Bees for Development Journal Edition 35 - June 1995

OFFICE COPY

ms" NUMBER 35

keeping

evelopment

JUNE 1995

ae

HONEY HUNTING

BEES LIKE COFFEE SOUTH KOREA

&

ZOOM IN ON

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

INSIDE INFORMATION World Vision Award for Development Initiative 1990

By the time this edition is in print, my twin boys, Daniel and Gareth will be approaching their first birthday. At this important stage in their life would like to say thank you from Colin, the boys and myself, for all the |

national and international good wishes we have received since Gareth and Daniel's arrival.

lam managing

to care for Daniel and Gareth alongside my other “twin” venture Beekeeping & Development. Beekeeping is an excellent partner for Development. Using

a

beekeeping as the medium it is possible to put into practice many of the important development issues that are

Apimondia Gold 1989, Bronze 1993

Gareth, Daniel and friend!

HELEN JACKSON

paramount today.

Beekeeping & Development

the journal for sustainable beekeeping is a publication from Bees for Development We run an active beekeeping network linking people interested in bees and sustainable beekeeping everywhere. Contact us if you have information to share, or need information.

We welcome your contributions for publication in this journal.

IN THIS

ISSUE

Practical Beekeeping Trees Bees Use

SUBSCRIPTION DEPARTMENT

How one hundred people spent the night under a bee tree

AAA.

10 ..

1

Look & Learn Ahead

12

Notice Board

12

Zooming in on South Korea

13

Bookshelf

14

Beeswax Barter and

Candle Currency

REPRODUCTION Information in B&D is intended to help beekeepers everywhere.

Co-ordinator: Helen Jackson

.

News Around the World

Letters to Bees for Development

EDITORIAL OFFICE Editor: Dr Nicola Bradbear

16

The subscription rate for 12 months (four editions) is 16 by airmail to any address. Back issues are available at 5.00 each. Readers in developing countries may pay by Beeswax Barter or Candle Currency: see page 16.

We are happy for items to be reproduced or translated but please give acknowledgement to B&D and the author of the item you are using.

Please send us a copy of the reproduced or translated item.

ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION B&D is the official newsletter of the Asian

PUBLISHERS

Apicultural Association.

Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom

SPONSORS The journal has been sponsored in part by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Telephone: 44(0) 16007 13648 Fax: 44(0) 16007 16167

We have also received sponsorship from CTA, The Netherlands.

E-Mail: 100410.263 1@CompuServe.COM

PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTIO

Wea re grateful to our sponsors

B&D is published four times every year and is on sale by the first of March, June, September and December.

4000 copies of each edition are printed and distributed world-wide by air mail

and the many beekeeping groups and individuals who are supporting

4

post.

ADVERTISEMENTS Our cover picture shows Salleh Mohammed Noor, better known as Pak Teh, leader of the honey hunters in the forests near Pedu

Lake in northern Malaysia.

More on page eight.

TWO

Advertisements and enclosures in B&D reach readers in many countries. The rates are:

Quarter page 50; Half page 90; Full page 160.

Enclosures 40 per kilogram.

Bees for Dev elopment.

We need more sponsors urgently.

Please contact us direct if you can help.

QW A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

A FRAME FOR THE KENYA TOP-BAR HIVE!

by Mark

Luckhurst, Kenya

THE OUTSTANDING FEATURE of the Kenya top-bar hive is that it is simple and

Fig

1.

Kenya top-bar frame designed by Ruai Beekeepers

relatively cheap to make and use. Its adoption in other countries is testimony to its suitability as a hive for rural beekeepers. It is largely for this reason, and due to its sloping sides, that frames for the hive have not been developed.

Because wax production may be a primary objective in some countries where top-bar hives are used, centrifugal extraction of honey from comb may have been discouraged. Also if honey is to be used for brewing and other

25

fa,

<5

MIXED BLESSING Although the absence of frames reduces production costs, it can prove a mixed blessing. Combs are fragile, particularly when laden with honey. Inspection is often carried out after dusk and frequently results in a container half-filled with heavily soiled, unripe comb. Top-bars without frames do not Jend themselves to transport and this can represent a considerable loss if the beekeeper is unable to move the hive. Honey flows are often brief but intense in Kenya and time spent by migratory swarms building fresh wax comb may result in disappointing yields of honey. The development of a simple, robust but inexpensive frame for the Kenya top-bar hive might help overcome these difficulties.

FRAME

<2

—,

mm

=

mnt

—

_—— TOP-BAR

65° 2 THUMB

—

traditional practices, then centrifuges are ecessary.

FRAME SUNK |NTO TOP BAR 3mm

A>31mm

GAUGE WIRES 16

~L

3 mm

TACKS

THICK

97m,

Fig 2. Kenya top-bar frame

48 cm

It

\

|

Cy

A

~

4.5 cm

5

=

€ Ava

16.5 cm

Members of Ruai Beekeepers’ Co-operative have tackled this problem and achieved some encouraging results. Although their frame is still very much in the experimental phase it could prove useful. We hope that other B&D readers using top-bar hives will be

encouraged to try it.

Using the bee space for African bees recommended by Tanzanian researchers in the 1950s, frames were made from African pencil cedar Juniperus procera (Figs and 2). This wood was chosen for its hardness and resistance to its warping. It is also termite resistant and fragrance is said to attract bees.

1

ASSEMBLY

Fig 3. Christopher Ndirangu assembling

a frame

A Bees for Development publication

Assembly is simple. It takes place on a jig made from a wooden board (Fig 3). Headless nails are located on it in such a way as to

ALL PHOTOGRAPHS

MARK LUCKHURST

THREE

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

molten beeswax has been poured along all the points of comb attachment, the completed frame is ready for introduction to the hive.

