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Bees for Development Journal
72
bean piesas This edition of BfDJ brings the astonishing news that an antibiotic may be a naturally occurring constituent of honey. Research is still in progress, but if confirmed, then this might begin to explain why honey has been known and used as a medicine throughout history. Read more about this on the opposite page. This finding has arisen because of the ever-stricter analysis of honey required by EU legislation: one of the main issues facing apiculture today, connected as it is with the control of honeybee diseases and parasites, and the protection of remaining honeybee populations. These concerns are reflected throughout this edition. There is news of Varroa mites’ further spread (pages 8 and 9) and of an important Symposium being organised by Apimondia in Vietnam to address the issue of residues in honey: details on page 11.
Silent Spring in Northern Europe, (BfDJ 70 page 3) reported on heavy honeybee losses and has created a considerable response. A selection of the correspondence is shown on page 7. Books and DVDs reviewed in Bookshelf (pages 14 and 15) cover quite different aspects of apiculture in completely different ways, yet the message of both is constant: that the honeybee situation is in crisis, and we need to adopt alternative approaches to preserve healthy populations of honeybees. This Journal endeavours to bring you fresh, up-to-date news of international apiculture. To remain viable we need more subscribers: please think about sponsoring another subscription for a beekeeper in a developing country, and encourage your friends to subscribe. Only with your support can we continue this work. —
Nitila Bradheav Inside Information Bees for Development Journal is published quarterly by Bees for Development and read in more than 130 countries.
our contact details are provided in full, and you send to BfD a copy of the item, or the website address where it is used.
Editor Nicola Bradbear PhD Co-ordinator Helen Jackson BSc
Sponsorship Many individuals, beekeeping associations, groups and companies support our work. We are grateful to all our donors.
Subscription BfD Journal costs UK20 (€28, US$34) for four issues (one year) and includes airmail delivery. If you are financially able to do so, you must pay the annual subscription. Ways to pay are shown on page 15. Discounts are available for multiple subscriptions of ten or more. —
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Readers in developing countries can pay subscriptions by Beeswax Barter or Candle Currency. Details on page 16 of BfDJ 67 and on our website at www.beesfordevelopment.org/forums.shtml.
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If you are a beekeeper in a developing country and unable to pay your subscription, then write to us and we will endeavour to find a sponsor.
Copyright As part of the Bees for Development Information Service you are welcome to translate and/or reproduce items appearing in BfDJ. Permission is given on the understanding that the Journal and author are acknowledged,
Bees for Development Trust This UK Registered Charity (Number 1078803) raises funds to provide information to beekeepers in developing countries. For readers living in remote areas and with few resources, BfD Journal may be their only source of beekeeping advice, news and information. Financial support to sponsor subscriptions is needed: please help! You can make a donation to the Trust: —
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wy me
ty oll oes
in this issue... Inside information
Antibiotic occurs naturally in
honey ..
Practical beekeeping Top prize study tour
5
Apis cerana in Yunnan Mountain Area
6
Letters
7
Varroa destructor in Botswana
8
Look and Learn Ahead
8
Varroa and Apis cerana in the Solomon Islands
9
Project news from ICIMOD
10
Notice Board
1]
News around the World
12
Book Shelf
14
Cover picture: Agness Mundiya, a beekeeper in Kasempa District of North Western Province Zambia. See pages 3 and 13. Bernhard Clauss
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BREAKING NEWS
Bees for Development Journal
Natural antibiotic found in honey Nicola Bradbear, Peter Martin and David Wainwright, UK
2003, two consignments of honey being brought in to the EU from Zambia were found to contain low levels of the antibiotic streptomycin. According to EU law, honey must not contain any antibiotic residues. Tetracyclines are the only antibiotics that can be used to treat the honeybee disease European Foulbrood, but only under veterinary control and supervision, and procedures must be followed so that any honey produced during the treatment period cannot enter the honey market. In
The imported honey was harvested by beekeepers living and working in the :sts that cover Zambia's remote North stern Province. It is very unlikely that these beekeepers are using antibiotics in their beekeeping. The honey is harvested from local style hives made from cylinders of bark and placed high in trees of the miombo woodland. No honeybee diseases are known, and beekeepers do not have the resources, possibility or necessity to use antibiotics in their beekeeping.
to provide scientific data concerning the streptomycin and its possible origin. Aware that the presence of antibiotics in
Bee Products of Zambia, Casa Mel of Mozambique, and Tropical Forest Products of Aberystwyth, UK.
