Issue 21 March/April 2020
DAYLIGHT IN EDUCATION HOW WELL-DAYLIT CLASSROOMS AFFECT PUPIL PERFORMANCE
IN THIS ISSUE:
SCHOOLS & UNIS AOV ROOFLIGHTS SOLAR SHADING PLUS • NEWS • PROJECTS • AND MORE
Energy saving with rooflights? We wrote the book/s. Artificial lighting accounts for almost 20% of global energy consumption, so effective
NARM Technical Document NTD01.2
NARM Technical Document NTD04
2017
2009
An introduction to natural daylight design through rooflighting
A dynamic thermal modelling study of a typical metal clad building to evaluate overheating in the UK Report 090110BRE Prepared by Oxford Brookes Universtity Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development, Oxford 10th January 2009 Authors: Chris Kendrick & Shaun Wang
daylighting is a priority in sustainable construction. Independent research commissioned by NARM, proves conclusively that rooflights save
Issued in partnership with
energy in many applications – and we’ve published a range of informative technical documents for specifiers, covering different aspects of energy saving with
NARM Technical Document NTD10
NARM Technical Document NTD06.2
2014
2014
Designing with Rooflights Supporting Part L Building Regulation guidance in England; Approved Documents L1A, L1B, L2A and L2B (2013 editions)
Analysis of Improving Daylighting and Lighting Controls on a Number of Existing Non-Domestic Buildings
An independent report by Elmhurst Energy
Understanding rooflight U-values Welcome to this ‘Quickguide’: part 3 of a series published by NARM, to provide busy roofing contractors and installers with quick access to the information they need to maintain professional and compliant working practices. Requirements of The Building Regulations For all non-domestic applications, the worst acceptable standard for the thermal performance (U-value) of rooflights in new build work is stated as 2.2 W/m2k. For refurbishment or domestic applications, this figure is reduced to 1.8 W/m2k.
rooflights. They’re all freely
U-values for flat or ‘in-plane’ rooflights As the U-value is calculated by dividing the heat loss through the rooflight by its area, this is straightforward for flat, ‘in-plane’ type rooflights. Therefore, manufacturers’ quoted figures can generally be used to form the basis of building calculations without further consideration.
downloadable from our website.
U-values for ‘out-of plane’ rooflights Many rooflights are out-of-plane designs that sit proud of the plane of the roof (typically mounted on upstands or kerbs). The range includes modular dome or pyramid rooflights, continuous barrel vaults, and glazing bar systems. Furthermore, rooflights may be mounted onto upstands designed and supplied by others, which can effectively be considered as part of the roof, or some rooflights (particularly individual dome and pyramid modular rooflights) can be supplied as an assembly with a pre-manufactured kerb matched to the rooflight itself. Building Regulations state that the worst acceptable U-values for rooflights are based on the developed area of the rooflight (not the area of the roof aperture, which is the true U-value). This is termed the Ud-value, and can be calculated for either a rooflight alone, or for a rooflightand-kerb assembly.
Be enlightened at:
www.narm.org.uk
Rooflighting Best Practice Quickguide 03
Issued in conjunction with the National Association of Rooflight Manufacturers
Ud-values: the correct values for checking against limiting values in The Building Regulations The Ud-value is calculated from the developed area of the
rooflight. Where a rooflight-and-kerb assembly is being supplied, the rooflight supplier should be able to quote this value both for the rooflight only, AND for the entire assembly. To ensure Building Regulations compliance, both of these values must achieve the worst acceptable standard of 2.2 W/m2k. It is not acceptable to use an assembly of a rooflight with poorer thermal performance (such as double skin rooflights) on a kerb simply because the Ud-value for the rooflight-and-kerb assembly is better than the limiting values in the Building Regulations, unless the Ud-value for the rooflight alone also meets the limiting values. Full details are provided in NARM Technical Document NTD 2 ‘Assessment of thermal performance of out-ofplane rooflights’ which can be downloaded from the NARM website. Typical ‘out-of plane’ rooflight Entire surface area of rooflight & kerb assembly Surface area of rooflight
Minimum daylight area Roof opening area
Minimum acceptable thermal performance standards to ensure Building Regulations compliance: Rooflight only:
Rooflight & kerb assembly:
2.2 W/m2k 2.2 W/m2k
Further information Further information can be obtained from NARM, (National Association of Rooflight Manufacturers) at www.narm.org.uk
RIBA accredited CPD materials Available
THE TRADE ASSOCIATION REPRESENTING LEADING UK ROOFLIGHT SUPPLIERS
CONTENTS
REGULARS
05
Editor’s Comment
06
Industry News
12
New Projects
22
NARM Daylight Diary Updates from the UK’s influential trade association for rooflight manufacturers
30
Daylighting Icons The Crystal, Copenhagen
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FEATURES
Daylighting in Education Building Better Schools A recently published white paper published by Velux Commercial draws on data from recent research carried out at the University of Salford, UK. 14 Walk-on Rooflight for Cambridge University Faculty Case Study by Xtralite (Rooflights) Ltd
Life Safety in Buildings Tackling a Deadly Enemy David Brown of Lareine Engineering, looks at the role of Automatic Opening Vent (AOV) rooflights in today’s Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation Systems – and the factors governing their specification. 24
Solar Shading Legacy Louvre Product Restored for the Modern World Technology originally developed in the 1940’s has been revitalised by a UK manufacturer, to provide a top performing product for today’s built environment. 26
EDITOR Paul Bennett paul@daylightingmag.co.uk Tel: 01295 711666 Mobile: 07900 895110 AD SALES info@bennettb2b.co.uk Tel: 01295 711666 DESIGN/PRODUCTION info@bennettb2b.co.uk Tel: 01295 711666 WEBSITE www.daylightingmag.co.uk
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Bennett B2B Ltd Pure Offices Lake View House Tournament Fields Warwick CV34 6RG United Kingdom TEL: +44 (0)1295 711666
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CIRCULATION Daylighting is available by email, free of charge to subscribers, by logging on at www.daylightingmag.co.uk Free access is also available via our website and social media. Average impressions per issue are approximately 5,500, however this varies according to social media activity. Our readership is predominantly UK architects, specifiers, contractors, consultants and roofing professionals. Full details are available on our website. www.daylightingmag.co.uk While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of content, the publisher does not accept liability for errors. The views expressed by contributors are not necessarily those of the editor or publisher. This publication contains editorial photographs which may have been supplied and paid for by suppliers. Full terms and conditions can be found on our website.