Starter strips of foundation have not been used

by Ruai beekeepers because they do not have a foundation press. Starter strips are recommended when using frame hives and presumably would prove equally effective with the Ruai frame.

INCREASED HARVEST VALUE At the start of the last honey flow a total of 30 frames were distributed amongst 10 hives and placed from the seventh to the tenth positions on the outside of the brood nest.

They were quickly filled, each yielding approximately 1kg of whole comb honey. With comb honey selling at premium price, use the frame increased the harvest value from USS$2.65 to USS5.30 per top-bar. No difficulties arose in hive management or when transporting frames over rough ground. Cutting the comb into sections requires some skill, and this season the wire will be replaced with strong disposable nylon twine as an a

Figure 4. Christopher Ndirangu drilling frame components with his home-made drill

secure the frame components. Two shallow cuts are made on the underside of the top-bar with a saw in order to locate the frame ends.

The two sides and bottom of the frame and top-bar are drilled for wiring using homemade drill (Fig 4) and the parts assembled. The wire used is 16 gauge but the smaller size recommended in conventional frame construction may be preferable. The whole process, with a little practice, is quick and the end-product neat and suprisingly robust. Once a

FOUR

experiment.

We understand that developing a frame for the Kenya top-bar hive does invite criticism

because the original design objective of a topbar hive is no longer met. However, progressive beekeepers requiring more flexibility in their hive management and “stuck” with the Kenya top-bar hive may find that Ruai frames provide a solution.

Fig 5. Ruat Committee Members in the demonstration a

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

COFFEE Coffea arabica Fichtl

by Reinhard

Apicultural value Arabian Coffee is a very important nectar source and also provides moderate amounts of pollen. The nectar flow is very intensive and only reduced by drought. The sugar concentration is medium. The pollen is heavy and sticky.

Bees are found foraging all day long. It seems that bees play some role in increasing coffee bean yields. It is suggested that coffee growers should keep honeybee colonies in their plantations and grow nectar-producing plants, and trees for shade, to strengthen colonies during periods when the coffee is not flowering. Coffee honey has a characteristic flavour and its colour varies from brown to black. It often contributes to mixed honey in which its flavour

predominates.

Coffea arabica is

a

major honey source of the western and south-western regions

of Ethiopia.

DESCRIPTION

Practical notes

Evergreen shrub or small tree, that grows up to aigh when unpruned.

It is

Flowers:

to 20 fragrant white flowers are borne in leaf axils and last only a few days.

2

Fruit: fleshy cherries, red when ripe, about

1.5

cm long. The green coffee bean is the seed.

Flowering: profusely after rains, some coffee trees are found with flowers at all times of the year.

Distribution Formerly endemic to the south-western forests of Ethiopia Coffea arabica has spread through the trade routes firstly to southern Arabia and from there it was taken to the East Indies by Dutch traders in the 17th century.

planted throughout the tropics, but particularly in East and West Africa, Central south America, the West Indies, Asia, and enia, It is now

«REINHARD FICHTI

weaves: glabrous, shiny, simple, broadly oval, opposite and dark-green when mature.

not drought tolerant.

Propagation is done by seedlings.

Uses Arabian coffee is grown for its beans (the seeds}, which are washed, dried, roasted and ground to make coffee for drinking. The residues from coffee processing are used as fertiliser and mulch. The leaves can also be used as fuel and animal fodder.

The Arabian coffee

Cofiea arabica

Tea from coffee countries drinks are prepared from dried leaves and dried and roasted whole berries as well as the green beans. A tea is made from the leaves.

In many

Coffee sweetened with honey is considered a very good settler for mild stomach upsets.

Flowers of

Coffea arabica

References Fichtl,R; Addi,A. (1994) Honeybee flora of Ethiopia.

4a

A Bees for Development publication

Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany.

FIVE

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

\.

NEWS AROUND BOSNIA

SUP

BIRCHMORE

WOREDD

VISION

CAMEROON

Beekeeping in Begov

Hai, Bosna

Before the conflict, there was an active beekeepers’ association in the area of Begov Han in the Zenica-Doboj Canton. There are now 16 association members in Begov Han, but they are unable to restart honey production except on a very small-scale, because most of their hives were destroyed; of the 1,039 formerly owned by members of the association, 42 are left. The 16 core members of the beekeepers’ association have the necessary skills to build hives, to produce, process and market the honey, and to instruct other community members in all aspects of beekeeping, but need assistance with purchasing materials and new colonies of bees.

World Vision UK is providing the necessary financial support.

World Vision is also carrying out relief distributions in five areas of the Zenica Canton to particularly vulnerable sectors of the population such as the handicapped, war disabled and single mothers. These distributions currently benefit approximately 25,000 people. Supplies are largely obtained externally at present, but it is desirable to source them in-country wherever possible, both for cost-effectiveness and to stimulate the local economy. World Vision will purchase the first season's honey production from the

in 1991 the Limbe Project Forest Conservation Programme started training 20 beekeepers from villages in South West Province. Due to popular demand this training was followed up with three more courses in three different villages the following year. Participation was strictly limited to residents of host villages which ensured the participants were interested to learn. On average about ten people were trained in each village and most have continued with beekeeping.

The first organised honey harvest was in 1992, a year after training began, with a yield of 76 ke of honey. At this time we had 41 beekeepers and 66 active hives. By March 1993 179 kg of honey were harvested by 48 beekeepers from 34 hives. A further 50 hives were unoccupied. Since the programme started we have constructed 112 hives, although 28 are not yet in use due to a lack of top-bars.

The Project is simply helping people who are interested to produce honey. The honey belongs entirely to the beekeepers.