honey could adversely affect Zambian and other developing countries’ trade in honey, Bees for Development applied for a grant from DFID (The UK Government Department for International Development), and gained support under the Business Link Challenge Fund, which enables research on issues with implications for trade with developing countries. Partner organisations working with BFD in the Project are North Western
Research is now underway in co-operation with Professor Elizabeth Wellington and her team at the University of Warwick, towards proving the genetic origin of the streptomycin in the Zambian honey. Results so far are providing the evidence that we need to prove that this streptomycin is occurring naturally, and preliminary data will be published in scientific research journals later in 2004.
r
Sy
So how could streptomycin have become present in the honey? Is it possible that it is a natural constituent of honey, carried into the hive by foraging bees? Streptomycin is produced by bacteria
belonging to the genus Streptomyces: these bacteria are common and widespread. Streptomycetes have been discovered in samples collected from the mbo woodland, in places frequented ees, such as hollows in trees, water holes and leaf mould. *
Early indications are that the streptomycin could indeed be occurring naturally. This has implications for honey legislation and the world honey trade, as well as for understanding of honeybee biology and honey's long-known role in health and healing. It is also known from research that ants and Streptomycetes have a highly evolved relationship: some leaf cutter ants have white spots on their bodies these spots are colonies of a
Streptomyces species, producing an antibiotic to protect the ant colony's food sources from other pathogens. Could bees also have evolved a way to harness the benefits of the antibiotic
streptomycin?
Clearly, research was needed to investigate this amazing discovery, and
Beekeepers at work in Zambia's remote North Western Province Cylindrical hives are made from the bark of trees, as shown here. Beekeepers make as many bark hives as possible from one tree. The empty hive is placed in a tree, and sooner or later will be occupied by bees. The bees attach the combs of their nest to the inside wall of the hive. The beekeepers harvest the hives by cutting out the ripe honeycombs, after which they separate the honey from the beeswax. The honey isgcertified organic and fairly traded: see page 13. Picture Bernhard Clauss
72
PRACTICAL BEEKEEPING
Better beekeeping in top-bar hives
Things that CaN gO WONG... The most careful plans can go wrong and this is especially true in beekeeping. Often it is not clear why it happened or how the situation can be rectified. The experience in Nigeria, described in BfDJ 70 page 10, with getting hives colonised shows how true this is.
These are some of the common problems that can arise for a beekeeper: — the bees failing to colonise the hive — — — —
— —
the colony being slow to build up the combs being built incorrectly across the top-bars the colony swarming or absconding the colony becoming queenless the hive becoming damaged or falling over pests and diseases upsetting the colony
This article looks at the first three problems from the perspective of the beekeeper using top-bar hives. The other problems are management matters that will be looked at in more depth in the future. It is important to remember that only where a colony has enough food, access to water, is safely protected from danger and the elements and containing a fertile queen, can it thrive to give the beekeeper a good crop of honey. Part of the beekeeper's skill is to know how to supply the bees' living requirements. Failure to colonise This has to be the most common problem in tropical beekeeping. For some reason bees just do not come to the hive. This can be a difficult problem to overcome as it is largely out of the beekeeper's control. However, take a cool look at what is going on. Are the conditions right for the bees? Is it the right time of year for swarms to be about? Consider the location. Is it a good place for bees, well shaded with plenty of food available? If everything seems OK then make sure the hive is clean and clear of unwanted creatures that will repel the bees: ants, beetles, spiders, wax moths or even rats. Use materials that will attract bees to the hive, like beeswax, or a piece of brood comb, to bait hives regularly. You must do this frequently in order to keep the baits fresh. Try other baits if the ones being used do not appear to be effective. You do not always have to catch the bees in the place where you want to keep them, although this is convenient. Small 'swarm catcher’ boxes placed in a variety of different locations may be more productive. Bees are often reluctant to colonise near to other bees, as they like to avoid too much competition for resources. After swarm boxes are colonised and the colonies are well established, they may be carried back to the apiary and the combs transferred to a hive.
Slow build up Sometimes a colony can be slow to build up. There may be a number of reasons for this. The queen may be old, or even injured. Prime swarms leave with the old queen and one of the reasons for swarming is that the old queen did not have enough pheromones to maintain the cohesion of the colony. Very often these old queens are replaced after the swarm has become established and this can sometimes lead to queenlessness or poorly mated queens who are not up to the job. Alternatively, if the swarm is a cast {or secondary) swarm it will have a young queen and this has two consequences. Firstly the swarm will be small and secondly the young queen has to mate before the colony can start to grow. This may take several
rm
ceo,
ut
weeks and the bees are vulnerable during this period. Another reason for slow development is lack of food for the bees. Bees need both nectar and pollen for colony growth. Careful artificial sugar feeding, even for a short period, can be beneficial in helping a swarm to build up its strength. Pollen, which provides the protein for the development of the young bee larvae, is essential. Where pollen is the limiting factor it is possible to give a pollen patty. These are made of a high protein flour such as soya, yeast and maybe some previously collected pollen, bound together into a thick paste with honey and water. If this 'high tech' solution is not possible, a comb with pollen and honey (but absolutely no bees) from another colony could solve the problem (a manoeuvre that demonstrates how useful top-bar technology can be}. Do not forget that bees cannot forage during times of heavy rain.