Front cover: Hessenwald School in Weiterstadt, Germany, is an example of energy-efficient, contemporary architecture. Image courtesy of Velux Commercial.
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Mar/Apr 2020
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ENGINEERING
THE UK’S TRUSTED DAYLIGHTING & VENTILATION SPECIALIST • Preferred supplier to leading architects, engineers & contractors • Multi-sector expertise • Design, manufacture, installation, servicing • All relevant accreditations & affiliations • RIBA CPD Providers Network member • Nationwide sales & support
Head Office: 01506 448140 Midlands Centre: 01788 579307 E: info@lareineengineering.com www.lareineengineering.com
EDITOR’S COMMENT
Coronavirus: we’re all in this together The world has changed since our last issue. We’re in difficult times with no clear indication as to when some kind of normality may resume.
operate from offices within our respective homes. We are all following the government’s social distancing and isolation guidelines as appropriate.
Amid all the deep concern, there is one reassuring note: that society in general appears to be putting many differences aside and pulling together to defeat the invisible enemy.
The issue contains interesting features on daylighting in schools and universities; the role of AOV rooflights; and a fascinating insight into a louvre product originally developed in the 1940’s, which is making a comeback.
However, as I write this, there remain some divisions within the construction industry regarding site closures and the situation remains extremely fluid for all of us, with changes occurring on a daily basis. For this reason, I have chosen not to focus on virius-related stories in the news section of this issue. As a bi-monthly magazine, this would be inappropriate and could lead to mis-information through news which may have passed it’s ‘sell-by’. Here at Daylighting Magazine, we are in the lucky position of being able to remain open for business despite the pandemic, as I and my co-workers
I’m sure that like me, you’ll be glad to see that there is actually some positive news from our industry. Long may it continue.
Paul Bennett paul@daylightingmag.co.uk
I send thanks to all our readers and contributors for your continued support. May you all stay safe and healthy through these trying times. Finally, I’d also like to say a big ‘thank you’ to all those invaluable key workers out there who may be putting themselves at risk on our collective behalf.
Issue 20 January/February 2020
THE INNOVATION ISSUE Issue 16 May/June 2019
IN THIS ISSUE:
DAYLIGHT MODELLING REFURBISHMENT SMART GLAZING PLUS • NEWS • PROJECTS • AND MORE
IN THIS ISSUE:
DYNAMIC SHADING
Don’t forget, back issues are always available to read on-line at daylightingmag.co.uk Previous issues of DAYLIGHTING Magazine will be available on-line indefinitely. So you can refer back to old issues whenever you like. It’s also on our ‘to-do’ list to set up a features index, so if you can’t remember in which issue you read that fascinating feature about XYZ, you’ll be able to find it in a moment.
AND OTHER WAYS TO COMBAT EXCESSIVE HEAT & GLARE • 5 REASONS TO AVOID UNDER-SPEC ROOFLIGHTS • DAYLIGHTING IN MUSEUMS & PUBLIC SPACES • ROOF SAFETY • PROJECT NEWS AND MORE
www.daylightingmag.co.uk
Mar/Apr 2020
5
INDUSTRY NEWS
Lichfields Sheds Light On Neighbourly Matters from reducing energy consumption were at the heart of lighting considerations, but local authorities are increasingly taking a more holistic approach. Recent studies show that natural lighting can make a difference with regards to anti-social behaviour and the physical and mental well-being of occupants.”
‘Live Sessions’ Mr Rogan-Lyons went on to say the team are adept at providing practical design advice and have a proven track record of working with architects to get the best performance from a design. Toby Rogan-Lyons
Planning and development consultants Lichfields is expanding its services with a new Neighbourly Matters team delivering sector-leading natural lighting expertise. With sunlight and daylight issues of increasing importance in the planning process Lichfields has recruited two lighting experts to head up this new division. Toby Rogan-Lyons who joins from real estate consultancy GL Hearn has been appointed Director of the Neighbourly Matters team. He has been joined by Associate Director Irfan Ahmed, who brings over 10 years experience in the practical delivery of natural lighting studies. Lichfields’ new service will feature Rights to Light analysis and advice, solar glare studies and detailed overshadowing investigations. With the Government pushing a housebuilding agenda and promoting densification of brownfield urban land, access to natural light is an issue rising in prominence both for developers and decision makers. Additionally, as the use of glass in building envelopes increases, developments which border the rail network or major road junctions are also undergoing greater scrutiny over potential solar glare issues. Mr Rogan-Lyons, a design engineer with a Diploma in Practical Surveying has been undertaking detailed natural lighting studies for over 14 years. He said: “As our towns and cities become more and more dense, buildings are having greater impacts on each other. Traditionally, the benefits to be gained
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Mar/Apr 2020
This often included live testing and design sessions where detailed design concepts were tested with all parties included in ‘live sessions’. Given the current work climate, this facility has successfully been moved to live remote sessions that allow all parties to view, comment and interact with the detailed testing. Feedback received from clients and architects has confirmed the positive effects these sessions can have on the delivery and timescales of the design development process. Lighting analysis can be undertaken for the smallest single-storey extensions, to urban-infill projects, and developments of 10,000 homes or more.
Transport Networks On the rail networks, the increased use of glazing in building facades has contributed to some recent incidents and near misses. These have been attributed to solar glare from the windows of buildings bordering the tracks leading to missed or misread signals. Network Rail has the power to prevent a development where it poses a risk to the rail network. Mr Rogan-Lyons said: “We have developed solar glare testing and reporting methodologies that fulfil the very specific requirements of Network Rail, allowing developers near to rail lines to ensure that reflections from buildings will not adversely affect train drivers. These methodologies have also been accepted by local authorities when assessing the effects of reflected sunlight on road users.” www.lichfields.uk
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INDUSTRY NEWS
Manufacturer fabricates a year of rapid growth “It’s exciting to be working with a new team, and BTS is a dynamic business, with significant scope for growth in a competitive market. The team are also investing heavily in the future in terms of assets and hardware as well as personnel, which clearly demonstrates it’s a company with a long-term future, not only for myself, but for the wider region.”