Mount Cameroon Echo, 1994 Mr Alot Michael explains about harvesting honey from

a

top-bar hive during the North West Beefarmers’ Association training tour of Cameroon. The tour was supported with

funding from

HELVETAS, Switzerland

beekeepers and use it to substitute for part of the imported sugar now included in relief distributions.

N PACH

The beekeeping season in Bosnia begins in the second half of April. The main production of

SIX

MZEKA

honey will be in May, ending in July/August.

This will be processed and distributed as relief supplies by the end of September 1995.

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

KENYA The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology in Nairobi has included beekeeping in its research programme.

JF

o

The Centre’s Director, Dr Hans Herren is interested in providing assistance which will create income for small-scale activities including beekeeping. Initially research will be done on honey production and honeybee diseases in Africa. Studies will be carried out on honey flora and the post-harvest treatment of honey. Dr Herren hopes to integrate beekeeping into agroforestry farming systems.

HE WORLD

:oP

INDIA The First National Honey Festival was held in October 1994 in New Delhi, organised by the National Horticultural Board of the Ministry of

Source: Spore 55 (1995)

Agriculture.

The Festival was arranged to encourage the use 1oney as a food and therefore boost honey sales and beekeeping. was an opportunity for beekeepers, honey packers and sellers to exchange ideas, and was well attended. A one-day Workshop was also arranged to inaugurate various schemes to It

promote beekeeping.

Honey is mainly used as a medicine in India with a per capita annual consumption as low as 8.4g, compared with 1200g in wealthy countries.

ws to the

First National Honey Festival, held in India in

October 1994

Gaauee

A tough time 1994 was a poor year for honey production at Tabora. The estimated harvest of 360 tonnes could not be harvested due to lack of rain many colonies absconded and thousands of bee hives were left empty. In this major honeyproducing region less than a tonne of honey was harvested.

In

September 1994 there was

a

Fair Trade Fair

in Dar-es-Salaam where buyers from Europe

The Central Bee Research and Training Institute has pioneered beekeeping in India. At the Festival its stand won first prize and its honey was chosen as top in the class.

O P Chaudhary, Director, Central Bee Research and Training Institute

TANZANIA

and producers from Tanzania met and exchanged views. The major issue was the failure of producers to supply commodities to buyers in Europe. Indeed our Co-operative Society was in this position. The situation cannot be changed easily however, because we rely on nature to make the trees blossom and the worker bees to do their hard work to collect nectar.

The 1995 season will hopefully reward beekeepers for their hard work. There has been good rainfall since the start of the rainy season in November. Every beekeeper is hoping for a better harvest in June. ch Bee Mreis dorgela tile Ges. dois Hopes

We hope that this year our dreams turn positive.

We will be able to gather a lot of high-quality

honey for the market in Europe and other parts of the world.

Our motto is: NO MONEY NO HONEY! . (and vice versa!)

.

Justin Madaha

B&D’S CORRESPONDENT IN TANZANIA

A Bees for Development publication

SEVEN

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

THE MOON HAS SET, and the forest is in darkness. It is just after 2.30 am, but there is shouting, Turun hitam manis, ikut bintang.

“Please come down, follow the falling stars” - it is the call of the honey hunters as they plunder the colonies of the giant honeybee Apis dorsata.

The “falling stars” are glowing embers. These shower from the ends of huge burning torches made from bark and roots. As one honey hunter harvests a colony, another hunter thumps the torch against the tree branch, and embers shower down from it. The bees are

enticed to follow these sparks of light as they slowly fall to earth. While the bees leave their precious nest unguarded, the honey hunter takes the opportunity for plunder.

But in this case, the honey hunters were not working alone in the night. At the foot of the bee tree were 100 bee enthusiasts who had Tualany, the

bee tree.

The tree species

Koompassia excelsa

1s

come to witness the spectacle. This was the opening event of the Tropical Bees and The Environment Conference, held in March in the forest of northern Peninsular Malaysia.

Earlier that night everyone had assembled in a clearing in the forest for discussion about the forest. Is ecotourism a viable way to help sustain it? Environmentalist David Bellamy led the debate, outlining the case for and against, and reminding all that tourism is a fast growth industry which cannot be ignored: tourist numbers will double in the next decade.

One of the honey hunter's torches

During previous days the honey hunters had built their. ‘ladder’ from poles and rattan, and prepared the torches. On the night of honey hunting they waited until the moon had completely set before they started collecting honey - otherwise bees can apparently see to sting them. After preliminary prayers at the base of the tree, the three hunters quickly climbed up,

about 35 m, into the crown of the

tree. Over the next three

hours they did their work, harvesting 20 colonies of

bees. As combs were

harvested they were placed in leather honey baskets for lowering with a pulley system to the forest floor.

The whole operation is run by the group leader Pawan lebah, ‘the honey doctor’, who calls instructions to

the team, and also to the bees. The bees are

‘serenaded’, they are addressed with respect, and indirectly: EIGHT

The crown of the bee tree. Colonies of giant honeybees, Apis dorsata, are suspended under the branches

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

The foot of the bee tree

hunting season

tn

this area - surviving colonies

will soon be migrating from this bee tree to another area. As for the spectators ~ a long

procession of small pocket torches was all that could be seen as the observers made their way along the path out of the forest, and to a welcome breakfast.

This is the view of

Wie

uiderside

of

just one branch

of

the

bee

giant honeybee, Apis dorsata, have built their combs on this branch alone The whole tree tree Fourteen colonies of the

carries about 130 colonies If each colony contains

40,000

bees then the tree is home to over 5 million bees The sticks

at

night angles to the branches are put there by the honey hunters You can also see one of the honey hunter's ropes,

part of the pulley system for raising buckets into the tree

“Please come down, black but sweet” (the honeybee)

Honey is referred to as air (water) and stings as anas (heat). The bees are addressed as important friends who must be asked to give their honey to the humans.

