how to learn 7 languages barnes method english by luis smart

BARNES METHOD ENGLISH How to Learn 7 Languages Written by Dr Perry Barnes How to suddenly enjoy languages, learn lots and find yourself communicating on a new level Translated into 5 Languages

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I remember my first time . . . being absorbed into a story about something that intrigued me enormously, even though the actual topic is irrelevant at the moment because it started quite innocently as I first read with deep curiosity and anticipation, even during the opening paragraphs of what I was reading, while I was more and more consumed into what it was I hadn't yet known, and wanted to because the story wasn't just about the story as much as it was about desire: wanting to draw me into an experience in my mind that was as real as could be inside in such a way that whatever was on the outside didn't matter as much anymore and perhaps even at all because my attention focused inside on the experience that was unfolding Owen Fitzpatrick Experiencing stories so vividly, like the ones told by great story tellers, the ones that spark every sensory receptor triggering connections in each cortex, from clean bright images to crystal clear sounds, tingling sensations from the surface of your skin to the deepest fiber of your bones, is what creates ideas so profound that they blur the differences between what is reality and what is hallucination, and since it can be very difficult to distinguish these difference means you can build realities around how well you can conversationally and naturally weave the fabric that will be present inside your mind with any subject you want and propagate that to others John La Valle Subject: MÉTODO BARNES He says: I am a professor and I am looking for a method as I am decided that I will open a good English school in the axis Goiânia-Anápolis-Brasilia (those are Brazilian cities in the middle of Brazil) I got your contact through the internet and the indication of your phone many times linked to the Method Barnes. I would like to know the methodology and resources applied as well as the possibility of applying the method to a conventional school. ----------------------I asked him at the answer to contact you. I said we did a partnership in translation that is why my name is there and that you are the creator of the method Good luck Best, Gil Subject: Re: MÉTODO BARNES Gilseane Stefani, Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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Sou professor universitário e procuro o método porque estou decido a abrir uma boa escola de inglês no eixo Goiânia-Anápolis-Brasília. Consegui o seu contato na internet, inclusive com a indicação de um número de telefone (07951048218), várias vezes vinculado do Métdo Barnes. Gostaria de conhecer a metodologia e os recursos empregados bem como a possibilidade de aplicação do método numa escola convecional. Se puder me ajudar, fico grato. Jorge Bezerra - Goiânia / GO

Adjustments Languages such as Italian, Spanish and Portuguese are very similar to English and to each other. Yes, yes your country is wonderful and your coffee is great, relax now. With Portuguese you can change many of your words slightly (adjust them) and they become English words. In fact you don't even have to change your pronunciation. The meaning of communication is the response you get. If people understand you then you are correct. If you want an English accent then get it later, maybe a day later if you want to. The main point of this is many Portuguese words have an extra Syllable. For example Ter-mo (Termo) in Portuguese is 2 syllables and Term in English is 1 syllable. Just by pronouncing 1 syllable less, you have the English word. No translation required. Even with an accent English people will still understand you, so learn it Pronunciation Adjustments: U is pronounced as You in English, U = You, Here's a list, feel free to add to it (use the back of the paper): Portuguese

English

Termo

Term

Permitir

Permit

permitir

Permisso

Progresso

Progress

progreso

progresso

Estudar

Study

estudiar

studio

Publico

Public

Publico

pubblico

Parte

Part

Pieza (piece)

parte

Uso/a

Use

Uso

uso

Atividade

Activity

Actividad

attivita

Garantia

Guarantee

garantia

garanzia

Rapido

Rapid

Rapido

rapido

Acordo

Accord

concordar

accordo

Sucesso

Success

Spanish

Italian

French

Termine

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Forma

Form

formar

forma

Detalhe

Detail

detall

dettaglio

Experiência

Experience

experiencia

esperienza

Básico

Basic

basico

Dia

Day

dia

giorno

Fotografia

Photograph

foto

fotographia

Estudante

Student

estudiante

studente

Minuto

Minute

minuto

Perfeito

Perfect

perfetto

Reflexo

Reflex

riflesso

Here are some more words with an extra syllable. Imediata/Immediate/Imediato, Falso/False/Fasullo, Informe/Inform/Informare, Edita/Edit, Contate/Contact/Contatto , Produtos/Products/Prodotto, Similar Words There are many similar words in Portuguese and English. These words may have the same amount of Syllables. For example Imagens in English is Images, both words contain 3 syllables and so a slight adjustment is needed. The official word for these similarities is cognates Imagens/Images/Immagine, Máximo/Maximum/Massimo, Erro/Error/Errore, Entre/Enter, Ou/Or, Serviços/Services/Servizio, Uniformes/Uniform/Uniforme, Rolo/Roll, Par/Pair/Paio all verbs in english which complete with ...ize are also in spanish, french, italian, and portuguese and complete with izar : iser : izare : izar English

Spanish

French

legalize

legalizar

legaliser

Italian legalizzare

Portuguese legalizar

all verbs in english which complete with “ory” are also in spanish, french, italian, and portuguese and complete with orio : oire : orio : orio English

Spanish

French

Italian

Portuguese

territory

territorio

territoire

territorio

write examples now! English/Italian Similar Words

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absent = assente absurd = assurdo observatory = osservatorio subsidy = sussidio absolute = assoluto absorb = assorbire absolve = assolvere observe = osservare

obsess = ossessionare obscure = oscuro obscene = osceno abstain = astenersi obstruct = ostacolare abstract = astratto substitute = sostituto obstacle = ostacolo

Learn These and then you can read a book and guess the meanings of many words now, you may recommend barnes method to only 1 friend people are starting barnes method english groups with skype and msn in all countries tà qualità quantità città università abilità autorità

ty quality quantity city university ability authority

zione condizione attenzione nazione inflazione abbreviazione promozione

tion condition attention nation inflation abbreviation promotion

za pazienza apparenza esistenza indifferenza conferenza

ce patience appearance existence indifference conference

oso

ous

famoso generoso

famous generous

delizioso

delicious

Adjectives: in barnes method english you can always learn adjectives as opposites example: learn delicious and disgusting at the same time, famous and unknown, natural and unnatural, popular and unpopular intelligente ottimista indifferente elegante interessante naturale responsabile

sensibile egoista realista entusiasta idealista

eccellente popolare materialista

intellettuale sentimentale progressista

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Cognate Patterns cognates/congatos any words not in this list, look them up (find them yourself http://translate.google.com) it'll help you learn them more

English

Portuguese

Spanish

French

Italian

Nouns : Substantivos 1.al

1.al

hospital

hôpital

ospedale

animal

animale

moral

morale

2.ty

2.dade

capacity (potential)

capacidade

potenticial

capacité

capacità

flexibility

flexibilidade

flexibilidad

flexibilité

flessibilita

eternity

eternidade

eternidad

l'éternité

eternita

3.ism

3.isma, ismo

feminism

feminismo

féminisme

femminismo

atheism

ateismo

ateísmo

athéïste

ateism

criticism

criticismo

criticisme

critica

4.ist

4.ist, ista

dentist

dentista

dentiste

tourist

turista

touriste

humorist

humorista

humoriste

English

Portuguese

Spanish

French

Italian

5.nce, ance

5.ência, ança

patience

paciência

patience

pazienza

existence

existencia

existence

esistenza

perseverance

perseverança

perseverance

perseveranza

6.or

actor

ator

acteur

favor

faveur

color

cor

couleur

Adjectives : Adjetivos 7.al

7.al

real

virtual

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sensual

8.ant, ent

8.ante, ente

excellent

excelente

excellent

patient

paciente

patient

important

importante

9.ary

9.ário, ária

adversary

adversário

adversario

contrary

contrário

contrario

arbitrary

arbitrário

arbitrario

10.ic

10.ico, ica

economic

economico

pacific

pacifico

metallic

metalico

11.id

11.ido, ida

lucid

lucido

lúcido

vivid

vivido

vívido

splendid (magnificent)

esplendido

¡magnífico!