BTS’s recently appointed technical manager, Mark Wiper with managing director Phil Atkinson
Over the past two years, BTS has invested in five new pieces of machinery, including a panel bender, an S4 Salvagnini punch and a CNC Striebig saw for its new Vantage mesh systems, to make its manufacturing processes more streamlined and efficient.
A North East rainscreen manufacturer is going from strength to strength following a 20 per cent increase in turnover last year.
Phil added: “Our strategy for automated equipment is paying off; we have the best automation in the industry, and we always research extensively into the best available machines and software.
BTS Facades and Fabrications, which is based in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham, and manufactures metal rainscreen and fabrications for the construction industry, will end the financial year with turnover of £8.5 million - a rise of £1.6 million.
“All of this helps our sales team go after those bigger contracts, backed by the confidence that we have the facility to service our ever-growing client base.
The financial results mark a period of major growth for the firm, with the appointment of a technical manager, investment in a range of new equipment and a £50,000 grant. BTS managing director Phil Atkinson said: “We recently appointed Mark Wiper as technical manager and his first objective will be to review and retest all our systems – over the past three years, we’ve very much focused on automation and sales, and our existing systems have taken a back seat. “There are a few improvements we can make, and value engineering will be done, so Mark will initially be focused on system testing, certification and legislative compliance. It’s a perfect fit for our overall growth strategy, as we want our technical offering to be aligned to our other strategies, such as automation.” Mark, who has three years of experience in a similar role and has worked in the industry for 34 years, added: “I have an extensive background in product and system testing and certification in the construction industry, and I’m looking forward to putting this into practice at BTS.
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“We’ve also been awarded £50,000 from the County Durham Growth Fund, which we will use to invest in further new machinery to improve efficiencies, such as the Striebig saw. “In the past five years, the BTS team has grown from 34 to 55, and we’re not standing still. We are continually trying to improve the business and invest in more efficient machines and processes, and our goals for the next five years are more of the same; more automation, more training, more people and more growth.” The £50,000 of capital grant funding was secured from the County Durham Growth Fund, to support their latest investment of over £155k. The fund was set up by Business Durham, the economic development arm of Durham County Council, along with their delivery partner UMi, to help stimulate and enable businesses to grow by providing funding towards capital investment projects. County Durham Growth Fund is funded from the England European Regional Development Fund as part of the European Structural and Investment Funds Growth Programme 2014-2020. www.btsfabrications.co.uk
Mar/Apr 2020
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INDUSTRY NEWS
Turning up the heat on new Building Regs
Andy Swift, sales and operations manager, UK & ROI for ISOChemie, says changes to building regulations will impact on the energy efficiency of windows and doors. Under current regulations, all new building designs are benchmarked against parameters such as the thermal performance of materials, the orientation and size of windows, airtightness and heating and ventilation systems designs must comply with these if they are to progress to the next development stage. Now, proposed changes to reform Part L of the Building Regulations will see provision for stricter standards and compliance procedures around energy and ventilation performance in homes across England. In particular, the move reflects the Government’s eagerness to see proposals for current standards, outlined in Part L of the Building Regulations, to be adapted to future-proof homes against increasingly strict carbon emissions targets. Despite intentions to drive through the changes, the Government’s plans have met with criticism.
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Some experts believe that they will make buildings less energy efficient, not more; going as far as to describe the changes as ‘a step backwards, in a climate where we need a huge leap forward’.
innovation, its almost ‘criminal’ that so many fenestration installations remain unchecked or unregulated, leaving a legacy of problems that last for years and cost hundreds of thousands of pounds to rectify.”
The changes to the regulations would see removal of the Fabric Energy Efficiency Standard - in effect, a building designed in 2021 could be allowed to perform worse than one built in 2013, when the current standards were introduced. Similarly, a building that would fail to meet existing regulations would get the green light under the new system.
Heat will always find the fastest exit as it comes up against the ‘A’ or ‘A+’ rated window, and invariably this emanates from the 10mm or so expansion gap left around the window following fitment. This is normally left empty, but some amount of spray foam can be injected to fill the void before a silicone trim is applied for a smart looking finish.
So, at a time when the built environment accounts for more than 40% of UK carbon emissions, construction and specification products manufacturers are yearning for change to the regulations to drive more stringent energy standards. Yet, concerns are being raised that the new proposals offer little in the way of reassurance and could mask the real energy efficiency of a house.
As expedient as this might sound, none of these solutions create a measurable, long term, high performance thermal, acoustic or airtight barrier - the U-Value of the installed window is simply reduced, which leads to heat escape and ultimately, financial loss.
Undeniably, home insulation installations are among the cheapest carbon cutting measures, reducing energy bills by £100 a year on average. However, the cancellation of government incentives has seen a 95% fall off in work in this area since 2012, according to the Committee on Climate Change. Andy Swift said: “Despite great strides in modern housing design and development, evidence points to doors and windows continuing to be among the biggest culprits when it comes to energy inefficient homes. Indeed, it might be said that in the light of product
Andy Swift continued: “If building regulations remain lenient, we will continue to see window and door developments that only just comply with the minimum standards. But the industry deserves better insulating products to improve energy efficiency and save money for their end-users. Self-adhesive foam sealing tapes, which use ‘smart’ foams impregnated with different substances to create a measurable U-Value as low as 0.6w/m2k, offer superb thermal insulation and can contribute to acoustic sound reduction by 63dB.” www.iso-chemie.eu/en-GB/home/
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INDUSTRY NEWS
New Technical Chairman at NARM He brings a wealth of experience gained over many years in his position as Senior Engineer at Brett Martin Daylight Systems. Stuart fills this key role at NARM, following the decision of Bill Hawker, also of Brett Martin Daylight Systems, to stand down after over a decade in the position. Stuart Middle, NARM Technical Committee Chairman
Stuart Middle has been appointed as Chairman of the Technical Committee of NARM, the National Association of Rooflight Manufacturers, following a vote at the Association’s Annual General Meeting in February 2020.