By

5

30 am the first birds were calling and at

last the honey hunters came climbing back down the tree. They then started on the work of squeezing honey from the combs they had harvested. March is the end of the honey

A Bees for Development publication

After this memorable event, and a rest day, the Conference followed a more conventional format, with three days of scientific presentations on aspects of tropical bees, their biology and explortation Scientists are revealing plenty of new information about the many different bee species and their predators which exist in Asia There are at least six different species of Asian honeybees, and of course each show differences in biology and behaviour according to the niche they fill. The more fascinating detail that 1s discovered of their behaviour, the more questions arise.

Information presented at the Conference will be

The view from the base of the bee tree

published in the Conference Proceedings.

Dr Makhdzir Mardan and the Malaysian Bee Research and Development Team

masterminded this exceptional event. They found a good venue - a brand new Holiday Inn complex sited in the forest, itself hoping to

encourage ecotourism. Well before the event they attracted widespread media interest and sponsorship Local teams were mobilised to prepare for the influx of visitors to this remote area. Thus the event itself was well supported with people from over 30 countries participating The consequence of all this must

be improved appreciation and knowledge of these bees. their role in the forest and value for rural societies

NINE

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

THIRD ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE

RPICU, ,

6-10 October 1996, Ho Chi Minh Museum, Ngoc ha, Hanoi, Vietnam

a

The Conference is being organised jointly by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry of Vietnam, and the Asian Apicultural Association

Conference Subjects These will include: HB

Beekeeping development programmes Apis mellifera beekeeping

Theme

SOciAt\

Beekeeping management and economics Bee product marketing: the Asian perspective

Bees and Beekeeping with Sustainable Agro-Forestry

Development

M

BANGLADESH:

Dr Alamgir Mati, Bangladesh Apicultural Association, 30/1 Shantinagar, Dhaka 1217

Bangladesh Institute of Apiculture, 23/12 Khilji Road, Shyamoli, Mohammadpur, Dhaka 1207 BRUNEI DARRUSSALAM: Dr Kassim Hajidaud, Dept of Biology, Universiti Brunei Darrussalam, Gadong 3186 CHINA: Professor G H Yang, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xiangshan, Beijing Dr Wei-Yi Wang, Hangzhou Pollen Co Ltd, 5 Baoling Road, Shan, Hangzhou INDIA: Central Bee Research Institute, Khadi & Village Industries Commission, 1153 Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 016 Dr V K Mattu, Dept of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171 005 Dr C C Reddy, Dept of Zoology, Bangalore University, Jnaha Bharati, Bangalore 560 056

INDONESIA:

Ms Soesilawati Hadisoesilo, Kompleks Beji Permai, Jl Raya Taman Sari Bloke 13, Taram Barym

Depok 16246 Mr Agus Sulistianto, Ministry of Forestry, Manggala Wanabakti Bldg, F13, Jl Gatot Subroto-Senayan, Jakarta, 10270

KOREA:

MALAYSIA: NEPAL:

PAKISTAN: PHILIPPINES:

SAUDI ARABIA:

SRI LANKA:

Dr Kun-Suk Woo, Institute of Korea Beekeeping Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Suwon 440 744 Mr Ki-Tae Cho, Korean Beekeeping Association, 301 Sambo Bldg, Chonglo 6-Ga, Chonglo-Ku, Seoul, 110 126 Mr Woo-Suk Ahn, Cheju Branch, Korean Beekeeping Association, Sambo, 2-dong 1024, Cheju, 690 032 Dr M Hj Muid, Plant Protection Dept, Agricultural University of Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Mr Krishna K Shrestha, Beekeeping Training & Extension Support Project, Godawari, Kathmandu Dr Nasreen Muzaffar, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, NARC, PO NIH, Islamabad Dr Cleofas R Cervancia, Dept of Entomology, College of Agriculture, UP Los Banos, College, Laguna Mr Jassim M AI Mughrabi, PO Box 42332, Riyadh 11541, Ministry of Agriculture & Water, Training Dept, Riyadh

Dr R W K Punchihewa, Agriculture Research Station, Makandura, Gonawila (NWP)

TAIWAN (China):

Dr F K Hsieh, Taiwan Apicultural & Sericultural Experiment Station, 261 Kuan-nan, Kung-Kuan, Miaoli

THAILAND:

Mr S Buranapawang, Bee Research Section, Thailand Dept of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkhen, Bangkok

TURKEY:

Dr Osman Kaftanoglu, Dept of Animal Science, Cukurova

VIETNAM:

Mr Din Quyet Tam, Director, VINAPI, Phuong mai, Dongda,

University, Adana 01330

Hanoi

Beekeeping & Development is the official journal of the Asian Apicultural Association

TEN

The biology of Asian bees

Melliferous flora and bee pollination

Language The Conference language will be English

Submission of Abstracts Authors of papers or posters are requested to submit abstracts by 30 June 1996 to: Asian Apicultural Association, c/o Honeybee Science Research Center, Tamagawa University, Machida-Shi, Tokyo 194, Japan.

Fax: 81 427 39 8854

Contact Address Committee of the Third AAA Conference, Ms Nguyen Thu Hang, Bee Research and

Development Center, Lang ha, Dong da, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Fax: 84 435 2725 or 84 844 0687

WATCH THIS SPACE for further information about this important Conference ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION The Asian Apicultural Association (AAA) assists communication and the exchange of information between bee scientists and beekeepers in Asia.

The administrative headquarters of AAA are in Japan, but communication between countries is also assisted by AAA Representatives (Chapters) throughout Asia.

The AAA Membership fee is $20 per year. This includes four issues of Beekeeping & Development posted to you from Japan and AAA Newsletter supplements.