12.ile

12.il, óvel

automobile

automóvel

automóvil

projectile

projétil

proyectil

mobile

móvel

móvil

English

Portuguese

13.ive

13.ivo, iva

adoptive

adotivo

imaginative

imaginativo

descriptive

descritivo

14.ible, able

14.ível, ável

accessible

acessível

accesible

convertible

conversível

convertible

admirable

admirável

admirable

15.ous

15.oso, osa

delicious

delicioso

generous

generoso

famous

famoso

delicioso

delizioso generoso

famoso

Verbs : Verbos 16.ate

16.ar

celebrate

celebrar

festejar

donate

doar

donar

create

criar

crear

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17.e

17.ar

dance

dancar

danzar

imagine

imaginar

complete

completar

18.ult, ent, ort

18.ultar, entar, ortar

comment

comentar

export

exportar

consult

consultar

19.fy

19.ficar

amplify

amplificar

simplify

simplificar

qualify

qualificar

qualificar Adverbs : Adverbios

20.ly

20.mente

creatively

criativamente

usually

usualmente

separately

separadamente

21.tion

21.cao

action

ação

actuación

azione

promotion

promoção

promoción

promozione

attention

atenção

atención

attenzione

22.ize

Izar

advise

avisar

23. ory

orio

oire

orio

Territory

Territorio

Territoire

Territorio

note: 22 and 23 are listed earlier in the book

Learn to Read a Language in 1 Month after you know the cognates well (written many examples, tested yourself, you notice them everytime you see/hear your target language) then you can start learning to read Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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I think this is the best 1st step because >you can access reading materials online, international newspapers easier than native speakers usually >when you can read, you can imagine the words you hear >after you learn to read, you can learn to write just via practising/doing it >you can attach the pronunciation as the 2nd step to the words you already know (sequence is significant) 1. find a book you have already read in your native language 2. read the book, highlight the cognates and words you already know 3. then study the verbs tools Like BYKI (before you know it = learn quickly) www.byki.com/listcentral.html http://www.wiegehtsgerman.com/ Other Language Web Apps Learn Spanish by Qué Onda Learn French by Très Bien Learn Italian by Molto Bene Learn Portuguese by Tudo Bem Learn Hebrew by Ma Kore Learn Arabic by Salaam Learn German by Wie Geht's byki and these programs are amazing, they teach you until you remember, with byki you can slow the voices to help you learn pronunciation, you can save your progress they are the best ways to learn the verbs Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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learn the verbs, then after continue reading your book you'll suddenly see the verbs, and you've learned one of the most important parts of the language as you are learning you should use something Like the 80/20 Rule = 20% of your efforts produce 80% of your results so as you read your book for 1 month, adjust what you learning on the side 1st learn cognates (this gives you up to 20% of the language) 2nd learn verbs (the next 20%) 3rd learn the 100 most common words of your language (easy to find with www.google.com) 4th study the most common word of the page (which word are you seeing 2 or 3 times each page, that's the one to study now) 4. the next key to the holy language learning process is the barnes method memorization technique generally, you need to read/hear/see/use something 4 times to remember something 1st time: practise immediately 2nd time: revise/use/hear it after 1 hour 3rd time: revise/use/hear it after 1 day 4th time: revise/use/hear it after 7 days if you do this then you'll learn/remember it, we all have a good memory, you just need to hear/use things 4 times you are reading your book everyday for 1 month, so you learn the words, then the next day you see them and remember them, so reading the book everyday for 1 month will activate the memory system automatically Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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then, read the book again after you've read it all i've done this process with 4 or 5 languages, and it works everytime sometimes I meet successful language learners and find they have done something Like this for example, someone that reads newspapers everyday in their language, they read the newspaper everyday in their new language and their vocabulary is excellent or they love a certain film series in their language (harry potter/twilight) then they read the books and watch the films in english surprise surprise, they learn faster than their friend this works, if you work it the man writing this book has found that you usually need to learn the numbers 1 to 10 at some point, whilst learning to read a language in 1 month an online program Like BYKI or the Pangaea Learning LLC apps listed above are excellent for this german numbers 1 to 10 http://www.wiegehtsgerman.com/lesson/plan/1288/numbers_ %280-10%29 french 1 to 10 http://www.tresbienfrench.com/lesson/plan/839/numbers_%28010%29

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Memorize Words with Pictures excellent mnemonics http://www.200words-a-day.com/learn-german.html ^this site has the other languages too you can buy a picture dictionary from your local ÂŁ1 shop >if it has 2 languages that's cool too use the train map to study pronunciation, then when you take the train you rehear it

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This table is from a Charles Nunes publication^ buy his books because he has a family to feed and he contributes alot to people learning languages, he has a real love for teaching

Some content adapted from Charles Nunes website Learn Portuguese Now www.Learn-Portuguese-Now.com

Mais More http://www.sk.com.br/sk-fals.html falsos cognatos : false cognates http://www.sk.com.br/sk-mmw.html PALAVRAS DE MÚLTIPLO SENTIDO MULTIPLE-MEANING WORDS http://www.sk.com.br/sk-emmw.html 2 PALAVRAS DE MÚLTIPLO SENTIDO 2 MULTIPLE-MEANING WORDS Methods to Help You Learn the Similar Words a good teacher once said to me how she learned computer programming @always write the code manually instead of copying and pasting because then you remember it better later@ i use this advice when i learned html for websites and it serves true for learning a language too i recommend to write 3 examples of each similar word pattern (cognate) you learn, the diagram later is this book shows that you learn 70% or more when you do things for real rather than thinking about the knowledge occasionally you may find you need a reason + the practise in this situation you can invent a reason from studying the patterns (you find a similarity) or find a grammar explanation or ask an english teacher Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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barnes method english @ examples method can help more with this

speak english for 1 aditional hour a day and speak your 1st language for 1 hour less decide to speak english with people from your country make friends with more native english people go to places and events where there are only english people

1. find english artist you like http://www.garagemmp3.com.br/perry-barnes 2. find the lyrics for an album http://www.scribd.com/doc/21236703/Barnes-Method-Englishwith-Music-Perry-Barnes-Musico-Lyrics-Letras-Reverse-theDrums-Chocolate-Medal-Listen-Here-Albums 3. sing to the songs 4. use dictionary for words you don't know Bel says: estou ouvindo barnes says: 5. sing again when you know the words 6. listen the music the next day or later eu entendi 90% de marisa monte musicas agora usando esta metodo de barnes

“Don’t ask what the world needs. Ask what makes you come alive, and go do it. Because what the world needs is people who have come alive.” - Howard Thurman Barnes says: portuguese and ingles are so similar i'm reading an english book from 1909 Debora says: do you think? Barnes says: strategy is called stratagem in 1909 ground is called TERRAin Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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meu deus there is a list of similar words ja and also many others aquire = adquirer obtain = obter procure = procura could teach english to a portuguese in 7 days with a good systema

diagram from Why We Want You To Be Rich by robert kiosaki and donald trump copyright ÂŠ buy their books for great financial success and they are going to help you learn english

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Germanic and Slavic Cognates + russian germanic languages (german/dutch etc) and slavic languages (albanian/polish and others) have cognates similar to those already listed. Why ? Because of latin probably, because most of the world knows english to some extent, because languages affect each other. For example american english has some pronunciation/spelling in common with south american spanish (location), and british english has more french words (britain is next to france, go figure). Note : if the word isn't included in the list 1. it may still exist, check another dictionary/translator 2. it may be the same in another language of the language group, check germanic languages for german/dutch words for example English

German

Russian

Polish

Romanian

szpital

spital

Nouns : Substantivos 1.al

1.al

hospital

animal

animal моральный moralny

moral 2.ty

2.tat

capacity (potential)

kapacitat

flexibility

flexibilitat

morala

capacitate

эластичнос elastyczność (elasticity) Flexibilitate ть eternitate

eternity 3.ism

3.mus

feminism

feminismus

феминизм

feminizm

feminism

atheism

ateismus

атеизм

ateizm

ateism

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criticism 4.ist

критика

krytycyzm

critica

дантист

dentysta

dentist

4.ist, ista

dentist tourist

tourist

турист

turysta

turist

humorist

юморист

humorysta

umorist

пасьянс

pasjans

pacienţă / pasians

English 5.nce, ance

patience

existence

existenz

egzystencja

existenta

perseverance

perserveranta

6.or

actor

akteur (french link)

aktor

actor

favor

favorisieren

faworyzować

favoriza

color

kolorit

Kolor

Culoare / colora

актер

Adjectives : Adjetivos

If you are reading this you are very cool

7.al

real

реальный

real

virtual

virtuell

виртуальн ый

wirtualny

virtual

sensual

8.ant, ent

8.ante, ente

excellent

exzellent

patient

senzual (super) супер пациент

excellent pacjent

pacient

oponent (opponent)

adversar

important 9.ary

9.ário, ária

adversary contrary

contrar

arbitrary

arbitrar

10.ic

10.ico, ica

economic

okonomisch

pacific

pazifik

metallic

metallisch

11.id

11.ido, ida

lucid

luzid

arbitralny экономиче ekonomiczny ский pacyfik металличе metaliczny ский

arbitrar economic pacific

metalic

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splendid (magnificent)

splendid

12.ile

12.il, óvel

automobile

automobil

projectile

projektil

mobile

автомобил auto ь

auto proiectil

мобильный

mobil

English 13.ive

adoptive

adoptiv

imaginative

adoptowany

adoptiv

Fantazjujący (similar to Fantasy)

imaginativ

descriptive 14.ible, able

descriptiv 14

accessible

accesibil

available

convertible

доступный (sounds like disponivel: portuguese or disponible french)

disponibil

konvertierbar

convertibil

admirable

admirabil

15.ous

delicious

delikat

delicios generos

generous famous

famos

celebru Verbs : Verbos

16.ate

16.ar

celebrate

celebrować

donate

spenden

create

kreieren

17.e

17.ar

celebra dona

форма

kreować/formować

dance

dancing

imagine

fantazjować

Crea

complete

komplett

18.ult, ent, ort

18.ultar, entar, ortar

comment

kommentar

комментир komentować/komentarz/ comenta овать

export

exportieren

экспорт

consult

konsultieren

консульти konsultować

kompletny

eksport

export

consultati

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роваться 19.fy

amplify

amplificar

simplify

simplifizieren

qualify

qualifizieren

amplifica symplifikować квалифици kwalifikować ровать

simplificarea

califica

Adverbs : Adverbios 20.ly

creatively

kreativ

usually

normalerweise

kreatywnie обычно (habitually)

Creativ / mod creativ uzual

separately

separat

21.tion

action

aktion

promotion

akcja продвижен promocja ие

attention

actiune promovarea atentie

discussion

diskussion

function

funktion

функция

dyskusja

discuție

funkcja

funcția

22 round

rund

found

fund

ground

grund

23. ory Territory

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Transwiki:List_of_German_cognates_with_English >exzellent article regarding the spelling between english and german http://www.aug.edu/~lngrsb/courses/GRMN1001/germancognates.htm >wow spanish words with german origin http://www.americanismos.com/ejemplos-de-germanismos

apparantly, if you speak russian you can understand 70% of polish, bulgarian and of course ukranian thus, learning polish (roman alphabet) could be a route/path to learn russian

when you learn german you have better access to the germanic group of languages

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The most widely spoken Germanic languages are English and German, with approximately 300–400 million[1][2] and over 100 million[3] native speakers respectively. They belong to the West Germanic family. The West Germanic group also includes other major languages, such as Dutch with 23 million[4] and Afrikaans with over 6 million native speakers.[5] The North Germanic languages include Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faroese, which have a combined total of about 20 million speakers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages

Although Germany also had some colonial possessions, its language did not remain official after the end of the colonial domination, resulting in German being spoken only as a minority or secondary language by immigrant communities in North, South America, Australia, and African countries notably former German colony Namibia, where it is spoken by educated people and in commerce, it was also former official language there Although the Netherlands has some colonial possessions, Dutch is only official in Suriname, Dutch Antilles, Belgium and the Netherlands Afrikaans is one of 11 official languages in South Africa and is a lingua franca of Namibia

Vocabulary comparison

Several of the terms in the table below have had semantic drift. For example, the form Sterben and other terms for die are cognates with the English word starve. There is also at least one example of a common borrowing from a non-Germanic source (ounce and its cognates from Latin).