NARM’s Technical Committee meets on a regular basis and plays a pivotal role in establishing the effects of rooflighting on building performance and in the development of rooflight standards which protect the UK industry from potentially poorly performing products. Stuart commented: “I’m excited to
be taking on this challenge and look forward to building on the achievements of the Committee. It’s a wide-ranging job, as NARM’s membership includes suppliers of all different rooflighting products and technologies – and with so much change currently facing the construction industry, I’m sure we’ll be kept busy.” NARM Chairman Jim Lowther said: “We’re delighted to welcome Stuart to his new role. His expertise and experience is highly valued. I also take this opportunity to thank Bill Hawker for his outstanding contribution to NARM over many years. For further information visit www.narm.org.uk
Daylighting Magazine Prize Draw winner announced our new drone, it’s proving a very popular addition to the office! We find Daylighting Magazine a great resource, not only for innovation and new products, but also for improving our technical knowledge and providing inspiration through showcasing of projects and products.”
Chris Wilkie, Rees-Pryer Architects
Chris Wilkie of award-winning, Bury St Edmunds architects Rees-Pryer has won the recent Daylighting Magazine Prize Draw, having taken part in the Magazine’s reader Survey in January 2020. Chris was presented with the prize - a video drone - in February and said: “We’re delighted with
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Rees Pryer Architects have a strong reputation for the delivering of successful schemes and sustainability is at the core of thir approach to architecture, working with a variety of Clients. The practice strives to enhance the built environment through creating energy efficient, innovative and sustainable ways to provide the best solution. Chris and his team are passionate about the reuse and re-purposing of existing buildings, using
their experience to reinvent a space, extend its life and limit use of further resources. Chris continued: “The use of natural daylighting is key to the success of a project, aiding both the energy efficiency of the building through reduced need for artificial lighting as well as the well-being of the occupants. This same principle applies whether the scheme is a one-off house or a corporate headquarters. Each project, wherever it is located, is designed specifically to respond to its site, surroundings and orientation, therefore each solution is unique.” www.reespryer.co.uk
Mar/Apr 2020
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INDUSTRY NEWS
New Yorkshire office for expanding architects practice property clients in Yorkshire and the North West of England looking to tap into its services to support their own design and build plans. These include several private care home providers and residential property firms who are bringing forward their own investment and development plans.
Left to right: Poppy Palmer, Chris Barr, Gary Wilson and Morgan Edmond-Arnett will spearhead architects Nicholson Nairn’s new Yorkshire office
Architects Nicholson Nairn has opened a new Yorkshire office in a move to meet growth and demand for locally based design and architectural services and expertise.
mill at Wharfebank Mills will offer options to more than double workspace as expansion continues in future.
The office in Otley is the latest phase of planned strategic growth by the architecture practice that will see its presence grow across Yorkshire and the wider region in the next few years.
Nicholson Nairn, which is already involved in millions of pounds worth of residential and commercial property schemes, driving growth for the existing team of specialists, expects to recruit for additional roles in the next 12 months.
Led by associate Gary Wilson, who brings extensive experience in delivering large-scale commercial and residential schemes, the new accommodation in a refurbished
Part of a North East-based architectural practice, the Otley office is seeing strong interest in its services from high end residential and commercial
Gary Wilson, who previously worked in architectural practice in Leeds and Yorkshire before joining Nicholson Nairn to head up its Otley office, said: “The Yorkshire studio is key to the continued strategic growth of the business and its expansion plans. “We are seeing strong demand for our services increase. So, its part of our business strategy to develop a strong, permanent presence in Yorkshire and saw that the time was now right for new investment. “We are experiencing strong growth across core markets with a significant involvement in millions of pounds worth of new projects. The new office strengthens our delivery capability; it’s a really exciting time for us and our team.” www.nicholsonnairn.com
On-line learning from NARM
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The current lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for on-line resources, as many need to be working from home.
an on-line RIBA accredited CPD seminar, allowing on-line learning for specifiers. The seminar, plus other NARM CPD materials, can be accessed at www.ribacpd.com
NARM, the National Association of Rooflight Manufacturers, offers
www.narm.org.uk
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ILLUMINATING EXPERIENCE Bright designs for architectural impact At Whitesales, we design specialist daylight solutions providing outstanding aesthetics and creativity to buildings. Our bespoke roof glazing and continuous rooflights offer superior performance and turn aspirations into reality.
Discover the design possibilities, call us today. www.whitesales.co.uk | sales@whitesales.co.uk | 01483 917580
NEW PROJECTS Wild Place Project, Bristol Em-Glaze modular flat glass rooflights were specified to provide enhanced daylight levels and comfort ventilation for both visitors and staff, at the Bear Wood Exhibit, part of Bristol’s Wild Place Project. The outstanding levels of performance provided by Em-Glaze rooflights ensured that all the requirements for thermal transmission, impact resistance and ventilation were met. Being non-fragile to CWCT Class 1 also ensures the highest performance in safety is achieved. www.whitesales.co.uk St Sidwell’s Point, Exeter Work is expected to start shortly on the installation, on the world’s first Passivhaus leisure centre, with architectural glazing systems by leading UK manufacturer Kawneer.
www.kawneer.com
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Photo: G.G. Archard
The systems – two types of curtain walling, three types of doors, windows and brise soleil – will be installed by Kawneerapproved specialist sub-contractor AB Glass for main contractor Kier.