Combs being built incorrectly This is a particularly irritating aspect of top-bar hive beekeeping, and offen gives these hives a bad name. If the combs are built across two or more top-bars and are not corrected, then what remains is an (expensive) fixed-comb hive and all the benefits of top-bars are lost. Vigilance by the beekeeper during the colony establishment period is essential to avoid this. if combs are not built straight, all need not be lost if prompt action is taken to correct it. You need a sharp knife, some string and a helper. Top-bar A
/?
Top-
ar B
/ 7
Let us assume that comb has been built across two top-bars and B). Carefully lift up both top-bars with their attached comb and get your helper to hold them. Decide at which end of the two top-bars the comb is attached for the shortest length: in this example it is top-bar A. Separate them by cutting this section of the comb carefully at the point where it is attached to top-bar A, which will now be released from the comb and can be put back into the hive. Your helper will be left holding topbar B with a partly attached comb. Bend the unattached part of the comb carefully around to line it up with top-bar B, push a small hole in the top of the comb with the knife, put some string through the hole and then tie it on to top-bar B to hold it in place. Once replaced in the hive, the bees will reattach the cut part of the comb to top-bar B. The result will be a perfectly placed single comb on top-bar B. Sometimes combs will be joined together across top-bars in a muddled way. This is a sure sign that the spacing is too wide. It is possible to separate these by cutting downwards between the combs and trimming the combs to make them flat. However, if the spacing is wrong the bees will eventually join them back up again. When the honey is harvested this kind of comb should be removed and the top-bars replaced with ones that are cut more accurately. The old top-bars can then be shaved down to the correct size.
Bees for Development Journal
STUDY TOURS
72
Top prize study tour BfDJ 67 we reported that the Beekeeping for Poverty Relief Programme of the Agricultural Research Council, South Africa had been awarded the prestigious Impumelolo Innovations Award. In
Later in 2003, it was the turn of the Programme to present prizes to the winners of their Beekeeping Master Classes. Out of 45 rural beekeeper participants, the three highest scorers were: Ms Rosie Makhubela, Ms Moira Masipa and Mr Lavious Vilankulu. Their prize? The best! - A Bees for Development Study Tour meeting beekeepers and participating in events in the UK and Ireland.
Joined by the Programme's expert trainer, Mr Sidwell Banne, the group spent three weeks in July seeing honey processing, product value addition, apitherapy, visiting hobbyist and commercial beekeepers, equipment suppliers, Buckast Abbey and much more. |In addition the Group attended two major events: the Devon Beekeepers’ Biennial Conference in Exeter, and the Federation of lrish Beekeepers’ Annual Course at Gormanston near Dublin. Throughout their programme Friends of Bees for Development welcomed the visitors and ensured a highly memorable visit. We are grateful to all involved, and especially Mr Gareth Baker, Proprietor of Wye Valley Apiaries.
Prize Winners! Rosie Makhubela, Lavious Vilankulu, Sidwell Banne and Moira Masipa at Gormanston College, Ireland
STUDY TOURS AND HOLIDAYS
Bees for Development arranges beekeeping visits world-wide interested in a Study Tour? We can organise study tours that last for a few days or for several months in duration. Or how about a Beekeepers’ Safari? A holiday to remember!
Adventure
« Travel «
New friends
New cultures
Beekeepers and non-beekeepers alike have been enjoying our award-winning Safaris since 1996 Next opportunity: Tobago and Trinidad 21-31 March 2005
South India (dates to be confirmed) Our Safaris are organised in co-operation with our overseas partners. Our Safaris and Study Tours are part of our work to raise awareness of the role of beekeeping in development
For details of these events contact Bees for Development NOW!
Bees for Development Journal
72
YUNNAN BEEKEEPING
Apis cerana provides a living in the Yunnan Mountain Area of China Tan Ken, Zhou Danyin, He Shaoyu, Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University a mountainous area in the south west of with a China, population of about 42 million, and 24 ethnic Province has a high degree of botanical and The groups. to its various geographical features due zoological diversity and different climate zones. These range from tropical, seasonal and low altitude subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, to the fringe of cold, high meadows and steppe region. There are dry and rainy seasons; from May to October there is an annual rainfall of 600-2000 mm.
