Patterns

1

2

CHAPTER ONE PAT TERNS

The sea has always been an inspiration for several artists, and is represented in several paintings, such as Monet‘s L‘Aiguille et la falaise d‘Aval (1885). Before becoming an object of tourism, the population saw the sea and the beach as a dirty space, where the sewage and garbage were thrown. In more recent times, after the sanitation of the cities, the beaches became leisure places, and the sea bath became popular. Since then, the beaches and coastal cities have gained the function of leisure and tourism, attracting people from outside mainly in the summer months. Apparently, one out of five people choose to live in a city that is located beside water. Perhaps it’s because it provides a sense of nature, or because it connects us to the surrounding world.

.2

Whatever the reason, there has always been a link between economic activity and the openness that waterfronts can provide to cities. Yet many cities around the world do not capitalise on this to spark revitalisation. Successful waterfront redevelopment in cities such as London and Baltimore contain an element of public space that attracts people to spend time by the water. If you mix this with highend residential and commercial property you can ensure the economic sustainability of the project. And if you add in cultural activities and retail, you get the perfect mix to ensure a healthy development.

Borders. The coast is always a border between town and sea, between land and water. It always presents itself as the limit of a city, or continent, and what separates it, but at the same time provides connections with maritime transport.

Travel. Cruises, boats, all are means of transportation that develop along with tourism, providing pleasure alog thewater and locomotion.

.3 .6

Leisure. Especially in the summer, spending a period on the beach has become a popular activity and loved by all. This place offers a lot of laisure possibilities, such as relax, sunbathe, swim, etc.

Tourism. Tourism in the sea is an activity that has grown considerably in recent years, being a source of income for several coastal cities and bringing a massive movement of people to these places, which end up developing other leisure activities to entertain tourists, such as restaurants and parties.

.4 .7

Sport. The sport in the water, such as surfing, diving, snorkeling, canoeing, jet skiing, windssrfing, etc, have the advantage of being possible all year round, and is also a big factor in the attraction of people to the water.

Nutriment and Life. Another important thing we can take away from water is food. Both small-scale and large-scale fishing boats bring food to the coast, which is distributed throughout the continent.

.5 .8

.9

The urbanization of coastal zones has divided them into two main categories: Coastal areas characterized by high density of land uses and those with low building and population density. Their main difference lies in their economic performance. A new urban sprawl is normally developed, spatially following in a linear direction from the coast. This phenomenon is a direct effect of the improvement of transport systems, the increase of living standards and the importance of tourist activities and has led to negative effects on coastal biodiversity, a steady increase on demands for water resources and an increase of waste production and pollution. Urban sprawl has also negatively affected the urban coast’s quality of life, creating a population density that leads to problems concerning employment and exploitation of natural resources. Each City urbanism development has a pattern that depends on the City context. Large cities, small towns, touristic or not, industrial poles or nature reserves, all these factors reveal what will be necessary for the city infrastructure, and what care should be taken to preserve the waterfront. In many cases, it is possible to notice the repicability of the road grid and uses patterns on coastal cities. The waterfront will always be the most disputed place, with commercial and tourist activities: restaurants, hotels, commerce in general. In the case of portual cities, the waterfront is where the industrial and productive area of the city is located. In most cases, as it moves away from the coastline, the city becomes less dense and it turns slowly into the more residential area.

here we wamt to show how thie human intervation can deeply change the apppereance of the coast line. The coast of Portofino in Italy has undergone extreme changes with the construction of houses in the coast, which in addition to presenting a risk to people due to soil instability and slope of the ground, damages the natural fauna and flora of the region. For many, the area is the backdrop for the transfor- mation of old fishermen‘s houses and farm buildings into luxury seasonal residences, for the use of terraces as gardens, and where the evident abandonment and marginalization of industrial architecture and the „na- tural“ landscape cause Hydrogeological instability. In the same time that it creates wonderfull places for living and increase the tourism, it is cleas the damage and impact that this kind of construction causes in the nature and lanscape. Also, the danger that it offers to the people who habit thease areas with an unstable ground.

.11 .14

The second exemple is the most dramatic one: huge artificial system along the bay of arabic countries. From a small undeveloped region on the shores of the Arabian Gulf in 1950, Dubai became a fast-growing modern city, a popular destination for tourism and a major economic centre. After years of implementing development plans and policies, Dubai aims to be- come a ‘Smart City’ ahead of hosting of the 2020 World Expo. Dubai’s skyline is the most sparkling in the Middle East. But down on the ground, the environmental problems of a quickly erected city built on sand look a lot less alluring.“ Growth has been so intense and enormous, but people forgot about the environment,” said Jean-François Sez- nec, a Middle East expert and professor at Georgetown University in Washington. “The attitude was, business comes first. Now, they are seeing increased problems, and they realize they have to be careful.”