If you live in one of the countries listed on the left you can join AAA by contacting your local representative. People in other countries send $20 directly to the AAA Office,

c/o Honeybee Science Research Center, Tamagawa University, Machida-Shi, Tokyo 194, Japan.

Fax: 81 427 39 8854

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

BEEKEEPING COURSES IN FRENCH APICULTURE SANS FRONTIERES evaluates and supervises beekeeping projects in developing countries.

This summer ASF is organising courses in:

1-14 July 1995 in the

ASF Centre, Mons, Belgium For more information contact:

Apiculture sans Frontieres, c/o Dr Bierna Michel, Veterinary Doctor, Rue Franche 24, 7020 Nimy Belgium Tel: 32 65 31 74 94 Fax: 32 65 31 61 06

The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), one of 16 International centres of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) was established in 1993. It is located in Bogor, Indonesia and has research programmes in all three tropical regions.

CIFOR now seeks to recruit outstanding scientists to lead research programmes on the social, political and economic dimensions of forest conservation and management. Candidates should have the ability to work in multi-cultural and interdisciplinary environments and a strong desire to collaborate with colleagues in tropical country research systems. Special emphasis is being given to building a research team in the following fields:

sustainable harvesting and marketing of non-timber forest products; livelihoods of people living in and near forests; macroeconomic and sectoral policies including those outside the forestry sector, and their impacts on rural poverty, economic growth and incentives for forest management and deforestation; valuation and accounting of forest goods and services; the process of forest policy change, reform and adoption.

Candidates should posses

a

PAD in a relevant field.

CIFOR, PO BOX 6596, JKPWE, JAKARTA 10065, INDONESIA A Bees for Development publication

read with interest in BGD34 that there is a law against the use of insecticides in the daytime in Denmark.

1

Here in Bolivia we are not so fortunate. One of my neighbours has taken to fumigating his soya bean crops by aeroplane. In January he sprayed over my apiary causing much damage (see photo), but he is claiming that the damage was caused by my bees visiting his fields of soya bean which were in flower at the time.

He ignored that fact that he is obliged to warn me in advance of spraying to allow me time to close or move my hives. Two weeks ago he sprayed again, this time with a defoliant clear in the left was evidence vegetation surrounding my apiary.

I am pushing my case with the Ministries of Agriculture, Aviation and Health. If this sort of abuse does not stop there is little future for beekeeping in the Santa Cruz region.

Remarkably, the Ecological Organization in Santa Cruz was the Jeast helpful of everyone have consulted so far. |

PETER O'BRIEN

GENERAL, TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL BEEKEEPING

Peter O'Brien, Bolivia To continue the good pesticide story started in BGD34, next a list of pesticides with little harm to honeybees and less toxic to humans would be useful.

Also a list of pesticides which are no longer approved in the North, but are still marketed in the South, would be very helpful and find distribution beyond the beekeeping community. This information is almost impossible to come by for focal farmers, extension agents or beekeeping associations, other NGOs or environmental groups. have been asked repeatedly without ever being able |

to give an answer.

Rainer Krell, Italy Ed: Is there an answer?

ABSCONDING OR MIGRATING? Do not forget to send your change of address to Bees for Development

KEEPING YOU UP TO DATE It seems that some readers received their last edition of B&D late.

We send it to you by airmail.

You should certainly receive it in the month shown on the cover. But postal services are outside our control. If you received this edition late then please let us know.

ELEVEN

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

LOOK AHEAD

NOTICE BOARD

BENIN Third West African Bee Research Seminar

Scheduled for November 1995 Further details not yet available

CANADA Seventh International Pollination Symposium

24-28 June 1996, Lethbridge Further details from: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Station, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1] 4B1, Canada Fax: 403 382 3156

CUBA Meeting on pollination to be organised under the auspices of APIMONDIA 1996 Further details will

be announced in Beekeeping

GERMANY Third Symposium on Apiculture

FORESTRY MANAGERS.

Boo

INDIA Resource Inventory Techniques to Support Agroforestry Activities

CIFOR is planning a support programme to improve the standard of forestry publications produced in developing countries. The first activity will be training for editors.

Send a copy of the publication you edit to:

Francis Ng, CIFOR, PO Box 6596, JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia

October 1995, Palampur

Further details from: Dr Atul, Department of Agroforestry and Environment, HP Agriculture University, Palampur 176062, Kangra (HP), India Fax: 91 1894 2259

ISRAEL Bee Products: Properties, Applications and Apitherapy 26-30 May 1996, Tel Aviv Further details from: Dan Knassim Ltd, POB 57005, Tel Aviv 61570, Israel Fax: 972 3561 2303

ITALY XXth International Congress of Entomology

on

se

CONGRATULATIONS IN ORDER Well done Kwame Aidoo, B&D’s correspondent in Ghana, who has received a Fondation Roi Baudouin Award from the IFS Scientific & Grants Committee, Sweden for the high scientific quality of his final IFS Research Report.

25-31 August 1996, Florence Further details from: The Organising Secretariat, Via 50121, Florence, Italy. Fax: 55 500 1912

A

|

13

A new office of the Third World Network (until now based

Flekkefjord 4400, Norway

SWITZERLAND The XXXIV International Apicultural Congress

RESURGENCE IN AFRICA

la Moarmora 24,

NORWAY European Black Bee Symposium 8-9 September 1995, Flekkefjord Further details from: Nils Drivdal, Lovikgt Fax: 38 32 4456

bow

AND FORESTRY EDITORS

...

Further details from: Dr Ursula Horn, Friedrich Schiller Universitat, Am Steiger 3, D07743 Jena/Thuringen, Germany. Fax: 36 41 635 382

.

