Rolls.

Entry of Lawrence to Damascus on October 1, 1918 LTC T.E. Lawrence and the driver, Corporal J. McKechnie, enter Damascus Oct. 2, 1918 (Courtesy image: Rolls-Royce plc)

DSO (Distinguished Service Order)

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Chapter Nine. The Post-Aqaba Views of Damascus at this time

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The entry into Damascus on 1 October 1918 of T. E. Lawrence in the company of Faisal, to whom he intended the crown of Syria, is a true consecration for this Englishman. Both are warmly welcomed.

Damascus, the city that Lawrence has always considered his main goal is reached.

And it is in Damascus that Lawrence says to himself: "Now, it is necessary to take care of the affairs and not of the war, it is necessary to give Faisal what he has been promised.

And this wish ended in a meeting between Allenby, Faisal and Lawrence.

It was quite unknown what had happened two years earlier when secret agreements were signed on May 16, 1916, between France and the United Kingdom3 (with the endorsement of the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom). Italy), foreseeing the sharing of the Middle East.

England had acquired Palestine and Iraq, among others, while France received Syria and Lebanon. These were the Sykes-Picot chords.

And history claims that Lawrence knew them, but he pretended to disregard them. This was the case when Faisal told him about it: "It seems that there are agreements," he had told him.

Lawrence denied. And now General Allenby, arrived at Damascus, was going to have to tell the whole truth to Faisal: "Damascus is for the French." And Lebanon? asked Faisal. And Allenby replied, "Lebanon is also to the French." And it is even said that Allenby turned to Lawrence, saying: "You did not tell him that the French would be in Syria? And Lawrence contented himself with denying, obviously not wanting to lose face with Faisal. This episode was fundamental and put Lawrence in such a state of depression that he asked Allenby for permission and he went to England. And as if to add to his disappointment, November 2, 1917, the British Foreign Secretary Lord Balfour had published an open letter in the Times that was not forgotten during the pourpalers: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1917#/media/File:Balfour_portrait_and_declaration.JPG There is still enough strength and courage to T.E. Lawrence to recover what can be, because we are approaching peace negotiations that will take place in Paris on January 18, 1919, three months after entry into Damascus. Since he is in England, he will fight diplomatically for his promise to the Arabs to be honored. Among other things, he wants the French to be pushed out of the countries granted to them by the agreements. It is well known that Lawrence has no affinity for the French. It is even said that he speaks of them as if they were enemies.

Then he is called to the British Council, he will be at the 1919 Peace Conference. "

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2 novembre 1917, dĂŠclaration de Lord Balfour https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DĂŠclaration_Balfour_de_1917 The Balfour Declaration of 1917 is an open letter dated November 2, 1917, signed by Arthur Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary.

It is addressed to Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild (1868-1937), eminence of the British Jewish and financial community of the Zionist movement, for the purposes of retransmission.

"Dear Lord Rothschild, I have the great pleasure of addressing to you, from His Majesty's Government, the following statement, sympathetic to the Jewish Zionist aspirations, a statement which, submitted to the Cabinet, has been approved by him.

His Majesty's Government is favorably considering the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for Jews and will make every effort to facilitate the attainment of this goal, with the clear understanding that nothing will be done that may affect either the civil rights and religious non-Jewish communities existing in Palestine, the rights and political status that Jews in any other country. I would be obliged to bring this statement to the attention of the Zionist Federation ...

"Signed: Arthur James Balfour.

The statement is published in the London Times on November 9, in the insert "Palestine for the Jews. Official Sympathy. " With this letter, the United Kingdom is in favor of establishing a Jewish national home in Palestine. This declaration is considered one of the first steps in the creation of the State of Israel.

Chapter Ten. Peace Conference, January 22, 1919 Armistice : 11 novembre 1918

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In the Middle East, as elsewhere, the flags decorate the cities.

The infernal butchery has ended leaving 18.5 million dead and 21.2 million wounded in the world

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Photo taken in December 1918 (one month before the conference) on the ship H.M.S. Orion with Lawrence and Faisal who went to Scotland

Chapter Ten. Peace Conference, January 22, 1919

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The Orion class was the first class of super-dreadnought battleships built in the United Kingdom prior to the First World War to serve in the Royal Navy.

These four 1st class battleships were assigned to the 2 Wing Ba-size Home Fleet. They were based at Scapa Flow.

The Orion class was the first class of super-dreadnought battleships built in the United Kingdom prior to the First World War to serve in the Royal Navy.

These four 1st class battleships were assigned to the 2 Wing Ba-size Home Fleet. They were based at Scapa Flow.

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.

The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 is an international conference organized by the victors of the First World War to negotiate peace treaties between the Allies and the vanquished. The conference begins on January 18, 1919 and ends in August 1920, with some interruptions in the meantime.

It consecrates the disappearance of three empires, the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.

The German colonies are divided between the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, South Africa, the United States and Japan, while the Middle East, formerly Turkish possession, is divided into mandates attributed by the League of Nations to France and England. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConfĂŠrence_de_paix_de_Paris_(1919) War reparations are required from Germany, which has its eastern territory cut off, among others, from the Danzig Corridor, administered by Poland, as part of Upper Silesia.

From left to right: Rustum Haidar, Nuri As-Said, Prince Faisal (Front), Captain Pisani (Rear), T. E. Lawrence, Faisal's slave, Captain Hassan Khadri.

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Source : http://www.maaber.org/issue_august03/lookout2f.htm : From French to English : La Syrie et le mandat français (1920-1946) Faisal came out of the peace conference without any agreement on the mandates while they were being assigned at a meeting of the allies in San Remo.

This attribution was, in fact, a sharing of gains between imperialists, who cared little for the pretensions of Arab nationalism.

While Faisal was in Europe, and was busy trying to defend the Arab interests against the French determination, abandoned by his British al-linked, his power in Syria had weakened.

France's policy in favor of the creation of a great Lebanon, as well as its desire to control the whole of Syria, made the confrontation with Faisal inevitable in the long run.

From October 8, 1919, the situation is deteriorating in Syria, and the radical nationalists decide the general mobilization. On March 8, 1920, the Arab Congress in Damascus unilaterally proclaimed the independence and creation of a Syrian Arab kingdom within its natural borders, including Palestine, and Faisal as King of Syria.

But in April 1920, the San Remo conference in Italy, confirming the amended Sykes-Picot agreements (petroleum agreements), gives France the mandates over Lebanon and Syria, to England the mandates over the Palestine, southern Syria (Transjordan) and Iraq.

The tension is at its peak in Syria and Lebanon. Incidents are increasing. On July 14, 1920, General Gouraud issued an ultimatum to Faisal. July 24, 1920, the French column commanded by General Goybet walks on Damascus.

The French troops make their entry in Damascus July 25, 1920. It is the collapse of the ephemeral Arab kingdom and the beginning of the French mandate on Syria that will last a quarter century. King Faisal, expelled from Syria (He was king only four months and six days).

On the right, General Goybet who entered Damas on the 25th July 1920 and brought an end to Faisal’s reign that lasted only four months and six days ©Famille du Chevalier Goybet

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And when Lawrence returns from this Peace Conference, he writes his main work "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom" And yet this book, he will not publish it during his lifetime, except his edition numbered to a few copies.

Lowell Thomas, who has become one of America's most famous journalists, turns Lawrence's story into a multimedia show, seen after the war by more than four million people. Thomas's show helps create the legend of "Lawrence of Arabia." And, raised by his fame, Lawrence plays a major role in conferences that help create the modern Middle East.

Lowell Thomas in 1923 - https://www.cliohistory.org/thomas-lawrence/thomas/

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On June 10, 1919, Lawrence was declared a "Fellow" of All Souls College, a college founded by the Archbishop of Canterbury and King Henry VI in 1438, which I visited and photographed from all angles.

This college is known for its architectural beauty, embellished with a solar clock that is a marvel.

"Fellow", however, he holds only a master's degree. But, no doubt, his regular godfather, Hogarth, has something to do with it. The substantial financial benefits of this honor were to allow Lawrence to move to Oxford and quietly finish writing "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.

My translation from French to English : Š Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 2748-2777). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

For the moment, Lawrence has returned to his dear studies. He divides his time between the family home, the library and the flat in which, as a Fellow, he is now entitled to Oxford. He is said again depressed, but how to know with him? He is recovering from four or six years of exhausting physical and mental activity, of what he considers a failure at the Paris conference and, of course, of his father's death. (...) So he dreams, thinks and writes. His book is well advanced, and he begins to see the end. A few rare friends, like David Hogarth and Alan Dawnay, will have the privilege of reading this first draft, and it is precisely by returning from this one that he forgets, in Reading Station, the briefcase containing the precious manuscript who asked him so much effort. He will never get it back. The blow is severe but, as of December 2, Lawrence goes back to work and, taking up everything in the first line, rewrote his book from memory. This time, he isolates himself at Westminster (14, Barton Street), near the parliament, in a kind of attic put at his disposal by an architect met in Oxford, Herbert Baker (...)

Eating little, sleeping little, bathing public baths, Lawrence writes and, in a few weeks, this second version of a book that is still almost eight hundred pages.

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By beginning his album with T.E. Lawrence at Reading Station and the stealing of his manuscript, Edgar P. Jacobs keeps us in suspense until the end (Excerpt from Page 1 of the "Six Lords Oath") © Copyright The adventures of Blake and Mortimer with the characters of Edgar P. Jacobs

By Yves Sente-André Juillard

On the left, a picture of Reading Station at the beginning of the 20th century, one summer day, it seems; however, it was taken in November 1919…

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By beginning his album with T.E. Lawrence at Reading Station and the stealing of his manuscript, Edgar P. Jacobs keeps us in suspense until the end (Excerpt from Page 1 of the "Six Lords Oath")

© Copyright The adventures of Blake and Mortimer with the characters of Edgar P. Jacobs

By Yves Sente-André Juillard

Chapter Eleven. Loss of the first manuscript of "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom" Westminster District in London where T.E. rewrote « The Seven Pillars of Wisdom » See « Barton Street » with the red arrow

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Chapter Eleven. Loss of the first manuscript of "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom"

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14 Barton Street, where he rewrote "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom" after the steeling at Reading Station

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Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puQQDKzy7Yk&t=3101s

Chapter Twelve. The Cairo Conference, March to December 1921

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Left to his own devices, Emir Faisal was expelled from Damascus as a mess by the French occupation forces of General Gouraud, and his troops were crushed at Khan Messeyloun, July 24, 1920. He has no other solution than to fall back to Arabia.

While the people of Syria and Iraq are agitated, unsatisfied to move from Ottoman trusteeship to Western tutelage, the British Prime Minister entrusts Winston Churchill the Secretariat of State Colonies.

In 1921, Churchill asked for some advice. Lawrence asks that Iraq become a Kingdom for Faisal.

And he is heard. Lawrence asks that Transjordan become a kingdom for Abdallah. And as for Faisal, his advice are followed.

He does not just ask kings, he also wants to meet them in order they accept and sign Hussein a treaty that recognizes these new frontiers of these new kingdoms.

My translation from French to English Š https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_1921 At the Cairo conference, Churchill decided to entrust political authority over the British Mandate of Mesopotamia to Faisal, which had just been expelled from Damascus by the French. The country must quickly gain independence once British interests are guaranteed.

The United Kingdom is lightening its military presence in favor of a tightly controlled local armed force. It mainly serves an air force in charge of policing by possible bombing and control of the air routes to India. British military bases are protected by local auxiliary forces composed of Assyrian Christians. Faisal's candidacy is welcomed by the South Shiite notables, and after a mock popular consultation, Faisal is elected king and crowned on 23 August.

Lawrence concluded that Churchill had "de-mixed" the situation and that Britain had fulfilled "its promises in the letter and in the spirit ... without sacrificing any interests of the empire or any interest of the people concerned.

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Churchill’s Folly In Iraq By Don Chapman. http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article18250.htm Note: The Husseins, also known as Hashemites and unrelated to Saddam, are descended from the prophet Mohammed and held the position of Sharif of Mecca.