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NEW PROJECTS Bournemouth University Frequent Kawneer specifiers Atkins has used the manufacturer’s architectural aluminium glazing systems again, on a unique building which forms a new £27 million gateway to a leading UK university. Kawneer’s AA®100 zone-drained and capped curtain walling forms triangular screens some 25m wide and 15m high for the main atrium, while Kawneer’s thermally-superior AA®720 entrance doors were used throughout the building, as well as other Kawneer products. www.kawneer.com
St George’s College, Weybridge Kalwall was specified for the clerestory daylighting for this new activity centre in Surrey. Shaped to follow the lines of the curved roof, it allows for diffused daylight to be cast deep into the interior sports areas, thereby removing shadows and glare and the stark contrasts of light and shade. The even distribution of light makes it easier for players to distinguish markings on the floor as well as spotting balls and other equipment. www.structura-uk. com/kalwall
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Mar/Apr 2020
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DAYLIGHTING IN EDUCATION
Building Better Schools A recently published white paper published by Velux Commercial draws on data from recent research by by Professor Peter Barrett and his team of school design experts at the University of Salford, UK. The research has delivered clear evidence that well-designed primary schools can “substantially boost children’s academic performance in reading, writing and maths”. Their HEAD Project (Holistic Evidence and Design)1 study, concluded that differences in the physical characteristics of classrooms explained 16% of the variationin learning progress over a year for the 3766 students included in the study. Put simply, the better designed the classroom, the better children do academically.
Vital design elements The findings outlined in the HEAD study reveal that certain design elements are intrinsic to improving learning in the classroom. These are: • Daylight • Indoor air quality • Acoustic environment • Temperature • Classroom design • Stimulation It is claimed that this is the first time that clear evidence of the effect on users of the overall design of the physical learning space has been isolated in real life situations. Over a period of three years, researchers on the HEAD project
carried out detailed surveys of 153 classrooms from 27 diverse schools and collected performance statistics for pupils studying in those spaces
Sensory factors The study considered a wide range of sensory factors and used multilevel statistical modelling to isolate the effects of classroom design from other factors, such as the pupils themselves and their teachers.
Several studies have shown that daylight is not only good for children’s overall health and wellbeing, but that it can also significantly improve academic performance.
As noted by researchers in the report, “Surprisingly, whole-school factors (e.g. size, navigation routes, specialist facilities, play facilities) do not seem to be anywhere near as important as the design of the individual classrooms. The message is that, first and foremost, each classroom has to be well designed.”
The role of daylight Several studies have shown that daylight is not only good for children’s overall health and wellbeing, but that it can also significantly improve academic performance. One such study2 was conducted by the Sorbonne University using data covering 13 European countries with a total of 2,387 children participating. It concluded that academic performance can increase by up to 15% when students work inclassrooms with larger windows
1
Clever Classrooms – Summary Report of the HEAD Project Impact of Lighting on School Performance in European Classrooms (2016) C. Maesano and I. Annesi-Maesano, CLIMA 2016, 12th REHVA World Congress 2016, Aalborg 2
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DAYLIGHTING IN EDUCATION
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DAYLIGHTING IN EDUCATION
Students with the most daylight in their classrooms progressed:
20% faster on maths tests
26%
faster on reading tests
– due both to increased daylight, and a better view to the outside world. The ‘Clever Classrooms’ Summary Report of the HEAD Project conducted by the University of Salford, UK, concluded that good daylight helps tocreate a sense of physical and mental comfort, its benefits more far-reaching than merely an aid to sight.
Designing with daylight While daylight does occasionally need to be supplemented by ample, high quality artificial lighting when outside light levels are too low, where possible it is recommended that daylight should be the main source of lighting in schools. If it is properly controlled, sunlight is generally welcomed as a source of lighting in buildings throughout Europe. When windows or skylights face North, the daylight entering a space tends to be softer and more diffused, with subtle changes in light levels and colour texture throughout the day. With other orientations, sunlight enhances the overall brightness of interiors, with specific areas of concentrated light. The challenge of designing with daylight is particularly evident in deep classrooms, where there is a consider-
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Students that had a well-designed skylight in their room improved:
19 – 20%
faster than those without a skylight
Students in rooms where windows could be opened were found to progress
7 – 8%
faster than those with fixed windows
able distance between windows and the back of the room. Here there is often a disparity in light levels – bright near the windows and darker further back. In situations where the shape or size of classrooms does not allow for adequate light levels throughout, and/or where the possibility of window space is limited, skylights are often the optimum solution. Where there is no direct access to the sky due to constructed floors above, light shafts can be an effective alternative.
... where possible it is recommended that daylight should be the main source of lighting in schools.
One of the collateral benefits of creating openings for daylight is that they also provide us a connection to the outdoors, allowing us to follow changes in the weather, the time of the day and year. There are many factors to take into account when considering how much daylight will be gained from windows or skylights. These include glazing transmittance, wall thickness, external obstructions, extensions above (e.g. overhangs, balconies) and to the sides (e.g. extension of the building itself), depth of the room, etc. When taking all these factors into account, a skylight typically provides more than twice the amount of daylight than a facade window of equal size.
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DAYLIGHTING IN EDUCATION Controlling excessive glare Glare is created when areas that are too bright are located within the field of view, or when the contrast ratio is high. Nevertheless, glare caused by daylight differs from glare caused by electric light sources in terms of the size, complex luminance distribution and acceptance of the users (e.g. people tend to be more tolerant of glare in a daylit environment). While high levels of daylight in a classroom provided via large windows and skylights are optimum, they still need to be controlled to avoid the excessive glare that can come from direct sunlight. This issue becomes increasingly acute with today’s widespread use of interactive whiteboards and projectors in classrooms. One important aspect to consider when controlling glare and contrast is the orientation of the windows. Larger expanses of glazing should ideally be facing north, in order to allow diffused daylight to penetrate as much as possible throughout the day/year.
Another effective solution for glare control is the installation of easily operable opaque blinds to control daylight levels. An alternative to blinds is permanent external shading, but this may still require the use of additional shading devices, depending on individual circumstances and requirements. Other solar protection devices such as curtains, roller blinds etc., made in textile, film or perforated opaque materials can be used. These will all reduce the occurrence of glare to differing degrees, depending on: optical properties of the material; orientation of the window; geographical location and annual sunshine hours; glazing area and transmittance of the pane and the distance of the user from the light source. The material properties and levels of glare protection for these type of solar protection devices are defined in European Standard EN 14501 Blinds and shutters, and the draft European Standard FprEN 17037 Daylight in Buildings.
Small facade window (10% glazing to floor area ratio)
Large facade window (30% glazing to floor area ratio)
• a DF of 2%, only a few metres from the facade
• a DF of 2% approximately 4.5 metres from the facade
• low daylight levels at the back of the room
• daylight levels very high near window and low values at the back
• only workplaces close to window can be considered daylit.