Contact: Nicola Baird, Forest Management Foundation, 39 Farncombe Street, Farncombe, Guildford, Surrey, GU7 3LH, United Kingdom

& Development

22-26 August 1996, Jena

..

FMF heips local communities manage their own forests sustainably for a range of products, building on local skills and with fair financial reward for well-managed forests.

in

Malaysia) has recently opened in Ghana. Intentions are to publish an African edition of Resurgence and to focus on the relationship between Europe and Africa.

The new address is: ISODEC/TWN, PO Box 16185,

Airport Accra, Ghana -

APIMONDIA

15-19 August 1995, Lausanne

Further details from: APIMONDIA Secretary General, Corso Vittorio Emanuele 101, |-O0186 Rome, Italy Fax: 396 685 2286

UNITED KINGDOM The Royal Agricultural Show 3-6 July 1995, Stoneleigh Location: Royal Agricultural Centre, Stoneleigh, Kenilworth, CV8 2LG, United Kingdom

GRANTS Africa 2000 provides small grants for projects (in 12 African countries) that are environmentally-friendly and developmentally-sound.

Further information: Africa 2000, UNDP, Division of Public Affairs, UN Plaza, New York NY 10017, USA 1

Under-utilised Crops 17-19 June 1996, Southampton University, Further details from: Dr Nazmul Haq, International Centre for Under-

utilised Crops, Department of Biology, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO9 3TU, United Kingdom

VIETNAM Third Asian Apicultural Association Conference

6-10 October 1996, Hanoi Further details from: AAA, c/o Honeybee Science Research Center, Tamagawa University, Machida Shi, Tokyo 194, Japan Fax: 8] 427 39 8854

LEARN AHEAD

KENYA Agroforestry Research and Development

23 October - 10 November 1995, Nairobi Further details from: The Training Co-ordinator, ICRAF Training Programme, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya Fax: 254 2 521 001

SWAZILAND Environmental Management in Development 14

August -

15

September 1995, Mhlume

Further details from: The Director, Mananga, PO Box 20, Mhlume,

Swaziland if you want details of your event to appear here, send details to

Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB United Kingdom Fax: 44(0} 16007 16167

TWELVE

se

PEGONE This is Newsletter on Meliponiculture and Stingless Bee Research which will be of great interest to all concerned with these bees. a

Contact: Koos Biesmeijer, Institute of Comp. Physiology,

Dept of Social Insects, Utrecht University, PO Box 80086, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands 4

arage

WEAVING THE WORLD The opening day of the World Conference on Women, September 1995 in Beijing, China, will witness the joining together of thousands of pieces of woven material to form a 20 km ribbon.

All women are invited to contribute. Pieces should be a metre wide, any length, made from any fibre and must be hand-made.

Register with:

Khemara, “Women weaving the World Together”, National Road 5, Mittapheap Village, Russey Keo District, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

A Bees for Development publication

BELKEEPING AND DEVEL OPMENT 35

ZOOMING

INON...

SOUTH KOREA

Name Area Population

Location Honeybees

Republic of Korea (South) 99,299 kr?

43,663,405 South-east Asia

Apis cerana are the native hive bees and have been cultured in Korea since BC 31.

Apis mellifera, the western hive bee, was introduced by a German priest in 1916. After the introduction of Apis mellifera they increased atil they outnumbered the native hive bee, vis cerana. During the 1980s however, the ratio evened out (see Fig 2).

South Korea currently imports annually about 37,000 packages of bees from Australia and New Zealand.

Honeybee colonies are increasingly used for pollination in glass houses and orchards. They are also destryed by environmental pollutants: insecticide spray and polluted water.

Melliferous vegetation 252 species of honey plants have been identified.

Honey production Total annual production: 10,000 tonnes Most (80%) is black locust Robinia pseudacacia honey.

Honey flow: 5 May - 5 June. The beekeepers move into the mountains during the second

Roya! jelly

;

Total annual harvest: 26 tonnes

Pollen Total annual harvest: 159 tonnes

Honeybee diseases, pests and predators The predatory mite Tropilaelaps clareae has been introduced from China, and Melittiphis alvearius from New Zealand with imported package bees.

American foulbrood, chalk brood, European foulbrood, nosema, sacbrood, Varroa jacobsoni and Varroa underwoodi are also present.

Beekeeping Association The Korean Beekeeping Association has over 4000 members and employs a staff of 17.

Korean Beekeeping Association, Mr Ki-Tae Cho, 301 Sambo Bldg, Chonglo 6-Ga, Chonglo-Ku, Seoul, 110 126

Korean beekeepers mave their colonies in

migratory beekeeping They ofter live in tents alongside the hives

AAA Chapter

Dr Kun-Suk Woo, Institute of Korea Beekeeping Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seou! National University, Suwon 440 744 Mr Ki-Tae Cho, Korean Beekeeping Association, 301 Sambo Bldg, Chonglo 6-Ga, Chonglo-Ku, Seoul, 110 126 Mr Woo-Suk Ahn, Cheju Branch, Korean Beekeeping Association, Sambo, 2-dong 1024, Cheju, 690 032

Research Institute of Korea Beekeeping Science, College of Agriculture, Seoul National University, Suwon 440 744.

Department of Agricultural Biology, Chung-Nam National University, Taejon 305 764.

Journals The Korean Beekeeping Association publishes monthly newsletter.

a

We are grateful to Dr Young-Duck Chang and Mr John Hamilton for their help in producing this article

A traditional

Korean log hive for

Apis

cerana

two weeks.

Honey marketing Honey is considered to be

1.

A Bees for Development publication

—O-— —e—

500004

Keepers

Feecosa

covries

colonies since 1954

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#

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&

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:

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Fig 2.

The changing numbers of oriental Apis cerana colonies and western Apis

mellifera colonies 1954-

1992

health food rather than an everyday food to eat like jam.