They are key characters in the film Lawrence of Arabia and the book about the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans on which it is based, Seven Pillars of Wisdom - although Catherwood says the historical details of both are quite wrong and based largely on the fantasies of T.E. Lawrence. Nevertheless, Churchill dragged the old desert soldier out of retirement, and Lawrence became one of those “40 Thieves,” and much responsible for Churchill agreeing to put Hussein’s son Faisal on the new Iraqi throne (after he tried usurping the new throne in Syria until the French kicked him out). Faisal’s brother Abdullah would become king of the new country of Jordan.

Call it arrogance, perhaps: Churchill had never actually visited what was then called Mesopotamia when he arbitrarily drew up the borders for a new land called Iraq, doing so in Egypt, although he did visit Jerusalem.

169 .

Chapter Twelve. The Cairo Conference, March to December 1921

http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article18250.htm As for the Kurds in the north, they were Sunni but not Arabic. The “40 Thieves” discussed creating a separate Kurdish nation, but failed to do so - Kurdish homelands were split between Iraq, Turkey, Iran and Syria - to the continuing detriment of the Kurdish people.

In short: Three nations - for Shia, Sunni and Kurds - could have been created at a time when Arab nationalism was rising, and such an idea might have been popular. Or the Brits could have simply let those tribal lands revert to their traditional ways. But that is not the way of empires, and today the Iraqis - and Americans - are paying for it.

Oil was not yet an issue for the Brits - Iraqi oil was still just speculation in 1922 - but they had their own economic self-interest here.

As Colonial secretary, Churchill was interested in Iraq because it would save several days in the time it took to send troops and goods from England to India, then the UK’s prize colony. And Churchill, Catherwood shows again and again, was chiefly interested in saving the British Empire money - call it empire on the cheap.

Thus it was that troop levels were always an issue, with British generals saying that far more troops were necessary to stabilize Iraq than Churchill and politicians in London wanted to hear. Ask retired Gen. Eric Shinseki if that sounds familiar.

Faisal would turn out to be a terrible choice for reasons greater than his religion. He was simply not a good ruler, his administration disorganized at best. That said, as Catherwood points out, the British presence that lasted until 1932 never allowed Faisal any true legitimacy in the eyes of the Iraqi people. Who’s in charge here? He died in 1933, succeeded by the young playboy King Ghazi.

Churchill’s formula created inherent instability in Iraq - in the nation’s first 37 years, there were 58 different governments! The bloody Baathist overthrow of 1958 ended the Hashemite monarchy, and especially after Saddam Hussein seized power in 1979 would show that only an iron-fisted dictator could hold a country of such disparate parts together.

Chapter Twelve. The Cairo Conference, March to December 1921 Photo taken March 28, 1921. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel converse with Mr and Mrs Churchill.

Emir Abdullah from Transjordan and his officers are on the porch

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Photo taken March 28, 1921. From left to right, the Emir's Colonels, Mrs. Samuel, Emir Abdullah of Transjordan, Herbert Samuel, Winston Churchill and Clementine Churchill

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Cairo Conference: The Mesopotamian Commission with Winston Churchill sitting alongside lion cubs in March 1921.

Source: https://www.thenational.ae/business/winston-churchill-s-map-of-iraq-ready-to-unravel-over-oil-1.112047 T.E. Lawrence is in the middle of the second row.

We recognize Gertrude Bell, second from left in second row: Gertrude Bell, Sir Sassoon Eskell, Field Marshal Edmund Allenby, Jafar Pasha alAskari and Lawrence; Winston Churchill in the center of the first row; on his right, hands crossed, Herbert Samuel

Chapter Twelve. The Cairo Conference, March to December 1921

173 Left, close-up of Gertrude Bell, Sir Sassoon Eskell, Field Marshal Edmund Allenby

Cairo, March 12, 1921 "We arrived yesterday, T.E. Lawrence was waiting for us at the station; we spun in my room and discussed while an hour.

After which, I had a long conversation with ClĂŠmentine, while Sir Percy had locked himself up with Sir Churchill.

Then Sir Jeffrey Archer is here, a friendly man with his two lovely cubs that he will put in the zoo Ja'far Pasha, Minister of Defense and Sassoon Eskell, Minister of Finance, from a large Jewish family in Baghdad were very flattered to be invited. It is a master stroke to include them, it will give the Conference an overview of the reality of the Arab Government; after all, one must decide their fate, why should not they?

(Photo attached March 28, 1921, where the persons mentioned above are recognized by Gertrude Bell)

Left, close-up of Marshal Edmund Allenby, Jafar Pasha and Lawrence

Chapter Twelve. The Cairo Conference, March to December 1921 174 In April 1921, the British convened meetings of British and Arab officials at the Hussein Emir Abdullah ibn camp in Amman, during which British High Commissioner Herbert Samuel proclaimed Emir Abdullah as the leader of the new Emirate of Trans-Jordan. This photograph, taken at these meetings, shows Colonel T.E. Lawrence, Samuel, and Amir Abdullah.

T.E. Lawrence Ă Amman en 1921Copyright flickr Amman vers 1921 https://www.flickr.com/photos/39411748@N06/6111397657/sizes/l/

Chapter Twelve. The Cairo Conference, March to December 1921 T.E. Lawrence at Amman in 1921

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Chapter Twelve. The Cairo Conference, March to December 1921 T.E. Lawrence at Amman in 1921

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Chapter Twelve. The Cairo Conference, March to December 1921 T.E. Lawrence at Amman in 1921 My translation from French to English : https://www.wdl.org/fr/item/419/ On the airfield in Amman. Colonel Lawrence (T.E Lawrence). Sir Herbert Samuel. Emir Abdullah. April 1921 Description In April 1921, the British convened meetings of British and Arab officials at the Hussein Emir Abdullah ibn camp in Amman, during which British High Commissioner Herbert Samuel proclaimed Emir Ab-dullah as leader of the new Emirate of Transjordan. This photograph, taken at these meetings, shows Colonel T. E. Lawrence, Samuel, and Amir Abdullah. The man on the far right is perhaps Sheik Majid Pasha el Adwa, and the woman on the far left could be Gertrude Bell.

The photograph was taken by the photo department of the American colony of Jerusalem, a Utopian Christian community that was created in 1881 and developed in the following years substantial archives on the Middle East. It is part of an album in the papers of John D. Whiting, a member of the American colony of Jerusalem, in the collections of the Library of Congress.

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Chapter Thirteen. In tribute to Gertrude Bell du 6 avril 2017

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/forgotten-female-lawrence-arabia-helped-create-modern-middle/ How the forgotten 'female Lawrence of Arabia' helped create the modern Middle East Gertrude Bell was at one time the most powerful woman in the British Empire Margarette Driscoll 6 April 2017 In a picture taken to mark the Cairo Conference of 1921, Gertrude Bell - characteristically elegant in a fur stole and floppy hat, despite being on camel back - sits right at the heart of the action. To one side is Winston Churchill, on her other TE Lawrence, later immortalised in David Lean’s 1962 epic, Lawrence of Arabia.

Bell was his equal in every sense: the first woman to achieve a first (in modern history) from Oxford, an archaeologist, linguist, Arabist, adventurer and, possibly, spy. In her day, she was arguably the most powerful woman in the British Empire - central to the decisions that created the modern Middle East and reverberate still on the nightly news.

However, while Lawrence is still celebrated, she has largely been forgotten.

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Chapter Thirteen. In tribute to Gertrude Bell At the Cairo Conference, near the Pyramids between Winston Churchill and Lawrence

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Chapter Thirteen. In tribute to Gertrude Bell At the Cairo Conference, near the Pyramids between Winston Churchill and Lawrence

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Chapter Thirteen. In tribute to Gertrude Bell

Emir Faisal ascends the throne of Iraq Below, on the right, Gertrude Bell respectfully bows her head during Faisal's enthronement

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Emir Faisal ascends the throne of Irak on the 23rd August 1921

Gertrude Bell is the Chief British Official in Irak

She is the ÂŤ right-hand man Âť of the king

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From French to English : Gertrude Bell’s Biography by Christel Mouchard Secret agent and occult ambassador in the service of Her Gracious Majesty during the Great War, she is the only woman to participate as an adviser to the international conferences of 1919 and 1921. Another point in common with TE Lawrence, she combines extreme physical courage with a great fragility sentimental and like him, she has a tragic end: painfully struck by the death of her lover on the front in 1915, she will never recover, and his disappearance in Baghdad in 1926, at the peak of his career, leaves to cast doubts. Inspired by his magnificent correspondence (whose letters exchanged with his lover), largely preserved and never translated into French, the book paints a moving portrait of a great lady of adventure.

Alongside King Faisal I, Gertrude Bell posed among a group of British officers in Iraq in 1922. She's left with only 4 years to live.

Chapter Thirteen. In tribute to Gertrude Bell Gertrude Bell’s life at the cinema

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As it was for Lawrence, a film producer, Werner Herzog, thought of her quite recently (in 2015) With Nicole Kidman, Robert Pattinson, James Franco : https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_Desert My translation from French to English The film is based on the life of Gertrude Bell, a traveler, author, archaeologist, explorer, cartographer and English political leader.

"After studying history at Oxford University, Gertrude Bell suffocates in good British society. His father sends him to Tehran, where his uncle is stationed at the embassy. She falls in love with Henry Cadogan, a young diplomat in charge of introducing him to Persia. With him, she studied Farsi to read Persian poets in the text. Gertrude's father refuses their marriage because Cadogan is an inveterate player, and he will commit suicide. Fascinated by the desert, Gertrude returns to the Middle East, then part of the Ottoman Empire, and decides to devote her time to conducting archaeological research and studying the Bedouins. The British representatives on the spot do not at first see it very favorably, because they fear that Gertrude Bell's activities will disturb their relations with the Ottoman authorities and will not thwart their imperialist projects in the region.

For many years, Gertrude Bell traveled across the region, developing contacts with the various tribes and an in-depth knowledge of the local political situation. She falls in love with the British consul in Damascus Richard Doughty-Wylie, who will be killed during the First World War in Gallipoli. Her knowledge makes her very valuable to the British authorities, who give her a political advisor position. It becomes very influential, and will play a major role in the reconfiguration of the Middle East after the fall of the Ottoman Empire."

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Chapter Thirteen. In tribute to Gertrude Bell

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Vidéos sur YouTube à regarder sans modération

Link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioNmasyaStI

Title : IDFA 2016 | Trailer | Letters from Baghdad This film really plunged me into the Middle Eastern atmosphere, and the places where Gertrude Bell lived.

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Four other videos on You Tube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsZtMgKoUo8

Queen of the desert unofficial trail

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puQQDKzy7Yk&t=3101s Une aventurière en Irak : Gertrude Bell - bande-annonce ARTE, Un film de Sabine Krayenbühl et Zeva Oelbaum

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgPEcsnjCGk&t=1s

The Bell of Baghdad

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqvcjL6ObH0&t=586s

T.E. Lawrence And How He Became Lawrence Of Arabia WHO DID WHAT IN WW1?

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This photo and the following ones on Babylon and Baghdad are extracted from the video of which here is the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puQQDKzy7Yk&t=3101s An adventurer in Iraq: Gertrude Bell - trailer ARTE, a film

by Sabine KrayenbĂźhl and Zeva Oelbaum

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Babylon

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puQQDKzy7Yk&t=3101s From 1892 and after a first trip to Persia, described in her book Persian pictures, Gertrude Bell multiplies trips to the East, Palestine, Syria and Arabia (which she crosses six times) and draws a second book, Syria, the desert and the sown. From 1907, she participated in archaeological research campaigns on several sites along the Euphrates.

Chapter Thirteen. In tribute to Gertrude Bell Babylon

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puQQDKzy7Yk&t=3101s

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Chapter Thirteen. In tribute to Gertrude Bell

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puQQDKzy7Yk&t=3101s

Babylon

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Bell When the situation is stabilized, Gertrude Bell begins to gather what constitutes the collections of the Baghdad Archaeological Museum, first housed in the halls of the Royal Palace.

She directs the excavations and examines the finds. In spite of the European opposition, she insists that the treasures uncovered remain in their country of origin, thus ensuring that her museum would constitute a collection of local antiquities. It officially opens its doors in June 1926. It will later become the National Museum of Iraq. After her death, thanks to her will, the British Archeology School of Iraq will be created.