English Afrikaans

Dutch

German

apple

appel

Apfel

board

bord

Brett[46]

beech

beuk

Buche

book

boek

Buch

breast

bors

borst

Brust

brown bruin

bruin

braun

day

dag

Tag

dead

dood

tot

die sterf (starve)

sterven

sterben

enough genoeg

genoeg

genug

Yiddish Icelandic Swedish ‫ עפל‬/ epl ‫ ברעט‬/ bret – ‫ בוך‬/ bukh ‫ ברוסט‬/ brust ‫ ברוין‬/ broyn ‫ טאג‬/ tog ‫ טויט‬/ toyt ‫שטארבן‬ / shtarbn ‫ גענוג‬/ genug

Norwegian (Bokmål)

Danish

epli

äpple

æble

eple

borð

bord

beyki

bok

bøg

bok

bók

bok

bog

bok

brjóst

bröst

bryst

brúnn

brun

dagur

dag

dauður

död

død

deyja

dö

dø

nóg

nog

nok

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finger

vinger

Finger

give

gee

geven

geben

glass

glas

Glas

gold

goud

Gold

good

goed

gut

hand

Hand

head

hoof[48] / kop[49]

hoofd / kop[49]

Haupt / Kopf[49]

high

hoog

hoch

home

heem, heim[50] / heim[50] Heim tuis[51] / thuis[51]

hook / crook

haak

Haken

house

huis

Haus

many

baie / menige

menig

manch

moon

maan

Mond

night

nag

nacht

Nacht

no (nay)

nee

nee(n)

nee / nein / nö

old (but: oud elder, eldest)

oud

alt

one

een

eins

ounce

ons

Unze

snow

sneeu

sneeuw

Schnee

stone

steen

Stein

that

daardie / dit dat / die das

‫ פינגער‬/ fingur finger ‫ געבן‬/ gefa gebn ‫ גלאז‬/ glas gloz ‫ גאלד‬/ gull gold góð(ur) / ‫ גוט‬/ gut gott ‫ האנט‬/ hönd hant ‫ק‬/‫הויפט‬ ‫ אפ‬/ höfuð hoypt/ko p ‫ הויך‬/ hár hoykh ‫ היים‬/ heym ‫ האק‬/ hak ‫ הויז‬/ hoyz ‫ מאנכע‬/ mankhe – ‫ נאכט‬/ nakht ‫ ניין‬/ neyn

finger

ge / giva give

glas

glass

guld / gull

guld

gull

god

hand

hånd

huvud

hoved

hode

hög

høj

høy / høg

heim

hem

hjem

hjem / heim

haki / krókur

hake / krok

hage / krog hake / krok

hús

hus

margir

många

mange

máni / tungl

måne

nótt

natt

nat

natt

nei

nej / nä

nej / næ

nei

gammal (but: äldre, äldst)

gammel (but: ældre, ældst)

gammel (but: eldre, eldst)

uns

unse

snö

sne

snø

sten

stein

det

gamall (but: ‫ אלט‬/ alt eldri, elstur) / aldinn ‫ איין‬/ einn eyn – únsa ‫ שניי‬/ snjór shney ‫ שטיין‬/ steinn shteyn ‫ דאס‬/ það dos

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two / twain

twee

zwei/zwo

who

wie

wer

worm

wurm

worm

Wurm

English Afrikaans

Dutch

German

‫ צוויי‬/ tsvey ‫ ווער‬/ ver ‫ווארעם‬ vorem

tveir / två / tu tvær / tvö

hver

hvem

vem

/ maðkur / mask / orm ormur orm [54]

Yiddish Icelandic Swedish

makk / mark / orm [54] Norwegian Danish (Bokmål)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages

Learn to Pronounce a Language in 1 Month read some text, and have native speaker correct you do this continuously every day or every 2 days a free newspaper is good for this, choose the section you Like the most you can use a language swap for this, language swaps are usually ineffective but are very Effective with this method also, search in www.youtube.com for pronunciation videos usually they are excellent

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A list of german similar words with al >write example sentences with them >highlight the most useful ones >listen to how they sound http://translate.google.com

analytical gynecological theological pathological philosophical mechanical historical pharmacological methodological archaeological ideological geological mythological ethical organisational architectural traditional conventional structural cultural socio-cultural audiovisual comercial experimental

analytischen gynĂ¤kologischen theologischen pathologischen philosophischen mechanischen historischen pharmakologischen methodischen archĂ¤ologischen ideologischen geologischen mythologischen ethischen organisatorischen architektonischen traditionellen konventionellen strukturellen kulturellen sozio-kulturellen audiovisuellen kommerziellen experimentellen

>this list is from www.cognates.org buy his books study his ideas cognates.org has some key concepts for learning with cognates >20% of many texts consists of cognates >cognates are not coincidental, they are always there as a fundamental part of each language he provides the most ressources for those learning spanish

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finding german grammar is the same as english... acho que a gramatica do alemao 'e o mesmo que ingles... quick / quicker / quickest schnell / schneller / die schnellste useful / useless : sinnvoll / sinnlos >if you learn german or french, your english will improve too... its a strategy

some more german and polish cognates + latin (WOWWWW GUAUUUUUUUU)

(English/German - Latin - Polish): brother/Bruder - frater - brat sister/Schwester - soror - sióstra mother/Mutter - mater - matka son - (filius) - syn two/zwei - duo - dwa three/drei - tres - trzy eight/acht - octo - osiem hundred/hundert - centum - sto heart/Hertz - cors (cord-) - serce apple/Äpfel - (malum) - jabłko (full/voll?) - plenus - pełny water/Wasser - (aqua) - woda night/Nacht - nox - noc garden/Garten - hortum milk/Milch - (lact-) - mleko loaf - (panis) - chleb new/neu - novus - nowy (ear) - auris - ucho mouse - mus - mysz snow/Schnee - nix - śnieg exzellent blog if you're learning german, lots of examples, native explanation http://yourdailygerman.wordpress.com/2013/01/23/meaning-paar/ Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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polish is the second most widely spoken Slavic language, after Russian and ahead of Ukrainian polish has 40 million speakers (romanian has 20 million)

the students i see do well with english... a guy reading 3 native books at the same time a girl who did ielts tests until she had 90% for all if they work in a job speaking english usually have better if they have 3 classes a semana if they sing in english it helps alot

barnes joia says: how would u explain "though" to a brasilian Gustavo says: oh it's Beautiful Barnes! I guess "though" means: embora, ainda que or contudo

bringing you the best english whilst drinking the smoothest coffee in the street

MAGIC MAGIC MAGIC MAGICMAGIC MAGIC MAGIC MAGIC MAGIC MAGIC MAGIC useful polish english cognates from http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/MEDMagazine/December2004/25-FalseFriends-Polish.htm#2 Polish word English word absurd the absurd, absurdity celibat celibacy cenzura censorship Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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dialekt dialect epidemia epidemic epoka epoch horyzont horizon humanitarny humanitarian idealizm idealism katastrofa catastrophe obsesja obsession patologia pathology renesans renaissance

didej faks grejpfrut (or grapefruit) interfejs ksero /ksero/ lider

DJ fax grapefruit interface Xerox leader

w barze /baĹže/ w biznesie /biznee/ w dobrym humorze /humoĹže/

in the bar in business in a good mood

akceptowa decydowa finansowa formatowa

to accept to decide to finance to format

eskalacja escalation prezentacja presentation restrukturyzacja restructuring and -owanie, which often corresponds to the gerund in English: finansowanie Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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tolerowanie zablokowanie

tolerating blocking

ekstremalny extreme zdecydowany determined**** skomputeryzowany computerised And there are corresponding adverbs with -nie/-alnie: ekstremalnie zdecydowanie

extremely decidedly, also definitely*

dolarowy komputerowy jazzowy

dollar computer jazz

course cursor incursion current concourse precursor curriculum cursive recourse courier cursory corsair occur discourse corridor currency excursion succour Some of these have close equivalents in Polish: kurs (course), kurier (courier), kursor (cursor), kursywa (cursive) English