The last case of human print along the coast line is the most positive one: how human beings can survive on the eartgh without using the sustence that came from it? Of course is impossible. That´s why in this case we find a fishers village along the Fiords. Norway has a different background on the environ- mental impact of human intervention. It happens in a more subtle way, being not so aggressive to the nature. This shows how it is possible to modify a place without assaulting it. Sustainability should be a fundamental principle for all development in Norway. The government‘s strategy confirms that a policy for sustainable development must be based on the prin- ciples of equitable distribution, international solidarity, the precautionary principle, the polluter-pays princip- le, and the principle of common commitment. .12 .15

The Maunsell naval (sea) forts, built in the Thames estuary and operated by the Royal Navy, were to deter and report German air raids following the Thames as a landmark, and attempts to lay mines by aircraft in this important shipping channel. The stages involved in sinking a naval forthe locations of the seven Maunsell Forts off the east coast of England This artificial naval installation is similar in some respects to early „fixed“ offshore oil platforms. It consisted of a rectangular 51 by 27 m reinforced concrete pontoon base with a support superstructure of two 18 m tall, 7.3 m diameter hollow reinforced concrete towers, each roughly ; overall weight is estimated to have been approximately 4500 tons.The twin concrete supporting towers were divided into seven floors, four for crew quarters;[the remainder provided dining, operational,

URBANIZATION AND PAT TERN

The sea urchin embryo follows a relatively simple cell behavioral sequence in its gastrulation movements. To form the mesoderm, primary mesenchyme cells ingress from the vegetal plate and then migrate along the basal lamina lining the blastocoel. The presumptive secondary mesenchyme and endoderm then invaginate from the vegetal pole of the embryo. The archenteron elongates and extends across the blastocoel until the tip of the archenteron touches and attaches to the opposite side of the blastocoel. Secondary mesenchyme cells, originally at the tip of the archenteron, differentiate to form a variety of structures including coelomic pouches, esophageal muscles, pigment cells and other cell types. . A number of experiments have established that these morphogenetic movements involve a number of cell autonomous behaviors plus a series of cell interactions that provide spatial, temporal and scalar information to cells of the mesoderm and endoderm.

Cerdà’s eye was as careful as it is fascinating. His was the first meticulous scientific study both of what a modern city was, and what it could aspire to be – not only as an efficient cohabiting space, but as a source of wellbeing . He calculated the volume of atmospheric air one person needed to breathe correctly. He detailed professions the population might do, and mapped the services they might need, such as marketplaces, schools and hospitals.. Eixample remains a prominent part of Barcelona’s image today: the octagonal blocks, chamfered in the corners, were his unique idea to deal with traffic, allowing drivers to see more easily what was happening to the left and right. Cars hadn’t even been invented yet – but when Cerdà discovered railways

SALT MARSHES PAT TERNS

The processes that determine the development and structure of tidal salt marsh communities have exercised ecologists for almost a century. Their early interest was probably engaged by the obviously strong influence of the physical environment, both because of the extreme nature of the intertidal environment for plants and also because of the intimate involvement of physiographic processes. ince the earliest days of saltmarsh ecology, physico-chemical factors related to elevation have been invoked to explain patterns of distribution. The dominant halophytes are essentially land plants that occupy physiologically adverse environments by virtue of adaptations to salinity, submergence, hypoxia and tidal scouring.

MAUNSELL LUXURY HOTEL

A London creative firm, Next Big Thing, has published a brochure with renderings of how the project, simply called The Maunsell, might look in an effort to lure investment and developers to itThe Maunsell Forts, once linked by perilous walkways which have since collapsed into the sea, were decommissioned by the Ministry of Defence in 1956. One of them, Nore Fort, was demolished as a hazard to shipping in 1959 and another, Shivering Sand, lost one of its towers after a ship collided with it in 1963.

It is believed the forts are no longer owned by anyone, however they exist on land owned by the Crown Estate. Any effort to redevelop them would require the consent of the Crown, the Maritime Marine Organisation and the Port of London Authority.

.17

.18

.19

As living beings, we need energy. Man, has learned to gain strength for his livelihood over the centuries, and nowadays he is even more demanding. Cities, infrastructure, roads, houses, single flats, food production. To do all this, energy is needed in order to live a decent living standard, in a word of electrici- ty. Today, however, our planet also requires a rematch. We can no longer rely on methods of dispersing heatpower production, that is, non-renewable. Powers all over the world are trying to hijack trends in encyclical production in the field of renewable energy. Surely the easiest and fastest way to produce clean energy comes first from the sea. Our first ally and vital resource. This power resource is known as Marine energy or ma- rine power also known as hydroelectricity. that is also sometimes referred to as ocean energy, ocean power, or marine and hydrokinetic energy, so it can be refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. The movement of water in the world’s oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and industries. The term marine energy encompasses both wave pow- er from surface waves, and tidal power obtained from the kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water. Offshore wind power is not a form of marine energy, as wind power is derived from the wind, even if the wind turbines are placed over water. The oceans have a tre- mendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the potential of providing a substantial amount of new renewable energy around the world. The oceans represent a vast and largely untapped source of energy in the form of surface waves, fluid flow, salinity gradients, and thermal. Thanks to the new studies today is possible to produce this energy in many different way and using multiple aspects of this blue resource. Here we have the most important trends: Wave po- wer converters in open coastal areas with significant waves. Tidal turbines placed in coastal and estuarine areas. In-stream turbines in fast-moving rivers. Ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents. Ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical wa- ters. Particularly in our study, we have decided to concen- trate on the most important methods of energy pro- duction that involve more or less indirectly the coasts. We have just talked about the production of hydro po- wer, but it does not mean that the coasts, the sea are connected to the theme of energy only by means of water. Ineffective the first study we did was inherent to offshore wind plants, the second related to tidal po- wer.