Gertrude Bell and T.E. Lawrence in 1921

In 1916, Gertrude Bell meets Prince Saud with Percy Cox (1864-1937) who was "Colonial Office Administrator" in the Middle East

Chapter Thirteen. In tribute to Gertrude Bell She died in Baghdad in 1926 and rests in a forgotten cemetery in the capital. Photo taken on April 30, 2006. REUTERS / Ali Jasim

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https://www.thedailybeast.com/gertrude-of-arabia-the-woman-who-invented-iraq Gertrude of Arabia, the Woman Who Invented Iraq Gertrude of Arabia rigged an election, installed a king loyal to the British, drew new borders—and gave us today’s ungovernable country.

CLIVE IRVING 06.17.14 5:45 AM ET

She came into Baghdad after months in one of the world’s most forbidding deserts, a stoic, diminutive 45-year-old English woman with her small band of men. She had been through lawless lands, held at gunpoint by robbers, taken prisoner in a city that no Westerner had seen for 20 years.

It was a hundred years ago, a few months before the outbreak of World War I. Baghdad was under a regime loyal to the Ottoman Turks. The Turkish authorities in Constantinople had reluctantly given the persistent woman permission to embark on her desert odyssey, believing her to be an archaeologist and Arab scholar, as well as being a species of lunatic English explorer that they had seen before.

She was, in fact, a spy and her British masters had told her that if she got into trouble they would disclaim responsibility for her. Less than 10 years later Gertrude Bell would be back in Baghdad, having rigged an election, installed a king loyal to the British, re-organized the government, and fixed the borders on the map of a new Iraq. As much as anyone can be, Gertrude Bell could be said to have devised the country that nobody can make work as a country for very long—no more so than now.

The Middle East as we know it was largely the idea of a small coterie of men composed of British scholars, archaeologists, military officers and colonial administrators who were called the Orientalists—this is the “orient” according to the definition first made by the Greeks, meaning everything east of the Mediterranean as Alexander the Great advanced to seize it.

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For decades, beginning in the mid-19th century, the Orientalists had explored the desert and found there the ruins of the great powers of the ancient world—Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, Persia. Through archaeology they revealed these splendors to the modern world and, from their digs, stuffed Western museums with prizes like the polychromatic tiled Ishtar Gates of Babylon, moved to the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, or the Cyrus Cylinder, containing the Persian king Cyrus’s new creed of governance as he conquered Babylon, shipped to the British Museum.

They wondered why such resplendently rich and deeply embedded pre-Christian urbanized cultures ended up buried by the drifting sands of the desert, completely unknown and ignored by the roaming Arab, Turkish and Persian tribes above. The many glories of Babylon, for example, lay unexplored not far from the boundaries of Baghdad.

Among the explorers, a state of mind developed that was patronizing and paternalistic. If they had not made these discoveries, who would know of these great cities? If Arabs took the artifacts it would be, to these men, mindless looting; if the Western scholars shipped them home, often in vast consignments, it was to preserve them for posterity.

The Ottomans had managed Arabia through a decentralized system of provinces called valyets, run by governors they appointed.

Tribal, sectarian and territorial conflicts made it a constantly turbulent place, despite the hammer of Ottoman rule. Under a more centralized system the place would have been ungovernable. But the Turks never entertained the Western idea of nation building, it was as much as they could do to keep even a semblance of order.

The Orientalists thought differently. The Western idea of nation building was the future of Arabia. As World War I drew to its end and the Ottoman Empire collapsed, the Orientalists saw an opportunity to bring modern coherence to the desert by imposing new kingdoms of their own devising, as long as the kings would be compliant with the strategic interests of the British Empire.

Into this coterie of schemers came two mavericks, both scholars, both fluent Arab speakers, both small in stature and psychologically fragile, both capable of extraordinary feats of desert exploration—a young man called T.E. Lawrence and Gertrude Bell, a more seasoned connoisseur of the desert life.

Both had been recruited before World War I to gather intelligence on the Ottomans. Both were hard to accommodate within a normal military and diplomatic machine and so ended up working for a clandestine outfit in Cairo called the Arab Bureau, which was more aware of their singular gifts and more tolerant of their habits.

Bell’s epic desert trek in 1913-14 was already legendary. Her objective had been a city called Hail that no European had reached since 1893. Under the cover of archaeological research, her real purpose was to assess the strength of a murderous family called the al Rashids, whose capital Hail was.

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The Rashids had been kicked out of Riyadh by the young Abdul Aziz bin Abdurrahman al Saud, otherwise known as Ibn Saud, who was to become the founder of Saudi Arabia.

Despite the rigors of the terrain, Bell was as susceptible to the spiritual appeal of the desert as others like her young protégée Lawrence. “Sometimes I have gone to bed with a heart so heavy that I thought I could not carry it through the next day,” she wrote.

“Then comes the dawn, soft and benificent, stealing over the wide plain and down the long slopes of the little hollows, and in the end it steals into my heart also….”

When she reached Hail, the Rashids were suspicious and put her under what amounted to house arrest in the royal complex.

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But as a woman, Bell enjoyed an advantage over male colleagues that she was to deploy on many missions: molesting or harming women was contrary to the desert code of conduct, even in a family as homicidal as the Rashids. For a week or so, Bell was warmly entertained by the women of this polygamous society, and the women’s gossip provided a rich source of intelligence on palace intrigues, of which there were many. From this she was able to see what her British minders valued: That the Rashids were yesterday’s men and the Saudis would likely be a formidable and independent power in Arabia. The Rashids released her, and she went on to Baghdad, Damascus, and home to London.

It was inside knowledge like this that put Bell in an influential position when the war ended and the European powers decided how they would carve up Arabia. Lawrence had committed himself to the princes of the Hashemite tribe, notably Faisal, with whom he had fought against the Turks, and promised Damascus to them. But unknown to Lawrence, a secret deal had been cut with the French, who wanted control of the eastern Mediterranean and were to get Damascus while Britain would fill the vacuum left by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire by re-drawing the map of Arabia.

The British were more aware than the French of the importance that oil would assume. Syria, the new French subject state, was unpromising as an oil prospect. The first Middle Eastern oil field began pumping in Persia at the head of the Persian Gulf in 1911, under British control, and geologists suspected, rightly, that vast oil reserves lay untapped in both Persia and Iraq.

While Lawrence left the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 stricken by the guilt for a British betrayal of his Arabs to which he had not been a party, Bell was sent to Baghdad, where Faisal was to be given his consolation prize: the throne of a new Iraq.

As well as the prospect of huge oil reserves, this new Iraq was crucial to the lines of communication to the great jewel of the British Empire, India. And, ostensibly, it was the diplomats and generals of the Indian administration who ran the show in Baghdad. But they depended on Bell as an expert and a negotiator, fluent in Arabic and used to the schisms and vendettas of the region. In fact, many of the decisive meetings as the British struggled to create a provisional government took place in Bell’s own house.

On August 23, 1921, at a ceremony in central Baghdad, Faisal was installed as the monarch of Iraq, even though he had no tribal roots in the country to assist his legitimacy. “We’ve got our king crowned,” wrote Bell with relief. And she made a claim about this election that would be echoed decades later by Saddam Hussein, that Faisal had been endorsed by 96 percent of the people, even though he was the only candidate and the majority of the population was illiterate.

Indeed, Bell was so carried away with her confidence in the nation she had helped to create that she crowed: “Before I die I look to see Faisal ruling from the Persian frontier to the Mediterranean.”

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In reality, the Iraqi borders had been arbitrarily drawn and disregarded 2,000 years of tribal, sectarian, and nomadic occupation. The Persian frontier was the only firmly delineated border, asserted by mountains. Beyond Baghdad the line drawn between Syria, now the property of France, and Iraq was more cartography than anthropology. Nothing had cooled the innate hostilities of the Shia, in the south, who (in a reversal of the current travesty in Baghdad) were virtually unrepresented in Bell’s new assembly, and the Sunnis to the north, as well as the Kurds, the Armenians and the Turks, each with their own turf. Lawrence, in fact, had protested that the inclusion of the Kurds was a mistake. And the desert border in the south was, in Bell’s own words, “as yet undefined.”

The reason for this was Ibn Saud. Bell wrote in a letter to her father, “I’ve been laying out on the map what I think should be our desert boundaries.” Eventually that line was settled by the Saudis, whose Wahhabi warriors were the most formidable force in the desert and who foresaw what many other Arabs at the time did: Iraq was a Western construct that defied thousands of years of history, with an alien, puppet king who would not long survive and internal forces that were centrifugal rather than coherent.

For a while, Bell was the popular and admired face of the British contingent in Baghdad. An American visitor pleased her by calling her “the first citizen of Iraq.” The Arabs called her “Al Khatun,” meaning a noble woman who earned respect. She went riding and swimming every day, somewhat diminishing the benefits of that by chain smoking in public. She also made no secret of the fact that she was an atheist. It seemed that she was more comfortable in the company of Arabs than she had been among her peers in Cairo.

Lawrence, for example, while respectful of her scholarship, thought that Bell “had no great depth of mind” and politically was a poor judge of people and “changed direction like a weathercock.” Sir Mark Sykes, a crusty diplomat who had colluded with the French to give them Damascus, was more defiantly a misogynist. He called her “a silly chattering windbag, an infernal liar, a conceited, gushing, rump-wagging, blethering ass.”

Sometimes Bell revealed a dark self-knowledge. In 1923, she wrote to her father: “At the back of my mind is that we people of war can never return to complete sanity. The shock has been too great; we’re unbalanced. I am aware that I myself have much less control over my own emotions than I used to have.”

By then she had only three years to live, and was becoming frail from overwork. She described her routine in a letter: “I get up at 5:30, do exercises till 5:45 and walk in the garden till 6 or a little after cutting flowers. All that grows now is a beautiful double jasmine of which I have bowls full every day, and zinnias, ugly and useful. I breakfast at 6:40 on an egg and some fruit…leave for the office by car at 6:55 and get there at 7…”

As well as administrating in the manner of a colonial official, she often acted like a viceroy, receiving a stream of tribal sheiks, Arab officials or simply citizens with grievances. The king had to be managed, as he sat in his garden “in full Arab dress, the white and gold of the Mecca princes.” But she also devoted much of her time to a personal passion: creating the Iraq Museum in Baghdad where she

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gathered a priceless collection of treasures from the world of antiquity—reminding herself and the Iraqi people how the earliest urban civilizations had flourished around the Tigris and Euphrates.

There were, though, other loves that belied the appearance of a desiccated, workaholic spinster. She lived with the memories of two passionate romances, both thwarted.

At the age of 24 she became engaged to a young diplomat but her rich industrialist father deemed it an unsuitable match and, in the compliant Victorian manner, she ended it. Her second affair was far deeper, tragic and, in its effects, everlasting. She fell in love with Colonel Charles Doughty-Wylie, a soldier with a record of derring-do with appropriate movie star looks. But Doughty-Wylie was married, and as long as the war occupied them both neither could see a way out. Bell was, however, completely besotted: “I can’t sleep,” she wrote to him, “I can’t sleep. It’s one in the morning of Sunday. I’ve tried to sleep, every night it becomes less and less possible. You, and you, and you are between me and any rest; but out of your arms there is no rest. Life, you called me, and fire.

I flame and I am consumed.”

He responded in kind: “You gave me a new world, Gertrude. I have often loved women as a man like me does love them, well and badly, little and much, as the blood took me…or simply for the adventure—to see what happened. But that is all behind me.”

Doughty-Wylie died in the amphibious assault on the Turks at Gallipoli in 1916—ill-conceived by Winston Churchill as an attempt to strike at the “soft underbelly” of the Ottoman Empire.

Bell died at her house by the Tigris in Baghdad in July 1926 at the age of 57. She had taken an overdose of barbiturates, whether deliberately or accidentally it was impossible to tell. Lawrence by then was a recluse, in flight from the road show devised by the American journalist Lowell Thomas that had turned him, as Lawrence of Arabia, into the most famous man on Earth.

But it was Gertrude Bell, who was never a public figure, who had left the greater mark on the Middle East, for better or worse.