• the first two workplaces can be considered daylit.
Small facade window + roof windows 20% glazing to floor area ratio (11% facade window + 9% roof windows) • a combination of facade and roof windows provides generous and useful DF levels over the entire work plane • better daylighting performance and visual comfort • all of the three workplaces daylit
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DAYLIGHTING IN EDUCATION Good daylight distribution across a room is often best achieved by using several different sources of daylight, such as a combination of skylights and windows, and this can also ensure reduced levels of glare and contrast. Equally important is the issue of contrast. When considering both glare and contrast, the difference between absolute brightness and relative brightness is critical. Consider how high-beam headlights can be blinding at night, while hardly noticeable during the day. Similarly, a strong source of light will cause much less glare and contrast in a generally brightly-lit room compared to, say, a single large window with direct sunlight in an otherwise dimly-lit room. The recommendation between visual task and near surroundings is a 1:10 “luminance ratio” within the field of view. This luminance ratio is an expression of the ratio between the luminance within the central vision and the peripheral vision of the surroundings.
Windows vs. skylights Good daylight distribution across a room is often best achieved by using several different sources of daylight, such as a combination of skylights and windows, and this can also ensure reduced levels of glare and contrast. However, the importance of a view should always be considered. When sitting next to a window, people would generally rather tolerate a high amount of daylight and enjoy the view outside
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than draw the blinds down and use artificial lighting. For spaces where even large areas of window glazing will not allow enough daylight to penetrate, or where their installation is simply not possible – such as very large classrooms, lecture theatres or indoor common areas in the centre of a building – skylights are a great option to consider. Operable skylights strategically located in the overall building design allow plenty of daylight to penetrate in the dark winter months, while also providing fresh air throughout the year, improving indoor air quality and helping regulate temperature.
Beyond daylighting The white paper ‘Building Better Schools’ also contains detailed information regarding the other factors covered in the HEAD study, including: indoor air quality; acoustics; temperature; classroom design and pupil stimulation – as well as providing a number of detailed case studies. The white paper can be downloaded free of charge here. https://commercial.velux.co.uk/
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DAYLIGHTING IN EDUCATION
Walk-on rooflight for Cambridge University Civil Engineering Faculty The world renowned Cambridge University, which was established in 1209 and is the second oldest University in the English speaking world, has unveiled its new Civil Engineering Faculty; an architectural masterpiece which features glazing solutions from UK based manufacturer, Xtralite. Situated on the outskirts of the city on the West Cambridge Campus the glittering facility was officially opened in September and has welcomed its first students. It is home to the new National Research Facility for Infrastructure Sensing (NRFIS) and has 12 state-of-the-art laboratories focusing on a wide variety of civil engineering disciplines.
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Glazing as architectural feature “This is an amazing new building that will give the Civil Engineering Faculty a wonderful venue from which to drive forward innovation, research and learning,” said Jim Lowther sales director Xtralite. “We are delighted to have played our part by providing a striking rooflight solution that was quite unique and highlights the ongoing
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DAYLIGHTING IN EDUCATION popularity as to how glazing is used as an architectural feature; not just a practical one in twenty first century building design.”
A weighty solution The bespoke, X-Glaze walk on rooflight measures 12m x 1.5m, and was made in ten equal bays. The triple glazing measures 90.5mm in thickness to enable the roof light to be walked on for access. It comprises an outer leaf of 39mm clear toughened laminated glass with a black border, a 16mm Argon filled cavity, a mid-leaf of 6mm Guardian Sunguard toughened glass, a further cavity of 16mm Argon filled and finally, an inner leaf of 13.5mm clear acoustic heat strengthened laminate. The rooflight delivers 4.0kN/m2 UDL and 3.6kN concentrated loads. Each triple glazed unit weighs approximately 280kg giving a total rooflight weight of c.2800kg.
Fritted glass A non-slip coating was also applied (commonly known as fritted glass) to ensure the highest levels of health and safety for users, and whilst there is no building regulation or legal requirement for this process, Xtralite always recommends this in such applications. “The use of fritted glass brings even more design options for architects when considering how glazing can be used for practical reasons such as allowing natural light into a building, or just to create a visual, eye-catching effect,” said Jim. “We are an advocate of best-practise and therefore use this process when any internal or external glass necessitates pedestrian access, especially when water or moisture is present.” www.xtralite.co.uk
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IMAGING
SPECIAL FEATURE
daylight diary Covid-19: living & working 2Mar/Apr 020 through the crisis Fighting and responding to the global Covid-19 pandemic is currently the dominant focus for each and every one of us, in both our personal and business lives. As an organisation, NARM is maintaining strict adherence to government guidelines in order to save lives and support our NHS, with all meetings suspended until further notice. We do, however, remain active and connected, with officers, partners and suppliers working from home and maintaining contact via telephone & video calls, email and other collaborative technologies that we have available to us. We are committed to maintaining impetus in our support of the UK’s construction industry, to play our part in facilitating a return to growth and productivity as and when restrictions are lifted. To that end, we are pushing ahead with work on a new campaign to provide valuable rooflighting information for self-builders and homeowners, in the
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light of recent worrying reports of noncompliant or poorly installed rooflights causing problems – and in some cases danger – in domestic properties. Look out for new content on our website covering this topic in May. As always, we’ll also be continuing to develop new technical and guidance documents for specifiers, contractors and other construction professionals. Our next Daylight Diary will be published in the May/June issue of Daylighting, at which point we hope the worst of the crisis may be behind us. In the meantime we send thanks to the key workers and NHS staff who are risking their own safety on our behalf. Find out more and download technical documents at: www.narm.org.uk Access our on-line RIBA CPD seminar and other CPD materials at: www. ribacpd.com Become a NARM member
Stay up-to-date with NARM on LinkedIn and Twitter
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LIFE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS
Tackling a deadly enemy: smoke ventilation with AOV rooflights David Brown of daylighting & ventilation specialist Lareine Engineering, looks at the role of Automatic Opening Vent (AOV) rooflights in today’s Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation Systems – and the factors governing their specification. It’s widely known that the majority of deaths resulting from building fires are caused by inhalation of gas, smoke or toxic fumes. Today’s Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation (SHEV) systems are designed to address this fact, by assisting with the extraction of smoke and fumes from burning buildings. Correctly designed smoke ventilation systems keep escape routes free from smoke and assist fire-fighting operations by creating a smoke free layer. Automatic Opening Vents (AOVs) can play a key role in these systems.