Honey is well marketed in ‘Harubang’ honey pots - shaped to look like the stone grandfathers who guard the entrances to villages. a

0030

BONN

Changes in numbers of beekeepers and honeybee

NUMBER OF TOTAL COLONIES.

Fig

——O——

Orertt

—e@—

Westen

2 OF HONEYBEE COLONIES

Beekeeping There are 300 beekeepers on Cheju Island. yeju Island is famous for oilseed rape honey .wchegul, but actually the amount of oilseed rape planted is declining so most of the honey sold is delicious mixed flower honey Chaphuagul. Tangerine honey Milgamgul is equally delicious. All of South Korea’s tangerines are grown on the south side of Cheju Island. Pollination of tangerines by bees is very important. There is also chestnut Castanea pubinervis honey. The smell is unpleasant and would not be marketable in other countries, but in Korea Dong wi po gam, a famous medical book, says this chestnut honey is good for digestion.

In the rice fields of Cholla, honey from milk vetch Astragalus sinicus is harvested.

The centre of beekeeping on the Korean Peninsula is Taegu City.

4

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THIRTEEN

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

Agroforestry

by Chris Brils,

(Cia

bl

LA NSS

ey

Paulien van de Ende, Bertken de Leede and Peter Paap Agrodok Series No 16, Agromisa, Wageningen, The Netherlands (1994) 80 pages. Paperback. Editions in

English and French. Available from

Development

(see Books to

Buy) price 6.50

Agroforestry is the practice of cultivating annual crops in combination with trees and sometimes livestock. This paperback provides an overview of the main principles of agroforestry, presented in a simple and readable form.

KT bos

The possibilities and restrictions of agroforestry are discussed, with emphasis on the need to involve farmers in the development of tailor-made agroforestry plans. There is a useful glossary of terms, an international address list, and a list of tree species commonly used in agroforestry.

Seeds for beekeepers, conservationists and gardeners

by British Isles Bee Breeders’

Association

BIBBA, Ripley, United Kingdom (1993) 40 pages.

Paperback. Available from Bees for

Development (see Books fo Buy) price 5.00 A booklet listing garden flowers, other native plants, trees and shrubs that in a temperate climate like that of the British Isles will provide forage for honeybees from January until November. Brief details of 230 species are given. BIBBA is an educational charity concerned with the conservation, restoration and study of native honeybees of Britain and Ireland.

Agricultura para o futuro

by C Reijntjes,

B Haverkort and

A Waters-Bayer This is the Portuguese edition of Farming for the Future. The book is obtainable from ASPTA, Rua da Candelaria, 9-60° andar, 20091-020 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil for USS40 including airmail postage. The English edition is listed in Books to Buy, price 8.25.

FOURTEEN

BOOK

Bees for

Beeswax

by Ron Brown Bee Books New and Old, Burrowbridge, United

Kingdom (1995 - 3rd edition) 87 pages. Paperback.

Bees for Development (see Book

Available from to

Buy) price 10.95

The third edition of this popular text has an updated section on candle making and more detail on wax casting. Other subjects covered include the history and origins and many uses of beeswax.

The book received an Apimondia Silver Medal when it was first published in 1981.

The dance language and orientation of bees von Frisch translated by Leigh E Chadwick with a foreword

by Thomas Seeley

by Karl

Harvard University Press, London, United Kingdom

(1994) 566 pages. Paperback. Available from Bees for Development (see Books to Buy) price 33.95

A paperback edition of a classic text. The two major questions which Karl von Frisch wanted to answer were: how does a bee direct others to desirable food sources, and how does a bee find her way to and from these food sources?

This publication is based on the papers presented at the International Seminar on Forestry Research Management held in Dehra Dun, India from 2-6 March 1993.

Discovering the answers, especially how honeybees communicate with their nestmates, was a revolutionary breakthrough in the study of animal behaviour. Karl von Frisch describes his crucial experiments and observations.

These ultimately lead to his work being rewarded by the Nobel Prize in 1973. This new edition contains a foreword by Tom Seeley providing a useful perspective of the work, and an appreciation of Karl von Frisch by his protégé, Martin Lindauer.

Thirteen papers relating to Forest Research Management in general and sixteen papers summarising the situation in countries of Asia.

Von Frisch’s text provides excellent insights into a true scientist’s approach to understanding nature, and should be read by all students of bee biology.

Forestry Research Management FORSPA Publication 9, Bangkok, Thailand (1994) 238 pages. Paperback. For further information contact FAO RAPA, 39 Maliwan Mansion, Phra

Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, Thailand

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING AND DEVELOPMENT 35

Philippines or Poland, Burkino Faso or Brazil!

A wealth of information explaining how to get

SHELF Beekeeping in a nutshell by

Matthew Allan

Northern Bee Books, Hebden Bridge, United Kingdom

(1995). Paperback. Available from Bees for

relopment

(see Books to

Buy) price 7.80

for

jour booklets (each 12 pages) a new series for those new to frame hive beekeeping. Currently there are four booklets available: The beekeeper’s toolbox; Starting out; Fun with bees; and Manipulations. Clear explanations and illustrations for beginner

This is

the most out of everyday items and how to care for the environment using practical recycling methods. The book is in three sections. The first section deals with the practices and principles of recycling and minimising waste. The second section gives an overview of world-wide action for reuse, repair and recycling.

Finally an A-Z, a myriad of everyday items and how to reuse or repair them. The author encourages the belief that “second-hand need not be second-best”. A recipe for simple batik dyeing using beeswax is shown. A list of UK resource addresses and a glossary completes a very versatile and interesting text.

Nina Gibson is our publications sales manager

beekeepers including: techniques and management; equipment; pollen and honey collection.

There is more of the series to come...