King Faisal, who had been ailing for some time, died in Switzerland in 1933, at the age of 48, to be succeeded by his son Prince Ghazi.

The monarchy was brought down by a pro-British military coup in 1938, a regime that would ultimately mutate into that of Saddam Hussein’s in 1979.

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1922 : Private Ross enters Royal Air Force In the summer of 1922, while Bell was working in Iraq, Lawrence completed his contract at the Colonial Office. And he publishes "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom" Oxford version. It was also at that time that he decided to work in the Royal Air Force as a "Second Class" and that he would change his name to Ross. Changing your name is not easy, and more than today, a similar approach requires recommendations. And he says to himself that the advancing age and the health deteriorating, he would not be accepted. In his chamber, no one knows that this fellow is actually a LieutenantColonel of the Near East Army. He lived in fact the same life as the engaged at that time in England. And Lawrence seems to appreciate that life where he splits his time between potato chores and brooms ... After what he's been through and what he's become, he could have got a rewarding job somewhere in the empire British. And no, he chose to be Second Class. Of course, he was asked why he was doing this. And the answer he gave was rather a confession: "I deeply loved an Arab person, so I thought it would be a nice gift to give him if I gave the Arabs freedom. I accomplished this task, now I do what I like.

Right, Lieutenant-Colonel T.E. Lawrence On the left, the second class T.E. Ross, and later T.E. Shaw

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1922 : Private Ross enters Royal Air Force Let's remember that Dahum was engaged in the Arab uprising by Lawrence and that he died in Damascus.

Now there is another young man, a certain Bruce, whose main role was to scourge Lawrence. Why ? Did Lawrence want to be punished for an action or an omission? Was it Dahoum's death? No answer. Or maybe some thoughts here and there: From : http://yesterdayremembered.co.uk/memory/1519/ A new recruit in 1922 was Aircraftsman, John Ross, who underwent three months’ training there. His real name was T E Lawrence – better known as Lawrence of Arabia. Later, when asked why he had enlisted in the ranks, he replied that he wanted to do penance for such a rich life. His book The Mint chronicles his stay at Uxbridge.

From : https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/may/29/humanities.filmnews Lawrence's medical file reveals that RAF doctors recorded "scars on his buttocks", "three superficial scars on lower part of his back", and "four superficial scars left side". They possibly offer new evidence for his account, which is disputed, of being beaten and raped when captured by the Turks in 1917; however, some could be the result of beatings he paid a soldier to administer while in the Tank Corps after the war.

T.E. Lawrence

Dahoum

Bruce

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1923 : Lawrence is excluded from Royal Air Force ©Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 3084-3089). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

"In January 1923, Lawrence was expelled from the RAF. Someone, indeed, sold the wick (himself perhaps because Lawrence is often very naive in his dealings with editors). And the information is published on the front page of the Daily Express on December 27: the famous Lawrence of Arabia has become a simple soldier at the RAF. The next day, all Fleet Street is on the teeth. Private Ross lived only a few weeks. Embarrassed, Hugh Trenchard has no choice but to put an end to his protege's engagement, because this revelation puts Lawrence's superiors in Farnborough on the line. How could they continue to give orders to the famous Colonel Lawrence? The divorce "©Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 3092-3096). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

"He joined the army on March 12, 1923, at Bovington Camp, the armored capital, in Dorset, between Dorchester and Wareham. He will remain more than two years in the Royal Tank Corps. Exit Private Ross, who is now called T.E. Shaw. Does he choose this surname by deference for Bernard Shaw? No, because he was not one of his relatives then. It was chance, in this case, decided."

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1923-1925: Second Class T.E. Shaw is incorporated into the Armored Corps at Bovington Camp

Lawrence rented a cottage in Moreton (Cloud Hills) in 1923 while stationed at Bovington's neighboring camp with the Armored Corps. He made it habitable with the help of a friend.

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1923-1925: Second Class T.E. Shaw is incorporated into the Armored Corps at Bovington Camp

His house, Clouds Hill at Moreton ŠRenouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 3132-3136). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

He described it as an earthly paradise and wrote, "Nothing in Clouds Hill should be a concern for the world, as long as I own it, there will be nothing exquisite or unique in it, nothing to anchor me. The cottage had no electric lights, but three living rooms described as: a dining room, a book room and a music room. For the thermal insulation, the dining room was covered with asbestos, then aluminum foil, and he kept his food under glass bells. In the bookroom, he set up a large leather divan, and in the music room, above, he had his phonograph "with a huge horn of amplification," a leather sofa and a chair. Lawrence will, over time, make his home. He rents it first for a symbolic price (because this great handyman is committed to restore it), and finally buy it, in 1929. His life as a writer-translatorpublisher-soldier becomes, therefore, easier: Lawrence now has a base, where he will put his books, receive his friends and listen to records on his gramophone. Easy to take refuge on his bike Brough Superior. Lawrence is already known for rolling at an open tomb.

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1923-1925: Second Class T.E. Shaw is incorporated into the Armored Corps at Bovington Camp

ŠRenouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 3106-3108). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

Lawrence at Bovington camp in 1924; he is 36 years old "From March 29, 1923 (he will soon become a frequent visitor to Thomas Hardy and his wife Florence). So, even in his khaki uniform that he hates, he continues to have a busy social life, on the sidelines of a professional activity without shine, since he is a storekeeper."

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1923-1925: Second Class T.E. Shaw is incorporated into the Armored Corps at Bovington Camp MusÊe de Bovington It presents the complete development of British tanks, from Little Willie to Mark VIII "Liberty", plus an example of Mark V, one of the rare tanks of this period still in working order. It also houses an exhibition on the life of Thomas Edward Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia), who lived nearby at Clouds Hill cottage and was a soldier in Bovington under the pseudonym "T.E. Shaw" between 1923 and 1925.Photo : voir lien suivant : Par Hohum — Travail personnel, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5546364

Chapter Fourteen. And it is at the moment of his celebrity that he decides to give it up 1923-1925: Second Class T.E. Shaw is incorporated into the Armored Corps at Bovington Camp Current Aerial View of Bovington Camp and Tank Museum

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Chapter Fourteen. And it is at the moment of his celebrity that he decides to give it up 1923-1925: Second Class T.E. Shaw is incorporated into the Armored Corps at Bovington Camp Current aerial view of the Tank Museum

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Chapter Fourteen. And it is at the moment of his celebrity that he decides to give it up In 1925, reinstated in the RAF, he was transferred to Cranwell in Lincolnshire

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In 1925, reinstated in the RAF, he was transferred to Cranwell in Lincolnshire Photo Source : https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Gg0RJwYIWp4/VxUjLpjwiSI/AAAAAAAAZKA/HwLEB784uzoSPJK50Wr7wQazenEZXvZCACLcB/s1600/lincs2%2B002.JPG

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In 1925, reinstated in the RAF, he was transferred to Cranwell in Lincolnshire From : https://www.justcollecting.com/miscellania/te-lawrence-cranwell-edition-of-seven-pillars-of-wisdom-to-auction A rare "Cranwell" edition of TE Lawrence's Seven Pillars of Wisdom - A Triumph is valued at ÂŁ15,000-20,000 ($24,480-32,640) ahead of a sale at Lyon and Turnbull in Edinburgh.

The lot will headline the Rare Books, Maps and Manuscripts auction on January 15.It features a letter from Lawrence to Harry Goldie, with whom he served in the Hijaz in 1917-1919, that reads: "You, having been one of us, get (if you want it) a gratis copy of the text of the subscribers edition.

"I stipulated this in my letter to the subscribers. It's exactly the same text as they have, but has none of the illustrations... I take it, from your letter, that you'd like one of these private copies, & shall send it to you when it's ready."

The copy is one of 211 "Cranwell" editions that Lawrence had privately printed at great personal expense in 1926. Of these, 170 are complete and 32 are missing three plates - along with nine that feature only plates.

The 32 copies missing plates, including the example in the sale, were given to the soldiers that served under him that could not afford to pay full price for the book.

Last year, another "Cranwell" edition, one of the 170 complete copies, sold for ÂŁ50,450 ($82,334) at Bonhams London.

We have a range of rare books and manuscripts available to purchase, including this rare signed copy of Virginia Woolf's Orlando: A Memoir.

The Cranwell edition was privately printed by Lawrence in 1926

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After Lawrence re-entered the RAF in August 1925, he served as Aircraftman T. E. Shaw at the Cadet College in Cranwell, Lincolnshire, until December 1926.

Lawrence was assigned to B Flight, acting as a runner and clerk for the men maintaining the aircraft used to teach the cadets to fly. It was here that a new and happy phase of his life started. He became fulfilled with his role in the RAF, making firm friends among his fellow aircraftmen. This period of relative contentment is reflected in the last few chapters of The Mint, his book about the RAF. Lawrence bought a new Brough Superior motorcycle to celebrate his return to the RAF and it was on this 1925 SS 100 named George V that he made many journeys around the countryside for the pure pleasure of riding.

A cine film was made of him riding George V at Cranwell – the only known film of him on one of his Broughs. It is this motorcycle that appears as the mighty Boanerges on which Lawrence roars about in The Mint.

‘Another bend: and I have the honour of one of England’s straightest and fastest roads. The burble of my exhaust unwound like a long cord behind me. Soon my speed snapped it, and I heard only the cry of the wind which my battering head split and fended aside. The cry rose with my speed to a shriek: while the air’s coldness streamed like two jets of iced water into my dissolving eyes. I screwed them to slits, and focused my sight two hundred yards ahead of me on the empty mosaic of the tar’s gravelled undulations.’

T. E. Lawrence, The Mint

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1927 - 1928: Lawrence was posted to Karachi From : https://thekarachiwalla.com/2011/08/03/city-secret-lawrence-of-karachi/ T.E. Lawrence spent his days in Karachi doing his routine work, which included keeping records of engine repairs and other maintenance. Does it sound weird? Of course! Compare it to the legendary Lawrence of Arabia who led the revolt in holy lands against not so holy Turks and made his mark on generations to come. The conspiracy theory that he might have been here for spying on communists is prevalent for an obvious reason. Another plausible reason could be his discomfort with fame and focus which he could not endure, and it led him to request a transfer to India.

The mundane work and uneventful routine of his days gave him an opportunity to read and write. He added to his book collection and wrote well over 100 letters in a year. His letters describe the surrounding area and his wistful longing for the deserts of Arabia. (…)

It is a desert, very like Arabia: and all sorts of haunting likenesses (pack-donkeys, the colour and cut of men’s clothes, an oleander bush in flower in the valley, camel-saddles, tamarisk) try to remind me of what I’ve been for eight years desperately fighting out of my mind.

Source of quotation: T.E. Lawrence to Charlotte Shaw 28 January 1927, Letters II p.12″

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Chapter Fourteen. And it is at the moment of his celebrity that he decides to give it up 1927 - 1928: Lawrence was posted to Karachi From : https://thekarachiwalla.com/2011/08/03/city-secret-lawrence-of-karachi/ Source of quotation: T.E. Lawrence to Charlotte Shaw 28 January 1927, Letters II p.12″ ‘My walks, as I said, are only over the aerodrome, a mile-square flat place, (just faintly tinted green, with colocynth runners now over the sand) between the main railway and a dry, four-mile wide valley, of sand-ridges overgrown with dust-coloured tamarisk. At the end of the aerodrome is a stony bank, perhaps twenty feet high, on which I sit beside a cactus, and look back at the camp, from here rather like a broken Roman aqueduct, with its rows of dark arches on two stories, and a flat roof of loricated Marseilles tiles above. North of the railway is a mass of building, married quarters, officers houses, mess, and hospital. Unattractive, since it has no plan, no raison d’être or focus, like a grown village. This has been deliberately planned, and fails to justify its creator.’

Source of quotation: T.E. Lawrence to Charlotte Shaw 16 March 1927, Letters II p.43 Lawrance was not happy with the condition at RAF base either. He writes: “Our beds are narrow and close together, our cooks awful; our life harried by orders” (letter to Apsley Cherry-Gerrard, April 4, 1927, Karachi) Lawrence was posted to Miranshah in the NWFP by mid of 1928 ending his adventure in Karachi.