AOV designs A variety of AOV designs are available, AOV rooflights & modular rooflights being a popular choice – combining the ventilation aspect with the provision of natural daylight. Typically, a modular AOV will consist of a base unit with a glazed lid section that is hinged and forced open when
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required, by an actuator linked to separate AOV controls. AOV rooflights are typically installed over atriums, corridors or stairwells and are frequently specified in hospitals, schools, hotels or apartment blocks. Architectural window ventilators and glazed louvre ventilators are available for facade applications. AOV roof escape hatches and other designs which do not feature any element of glazing, are also available for areas where daylighting is not a requirement. Irrespective of design, construction or siting, all AOVs are subject to the same regulatory requirements.
Specifying compliant AOVs When specifying AOVs, it is vital to ensure maximum safety and compliance with Building Regulations. Although standard automated opening rooflights can aid smoke clearance, they should never be used specifically
AOVs are available in a wide range of configurations.
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LIFE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS for smoke ventilation purposes. To comply with UK Construction Product and Building Regulations, purpose built AOV units must be specified – and these must be CE marked against BS EN 12101-2:2017. This is the European Standard which covers the appropriate joint testing methods for components specifically installed as a natural smoke and heat exhaust system. The UK’s current EN12101-2 regulatory compliance actually became enforcible in 2006, but was not really enforced until the Construction Products Directive changed to the CPR in July 2013, making joint testing of AOV units and actuators to BS EN 12101-2 absolutely compulsory. Prior to 2006, it had been possible for actuators and AOVs to be tested separately and assembled on-site. In some cases, untested actuators were fitted as part of the overall assembly and this resulted in the final installations being passed by unwary Building Control officers, on the basis of compliance of the AOV alone. The new, stricter regulation has removed this risk factor and has therefore made a positive contribution to the safety and reliability of modern AOVs.
2 test sections are carried out, the ventilators are also required to function under snow and wind loads, whilst opening fully in under 60 seconds, using back-up power. To provide confirmation of testing and compliance, manufacturers must provide a Certificate of Conformity supplied by an accredited notified body. This provides details of the loadings and temperature ranges to which the AOV has been subjected to during testing and should always be accompanied by a Declaration of Performance.
“It’s reassuring to know that most succesful EN121012 certification for AOVs follows cycle testing at high temperatures...”
As an active member of the SCA (Smoke Control Association), Lareine Engineering contributes to industrywide knowledge and understanding of smoke control in buildings and offers a complete range of high quality, compliant AOV solutions. The company manufactures its own range of AOV rooflights and hatches, as well as offering solutions through wellestablished partnerships with Kingspan Brakel and Windowmaster. Lareine Engineering also offers a RIBA accredited CPD Seminar, entitled ‘Smoke: tackling the deadly enemy’. This can be booked here: https://lareineengineering.com/ downloads/riba-accredited-cpd/ www.lareineengineering.co.uk
BS EN 12101-2 test procedures It’s reassuring to know that succesful EN12101-2 certification for AOVs should include cycle testing over many thousands of operations at high and low temperatures, with no more than a 10% reduction in opening area. Units are tested to temperatures of 300ºC for thirty minutes and must be able to operate at least three times at –25ºC. If all EN2101-
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Typical modular AOV rooflight with integrated actuator mechanism to facilitate opening to 140º
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SOLAR SHADING
Legacy louvre product restored for the modern world Technology originally developed in the 1940’s has been revitalised by a UK manufacturer, to provide a top performing product for today’s built environment
New products generally mean new technology. Imagine then that an invention of the 1940’s could be the best choice, top performing product in its field when it is re-launched, without any enhancements, today? A simple, engineered product made to fine tolerances, providing control and diffusion of sun, heat, light and air. Sometimes, the simplest products are the best. That’s the claim being made by UK manufacturer Smartlouvre Technology Limited.
What is it? It is the world’s thinnest and lightest metal fabric, manufactured in the UK. 700 miniature louvres of durable bronze are woven into each metre of a fabric as thin as a grain of rice. The louvres themselves are only two times thicker than a human hair and are angled to block all the sun’s heat, or re-direct light. For lighting direction, the standard 170 louvre angle provides
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an asymmetric light kick, alternatively a 00 angle of louvre provides symmetric light projection.
Where and how did it start? It was invented in America in the late 1930’s by two senior research members of Dow Chemical and first manufactured in conjunction with the Borg-Warner Corporation. In 1941, the product was introduced to one of the most important 20th century architects Frank Lloyd Wright, who said of the material, “This is more important than even you can realise. Not just windows, but entire walls and sections of buildings could be screened and protected from the sun’s hot rays”.
“Now known as MicroLouvre™, this paper-thin louvred metal fabric is unique, multifunctional and now, more than ever, a product of our time.”
Now known as MicroLouvre™, this same paper-thin louvred metal fabric is unique, multi-functional and now, more than ever, a product of our time. With its passive, angle selective, maintenance free technology, MicroLouvre™ supports all today’s energy saving,
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SOLAR SHADING “700 miniature louvres of durable bronze are woven into each metre of a fabric as thin as a grain of rice. The louvres themselves are only two times thicker than a human hair and are angled to block all the sun’s heat, or redirect light.”
Indianapolis City County Building: MicroLouvreTM screens installed in 1976 provided 21% energy cost savings. The hurricane proof, zero maintenance shading systems are still functioning today.
fire resistant and sustainable building performance requirements and also provides solutions for lighting glare, light pollution issues and lighting desig
by allowing balanced daylighting and protects them from the sun’s heat and glare, whilst still providing unobstructed vision to the outside.
Where has it been used before?
Where has it been in recent years?