German

Polish

French

Course

Kurs

kurs

Cours

Current

Strom

Strumien

Courant

Courier

Kurier

kurier

courrier

cursor

Cursor

kursor

Curseur

Cursive

Kursiv

kursywa

Cursive / cursif

Discourse

Diskurs

dyskurs

Discours

Excursion

Exkursion

Excursion

Incursion

incursion

precursor

prekursor

Recourse Corridor

precurseur recours

Korridor

korytarz

Corridor

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i'm reading a book in portuguese i list the words i don't know (in the day) research them (at night) then read more of the book the next day I have learned about 50 words this way in 2 days the things you don't know in the language are the things you need to learn

Learn the Alphabet 1 because you're a genius some languages you need to learn their alphabet to fully learn them russian/arabic/chinese/japanese/korean apparantly, if you learn chinese then you can read some japanese (nice) so you can learn 9 languages now

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the excellent learning program BYKI (before you know it) from Transparent Learning can also be very effective for learning alphabets www.byki.com/listcentral.html

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>learn a common word for each letter people learn words like “A for apple” in english (if you don't eat apples don't learn that word) instead of that, learn a word you'll use everyday Like: hi, how are you? Thanks, laptop, coffee, mobile phone, train (depending on what you use often) excellent online arabic alphabet course with some interactive parts http://ikindalikelanguages.com/labs/courses.php?id=18 the manly author could read some words after 5 minutes of this course, result! Also available for other languages... http://ikindalikelanguages.com/index.php

news in swedish + transcripts http://8sidor.se/

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Grammar – How? Here’s one way I tried to use to learn the grammar: learn it when you need it. You learn some words and stuff and then either you talk to somebody and want to say something (most likely) or you are just thinking about how to put new words into sentences, i.e. talking to yourself, or you are reading something where you notice a strange word usage which you become interested in – any of these three scenarios, that’s when you need to learn some grammar.

From this blog post http://ikindalikelanguages.com/blog/how-i-partially-learnedgreek-in-six-months-or-less/

Do You Use These 3 Simple Language Learning Tips When Being In The Country! Just a couple of tips that I think are helpful to learn languages while you are living in the country (like me in Greece). I assume most people should know them but I get surprised by how many times they don’t. Here we go.

1. Translate everything you see! Whenever you see any signs on streets or shops, translate them. Any simple instructions: translate! Advertisements? Do translate! It is very often overlooked by a lot of people but simply being in a foreign country and translating all the information around you, you do expand your knowledge and given enough time, this can help you enough to learn the language even if you don’t put effort into it.

2. Always look up words and grammar you did not know during conversations. Whenever you speak and you find out that you could not express something because you lacked the word or the grammar needed, make a mental note and look it up after the conversation. Even if you have gotten your way around it, do look up the word. It will be relevant to you so you will be more likely to remember it and the fact that you did need it in practice makes it all the more likely that you will need it again so it’s probably a good word to learn. Also it’s a non-painful way to learn grammar.

3. Practice mental conversations with yourself Whenever you feel like it, and you are thinking to yourself, try to translate it to your target language. Try to imagine how the conversation would go in that language and what would you say. A lot of times you will also find words that you do not know and for that you can refer to tip #2. You don’t have to have other people around to practice! These tips, of course, can be generalized for situations even when you are learning out of the country. They are just things I consider helpful. What do you think?

http://ikindalikelanguages.com/blog/do-you-use-these-3-simple-languagelearning-tips-when-being-in-the-country/ learn the chinese tones in 1 minute http://ikindalikelanguages.com/blog/learn-the-chinese-tones-in-1-minute/ Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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Get Someone to Help You a private teacher with a lot of experience (5 years or more of experience) can help you to learn speaking/pronunciation faster than any other method sometimes you can find help for a great price http://fiverr.com has lots of services for $5 for example chinese http://fiverr.com/manphuah/teach-you-to-speak-chinese-for-three-daysthrough-skype arabic http://fiverr.com/deepreneur/teach-you-write-and-speak-arabic spanish http://fiverr.com/chadklass/teach-you-the-seven-spanish-compoundverb-tenses http://fiverr.com/jucaja7/help-you-practice-speaking-spanish-for-2-days spanish/french http://fiverr.com/angiealex/let-you-practice-your-spanish-orfrench-with-me

notes regarding language swaps i've found language swaps are not very useful, 1 in 5 of them you'll find an excellent teacher and even then you're spending 50% of the time on your target language Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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if you speak your target language for 3 or more hours you'll start thinking in that language although, i've found language swaps are excellent in 1 way pronunciation read a document or book outloud and your partner corrects you its likely the most effective way to learn pronunciation you don't need a qualified teacher to do either

a nice trick I learned from A. G. Hawke in his holy book “the quick and dirty guide to learning languages fast” >instead of using the past forms of the verbs, which takes time to learn just use “i did” + the present verb, and people will understand you russian for brasilians http://russoparabrasileiros.wordpress.com/2011/11/10/podcast-russo-parabrasileiros-aula-01/ the slavic languages are: The languages that are more like the Polish are other Western Slavic languages: Czech, Slovak, and Sorbian cassúbio (lusácio). More distant are the Slavic languages of southern and eastern as Russian, Ukrainian and Serbo-Croatian (Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian). Moreover, possess similarities with the Baltic languages: Latvian and Lithuanian http://www.italki.com >language exchange site http://lingro.com/ Lingro remembers all the words you look up, so you can easily review and study them.

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Hello guys! My name's Gustavo, aka "Guto", I'm 22 going on 23 and Brazilian. To begin with, I think English is the most important language to learn at this moment, especially in the context of globalization. I wonder, what's the most important English skill? What skill must you have to communicate well? I'd say it's fluency! What's fluency? Fluency is the ability to speak and understand a language quickly and easily, without translation. Fluency means you can talk easily with native speakers and that is our main goal here. I'm beginner like most of you and I'm here to exchange some experiences. Luis is an excellent teacher, he's brilliant! I really like his method and his books. So, to have a good teacher like him is a good start. I'm so proud to be one of his students! I think to be a fantastic English speaker, you must learn English with your ears, not just with your eyes, it's an ideology of a North American teacher. In other words, your ears are the key. The best listening must be understandable and repetitive, both of those words are important. You must hear a new word and new grammar many times before you'll understand them instantly. Increase your learning time and also your listening time. Use iPod or MP3 player. Listen to movies. Guys, that way you'll learn English faster! Another great idea is to read a good English dictionary that brings some slangs and most used expressions by natives and then your speech will sound like theirs. I do that and it really works! Read them, make phrases, practise more and more. Your English will come along like mine. You have tried the old ways, now it's time to try something new! Good luck! I wish you success with your English learning! 'Til next time! Gustavo

languageismusic

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ask "how can i learn it?" "what is possible to learn now?" usually you'll find a way to do it penso posso aprender 10 linguas talvez pq tenho varios vantagens e conhementos pra isso sei como copiar pronunciacao muito precisamente, por causa de ser um professor (perfeito) professora perfeita many linguas have either Latin cognates or German cognates Russian + Arabic affect many linguas too, so eventually they'll ser util pra aprender

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http://www.reverbnation. com /perrybarnes findperrybarnesmusic at reverbnation.com the words forthe songs are here: http://www.scribd.com/d oc/21236703/BarnesMethod-English-withMusic-Perry-BarnesCopyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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Musico-Lyrics-LetrasReverse-the-DrumsChocolate-Medal-ListenHere-Albums

www.fluentin3months.com/ is an interesting site benny lewis the author speaks 8 or more languages he's always learning a more so probably its 9 or 10 now >his main method is to Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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speak continuously for a month, and learn this part 1st I Like to learn the reading 1st and i'm very interested to use his method in fact, when I have all the other parts of the language mastered, then I force myself to speak (I did this recently after reading one of benny's posts, and i've found with that language (spanish) its the best way for me to learn more, thanks benny =)

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one of his recent facebook posts... Fluent in 3 months Reminder in case you haven't come across it yet! http://www.memrise.com/ Memrise has a nice set of pre-made memory techniques for basic (and sometimes advanced) vocabulary for many languages, and a great tool to learn to read characters in Chinese/Japanese too. I've used it a little for a couple of languages now and love it's mini stories. Several suggestions are given, and you can pick the one you like best to use in future. Learning vocab is easier than you think ;) http://www.memrise.com/

in the words of the libertines "i lived my dreams today, i lived them yestoday, and Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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i'l be living them tomorrow, anything more to say?" Allexandre Alencar â&#x20AC;˘ says: do you think that i can learn english in 1 month? learn english in 1 month possivel says: number 1: you already speak it number 2: the best way to get native english is to read many books in english my students, the best ones read lots of books, the ones who avoid reading were stuck at a certain level read a book in english u ja read in portuguese to start then pick some subjects you love for new books read 10 pages just understand what you can then learn some new words with your dictionary etc after 40 pages it becomes very easy to read

the bestlanguageprogram i'veseen recently was recommended by Tim Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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Ferris he speaksmany languagesand isalwaysofferingtipsfor betterlearning http://duolingo.com itsLikean advanced version of BYKI Russian/Arabic Cognates there isn't that many cognates in these languages that are familiar to speakers of latin or germanic languages or the world language now english however, there's still some and you can use them to help start learning the languages with something similar

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as with most cognates, you just need to change the short sounds and the long sounds of the vowells then you'll speak well for example, english words usually start with a long sound (open sound) and end with a short sound (closed sound) latin languages are the opposite so you can switch/turn around your vowells and you pronounce better than most other language learners usually the R is different between english and other languages too