T E Lawrence as an aviator on the Fort Miranshah airfield in Waziristan, India (on the northwestern border) while serving with the Royal Air Force.

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1927 - 1928: Lawrence was posted to Karachi then to Warziristan

Karachi is south of this map and Warziristan, its next post is in northern Karachi is now the largest city in Pakistan and Warziristan is a mountainous region of northwestern Pakistan, located in the tribal areas, the border of Afghanistan. Historically, the region had already been the seat of resistance to the British Empire, which from India continued its efforts to co-lonize the surrounding lands (including its role as a major power in the geopolitics of the Great Game), as the Waziristan campaign (1919-1920).

Chapter Fourteen. And it is at the moment of his celebrity that he decides to give it up 1927 - 1928: Lawrence was posted to Karachi then to Warziristan From : https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/lawrence-of-arabia-in-waziristan.320850/ Title : Lawrence of Arabia in Waziristan Lawrence was employed as a clerk in the wireless station at Miranshah. He is seen nursing his wrist which he broke at RAF Cranwell in 1926.

Lawrence wrote that the wrist "hurt for so long that nursing it became a habit."

Gilbert C. G. Lewis, a soldier in the Indian Army, remarked in a letter in 1928: « …You know Colonel Lawrence, the one who made such a name for himself in Arabia during the war? He is, at present with the R.A.F. at Miranshah – the people we play hockey with at Idak – as an office clerk! You had probably heard that he had joined the R.A.F. as a private in order to escape publicity. I tried to persuade them to bring him down with their team next time they come, but apparently he doesn’t take much interest in games! One would have thought that he could have found many better ways of avoiding publicity, as the life of a private must be rather irksome to one who always [has] done more or less as he pleased. They say he spends most of his spare time learning to type-write! … » Lawrence was apparently taking a two-year break in India to write his book The Mint. Enlisted as a lowly aircraftman under the name T. E. Shaw, he corresponded with Charlotte Shaw, wife of George Bernard, on anything from literature to politics. A few small photographs of him were enclosed in one of his letters.

Charlotte Shaw

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1927 - 1928: Lawrence was posted to Karachi then to Warziristan In 1928, he finished "The Mint", "The Matrix" My translation of the following link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mint_(book) The Mint is about the period after the First World War when Lawrence decided to disappear from public view. He enlisted in the Royal Air Force under an assumed name, becoming 352087 Aircraftman Ross, otherwise Second Class Ross registered 352087. This book is an autobiographical account of his experiences in the RAF. The book covers his initial training at the RAF (Uxbridge in 1922) and part of his service at RAF Cranwell, 1925-26. The book is divided into three parts: • Part I: "The raw material", with 29 chapters (several are 2 or 3 pages long. • Part II: "In the mill", with 22 chapters. • Part III: "Service", with 18 chapters. The title of the book compares the RAF's training at a coin factory, with men like 'The Raw Material' (Part I) and life in the training camp as 'In the Mill' (part II) which buffers the metal parts. Lawrence seems to have wanted his past life and fame to disappear when he wrote to Edward Garnett: "The Air Force is not a humiliating slavery that crushes all its days, there is sun and treatment decent, and a real measure of happiness for those who do not look forward or backward.

End of translation

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1927 - 1928: Lawrence was posted to Karachi then to Warziristan Š Renouard, Michel. Lawrence of Arabia (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Locations of the Kindle 3059-3072). Gallimard Editions. Kindle Edition. Lawrence had scribbled the first pages of The Matrix at Uxbridge, and he had polished his manuscript over time, especially during his years in India. (...) Why, by the way, this strange title, The Matrix? The writer, linguist and professor of comparative literature Étiemble, who translated it into French in 1955, explains it with great clarity: The Mint, in England, is the Hotel des Monnaies. To mint is to coin money: it's hitting a coin, a coin. With a raw material a little heterogeneous, R.A.F. proposes to manufacture interchangeable soldiers, as close to each other as pieces of same strike. R.A.F. yet, from another point of view, is the maker of men whom T. [Lawrence] was able to love in her. It therefore seemed to me that a single French word, matrix, corresponded to the intentions of T.E. In printer language, the matrix designates a mold in hollow which gives relief by means of the cast iron; in terms of coins, the original squares that one works with the punch: more generally, every drawing is a matrix, which, either in hollow, or in relief, has for function to produce identical drawings; since the matrix also refers to the organ where the woman feeds the future men, goes for matrix!

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1929: The Royal Air Force at Calshot, 4.5 Km from Langley Lodge Gardens, where he lived 35 years earlier The Solent is the arm of the sea that separates the Isle of Wight from England. It is about five miles long, with a width between 1.2 and 8 km. It is a busy waterway, providing access to the ports of Southampton and Portsmouth. Its eastern part, facing Portsmouth, is called Spithead. This is where the review of the Royal Navy by the British sovereign is traditionally conducted. A significant portion of the Solent Coast is protected as a special conservation area. Place of pleasure and sports races almost enclosed body of water, sheltered from the swell (but with violent tidal currents, especially at its western exit near the Needles cliffs) and sown with many sandbanks obstructing. It is a favorite playground for sailing enthusiasts It was also a Mecca for hydraviation in the 1920s and 1930s, with the presence of the Saunders Roe yard (builder of yachts and seaplanes as the gigantic Princess) or the Schneider Cup races.

Chapter Fourteen. And it is at the moment of his celebrity that he decides to give it up 1929 – 1931 Royal Air Force at Calshot Ile de Wight

The Solent

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1929 – 1931 Royal Air Force at Calshot The Solent

https://www.hants.gov.uk/thingstod o/outdoorcentres/ourcentres/calshot In a prime location on the banks of the Solent, Calshot Activities Center is one of the largest outdoor adventure centers in Britain

Chapter Fourteen. And it is at the moment of his celebrity that he decides to give it up 1929 – 1931 Royal Air Force at Calshot

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Chapter Fourteen. And it is at the moment of his celebrity that he decides to give it up 1929 – 1931 Royal Air Force at Calshot

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Lawrence House On this red-brick building is the plaque recalling that the Aircraftman (Air Force Private Second Class) Shaw was detached at Calshot in 1929 to organize the prestigious Schneider Trophy race which took place in September off Calshot, at the southern end of Southampton Water. The Schneider Trophy race was played eleven times between 1913 and 1931. Calshot hosted the race for the first time in 1929 and again in 1931. Lawrence received, as a reward for his help in the event, a model of the 'Supermarine S6 award-winning seaplane that can be seen at Clouds Hill (see below, in this book, the interior of her Moreton House).

Source : http://abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/calshot/ Calshot remains one of Britain’s most important military airfields, a distinguished base for flying boats and associated marine craft supporting aircraft and the Royal Air Force in general.

The station opened on 29 March 1913 to deal initially with experimental aviation duties such as early torpedo testing. However Calshot developed in World War One to provide pilot training and coastal patrols over the English Channel, attacking a number of German submarines.

Aircrew training resumed in peacetime. Calshot also helped Britain win the Schneider Trophy seaplane contests outright.

In World War Two Calshot mixed flying boat maintenance with marine craft accommodation and training. High speed air-sea rescue launches saved many lives, while the base rescued 500 soldiers from Dunkirk in 1940 and supported the D-Day invasion four years later.

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Lawrence 1931 in Calshot

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T.E. Lawrence with George Brough in October 1930

George Brough (1890 -1970), was a motorcycle racer, world-record holder of motorcycle and automobile, and showman. He was known for his powerful and expensive Brough Superior motorcycles, which were the first superbikes. George died in 1970, but his legacy lives on in the many Brough Superior motorcycles.

Chapter Fourteen. And it is at the moment of his celebrity that he decides to give it up 230 From http://dropbears.com/b/brough_superior/rosslett.htm Letters of T. E. Lawrence to George Brough TO GEORGE BROUGH 27.9.26 Cranwell Dear Mr. Brough, I'm very much in your debt for four years solid pleasure. Would the enclosed be any use to you? I don't want to sign it Ross, since that only makes the newspapers sit up & take notice: whereas they have already made beasts of themselves over the 'Lawrence' name, & can keep it, so far as I'm concerned.

I don't mind your showing it to people (or sticking it up on your stand, if that is a practice at Olympia) but I'd rather you did not print it in a newspaper till after December 15, when I'll have gone abroad. This is supposing it's of use, as a chit. What I really meant it for is best thanks, for hundred thousand very jolly miles.

Yours everJ. H. Ross

The letter above, number 288, is quoted from Letters of T. E. Lawrence, which notes: "Lawrence no doubt signed as Ross so as to prevent any chance of the name T. E. Shaw appearing in the testimonial. However, he continued to use the name Ross occasionally long after he had changed to Shaw by deed poll."

The following was enclosed with the letter above: TO GEORGE BROUGH 27.9.26 Dear Mr. Brough, Yesterday I completed 100000 miles, since 1922, on five successive Brough Superiors, and I'm going abroad very soon, so that I think I must make an end, and thank you for the road-pleasure I have got out of them. In 1922, I found George I (your old Mark I) the best thing I'd ridden, but George V (the 1922 SS100) is incomparably better. In 1925 and 1926 (George IV & V) I have not had an involuntary stop, & so have not been able to test your spares service, on which I drew so heavily in 1922 and 1923. Your present machines are as fast and reliable as express trains, and the greatest fun in the world to drive: - and I say this after twenty years experience of cycles and cars.

They are very expensive to buy, but light in upkeep (50-65 m.p.g. of petrol, 4000 m.p.g. oil, 5000-6000 miles per outer cover, in my case) and in the four years I have made only one insurance claim (for less than ÂŁ5) which is a testimony to the safety of your controls & designs. The S.S.100 holds the road extraordinarily. It's my great game on a really pot-holed road to open up to 70 m.p.h. or so and feel the machine gallop: and though only a touring machine it will do 90 m.p.h at full throttle.

I'm not a speed merchant, but ride fairly far in the day (occasionally 700 miles, often 500) and at a fair average, for the machine's speed in the open lets one crawl through the towns, & still average 40-42 miles in the hour. The riding position & the slow powerful turn-over of the engine at speeds of 50 odd give one a very restful feeling.

There, it is no good telling you all you knew before I did: they are the jolliest things on wheels.

Yours very sincerely T E LAWRENCE

Chapter Fifteen. His last five years 1931-1932 : Myrtle Cottage, Hythe

From : http://www.telstudies.org/reference/myrtle cottage.shtml 'During 1931-2 Lawrence was based here overseeing the construction and trials of new 321/2ft Seaplane Tenders for the R.A.F. He rented a room at Myrtle Cottage. His landlady Mrs. Harriett Biddlecombe later recalled that he stayed for about ten months in 1931-2, and later returned for a shorter period. Certainly, Lawrence continued visiting the British Power Boat Co, which went on to build more 321/2ft launches, as well as tenders and larger armoured target-boats for the Air Force. When his service ended in 1935, plans for a larger version were already well advanced.

'Myrtle cottage is, so far as I know, the only building associated with Lawrence that survives in Hythe (or indeed in Southampton. At a later stage, when he needed to visit both Hythe and White's Shipyard in East Cowes, he had lodgings there in Birmingham Street, but the house has since been pulled down). The other relic is, of course, RAF 206, one of the first batch of 321/2 ft launches. It has been restored and still runs.

'Lawrence found the hours he spent at sea testing boats physically exhausting. Nevertheless, he believed the work was important - as indeed it turned out to be. During the Second World War the boats he helped develop here in the 1930s saved thousands of lives on Air-Sea Rescue missions.

'Throughout his life Lawrence was both practical and strongly creative. He was completely committed to his work here at Hythe, and proud of what he helped achieve. It is surely fitting to mark his time here with a blue plaque.

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1931-1932 : Myrtle Cottage, Hythe

Photos of Lawrence in 1931, when he was 43 years old

On October 22, 2007, Jeremy Wilson unveiled a blue plaque at Myrtle Cottage, Hythe, Southampton, where Lawrence rented rooms while working at the British Power Boat Co. on motorized high-speed motorboats for the RAF.