The product, previously known as Koolshade® has been used in its various applications on a wide range of iconic buildings including the Eiffel Tower, Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, London’s Science Museum and Natural History Museum and the Louvre in Paris. Even the Hoover Building FBI Headquarters in Washington DC, Dallas Fort Worth Airport and Heathrow Airport have used it.
Manufacturing was for many years based in Puerto Rico where it benefitted from US grants and tax incentives. Ironically then, it was the factory’s location that brought about the demise of the product. The factory was destroyed in 1989 by the North Caribbean’s strongest hurricane in a decade and although re-built, production was affected by months of power outages and supply chain problems and never recovered. Finally, the surviving, totally unique, wire weaving machinery was relocated to Texas but the business never fully recovered and production all but ceased by the start of the 21st century.
Some installations are now 50 years old and still going strong, with little to no maintenance required. Moreover, when used as window protection it ensures the wellbeing of occupants
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SOLAR SHADING “The machines are totally unique, the product is unique and more importantly, in today’s natural and commercial climate, its performance is more comprehensive than any other sun protection product on the market.”
Andrew Cooper, the now owner of Smartlouvre Technology Limited first ‘discovered’ the product, almost unknown outside America, in the 1980’s. He became Koolshade®’s top distributor for the product in the UK and Middle East, but had to focus on other products with the ongoing supply problems of Koolshade® and the eventual ceasing of production. It was only recently that Andrew Cooper learned that some of the wire weaving looms still existed and were in Texas gathering dust due to lack of investment. Always having believed
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that this product was exceptional and remained to have value in various applications, he set about the task of having the machines shipped over to Hampshire in the UK, along with the Texan born head technician Carter Gilbert, who has since settled in the area. The original weaving machine design was a brilliant concept. Smartlouvre technicians have taken these machines, built in the 1940’s, and spent the most recent years modernising and computerising them. Ultimately though, the machines, the process and the ma-
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SOLAR SHADING terial first produced back in the 1940’s remain the same today. Smartlouvre have been manufacturing and supplying MicroLouvre™ to their customers and global distributors for several years now and are currently the only people in the world capable of doing so. The machines are totally unique, the product is unique and more importantly, in today’s natural and commercial climate, its performance is more comprehensive than any other sun protection product on the market
Who should be using it now? It is used by architects, designers and building engineers in multiple applications, primarily for solar shading but also, for bushfire protection, privacy screens, interior design, lighting design, light boxes and more. In terms of solar shading, the unique MicroLouvre™ Koolshade® legacy stands alone and no other product compares. It blocks solar heat by stopping the sun from hitting the glass (and
the building) in the first place. Black, paper thin bronze micro louvres soak up and then dissipate the sun’s heat, forcing it to the atmosphere outside like a chimney. No reflected or re-reflected light, just neutral, passive performance with perfect unfiltered natural daylighting. As well as protection from solar heat gain and glare the product also provides cat 2 Hurricane Resistance; A1/ A2 Fire Performance; no maintenance; highest classification Vision and high classification Daylight Utilisation, all with sustainability and 40-50 year durability.
MicroLouvreTM: Blocks up to 100% direct sun, 100% solar heat gain and 100% direct solar glare
Today, Smartlouvre continue to invest in the manufacturing of MicroLouvre™ products and are now focused on providing unique apprenticeships and training from their headquarters in Hampshire, UK, supporting our young engineers of the future. www.smartlouvre.com
Thorpe Park, UK: The MicroLouvreTM metal fabric interlayer provides both invisible asymmetric light kick and glare control
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DAYLIGHTING ICONS The biggest: the best: the most awe-inspiring; the most outrageous; the most influential... In this regular feature we indulge ourselves and our readers with images of daylighting projects throughout the years that simply deserve a double page photograph...
The Crystal, Copenhagen The Crystal is a freestanding, environmentally friendly extension of Nykredit headquarters at the Kalvebod Brygge waterfront in Copenhagen, Denmark. Designed by Schmidt Hammer Lassen, it takes its name from its light, crystalline form which rests on only a single point and a single line, allowing for unhindered views as well as passage underneath the building. The building has a low energy-consumption of only 70 kWh/m2, or 25 per cent less than the requirements of the existing energy legislation in Denmark. This is obtained with the highly effective insulating triple-layered inner glass façade which has a U-value of only 0.7 W/m²K . The roof is covered with photovoltaic panels generating 80,000 kWh per year.
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DAYLIGHTING ICONS
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@Daylighting_Mag
Twitterings Follow us for regular updates between issues... in the meantime, more highlights...
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DAYLIGHTING MAGAZINE
DAYLIGHTING Magazine back issues Click on the cover images below to open back issues Issue 2 Jan/Feb 2017
Issue 3 Mar/Apr 2017
Issue 4 May/Jun 2017
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DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY FOR BETTER BUILDINGS
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DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY FOR BETTER BUILDINGS
DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY FOR BETTER BUILDINGS
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Issue 18 September/October 2019
ROOFLIGHTING IN
CONTROLLING
PLUS: • ROOFLIGHTS & SECURITY • TRANSLUCENT CLADDING • ROOF SAFETY • NEWS • PROJECTS AND MORE
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Issue 20 January/February 2020
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IN THIS ISSUE:
IN THIS ISSUE:
• DAYLIGHTING IN SCHOOLS • LISTED BUILDINGS • ROOF SAFETY • FIRE SAFETY AND MORE
• DAYLIGHTING IN EDUCATION • LIGHT TRANSMISSION: FACTORS TO CONSIDER • ROOF SAFETY • TRANSLUCENT CLADDING AND MORE
THE INNOVATION ISSUE
DELIVERING DAYLIGHT TO DUNDEE’S NEW V&A
HEAT& GLARE
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RETAIL SECTOR
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IN THIS ISSUE:
DAYLIGHT MODELLING REFURBISHMENT SMART GLAZING PLUS • NEWS • PROJECTS • AND MORE
While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of content, the publisher does not accept liability for errors. The views expressed by contributors are not necessarily those of the editor or publisher. This publication contains editorial photographs which may have been supplied and paid for by suppliers. Full terms and conditions can be found on our website.
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