English

Arabic

Russian

Nouns : Substantivos 1

strategy

‫إستراتيجية‬

стратегия

philosophy

‫فلسفة‬

философия

energy

энергия

strategic

‫إستراتيجي‬

energetic 3

стратегический энергичный

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Have a look through a Spanish dictionary for words beginning with the Arabic definite article al will reveal diverse borrowings from Arabic in every field from astronomy, alchemy and algebra, to cookery, engineering and philosophy. >alchemy is a good example

spanish words from arabic if you are learning spanish or arabic and you speak the other language, then this is a good place to start you can hear the pronunciation differences, translate sentences look for what's the same, what's different) http://translate.google.com

aceite (m.) aceituna adobe (m.) aduana ajedrez (m.) Alá (m.) alacena alacrán (m.) albacora albahaca albaricoque (m.) albóndiga alcalde alcancía alcaparra alcachofa alcoba alcohol (m.) Alcorán (m.) aldea alfalfa alfiler (m.) alfombra algodón (m.) algoritmo alguacil

oil olive adobe (sun-dried brick) customs, customs house chess Allah (gods) cupboard, closet scorpion albacore (tuna) basil apricot meatball mayor coin bank caper artichoke, shower head bedroom alcohol Qur'an (Koran) village alfalfa pin carpet cotton algorithm (problem-solving method) sheriff

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almacén (m.) store, warehouse, grocery almanaque (m.) almanac almíbar (m.) syrup almirante admiral almohada pillow, cushion alquiler (m.) rent arrecife (m.) reef arroz (m.) rice atalaya watchtower (f.), guard (m.) ataúd (m.) coffin, casket atún (m.) tuna ayatolá (m.) ayatollah azafrán (m.) saffron azar (m.) al azar = at random azote (m.) whip azúcar (m. or f.) sugar barrio neighborhood berenjena eggplant café (m.) coffee califa (m.) caliph cero zero numeral, figure, amount, cifra sum cimitarra scimitar cuzcuz (m.) couscous dado die (pl. dice) dinar (m.) dinar fulano so-and-so guitarra guitar harén (m.) harem hasta until (prep.), even (adv.) hazaña feat imán (m.) imam islam (m.) Islam jabalí (m.) wild boar jaque (m.) check (in chess) jaqueca migraine jarabe (m.) syrup jinete (m.) horseman jirafa giraffe lima lime limón (m.) lemon marfil (m.) ivory* máscara mask mesquita mosque Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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momia mono, a naranja nenúfar (m.) ¡ojalá! ramadán (m.) rehén rincón (m.) sandía sorbete (m.) talco tamarindo tambor (m.) tarea tarifa taza toronja trujamán zanahoria camisa

mummy monkey, ape orange water lily I hope!, God willing! Ramadan hostage corner watermelon sherbet talc tamarind drum task, assignment tariff, rate cup grapefruit interpreter or translator Carrot cameeze

http://www.spanishpronto.com/spanishpronto/arabicglossary.html a better list of 1,000+ arabic words in spanish http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language_influence_on_the_Spanish_language “The influence of Arabic on the Spanish language is fundamentally lexical but its other influences are also briefly examined in this article. It is estimated that there are about one thousand Arabic root words,[1][2] and another three thousand derived forms, for a total of around four thousand words[1][3][4] or 8%[5] of the Spanish dictionary - the second largest lexical influence on Spanish after Latin”

apparantly these are the most common words in spanish that came from arabic http://www.scribd.com/doc/88455721/TERMINOS-ARABES-EN-ESPANOL

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TÉRMINOS DE ORIGEN ÁRABE (MUY) UTILIZADOS EN ESPAÑOL A abadí abalorio abasí abencerraje acebuche aceifa aceite aceituna aceituní acelga acémila aceña acequia achacar acíbar acicalar acicate acimut adalid adarga adarve adelfa adobe adoquín aduana ajedrez ajorca ajuar Alá alacena alacrán alajú alambique alarde alarido alazán albacea albahaca albaida albarda albaricoque alberca albohol albóndiga alboronía alborozo albricias albufera albur alcabala alcahuete alcaide alcaná alcándara alcanfor alcántara alcaparra alcaraván alcarchofa alcatraz alcaudón alcazaba alcoba alcohol alcor Alcorán alcotán alcuña alcuza aldaba aldea alerce aleya alfábega alfaguara alfajeme alfalfa alfanje alfaquí alfayate alféizar alfeñique alférez alfil alfombra alforja alforza algaida algarroba algazara álgebra algodón algorfa algoritmo alguacil alharaca alhelí alheña alhucema alicante alicate aljamía aljibe aljófar almacén almadén almadraba almagra almanaque almarcha almenara almíbar almirez almohada almoneda almorávide almud almuédano alquería alquezar alquiler alquimia alquitara altramuz alubia ámbar amén anaquel andorga anea añicos añil arabía argán argolla arrabal arracada arráez arrayán arrecife arriate arroba arrope arroz asesino atalaya ataúd atún auge avería azabache azafrán azahar azar azogue azotea azúcar azucena azufaifa azumbre B babucha badana badén baladí barda barragán barrio batán beduino bellota beréber berenjena bodoque C cadí café caftán califa carcajada carmesí casida catifa cazurro cenefa cerbatana ceutí chaleco chiísmo chirivía chupa cifra cimitarra coima corbacho cúrcuma curdo, cuzcuz D dado darga dársena derviche dinar dirhem diván E elixir embelecar escabeche escaque F faluca fanega faquir fardacho fideo fondac fulano G gabán gabela gacela gálibo gandul guarismo guitarra gurapas H hachís harén hazaña hégira hola I imam islam J jabalí jácara jaez jaque jaqueca jarabe jaraíz jarra jeque jergón jeta jinete jirafa jofaina joroba judía L laca latón laúd leila limón M macabro madraza magacén mameluco mamola mandil maravedí marfil marfuz marjal maroma marras marroquí máscara matraca meca mezquita mihrab místico moharra momia mono morabito mozárabe muladí muslim N nabí nácar nádir naranja nazarí nenúfar noria nuca O ojalá olé omeya otomano Q quilate quintal quiosco R rabal rábida ramadán rebato recamar recua redoma rehén res retama rincón robo ronda S saharaui sandía sarraceno serafín siroco solimán sorbete sufí sultán sura T tabique tagarino tahalí tahona taifa talega tamarindo tambor taracea tarea tarifa tarima taza toronja tunecí turco V valija velmez visir Y yemení Z zafío zaga zaguán zahorí zaida zaino zalea zalema zamacuco zanahoria zarco zéjel zoco zoquete zurrapa