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Source : http://cosa.webplus.net/page69.html The Bridlington Maritime Trail pamphlet gives very abbreviated details about his life and mentions the commemorative sundial in the gardens. It also states that in 1929 he was posted in the RAF to the flying boat squadron based in Plymouth. During his time with the squadron he also visited Bridlington periodically from 1929 to 1935 working on the boats of the 1104 RAF Marine Craft unit which was based in Bridlington from 1920 until 1980. He lodged at the Ozone Hotel (Photo below on the left) which is now used as the headquarters of the Royal Yorkshire Yacht Club (Photo below on the right.) When we arrived, the ÂŤ Y Âť of Yorkshire was missing.

His final stint in Bridlington commenced on 15th November 1934, when he supervised the winter overhaul of ten fast launches, which included five armoured boats and five seaplane tenders.

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1935, last stays in Bridlington Lawrence became a familiar figure in and around the town, especially on the Harbour around the RAF sheds, which have now been renamed the Lawrence complex. Rags restaurant and hotel now occupy the site.

Bridlington Guide Town Walk : http://www.ba-education.com/for/travel/guide/bridlingtontown.html On the left, T E Shaw (Alias Lawrence) in the yard of the Britannia Hotel, Prince Street leaving Bridlington by bicycle on the 26th of February, 1935

The sundial was dedicated in June 1953 in a ceremony when it was unveiled by Air Commodore Sidney Smith who was Lawrence’s Officer Commanding in the RAF and had also known him at the end of the first world war when he commanded a squadron in Egypt delegated to establishing an air route across the northern part of Arabia, the country where Lawrence had been fighting.

In dedicating the sundial to the memory of Lawrence’s years at Bridlington .

Sydney Smith said “Lawrence had acquired a liking for the sea and had become as skilled in the handling of modern craft as he had been skilled in the handling of a camel in the desert. He wrote to me on several occasions from Bridlington and was highly content here”.

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The cottage remained largely as Lawrence left it to his death.

It features an exhibition detailing Lawrence's life, and most of his original furniture and possessions. The cottage reflects its complex personality and its links with the Middle East.

The Lawrence of Arabia Memorial Trail begins and ends at the Bovington Tank Museum, via Clouds Hill and St Nicholas Church Cemetery in Moreton, Lawrence's last resting place

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We see above the hydroplane he received as a reward for his help in the Schneider Trophy race in 1931.

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In 1935, Lawrence left the Royal Air Force and lived in Clouds Hill. A few weeks later, at the age of 46, he suffered severe head injuries in a motorcycle accident near the cottage and died at Bovington Camp Hospital on May 19, 1935. The following year, his brother Arnold donated Clouds Hill to the National Trust. It's now a museum dedicated to Lawrence. It is open to visitors from March to early October, seven days a week from 11h to 17h.

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Above, his 35-year-old brother Arnold attends the funeral of Thomas Edward.

Above right, Arnold is in the arms of T.E. Below, right, Arnold is aging. He will live until he is 91 years old. He died in 1991.

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Lawrence's last trip on his Brough Superior

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFUQV6j3FoE Lawrence of Arabia - Simple Funeral - Moreton The two cyclists, named in the movie, and the condition of the bike's rear wheel that Lawrence hit

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241 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n FUQV6j3FoE Lawrence of Arabia Simple Funeral - Moreton Many personalities were present: we recognize Winston Churchill and his wife, and several comrades Lawrence knew in the East: George A. Lloyd (became governor of Bombay, then High Commissioner in Egypt), the former military governor of Jerusalem Ronald Storrs, Lt. Colonel Alan Dawnay, Colonel Stewart Newcombe, including ...

Chapter Fifteen. His last five years His headstone simply records that he was a Fellow of All Souls College Oxford.

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ŠRenouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 3705-3718). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

May 19, 1935 was a historic date in Moreton. In Tremadog, Wales, where Lawrence was born, some walkers were playing with their dog on the beach, just like every day God does. In Dinard, handsome Englishmen in their hats passed unknowingly past what had been the haven of an Anglo-Irish couple on the run, close to this little school Sainte-Marie, where Brother Fabel Martinet was giving classes. French to young Thomas Edward. In Oxford, uniformed students were coming out of the Ashmolean museum to hurry down these historic streets, where once a budding archaeologist was riding like a madman on his bicycle. In the East, on the abandoned site of Karkemish, the ghost of Dahum haunted, like every night, the Hittite ruins on the banks of the Euphrates. In Cairo, not far from the offices that hosted the Arab Bureau, the muezzin called the faithful to the evening prayer. At Aqaba, where a king without a crown, but not without panache, had signed his finest victory, the setting sun illuminated the Red Sea with a last ray, and humble fishermen brought in their nets. In Karachi, the dinner of the guardians of the Empire ended, and the sahibs, draped in their dignity, convinced of the superiority of their race and confident in the durability of their Empire, toasted King George V. Further north on the Waziristan side, English soldiers scanned the Afghanistan border through binoculars. Nothing to report. Just a "little cloud of dust" dancing under the icy light of the moon. And, all over there, off the enchanted islands, the drunken boat that, for so many years, had carried the dreams of Thomas Edward Lawrence, finally came, all fires out, to anchor for eternity.

Chapter Fifteen. His last five years On these two following maps, we see the places where Lawrence lived.

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Chapter Fifteen. His last five years South of England where he lived and rests (Dinard and Saint-HĂŠlier are out of the map

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Source photo du gisant : https://www.flickr.com/photos/55628191@N04/5172523740 His recollection for St. Paul's in London was refused, as it was by Westminster Abbey and Salisbury Cathedral. He was finally accepted at St. Martin, a 1000-year-old Saxon church in Wareham, Dorset, near Moreton (Photo left).

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T E Lawrence of Arabia memorial at the site of his death in a motorcycle crash near Bovingdon camp, now tank museum

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Asked by a reporter about T.E. Lawrence's personality at the exit of St Paul's Cathedral after the service celebrated in his memory, General Allenby merely replies: "I did not know him well, you know"

To the same reporter asking the same question, a colleague named Bentley (Invented for the film, but based on Lowell Thomas, the author of the first writings on Lawrence), replies: "Yes, it was my privilege to know him, and to make it known to the world. He was a poet and a scholar, and a remarkable fighter.

And he adds to the character with whom he was conversing before the journalist's question and after his departure: "He was also the most impudent exhibitionist since the Barnum Circus"

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Another character who heard Bentley's last line, called him on his shoulder and said, "Excuse me! Who are you, sir? " "My name is Jackson Bentley," the reporter replies.

"Finally, whoever you are, I've heard your thoughts and I want to protest energetically. Lawrence was a great man Âť "Did you know him? " "No, I did not really know him, I had the honor of shaking his hand once in Damascus"

Lawrence, T.E.Les 7 piliers de la sagesse (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 882-895). A verba futurorum. Édition du Kindle.

General Sir Archibald James Murray (1860-1945) was chief of staff of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in August 1914, but he appears to have suffered a physical problem during the retreat at Mons, and had to resign of this position in January 1915. After serving as deputy chief of the Imperial General Staff for much of 1915, and becoming its leader from September to December 1915, he was then commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in January 1916 to June 1917, in which role he proposed the military bases necessary for the defeat and destruction of the Ottoman Empire in the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant. On this snapshot, he responds to the journalist: "No, I did not know him very much to tell the truth ... He only had a very subordinate position at my headquarters in Cairo"

Chapter Sixteen. Lawrence Post Mortem Photos extraites de la vidéo : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ze06M2y0aeE (Voir aussi mes deux vidéos « De Colleges en Gargouilles » sur You Tube) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycBrCeigzF0

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En relisant cette aventure de Blake et Mortimer déjà évoquée au Chapitre Dix Lawrence d’Arabie et cet autre extrait de la BD « Le serment des Six Lords » A little reminder of what Lawrence brought to Ashmolean Extract from the Feline editions (http://www.editionsdufelin.com/o-s-chap-r-296.html) In 1904, at the age of sixteen, Lawrence met the deputy curator of the Ashmolean Museum, C. F. Bell, who would become his friend. In 1907, he was admitted to Jesus College at Oxford University to write a history degree. He already cultivates a decided taste for books, poetry and beautiful editions, while showing a kind of disinterest for the courses. Lawrence was introduced in early 1909 to Dr. David George Hogarth, a great traveler, archaeologist, distinguished Hellenist, Middle East specialist and collector of Hittite seals, who had just been appointed Curator of the Ashmolean Museum. In December 1910, with the support of Hogarth, he received a junior research fellowship at Magdalen College, which enabled him to participate in an archaeological mission at Karkemish, thus in Ottoman territory. It is in this locality that an expedition of the British Museum identified, in 1872, an important Hittite site. In 1879, the first excavations began under the direction of the British consul in Aleppo.

The site has already allowed the exhumation of bas-reliefs and Hittite slabs, but it is abandoned two years later. Archaeological excavations will only resume in 1910 under the authority of Hogarth. Archaeologists who will have to start the research three months after the issuance of the permit will be closely supervised by Turkish officials; in addition, all remains found within a radius of fifteen kilometers will be returned, once they have been drawn, classified and photographed, to the Imperial Museum of Istanbul. Beyond this area, they will go to Ashmolean, under an agreement with the British Museum.

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La balle qui indique que Lawrence n’était pas un menteur From : https://www.heritagedaily.com/2016/04/bullet-indicates-lawrence-of-arabia-was-no-liar/110332 A bullet fired by lawrence of arabia during one of his most famous acts of guerrilla warfare has been discovered in the arabian desert by a team of archaeologists, led by the university of bristol, confirming the accuracy of lawrence’s own account of the attack in his war memoir seven pillars of wisdom.

The spent bullet was found at the site of the 1917 Hallat Ammar train ambush – immortalised in a scene in David Lean’s Oscar-winning biopic Lawrence of Arabia – during fieldwork by Bristol’s Professor Nicholas Saunders and Dr Neil Faulkner, and colleagues, as part of the Great Arab Revolt Project (GARP).

The desert scene of the ambush; Lawrence and the Bedouin lay in wait where the railway embankment curves around.© Nicholas Saunders The project has excavated dozens of sites across the Arabian desert associated with the 1916-1918 revolt by Arab forces against the Ottoman Turks, then allied to Germany. T.E. Lawrence – later known as Lawrence of Arabia – served as a liaison officer with the rebel forces, an experience he described in Seven Pillars of Wisdom.

Professor Nicholas Saunders said: “The bullet we found came from a Colt automatic pistol, the type of gun known to be carried by Lawrence and almost certainly not used by any of the ambush’s other participants.”

While several of Lawrence’s biographers have accused him of embellishing his stories, nothing the archaeologists found at any of the sites they excavated supports this view.

Dr Neil Faulkner said: “Lawrence has something of a reputation as a teller of tall tales, but this bullet – and the other archaeological evidence we unearthed during ten years of fieldwork – indicates how reliable his account of the Arab Revolt in Seven Pillars of Wisdom is.”

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La balle qui indique que Lawrence n’était pas un menteur Following of this link https://www.heritagedaily.com/2016/04/bullet-indicates-lawrence-of-arabia-was-no-liar/110332 In an unlikely coincidence, just two months ago, another Hallat Ammar connection appeared when a Hejaz Railway engine nameplate came to light after being ‘lost’ for almost 80 years. Lawrence had given it to the family of his friend, Vyvyan Richards, for safekeeping in 1933 but never retrieved it before his death in 1935. The inscription is in Ottoman Turkish written in Arabic script and translates as ‘iron road’, that is ‘Hejaz Railway’.

The family tradition records that it was ‘souvenired’ by Lawrence from one of the trains he attacked. Many of these raids were on bridges and tracks rather than on locomotives, and, when they were, there was little time to safely hang around and take souvenirs.

The best documented example of such an opportunity is the ambush at Hallat Ammar, where the Turkish train had two locomotives not one, and there was ample time to lever off a nameplate. The ambush was so spectacularly successful that it probably meant more to Lawrence than his other railway attacks, and so could have merited this souvenir.