BOOKS TO BUY

Health and the honeybee by

Charles Mraz

Queen City Publications, Burlington,

USA (1995) 92

pages. Paperback. Available from Bees for Development (sce Books to Buy) price 13.00

This is an excellent book on Apitherapy: highly readable and very thought-provoking. Charles z was born in 1905 and seemed to start beekeeping not long after. His book is an autobiographical account of his initial scepticism of apitherapy which subsequently turned into devotion. He has treated thousands of ill people, without charge, for over 60 years. His ‘patients’ say he ‘cures’ them, but Mraz himself makes no such claims.

The bulk of the book describes the healing process of apitherapy (applying bee stings to the body): a clear description of his methods is provided. Many cases in which the bee stings were apparently successful in relieving peoples’ ailments are described.

Reuse

by Jan

°

repair

*

recycle

McHarry

Gaia Books Limited, London, UK (1993) 287 pages.

Paperback. Available from Bees for Development (see Books to Buy} price 9.99

A book for everyone - whether you live A Bees for Development publication

in the

by Bees for Development Books to Buy is a list of books available for you to purchase from Bees for Development. Use the form in Books toe Buy to order books or simply write to us listing your requirements. Your order will be processed as soon as it arrives at Bees fer Development.

Please send payment with your order. Our prices include packing and post to any address by surface mail world-wide. To have your order sent by airmail, please add 25% to the total order cost. We will issue invoices if required, but we will not dispatch books until payment is received.

We cannot be responsible for books lost in transit, but we can arrange insurance, at extra cost. Please ask. Publications will as far as possible be supplied at the prices quoted, however these are subject to alteration.

ORDER FAST BY FAX: 44 (0)16007 16167 OR BY E-MAIL: 100410.263 1(@COMPUSERVE.COM OR BY POST Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom And remember ALL income Bees for Development earns from book sales is used to provide information to beekeepers in developing countries. We are a small organisation and our overheads are kept very low. ..,

AUTHORS BOOKSHELF reaches interested readers in nearly every country.

Bees for Development endeavours to review as many good books on beekeeping and development as possible. Send your publication to Bees for Development and if suitable we will review it in a future edition of this journal. We may also stock it for sale: we are particularly interested to expand our range of books and visual aids on sustainable beekeeping. If you know of a useful text which we do not stock, but you think we should: let us know!

FIFTEEN

REMEMBER TO MENTION Beekeeping & Development WHEN RESPONDING TO ADVERTISEMENTS

BEESWAX BARTER BEEKEEPERS

ONDIA LAU QW

FSSA

1995

AN,

vssv

CANDLE CURRENCY

IN DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES

(ONLY!) MAY PAY THEIR SUBSCRIPTION IN PURE BEESWAX OR WITH PURE BEESWAX CANDLES.

Since candles are of higher value than beeswax, only 2 kg of candles are needed to buy one subscription, and the lower weight of candles will also give savings in postage costs.

THE RATES ARE: 5 kg beeswax or 2 kg candles to pay one subscription.

25 kg beeswax or 10 kg candles to pay ten subscriptions to one address.

These are the conditions for paying in beeswax or candies: 1.

Beeswax must be reasonably clean and of good quality. It must be presented in solid form and not as scraps of wax or pieces of comb.

2.

ATTENDING THE APIMONDIA CONGRESS IN LAUSANNE THIS SUMMER?

.

3.

Candles must be of saleable quality.

Beeswax from any species of Apis will be accepted as long as the name of the species from which it is collected is stated.

4.

inside the parcel state your name and address, the weight and origin of the beeswax, and the number of subscriptions you are paying. On the outside of the parcel state “BEESWAX RAW (OR CANDLES) FOR BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT" and the weight in kilograms.

5.

Any parcel containing comb, very dirty wax or otherwise unusable wax will be destroyed on arrival at Bees for Development. [t will not be returned and will not be accepted for barter.

Arrangements for costs of carriage of beeswax or candles are the responsibility of the sender and Bees for Development will not be responsible for any postage or other costs whatsoever.

6.

verseas, underpaid. ..and the best job in the the world,

Come and meet Bees for Development We are looking forward to seeing all our supporters and

readers during the Congress and to welcoming you to our display in the ApiExpo.

Recently converted readers please make yourselves known~ we hope to have a special Bees for Development event.

Baraka Agricultural College, Kenya.

Sharing your skill to help people in developing countries become self-sufficient is one of the most challenging and rewarding experiences in the world.

VSO urgently requires

a Beekeeping co-ordinator for Baraka Agricultural College, Kenya. Responsibilities include co-ordinating all beekeeping activities at the college and working on the newly expanded Baraka extension programme to assist local farmers produce honey.

You should have a natural resources qualification with experience in beekeeping.

Equally it is essential to have the right personal qualities. Among them should be commitment, sensitivity towards a different culture, resilience — and a good sense

of humour.

You should also be aged between 20-70, without dependent children and able to spend usually at least 2 years’ overseas, working for 2 modest living allowance.

For further details and an application form, please send a brief summary of your ~ — qualifications /work experience quoting ref. BFD06 to: Atha Murphy, VSO Enquiries Unit, 317 Putney Bridge Road, London SWIS 2PN. Or call: 0181-780 1331.

VSO constantly has

a

wide range of natural resources jobs overseas.

APPLY NOW !

VSO

YSO enables men and women to work alongside people in poorer countries in order to share skills, build capabiliues and promote international understanding and action, in the pursuit of a more equitable world.

Chanty no 313757

Beekeeping & Development is published quarterly by Bees fer Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom Telephone: 44(0) 16007 13648 Fax: 44(0) 16007 16167 E-Mail: 1 @CompuServe.COM

Environmentally friendly paper

Bees for Development ISSN 0256 4424