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English Words from Arabic admiral - ami:r-al-bahr 'ruler of the seas' (and other similar expressions) - amara command adobe - al-toba 'the brick' albacore - al-bukr 'the young camel' alchemy - al-ki:mi:a: - from Greek alcohol - al-koh''l 'the kohl' alcove - al-qobbah 'vault' - qubba vault alembic - al-ambi:q 'the still' - from Greek alfalfa - alfas,fas,ah 'fodder' algebra - al-jebr 'reintegration' - jabara reunite Algol - al-ghu:l 'the ghoul' algorithm - al-Khowarazmi 'the (man) of Khiva' alkali - al-qaliy 'calx' - qalay fry, roast Allah - àllah, from contraction of al-ilah 'the god' Almagest - al-majisti - from Greek almanac - (Andalucian Arabic) al-mana:kh, of uncertain origin amber - ànbar 'ambergris' antimony - al-Ăthmid 'antimony trisulphide' - perhaps from Greek apricot - al-burquq - from Greek Arab - àrab arsenal - dar as,s,inaàh 'house of making', i.e. 'factory' - s,anaà make artichoke - al-kharshu:f assagai - az-zaghayah - from Berber assassin - h'ashsha:shi:n 'hashish eaters', from the Ismaìli sectarians attar - ìtr 'aroma' ayatollah - 'ayatu-llah 'miraculous sign of God' azimuth - as-sumut 'the paths'; see also zenith azure - al-lazward 'lapis lazuli' - from Persian barbican - (possibly) bĂ˘b-al-baqara 'gate with holes' berdache - (possibly) bardaj 'slave' Betelgeuse - bi:t al-jauza:' 'shoulder of the Giant' bezoar - bazahr - from Persian bint - bint 'daughter bled - balad 'vast open country' borax - bu:raq - from Persian burka - burqa` burnouse - burnus caliber - qali:b 'mold, last' calico - Qaliqu:t 'Calicut', city in India caliph - khali:fah 'successor' - khalafa 'succeed' camise - qami:s 'shirt' - from Latin camphor - ka:fu:r - from Malay candy - short for 'sugar candy', from sugar + qandi 'candied', from qand 'cane sugar' - from a Dravidian language carat - qi:ra:t 'small weight' - from Greek caraway - alkarawya: - probably from Greek carafe - gharra:f - gharafa 'dip' carmine - qirmazi: 'crimson' carob - kharrubah cassock - kaza:ghand 'padded jacket' - from Persian check - sha:h 'king' - from Persian checkmate - sha:h ma:t 'the king is dead' Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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chemistry - see alchemy chess - from Old French eschecs, plural of check cipher - s,ifr 'empty' civet - zaba:d coffee - qahwah Copt - quft - from Greek cork - qu:rq cotton - qutn couscous - kuskus - kaskasa pound, bruise crimson - qirmazi:, related to the qirmiz, the insect that provided the dye Deneb - danab al-jaja:ja 'tail of the hen' dhow - da:w dinar - di:na:r - from Greek dirham - dirham - from Greek dragoman - tarjuma:n - tarjama interpret drub - daraba 'beat' dura mater - Latin calque on umm al-ghali:dah 'hard mother' efreet - 'ifri:t 'monster' El Cid - al-Sayyid 'the lord' elixir - al-iksi:r 'philosopher's stone' - from Greek emir - ami:r - amara command fakir - faqi:r 'poor man' - faqura be poor fardel - fardah 'load' Farsi - Fa:rs 'Pars', a province of Iran - from Persian fatwa - fetwa - fata: instruct by a legal decision fedayeen - fida:'iyi:n 'commandos' - fida:` redemption felafel - fala:fil fellah - fella:h' 'husbandman' - falah'a till felucca - fulk 'ship' - falaka be round Fomalhaut - fum u'l-haut 'mouth of the fish' garble - gharbala 'sift' - perhaps from Latin gazelle - ghaza:l genie - jinni: 'spirit' gerbil - yarbu:` ghoul - ghu:l 'demon' - gha:la take suddenly giraffe - zara:fa hadith - h'adi:t 'tradition' haj - h'ajj 'pilgrimage' - h'ajja go on a pilgrimage halal - h'ala:l 'lawful' halvah - h'alwa: harem - h'aram 'prohibited, set apart' - h'arama prohibit hashish - h'ashi:sh 'dried herbs, hemp' hazard - yĂĄsara 'play at dice' hegira - hijrah 'departure' - hajara separate, go henna - h'enna:` Hezbollah - H'izbulla:h 'party of God' hookah - h'uqqah 'water bottle (through which smoke is drawn)' houri - h'u:r al-`ayu:n 'with eyes like gazelles' - h'awura have eyes like gazelles imam - ima:m 'leader' - amma precede Islam - isla:m 'submission' - aslama submit oneself Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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jar - jarrah 'large earthen vase' jasmine - ya:smi:n - from Persian jinn - jinn 'spirits', plural of genie julep - jula:b 'rose water' - from Persian Kaaba - ka`bah 'square house' kabob - kaba:b - from Persian kaffir - ka:fir 'infidel' - kafara conceal, deny keffiyeh - kaffi:yah khamsin - khamsi:n 'fifty (days)' kismet - qisma 'portion, lot' - qasama divide kohl - koh''l 'kohl' - kah'ala stain, paint Koran - qura:n 'recitation' - qaraà read lilac - li:la:k - from Persian lemon - laymu:n - from Persian lime - li:mah 'citrus fruit' loofah - lu:fah a plant whose pods were used as sponges lute - al-ù:d macramĂŠ - miqramah 'striped cloth' magazine - makha:zin 'storehouses' - khazana store Mahdi - mahdi:y 'one who is guided aright' - hada: lead majlis - majlis 'council' mancala - mank.ala - nak.ala move marzipan - mawthaba:n 'coin featuring a seated figure' mask - perhaps maskhara 'buffoon' - sakhira ridicule mattress - matrah 'place where something is thrown, mat, cushion' - tarah'a throw minaret - mana:rah - na:r fire mohair - mukhayyar 'choice (goats'-hair cloth)' - khayyara select monsoon - mausim 'season' - wasama mark mosque - masgid - sagada worship Mozarabic - musta`rib 'would-be Arab' muezzin - mu'adhdhin 'criers' - adhana proclaim mufti - mufti: 'one who gives a fatwa' mujahedeen - muja:hidi:n 'figher in a jihad' mullah - mawla: 'master' mummy - mu:miya: 'embalmed body' - mu:m '(embalming) wax' Muslim - muslim 'submitter' - aslama submit oneself muslin - Maus,il 'Mosul' nadir - nadi:r as-samt 'opposite the zenith' natron - natru:n - from Greek nizam - nidam 'government' orange - na:ranj - from Sanskrit ottoman - ùthma:n, a proper name pia mater - Latin calque on umm raqi:qah 'tender mother' popinjay - babagha: Primum Mobile - Latin calque on al-muh' arrik al-awwal 'the first mover' racket - rĂ˘h'et 'palm of the hand' Ramadan - Ramada:n meaning perhaps 'the hot month' - ramata be heated realgar - rehj al-gha:r 'powder of the cave' ream - rizmah 'bundle' rebec - reba:b Rigel - rijl 'foot (of Orion)' Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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roc - rukh rook - rukh - from Persian Rubaiyyat - ruba:ì:yah 'quatrain' safari - safari:y 'journey' - safara travel saffron - za`fara:n Sahara - çah'ra: 'desert' sahib - ça:h'ib 'friend' salaam - as-sala:m àlaikum 'peace be on you' saluki - salu:k.i: 'from Saluk' Saracen - sharqi:yi:n 'easterners' - sha:raqa rise sash - sha:sh 'muslin' satin - probably zaytu:ni: 'of Zaytu:n' (a city in China) scarlet - siqilla:t '(cloth) adorned with images' - from Latin sequin - sikkah 'die for coinmaking' Sharia - shari:à sheikh - shaikh 'old man' - sha:kha grow old sherbet - sharbah - shariba drink Shiite - shiyaì:y, from shiya:` 'following, sect' - shaà follow shrub [drink] - shurb 'a drink' - shariba drink sine - Latin sinus, mistranslation of jayb 'chord of an arc, sine', through confusion with jayb 'fold of a garment' sirocco - sharq 'east (wind)' - sha:raqa rise sofa - s,uffah 'raised dais with cushions' souk - su:k. 'marketplace' spinach - isfa:na:kh Sufi - çu:fi: 'man of wool' sugar - sukkar - from Sanskrit sultan - sulta:n 'sovereign' sumac - summa:q Sunni - sunni: 'lawful', from sunna:h 'rule, course' sura - su:rah syrup - shara:b 'beverage' - shariba drink tabbouleh - tabbu:la tabby - àtta:biy, a neighborhood in Baghdad where taffeta was made tahini - - tah'ana crush Taliban - talib 'student' - talaba study talisman - tilsam - from Greek tamarind - tamr-hindi: 'date of India' tambourine - a small tambour, from tanbu:r - from Persian tandoori - tannu:r 'oven' tarboosh - tarbu:sh tare [weight] - tarh'ah 'rejected' - tarah'a reject tariff - ta`ri:f 'notification' - àrafa notify tarragon - tarkhu:n - possibly from Greek tell [mound] - tall 'hillock' ujamaa - jama:` 'community' ulema - ùlima: 'the learned ones' - àlama know Vega - al-nasr al-wa:qi` 'the falling vulture' vizier - wazi:r 'porter, public servant' - wazara carry wadi - wa:di: Waqf - waqf 'religious foundation' wisdom tooth - from a Latin calque on adra:su 'l h'ikmi - calqued from Greek Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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zenith - samt 'path' zero - s,ifr 'empty' Some words are borrowed directly from Arabic; but most of these words have taken the scenic route, through Spanish, Italian, and/or French; or through Turkish, Persian, or Urdu; or through Hebrew or Latin. This produces a good deal of phonological deformation; as does the dialect variation within Arabic http://www.zompist.com/arabic.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate Sometimes a cognate is in every language as you can see...

Cognates across languages Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night (English), nuit (French), Nacht (German), nacht (Dutch), nag (Afrikaans), nicht (Scots), natt (Swedish, Norwegian), nat (Danish), nátt (Faroese), nótt (Icelandic), noc (Czech, Slovak, Polish), ночь, noch (Russian), ноќ, noć (Macedonian), нощ, nosht (Bulgarian), ніч, nich (Ukrainian), ноч, noch/noč (Belarusian), noč (Slovene), noć (Croatian), νύξ, nyx (Ancient Greek, νύχτα/nychta in Modern Greek), nox (Latin), nakt- (Sanskrit), natë (Albanian), noche (Spanish), nos (Welsh), nueche (Asturian), noite (Portuguese and Galician), notte (Italian), nit (Catalan), noapte (Romanian), nakts (Latvian) and naktis (Lithuanian), all meaning "night" and derived from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *nókʷts, "night".

Learn to Listen to a Language in 2 months the most effective way i've found to learn listening is with slow audio 1. read the text, find new words 2. read and listen together Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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3. listen to the audio later that day or after 1 day 4. increase the speed of the audio (most media players have a speed setting, change 1.0x to 1.5x for example) 5. do this for about 2 months and you'll have 80% listening fortunately there is an amazing service for french http://newsinslowfrench.com spanish http://www.newsinslowspanish.com/ haven't used this yet, I assume its good www.newsinslowenglish.com/ newsinslowgerman http://www.dw.de/deutsch-lernen/nachrichten/s-8030 Slow German iTunes Free - Feed - Web Site •

Annik Rubens reads slowly and clearly from parts of her popular program, Sleepless in Munich (Schaflos in Munchen).

News in Slow Chinese iTunes Free – Web Site •

Designed for intermediate Mandarin speakers. Improve your language skills by listening to world news delivered in slowly spoken words.