“It is extraordinary,” Professor Saunders added, “that after 100 years new discoveries like this are still being made, casting new light on a guerrilla war which helped reshape the Middle East after 1918 – the consequences of which we are still living with toda

Chapter Sixteen. Lawrence Post Mortem 253 dernières années Memories of the places where Lawrence wrote his long report during his mission with Storrs to the sons of Hussein Lawrence of Arabia’s house in Yanbu struggles for survival http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/165299/Lawrence-of-Arabias-house-inYanbu-struggles-for-survival Lawrence of Arabia, who was a link between the British and the Arab forces during the Great Arab Revolt of 1916-1918, lived in the house. The building facing the sea has two floors and includes a bedroom, a living room on the ground floor.

In recent decades, the house has been largely neglected; the outside gate is broken and the ceiling has crumbled.

The neglected building has been the focus of a debate for some time now, with historians urging the authorities to restore the house and make it accessible to visitors.

British intelligence officer Thomas Edward Lawrence, better known as Lawrence of Arabia, lived in the old town of Yanbu between 1915 and 1916.

Tourists can be seen visiting the house where he lived and taking photos, and they include not only foreigners but also local Saudis who share the fascination with the house and its history.Old residents of Yanbu say the house has not been occupied since the departure of the famous British guest. Nobody dared to live in it even for one night because of rumors that evil spirits haunt the house.

The residence derives its value from its history and a lot of foreign tourists like to stand in the home of the famous British spy.Adnan Bin Isa Al-Omari, a Madinah historian, said the building needs to be restored and protected as a historical site and a witness to an important era in the history of Arabia.

Director of Tourism and National Heritage Commission Branch of Yanbu Samer Al-Anina said: “The house is among the monuments of interest to tourism.”

The House has been restored

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Lawrence of Arabia 'made up' sex attack by Turk troops From : https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1518314/Lawrence-of-Arabia-made-up-sex-attack-by-Turk-troops.html

By Elizabeth Day 12:01AM BST 14 May 2006 The most controversial incident in the colourful life of Lawrence of Arabia was made up by the celebrated hero, according to new forensic evidence.

The brutal sex attack on Lt Col T E Lawrence by Turkish soldiers, which allegedly took place while he was serving as the British liaison officer during the Arab revolt, was considered so contentious that it was covered up by the British Army.

But now, a new history of the Arab revolt is to claim that Lawrence invented the attack in order to smear political opponents and fulfil his own sado-masochistic urges.

The supposed rape on November 20, 1917, at the Syrian fortress town at Deraa has been the subject of much speculation over the years.

Although he recounted some detail of the attack in his 1922 memoir, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, the pages of Lawrence's diary covering the period when the incident is meant to have taken place, have been ripped out.

Until now, scholars have been unable to ascertain Lawrence's whereabouts during those crucial days from November 15-21, when he claimed that he had been captured by the Turkish governor, Hajim Bey, then whipped and raped by guards.

The incident was graphically depicted in David Lean's classic 1962 film, Lawrence of Arabia, directed by David Lean and starring Peter O'Toole.

Yet evidence uncovered by James Barr, the author of Setting the Desert on Fire: T E Lawrence and Britain's Secret War in Arabia 19161918, suggests that Lawrence never went to Deraa.

In order to discern what might have been written on the missing pages, Barr submitted Lawrence's diary for electrostatic data analysis.

The technique uses static electricity and fine carbon powder to reveal indentations made by a pen or pencil through an absent page on a surviving sheet of paper below.

The tests revealed the imprint of a capitalised "A" on November 18 - almost certainly the A of Azrak, a tumbledown castle in a wild oasis 60 miles south-east of Deraa, where Lawrence had already spent several days.

Barr suggests that, instead of setting off to Deraa, Lawrence stayed put - a contention supported by a letter he wrote to his mother on November 14 1917, in which he claimed to be "staying here (at Azraq) a few days".

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Lawrence of Arabia 'made up' sex attack by Turk troops In short, I will not enter into this controversy, but I urge interested readers to read the article in its entirety and especially to integrate the experiments made in the laboratory to the political context of the time, because incontestably interactions can exist between this so-called lie and the political context as this article seems to express.

Barr suggests that, instead of setting off to Deraa, Lawrence stayed put - a contention supported by a letter he wrote to his mother on November 14 1917, in which he claimed to be "staying here (at Azraq) a few days".

Lawrence first mentioned the alleged rape in June 1919, midway through writing his memoirs and Barr argues that he fabricated the event in order to discredit Arab militants in the precarious post-war climate.

The French government had, by 1919, offered to recognise the Arab leader, Faisal, as king of Syria if he accepted French influence in return. Faisal, however, was under pressure from Arab militants, who refused to bow to French pressure.

Barr said: "It was one of these most prominent militants whom Lawrence claimed had betrayed him to the Turks at Deraa.

"Lawrence's biographers have argued over whether or not he was raped at Deraa. But until now no one has been able to produce evidence from his diary, which is an accurate, contemporary record of what he did.

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From de http://www.royalenfields.com/2011/05/seeing-motorcycle-lawrence-of-arabia.html : Royalenfiuelds.com Brough Superior SS100 motorcycle ridden by T.E. Lawrence to his death.

It has, according to one authority, Royal Enfield brakes. It is the Brough Superior motorcycle T.E. Lawrence was riding when he was fatally injured May 13, 1935.

It is on display, not much the worse for wear, under glass at the Imperial War Museum in London. My wife Bonnie and I came across it separately during our visit to the museum this month.

The museum had a full exhibit devoted to Lawrence of Arabia in 2005-'06. That only exists online now, but the Brough, privately owned, is on display. It is dramatically displayed. In fact, it looks almost regal through polished double doors.

Its link to military history is marginal, since Lawrence was a civilian by the time of his accident. He was a celebrity for his leadership in the World War I Arab revolt that threw the Ottoman Empire out of Arabia. (‌) He rode the Brough that fine spring morning to send a telegram and post a parcel. On the way back he encountered two errand boys and clipped the wheel of one of their bicycles.

The resulting crash left Lawrence in a coma from which he did not awake. He was 46.

Brough (pronounced "Bruff") Superior motorcycles were famous in their own day as well, for quality and speed. That said, they were built largely of parts made by other companies (thus the Royal Enfield brakes) and assembled by George Brough.

Lawrence loved his, owning a total of seven in turn, and referring to each as "Boanerges" (Sons of Thunder). "The Road," his stirring account of racing his motorcycle against a fighter plane, can be read online.

Seeing his final machine in the Imperial War Museum, preserved like a reliquary in a cathedral, is a bit chilling.

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La Brough Superior de T.E. Lawrence retirée de l’Imperial War Museum

From : https://imperialwarmuseum.wordpress.com/2013/02/26/the-relevance-of-lawrence-of-arabias-bike/ The Relevance of Lawrence of Arabia’s Bike (23 févier 2013) The Evening Standard report that the Imperial War Museum has removed from its collections the 998cc Brough Superior SS100 motorbike on which TE Lawrence had the accident that would eventually kill him on 19th May 1935. According to the Evening Standard report, IWM consider it no longer “relevant”. “…(A) skittish motorcycle with a touch of blood in it,” is how Thomas Edward Lawrence, dubbed ‘Lawrence of Arabia,’ once described his custom built motorbike – one of eight Brough Superiors he owned in his lifetime. Two months after leaving military service, Lawrence was involved in a fatal crash. He was driving in rural Dorset near his home in Wareham when he swerved to avoid two boys on bicycles. Having lost control, he was, it is reported, thrown over the handlebars and sustained head injures. He was not wearing a helmet. Six days after the crash, Lawrence passed away in hospital.

According to this Daily Telegraph story, after the accident the bike was sold back to manufacturer George Brough and then sold on to a Cambridge dealer. It is now valued by some in excess of £1.5 million. (…)

The Imperial War Museum report that the Brough Superior SS100 bike has been returned to its private lender, ending a loan period. It would seem that IWM could find no place for the item in its newly revamped London branch.

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Source: http://www.slate.fr/story/81311/si-lawrence-arabie-was-is-cout-ben-laden-would-he-exist?

My translation from French to English.

If Lawrence of Arabia had been listened to, would have Ben-Laden existed? By Bachir El Khoury, updated on December 19, 2013 Slate Magazine Fr Lawrence of Arabia and Bin Laden: a causal link?

The unfinished project of Faisal and Lawrence of Arabia continues to have an effect today. Some Arab theorists and nationalists consider that the current divisions within the Arab world stem from the fragmentation of the Sykes-Picot agreement and the 1920 San Remo conference. (...)

The "betrayal" of the Arabs by the British and their allies will also coincide with the Balfour Declaration made to the Zionists in 1917 on the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Twenty-nine years later, the State of Israel is created. It has been supported by the West for more than half a century.

For many observers, this succession of factors will tarnish the image of the Western world in the collective conscious and unconscious Arab, further aggravate mutual relations and contribute indirectly to the emergence of the phenomenon of Islamic terrorism. This opinion is however far from being shared by some specialists. For Henry Laurens, Henry Laurens, French historian, born in 1954, author of reference works on the Arab world: "The real problem in the region lay more in the absence of democracy and consultative mechanisms allowing people to decide their fate and that of a political union than anything else". In addition, "disputes between Arabs existed even at the time of their revolt against the Ottomans and the establishment of areas of French and British influence (...) When Fayรงal arrived in Damascus, the Damascenes were not enthusiastic to the idea of being ruled by Southern Arabs and Iraqi officers (...) ".

Chapter Sixteen. Lawrence Post Mortem

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Did Lawrence have an influence on what's going on today?

Following of my translation from French to English Henry Laurens, French historian, born in 1954, author of reference books on the Arab world, answers the question we asked ourselves on the previous page, namely: Lawrence of Arabia and Bin Laden: a link of cause and effect ?

"The real problem in the region lay more in the absence of democracy and consultative mechanisms allowing people to decide their fate and that of a political union than anything else". In addition, "disputes between Arabs existed even at the time of their revolt against the Ottomans and the establishment of areas of French and British influence (...) When Fayรงal arrived in Damascus, the Damascenes were not enthusiastic to the idea of being ruled by Southern Arabs and Iraqi officers (...) ".

He adds: "As to the effects of the San Remo Conference, on the basis of which the region was divided into foreign zones of influence, they ended with the independence of the Arab States in the 1940s (...) These mandates were intended to allow the Arabs, until then deprived of state structures, to be able to govern themselves (...)

Arab leaders could have, in the 70 years after independence, removed borders if they were truly artificial (...) " This view echoes that of other historians and economists who argue that the emergence of Islamic terrorism is more closely linked to underlying socio-economic causes, including poverty and social inequality, exacerbated by the dictatorial rule of Arab leaders. having placed their greed for power and their personal gain above all common interests. (...)

Whatever the case, Lawrence of Arabia will undoubtedly have marked the history of the Arab world in the twentieth century, while his action and the project of Arab union he defended continue to resonate today, especially after the latest revolts, known as the "Arab Spring".

Bachir El Khoury [1] Quote from his book, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Return to Article [2] The immense echo of his work during these years is due both to the reports of the American journalist Lowell Thomas and his autobiography The Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Return to Article

Postface

260

Tribute to Félicien Deleuze who was my English Teacher Tribute to Félicien Deleuze, who was my English teacher at the Athénée of Huy from 1961 to 1963. Thanks to him, there are today English versions of my novels and essays, including Lawrence of Arabia's Illustred Biography. I also translated from English to French « The Battle of Mons » with the authorization of Arthur Conan Doyle inheritance.

Félicien Deleuze made me appreciate the English language, but also its literature and its immense masterpieces : Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The Invisible Man, The Importance of Being Earnest, Pygmalion, The Razor's Edge, Brighton Rock, Uncle Tom's Cabin, King Arthur and the Round Table... rocked me during the sixties. As well as American literature, with The Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men, The Old Man and the Sea and so on ... A few months before his great departure, I visited Mr. Deleuze at his home on a morning of November.

The three hours I spent with him are forever "engraved" in my mind, and this without intended pun for this excellent bottle of Graves we emptied by reminding us of the pleasant times spent together.

Postface

261

Tribute to FĂŠlicien Deleuze who also taught me the history of England It is not surprising then that my collection of famous Britons has gradually expanded over the course of my life and, understandably, that it was recently completed by the bust of T.E. Lawrence.