I'm looking for a “news in slow polish” website, send it to perry7770@hotmail.co.uk if you find it, i'll credit you in the next edition thanks

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you can find them at websites Like this http://www.lonweb.org/ most book shops have parallel text books in the uk they are made by “penguin” and have names Like “parallel text: french, short stories : nouvelles francaises” these are available for the most popular languages in every book shop http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias %3Daps&field-keywords=parallel+texts brian tracy once said “i learned 4 or 5 languages, because I just learned 2 or 3 words everyday, that's it” 365 days x 3 words = this is a good way to learn a language =)

Romanian: The Latin and Slavic Language certain languages are key languages, that can lead to you knowing many others, and easier learning later for example, german can lead to you knowing 70% of dutch 30% of 3 other languages and knowing at least 1,000 words in english >thus german may be worth learning even if you know no germans romanian has words and structure from latin languages (french/spanish/italian) and from slavic languages this article gives a more details http://www.internetpolyglot.com/blog/romanian-a-strange-presenceamong-eastern-european-languages/ Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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“The strongest influence on the Romanian language was that of Slavic languages, due to the Slavic tribes migrating through the country during the Middle Ages. Almost 20% of all the words in Romanian are of Slavic origins” “Such basic words as a iubi (to love), nevoie (need), prieten (friend) and glas (voice) are of Slavic origins.” “This brought in a series of German words, which later extended to the whole country. Such words include şuncă (ham), maistru (master), turn (tower), and many others. German has had an influence on the Romanian language later on too, with the borrowing of many scientific terms into everyday vocabulary” from answers.yahoo.com http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=20090712181622AAs4jR6 good answer =) Would learning Romanian be a good start for the Slavic languages? I know it isn't Slavic. •

4 years ago

Additional Details Let me clarify: since I know French, Spanish, and Italian, would learning Romanian ease me into the Slavic languages? Thanks. 4 years ago

ssss

Best Answer - Chosen by Asker If you know English, easing into Slavic, as far as words isn't complicated. Many Slavic words are similar to English or German, but sound a little different, and when forming sentences, its the same way, but thats where similarities stop.

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In some outside languages (Asian) you would say. In my car, blue, later for a drive go we. Not so in Slavic, it follows the same rule as English (same sequence) English. I have a brother and a sister. My brother is seven, and my sister is two years old Day is sunny. Night is clear. Lets go eat. Slavic: Ya imam brata i sestru. Moy brat je sedam, a moya sestra ima dwe godine. Dan ye suncan. Noch ye vedra. Idemo esti. I=Ya,Brat=Brother, My=Moy, Sestra=sister, Night-Noch, Eat-Est, Two=Dwe, years-godine, sunny-suncan, clear-vedar, Day=Dan So the answer is no. You would be better off learning maybe German, and then go to Polish. Russian and Serb would come last due to cyrilic writing.

Language sample English text: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Romanian - highlighted words were directly derived from Latin: Toate ființele umane se nasc libere și egale în demnitate și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu rațiune și conștiință și trebuie să se comporte unele față de altele în spiritul fraternității. Contemporary Romanian - highlighted words are French or Italian loanwords: Toate ființele umane se nasc libere și egale în demnitate și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu rațiune și conștiință și trebuie să se comporte unele față de altele în spiritul fraternității. Romanian, excluding French and Italian loanwords - highlighted words are Slavic loanwords: Toate ființele omenești se nasc slobode și deopotrivă în destoinicie și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu înțelegere și cuget și trebuie să se poarte unele față de altele în duh de frățietate. Romanian, excluding loanwords: Toate ființele omenești se nasc nesupuse și asemenea în prețuire și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu înțelegere și cuget și se cuvine să se poarte unele față de altele după firea frăției. Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language#Language_sa mple

german words in romanian: source wikipedia German: cartof < Kartoffel "potato", bere < Bier "beer", șurub < Schraube "screw", turn < Turm "tower", ramă < Rahmen "frame", muștiuc < Mundstück "mouth piece", bormașină < Bohrmaschine "drilling machine", cremșnit < Kremschnitte "cream slice", șvaițer < Schweizer "Swiss cheese", șlep < Schleppkahn "barge", șpriț < Spritzer "wine with soda water", abțibild < Abziehbild "decal picture", șnițel < Schnitzel "cutlet", șuncă < dialectal Schunke (Schinken) "ham", punct < Punkt "point", maistru < Meister "master", rundă < Runde "round". During the Austrian administration in Banat, Transylvania, and Bukovina, a large number of words were borrowed from Austrian German, in particular in fields such as the military, administration, social welfare, economy, etc.[62] Later on German terms have been taken out of science and technics, like: șină < Schiene "rail", știft < Stift "peg", liță < Litze "braid", șindrilă < Schindel "shingle", ștanță < Stanze "punch", șaibă < Scheibe "washer", ștangă < Stange "crossbar", țiglă < Ziegel "tile", șmirghel < Schmirgelpapier "emery paper" et al.

Romanian Newspapers Online www.diasporaro.com http://www.romani.co.uk http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/romania.htm a good site for newspapers all languages

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language maps learn the languages in these sequences and you may learn more languages, probably easier, with more vocubulary

> spanish/french/italian 1st romanian >slavic languages

1st french

1st spanish

>arabic >italian

>arabic >portuguese

1st german

>dutch >english

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http://mylanguages.org >materials for many languages some links in portuguese to language learning courses russian learning in portuguese http://aprender-russoonline.blogspot.com.br/ italian online http://www.italianonaweb.com.br/ basic chinese http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/foreig n-languages-and-literatures/21f101-chinese-i-regular-springCopyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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2006/ videos swahili http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=7M9f_Fx4paI italian videos http://www.youtube.com/user/marco nisida/videos

podcasts http://www.learn-romanianmagazine.net/lessons/podcast very interesting http://ikindalikelanguages.com/bl og/how-i-learned-portuguese-in-5months/ Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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I figured I needed to go and find some Portuguese. So I did. Here is a tip for you: try parks. I would just go to calm places like parks and attempt to strike up conversations with people to be able to practice Talking about reading, that wasn’t the only reading I would do. I also read newspapers. I tried to. I would always try to get myself of copy of these free newspapers and read at least some of it. I wouldn’t read everything but I would read small articles that I found interesting and that I could at least partially understand. I never used a dictionary. Almost never. speaking helps (native speakers don’t usually correct pronunciation as long as they understand it: I find that to be extremely true) http://ikindalikelanguages.com/index.php >introductory courses

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from the book “how I learn languages Kato Lomb”

Humans became giants because, among other things, they learned how to work with their hands. Therefore, it is no wonder that the richest group of words in all languages comes from the word hand . According to a German scholar, each and every variant of human activity can be expressed with the derivations of this single word. I haven’t checked to see if this is so, but in French at least, a bunch can be collected from it (Fr: main ). abolition (manumission) affected (maniéré) begging (manche) crank (manivelle) cuff (manchette) demonstration (manifestation) demonstrator (manifestant) to emancipate (émanciper) handcuffs (menottes) handle (manche) to handle (manier) handling (manutention) horse training (manège) to maintain (maintenir) mandate (mandat) manifesto (manifeste) manipulation (manipulation) manual (manuel) manual labor/er (main-d’œuvre) manufacture (manufacture) manuscript (manuscrit) muff (manchon) now (maintenant) one-armed man (manchot) operator (manipulant) to rework (remanier) sleeve (manche) slovenly (démanché) to transfer (mandater) way, manner (manière) etc

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Greek Cognates for practically every language Greek words are in many languages, so its a good list to help you learn 7 languages, develop your vocabulary, impress your friends (they'll say “do you speak my language?!?!” the list is in english, I don't speak greek or the book would be called Learn 7 languages + greek polish and french are 2 unrelated languages and thus make a good study polish french A academy Akademia Academie Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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achronous acoustic acropolis aerodynamic agamic agamogenesis agape aclinic aesthetics aesthetition aerospace agnostic

akustyczny... wole na gitarze akustycznej

acoustique... je prefere une guitare acoustique

estetyka

esthetique

alegoria

allegorie

alfa aluminium nadaje sie do recyklingu

alpha l'aluminum est recyclable

analiza

analyse

aniol jestem aniolem

ange je suis un ange

anoreksja jestes anorektyczka

anorexie vous etes anorexique

antropologia lubie antropologie

anthropologie j'aime anthropologie

agora allegory allergy alpha aluminum amphictyony amphora anachronism analysis analyze angel angioplasty anomy anorexia anthropology apocalypse apocalyptic apogee apologetic apologize apology apoplexy apostate apostolic apostrophe apothecaries apothegm apotheosis Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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archaeology archangel architect

archon argon aristocracy arithmetic aroma aromatherapy aromatic arsenic arthritis asbestos ascetic asteroid asthma astigmatism astrology astronaut astronomer asylum atheism atheos atherosclerosis athlete athletic athletic atom atomic authentic auto automatic autonomous autopsy axiom B bacteria barium basic beta biblical bibliography Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

architekt archietecte uczylem sie w college j'ai etudie pour 'u, architekt devenir architecte au college arystokracja

aristocratie

asteroida

asteroide

astrologia czy wierzysz w astrologie?

astrolgie croyez vous en l'astrologie?

ateizm

athĂŠisme

atleta

athlĂ¨te

atom

atome

autentyczny

authentique

automatyczny automatique chce wiecej je veux revenu plus automatyczne dochodow automatique

de base

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bibliotheca biology bios C cacophony cadmium cardiac catalysis catastrophe chaos character characteristic chi chlorine chromium chronic chronogram chronology chrysostomous clinical comedy

i'mtherealman

cosmonaut cosmopolis cosmopolitan critical D decagon decameter delta democracy I love democracy demon diagnosis diagram dialect dialogue dialysis diameter diaphanous didymous dilemma its a dilemma diabolic diachronic diachonal diagonal

kocham demokracje

j'aime la democratie

jego dylemat

c'est un dilemme

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diakinisis dialect dialysis diamond diaphony diaphonos diastasis diathesis dogma dogmatic doxology drama what drama! dramatic dynamic dyslexia E eccentric ecclesia ecclesiastic eclipse eclipses economic economical economy ecumenical elastic electric electrolysis electron elephant elephantiasis ellipses ellipsis emphasis emphasize encephalic encephalon endocarditis endocardium endodermis endometriosis energy enthusiasm ephemeral epidermis Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

co dramat!

quel drame!

ekonomia jest bardzo interesujace

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epigram epileptic epilog epiphany episode epitome epoch eponym epsilon ergon ergonomics esophagus ethnic ethos eugenic eulogize euphoric euro Europe eurozone evangelic exelixis F fantastic

jestem fantastyczna

fantasy G gamma gastronomic geography geometry geopolitics grammatical grammar I don't like grammar gymnasium gymnastics H harmonization harmonize harmony the song has beautiful harmonies helium Hellenic Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

nie lubie gramatyki

piosenka ma piekne harmonie?