A few characters from my collection : Queen Victoria Winston Churchill Elisabeth the First T.E. Lawrence Henry VIII and his Executioner Isaac Newton Oscar Wilde

Bibliography sorted on the chronology of the story

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Warning. Titles listed in this Bibliography have been translated into English to help you better understand their contents, however it is possible that after opening the link, you find a text written in French http://www.maartenschild.com/lawrence/?p=185. Did TE Lawrence Have a Miserable or a Happy Childhood? ©http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/schools/boys_high_school.html. Photo of Oxford High School http://www.letelegramme.fr/ille-et-vilaine/dinard/sentier-lawrence-d-arabie-hommage-a-un-amoureux-de-dinard-14-09-201510772557.php. Tribute to a lover of Dinard T.E. is attending catechism classes at Rev. William Christopher - Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 243-253). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle. https://fr.calameo.com/read/001082200f29051cce8dd et https://fr.calameo.com/read/001082200e012165e4e45. E-books and videos by Francis Baldewyns entitled "From Colleges to Gargoyles" No special friendships in Lawrence's youth - Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 281-288). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle. https://blogavocat.fr/space/guy.fitoussi/content/lawrence-d-arabie--1888---1935-le-reve-brise-d-un-visionnaire_485fef18-a1a6474a-b014-187ab4259d77. The broken dream of a visionary © Le blog de Maître Fitoussi https://www.babelio.com/livres/Penaud-Le-Tour-de-France-de-Lawrence-dArabie/647031. Lawrence's Tour de France http://www.nwpressbooks.com/?page=shop/flypage&product_id=478. Letters to E. T. Leeds, edited by jeremy wilson https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/royaume-uni-l-empire-britannique/#i_95282. The British Empire and the Round Table

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1909: First visit to the East of T.E. Lawrence - Résumé du texte de Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 448-479). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle. http://www.veroeddy.be/proche-orient/syrie/peuple-et-patrimoine-en-danger/le-krak-des-chevaliers. The KRAK of the Knights https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puQQDKzy7Yk&t=3101s – Video featuring Constantinople at this time, a film by Sabine Krayenbühl and Zeva Oelbaum https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemish. Presentation of Karkemish http://www.manitou-lhebreu.com/israel/la-situation-du-moyen-orient-avant-la-premiere-guerre-mondiale,2 - Edith Levy-Neumand, French speaking guide in Jerusalem and Israel http://laplumeetlerouleau.over-blog.com/article-4309873.html. A myth never silted, T.E. Lawrence https://www.babelio.com/livres/Mouchard-Gertrude-Bell. Gertrude Bell, agent secret et archéologue de Christel Mouchard http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/wilkinson329/ Revisiting Carchemish: the Land of Carchemish Project in Syria, 2009 & 2010 Lawrence, Dahoum and Hamoudi visit Oxford - T.E.Lawrence - Tormented Hero (Emplacements du Kindle 357-412). Fonthill Media. Édition du Kindle. https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/sur-les-traces-de-lawrence-d-arabie_909681.html - In the footsteps of Lawrence of Arabia by the EXPRESS, the 2/08/2010 http://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11605672. Dahoum Spy satellites in the service of archeology https://www.ouest-france.fr/leditiondusoir/data/15540/reader/reader.html#!preferred/1/package/15540/pub/22521/page/5

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The current site of Karkemish http://antikforever.com/Asie_Mineure/Hittites/hattousa_karkemish.htm https://www.tumblr.com/search/dahoum. Various photos of Dahoum https://www.babelio.com/livres/Mouchard-Gertrude-Bell-Agent-secret-aventuriere-et-archeol/792632. Gertrude Bell, secret agent, adventurer and archaeologist http://christelmouchard.blogspot.be/2014/04/. "Gertrude Bell, seen by Lawrence of Arabia" and "The true face of Gertrude Bell" on the site "The adventure for women" https://www.letemps.ch/culture/2016/01/15/gertrude-bell-meilleure-ennemie-arabes. Gertrude Bell, the best enemy of the Arabs http://www.therountons.com/festival/gallery/bell/gertrude/arabia/arabia.htm. Gertrude in Persia (Photos) http://www.ampersand.fr/detail.php?id=1057. Gertrude Bell, desert explorer https://www.amazon.com/Gertrude-Bell-Arabian-Diaries-1913-1914/dp/0815606729. The Arabian diaries https://www.thedailybeast.com/gertrude-of-arabia-the-woman-who-invented-iraq. Gertrude of Arabia, the Woman Who Invented Iraq http://yesterdayremembered.co.uk/memory/1519/ : RAF Briefs at Uxbridge Lawrence defines the title of his book "The Mint-The Matrix - Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 3059-3072). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

Lawrence is excluded from R.A.F. in 1923- Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 3084-3089). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

Bibliography sorted on the chronology of the story (Following)

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T.E. Lawrence joins the army at Bovington camp - Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 3092-3096). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle.

T.E. Lawrence and his many visits to Thomas Hardy and his wife - Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 3106-3108). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP7EajEOCaA Baron Hotel in Aleppo https://francais.rt.com/international/16967-interview-proprietaire-hotel-baron Interview of the owner of the Baron Hotel in Aleppo https://fr.calameo.com/read/001082200b1606bc953fd. My translation of Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Battle of Mons" http://crosnierlyd.over-blog.com/article-5197455.html. T.E. Lawrence, Gertrude Bell, two lives https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_ben_Ali_(chérif_de_La_Mecque). Hussein Ben Ali on Wikipedia https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Ier_(roi_d%27Irak) Faisal I King of Irak on Wikipedia http://www.pbs.org/lawrenceofarabia/players/dahoum.html. Dahoum https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/937171/le-jour-ou-lawrence-darabie-a-rencontre-lemir-faycal.html The day Lawrence of Arabia met Emir Faisal http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/asie/syrie-Sykes-Picot-1916.htm.The Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/titledetails.asp?tid=7.Arab Bulletin (1916-1919) https://www.kcl.ac.uk/library/archivespec/spotlight/spotlights2017.aspx. Spotlight highlights 2016-2017 sur le Bulletin arabe

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The clothing of the Arabs he has to wear - Lawrence, T.E., Les 7 piliers de la sagesse (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 16851694). A verba futuroruM. Édition du Kindle.

About Sir Reginald Wingate - Lawrence, T.E. Les 7 piliers de la sagesse (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 1695-1726). A verba futuroruM. Édition du Kindle.

Herbert Garland, the explosives expert - Extrait de Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 1247-1262). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7918929/Garland-of-Arabia-the-forgotten-story-of-TE-Lawrences-brother-in-arms.html The forgotten history of Garland of Arabia https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11766648. Maude in Bagdad T.E. Lawrence meets Auda Abu Tayi - Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 1404-1418). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Aqaba. The Battle of Aqaba on Wikipedia https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Aqaba. In the shadow of the Crescent, the installation of the tent in Aqaba https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6215448. Photo of Aqaba Fort https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedjaz. Hedjaz on Wikipedia https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachémites#/media/File:Genealogie_des_Hachemites_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85.jpg. Presentation of the Hashemites T.E. Lawrence and his improvised military dress - Lawrence, T.E.. Les 7 piliers de la sagesse - Tome II (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 2925-2931). A verba futuroruM. Édition du Kindle.

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Description of Jerusalem by T.E. Lawrence - Lawrence, T.E.. Les 7 piliers de la sagesse - Tome II (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 413-419). A verba futuroruM. Édition du Kindle.

General Allenby waits for the end of winter before conquering Damascus - Extrait de Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacement du Kindle 2068). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle. https://www.cliohistory.org/thomas-lawrence/lawrence/deraa/. Mission in Deraa https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Déclaration_Balfour_de_1917#/media/File:Balfour_portrait_and_declaration.JPG Portrait and statement of Lord Balfour https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conférence_de_paix_de_Paris_(1919). Peace Conference of Paris in 1919 Photo of Lowell Thomas in 1923- https://www.cliohistory.org/thomas-lawrence/thomas/ T.E. Lawrence writes the first manuscript of the Seven Pillars of Wisdom - Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 2748-2777). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle. https://resistanceinventerre.wordpress.com/2015/05/19/un-peu-dhistoire-19-mai-1935-mort-accidentelle-de-lawrence-darabie/ Accidental death of Lawrence of Arabia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1921) : Wikipedia. The Cairo Conference https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_1921. Entrusting political authority over the British Mandate of Mesopotamia to Faisal, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article18250.htm. Following Churchill’s Folly In Iraq, by Don Chapman https://www.wdl.org/fr/item/419/ Sur l'aérodrome à Amman. Colonel Lawrence (T.E Lawrence). Sir Herbert Samuel. Amir Abdullah.

Avril 1921

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http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/forgotten-female-lawrence-arabia-helped-create-modern-middle/. How the forgotten 'female Lawrence of Arabia' helped create the modern Middle East. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_Desert. Queen of the Desert https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioNmasyaStI. Letters from Baghdad Four other videos on Youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsZtMgKoUo8. Queen of the desert unofficial trail https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puQQDKzy7Yk&t=3101s. Une aventurière en Irak : Gertrude Bell - bande-annonce ARTE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgPEcsnjCGk&t=1s. The Bell of Baghdad https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqvcjL6ObH0&t=586s. T.E. Lawrence and How He Became Lawrence Of Arabia (Who did what in WW1 ?) https://www.thedailybeast.com/gertrude-of-arabia-the-woman-who-invented-iraq. How the forgotten 'female Lawrence of Arabia' helped create the modern Middle East His « Clouds Hill » home in Moreton - Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 3132-3136). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5546364. Bovington Tank Museum https://store.paulfrasercollectibles.com/blogs/books-manuscripts/te-lawrence-cranwell-edition-of-seven-pillars-of-wisdom-to-auction The "Cranwell" edition of the Seven Pillars of Wisdom http://www.telsociety.org.uk/places-to-visit/cranwell-lincoln/. Cranwell and Lincoln, Lawrence Society article https://thekarachiwalla.com/2011/08/03/city-secret-lawrence-of-karachi/. The Karachi Walla – City secret - Lawrence of Karachi https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/lawrence-of-arabia-in-waziristan.320850/. Lawrence of Arabia in Waziristan

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The Mint_(book). In 1928, he finished "The Mint", "The Matrix" http://abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/calshot/. Airfields of Britain (Calshot) http://dropbears.com/b/brough_superior/rosslett.htm. Letters of T. E. Lawrence to George Brough http://www.telstudies.org/reference/myrtle cottage.shtml. T.E. Lawrence Studies http://cosa.webplus.net/page69.html. Bridlington Sundial http://www.ba-education.com/for/travel/guide/bridlingtontown.html Bridlington Ozon Hotel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFUQV6j3FoE. Lawrence of Arabia – Simple Funeral – Moreton May 19, 1935 was an historic date in Moreton - Extrait de Renouard, Michel. Lawrence d'Arabie (Folio Biographies) (French Edition) (Emplacements du Kindle 3705-3718). Editions Gallimard. Édition du Kindle. https://www.flickr.com/photos/55628191@N04/5172523740. Recumbent effigy of T.E. Lawrence at St Martin's Church in Wareham https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ze06M2y0aeE. Thinking with things (Professor Eugene Rogan) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycBrCeigzF0. During my last visits to Oxford (See my two videos "From Colleges to Gargoyles" on You Tube) http://www.editionsdufelin.com/o-s-chap-r-296.html. Little reminder of what Lawrence brought to Ashmolean - Excerpt from Feline editions https://www.heritagedaily.com/2016/04/bullet-indicates-lawrence-of-arabia-was-no-liar/110332. Bullet indicates Lawrence of Arabia was no liar

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http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/165299/Lawrence-of-Arabias-house-in-Yanbu-struggles-for-survival Lawrence of Arabia’s house in Yanbu struggles for survival https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1518314/Lawrence-of-Arabia-made-up-sex-attack-by-Turk-troops.html : Lawrence of Arabia 'made up' sex attack by Turk troops http://www.royalenfields.com/2011/05/seeing-motorcycle-lawrence-of-arabia.html : Seeing the motorcycle Lawrence of Arabia rode to his death https://imperialwarmuseum.wordpress.com/2013/02/26/the-relevance-of-lawrence-of-arabias-bike/ La pertinence de la moto de Lawrence d'Arabia (Article du 23 fÊvrier 2013)

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