Je n'aime le grammaire

La chanson a de belles harmonies

Mon heros! sponsored by http://readlang.com/ learn languages via reading

heptagon heptathlon hernia hero heroic heterogeneous heterosexual hexagon hierarchy history homeopathy homo homogeneous homologous homonym homosexual horizon hormone horologe horoscope do you read the horoscopes? horticulture hyacinth hydrant hydraulic hydrocephalus hydrogen hydrolysis hydroplane hydropower hydrotherapy hyena hymn hyperbola hyperbolic

czytasz horoskopy? Lisez vous les horoscopes?

zrobiles hipnozy wczesniej?

Avez-vous fait l'hypnose avant?

hypnosis have you done hypnosis before? hypnotize hypnotize hypochondria hypocrisy hypocrite hypocritical hypodermic hypotenuse Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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hypothecate hypothecation hypothesis hypothetical hysteria hysterical hysterics I idea idiom idiosyncrasy idiot iota K kappa karyoplasm karyotype kenos kilometer kinetic krypton L lamda lexicon lithium lithography lithology logic logical logion logistics M macroeconomics magic magnesium mathematics mechanic mechanical medal do you want a medal?

magia

magie

chcesz medal?

voulez vous une medaille?

Moja nowa praca

Mega megaphone melancholic melancholy Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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melanoma melodic melody metabolic metal metallic metastasis metathesis metempsychosis meteor meteorology meter method metropolis micro microbe microbiology microeconomics microsurgery misanthropy molybdenum monarch monogram monologue moron mysterious mystery N necrophilia necropolis necropsy neuro neuropsychiatry neurotic nitrogen nomadic numismatic O octagon oligarchy Olympic omega omicron onomastic optic organization ortho Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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orgasm orgy ornithology orthodontist orthodox osmium osmosis oxygen P palestra pantheon pancreas paradox parallel paralysis pathetic pathology pathos patriarch patriot pentagon pentathlon perimeter period periodical periphery periscope peritonitis pessimism pessimistic pharmacist pharmacy phase phenomenal phenomenon phi philanthropy philatelic philosopher philosophy phobia phonic phonograph phosphorus photo photograph photography photometer photon Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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photophobia photosynthesis physics plasma plastic platonic pleonasm plethora pleura pleurisy pneumatic pneumonia pneumonic podiatry poem poetic polemic police policy polis politic political politician polyandry polygamy polygon polygraph polyhedron polymorphous polyp polytechnic polytheism polytheist Potassium practical practice practitioner praxis problem prognostic program prologue prolong prophesy prophylactic prophylaxis proselyte proselyte proselytize prosthesis Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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protagonists prothesis prototype psi psyche psychiatry psychiatry psychoanalysis psychopath pulmonary pulmonic pyramid pyretic pyromania pyrotechnic python pyx R rhapsodist rhapsody rhinitis rhodium S satan satanic satire scene scenic schematic scheme schism school seismic seismology selenium sigma skeptic sophia sophisticated sophomore stoma stomach strategic sycophant symmetric sympatric symposia symptom Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

jestem bardzo strategiczne

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synagogue synagonise synchronous synergy synod synopsis synthesis jestes bardzo synthesize utalentowany T talent you are very talented jestes bardzo taxis utalentowany technique technology telegraph telepathy telephone telephonic telephony telephotography telescope television telic theater theatrics theocracy theocratic theologian theology theophany theorist theorize theory theos therapeutic to moja teoria therapy thermal thermometer thermos kocham kamizelki I thermostat skarpetki termiczne thesaurus thesis theta titanium

Vous etes tres talentueux

trigonometry trophy U Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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uranium uranus urology X

zaslugujesz trofeum uran jest dobra inwestycja

xenon xenophobia xylograph xylophone xyloid Z zealot zeta zoe zone zoo zoography zoolatry zoological zoologist zoology New Marvellous Method i'm testing a new method... use a text analyser to find the most common words in your favorite foreign site... using an analyser like this: http://www.online-utility.org/text/analyzer.jsp then study the most common phrases... and words number of native speakers for each language... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_nativ e_speakers >useful to look at for motivation

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http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/IE_Main4_Sanskrit.html

The Sanskrit Connection: Keeping Up With the Joneses The discovery of Indo-European first started with a British judge named Jones who was stationed in India in 1780. Jones, a bright fellow with classical training in Greek and Latin, had determined to master the ancient Sanskrit tongue. He wanted to brush up on native Indian law codes--many of which were written in Sanskrit script--before administering British law in the region. Jones was shocked to discover a regular pattern of similarities between ancient Sanskrit words and ancient words in classical Western languages. Here are some examples: Meaning:

Sanskrit

Latin:

"three"

trayas

tres

"seven"

sapta

septem

"eight"

ashta

octo

"nine"

nava

novem

"snake"

sarpa

serpens

"king"

raja

regem

"god"

devas

divus ("divine")

Other Sanskrit words were similar to Greek terms. For instance, the Greek word trias ("three") is close to trayas and tres in the chart above. The Greek word pente ("five") is close to Sanskrit panca ("five"), and so on. Jones began systematically charting the similarities, finding literally thousands of such parallels between Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. He presented his findings on February 2nd, 1786, to the "Asiatick Society in Calcutta." He declared boldly that Sanskrit had . . . a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong, indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which perhaps no longer exists.Â§

What Jones had uncovered, without realizing it initially, was the existence of a lost mother tongue, what scholars call proto-Indo-European--a single, ancient, prehistoric language that led to the development of many languages in Europe, India, Russia, and the Middle East. It required nearly ninety years of comparative linguistics to fill in all the gaps. Before Jones, earlier scholars had long ago noted that many languages shared such similarities. It was no news, for instance, that Romance Copyright ÂŠ Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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languages shared cognates with each other. Spanish caballo (horse) was a cognate for Portuguese cabalo (horse), Italian caballo (horse), Provençal caval (horse), French cheval (horse), and English cavalry (horse-riding troops). Scholars had long known that all these words ultimately came from the vulgar Latin term caballus (horse), and that French and Spanish and other Romance languages had developed from Roman provincial speech-with some voiced /v/'s changing to unvoiced /b/'s, or some hard velar stops (/k/ sounds) changing to aspirated <ch>'s. Likewise, Germanic languages like Low and High German, Frisian, Dutch, Swedish, and Norse shared many cognates with each other in much the same way, tracing their origins back to a proto-Germanic tongue in prehistoric times. What astonished linguists was that Sanskrit had cognates to more than just Latin and Greek words. Philologists found that Dutch, German, Old Norse, Gothic, Old Slavic, and Old Irish had similar patterns of words with Sanskrit. These cognates had a related meaning and they also sounded similar to each other either in terms of vowels or consonants (or both!). For instance, consider the words for "father" and "brother" in a variety of Indo-European languages: "father" • • • • • • • • • •

"brother"

pitar (Sanskrit) pater (Latin) pater (Greek) padre (Spanish) pere (French) father (English) fadar (Gothic) fa∂ir (Old Norse) vader (German) athir (Old Irish--with loss of original consonant)

• • • • • • • • • •

bhratar (Sanskrit) frater (Latin) phrater (Greek) frere (French) brother (Modern English) brothor (Saxon) bruder (German) broeder (Dutch) bratu (Old Slavic) brathair (Old Irish)

It's hard to escape the conclusion that these words must have come from a common source--especially if you chart the words out on a map of where each language is spoken. In the case of the words for father, a linguist can almost visually see the unvoiced /t/ sounds changing to voiced /d/ sounds as people migrated westward across the map, and then these letters changing to <th> as they moved north through Europe along the Germanic branch. In the case of the words for brother, the same sort of linguistic change is occurring with unvoiced /t/ and voiced /d/ sounds, but another pattern is happening simultaneously with voiced /b/ and unvoiced /p/ sounds. Multiply the examples above for a few thousand other words, and the evidence looks fairly air-tight. Copyright © Perry Barnes 08/30/07

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All that remained for scholars to do was (1) to trace what rules governed these changes linguistically--a task taken up by Jakob Grimm and later Karl Verner, and (2) to reconstruct as far as possible what this original language must have sounded like and how it functioned. This is tricky, given that proto-Indo-European is a prehistoric language existing before the written word, but not impossible given the wealth of linguistic information we can garner from surviving languages today. (To be continued...)

Â§ qtd. page 27 of Robert Claiborne's Our Marvelous English Tongue: The Life and Times of the English Language. New York: Times Books, 1983. chinese language pack http://bykiweb.byki.com:8080/bykiweb2/fontdownloader? arch=win32&lang=MANDARIN

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