Yunnan Province is
Mr Zhi (34 years old) lives in a Jiro ethnic village in the south Yunnan mountain area. Traditionally this ethnic group lives by simple farming and hunting, but since animal hunting has been forbidden, like other villagers, Mr Zhi began to learn how to grow some economic crops and how to keep the local Apis cerana honeybees to earn a living for his family. Mr Zhi has two daughters, six and eight years old. His wife left them two years before they became so poor, and his yearly income is about 800 Yuan (equa! to US$100).
Apis cerana beekeeping has a long history in this local region. Originally colonies of Apis cerana were kept in logs or caves in the wall, and honey harvest was about 3 kg a year. In
2003 with the co-operation of Yunnan Provincial
Beekeeping Administrative Station, Yunnan Beekeeping Research Institute and the Eastern Bee Research Institute of Yunnan Agricultural University, a new style of hive was introduced to the village. The hive consists of several moveable boxes, and during the honey yield season the boxes can be put on or taken off as supers. In this way Mr Zhi's honey production has increased trom 3 kg per colony to 20 kg per colony. His five colonies produced about 100 kg of honey last year, and he earned more than 1,000 Yuan from his beekeeping. With this money he could support his two daughters to go to school.
Mr Zhi with his bee hive by his house
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PARK BEEKEEPING SUPPLIES
EX
Beekeeping Equipment High Quality Protective Clothing Hives for Pollination Honey Extractors Manual/Electric Extractor Motor Conversions
Honey Filtration/Processing Bayvarol Varroa Treatment Friendly Impartial Advice Blackheath Business Centre, 78b, Blackheath Hill, London, SE10 8BA, UK. 17
Tel: +44 (0)20 8694 9960
Fax: +44 (0)20 8694 8217
E-mail: parkbee@rawmunro.com www.pbs.kentbee.com
LETTERS
Bees for Development Journal
Letters We have received considerable correspondence from readers following Bérje Svensson's Silent Spring in Northern Europe? in BfDJ 71. Further letters to The Editor are welcome.
Dear Friends We had similar experiences here. lost six out of ten hives, a friend six out of six and another 17 out of 25. In most cases am sure it was due fo virus damage, and the inability of the bees to keep up with the queen's egg laying. As a result colonies became weak, dwindled and all that was usually left were combs of dying emerging bees. No problem with Varroa control itself: the thymol-based Apiguard worked well. ave received similar stories from .ouny other countries and am waiting to hear from Brenda Ball about how long viruses can remain inactive or dormant in hive parts ready to re-infect bees. This am sure must be a problem. John Phipps, Greece |
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Do your bees
make propolis? be
:
Brenda Ball, bee virus expert working at Rothamsted Research, UK, replies I've heard of increased bee losses in Germany and France in the past year but I'm not aware that anyone has identified any particular virus infection as being responsible. Do you have any specific information about this? The viruses of bees do not persist for long outside the body of the bee. Even larvae killed by sacbrood virus fail to cause infection after a few weeks when fed to other larvae. There is absolutely no need to sterilise any equipment. The viruses live in the bees the whole time - as latent or unapparent infections and only occasionally multiply sufficiently to cause any problem - that is until Varroa destructor came along. The mite just acts as a hypodermic syringe transmitting virus from severely infected to healthy individuals when it feeds. As viruses do not respond to antibiotics etc, the only way to reduce their prevalence is by knowledge of their epidemiology in association with the mite and disrupting the transmission at the right time of year. When you intervene depends on the virus.
Dear Friends have been sent an extract of Silent Spring in Northern Europe? from your latest edition, and would like to include a copy of this on the website of Moray Beekeepers’ Association: www.bees-trees.demon.co.uk. |
feel this information should be brought to the attention of as many as possible, both beekeepers and non beekeepers alike. John Salt, Scotland, UK |
www.beevitalpropolis.com We would like to test it from you.
it
and possibly buy
James Fearnley of BeeVital is a leading world authority on the nature of propolis & its medicinal properties, he is author of Bee Propolis-Natural Healing from the Hive retailing at 7.99 plus p&p. A major research project has been
started by BeeVital and we would like your help.
you are interested in finding out whether your propolis is suitable for medicinal use and learning about sustainable ways of harvesting & using propolis please send a sample (50g) to: If
BeeVital, Brereton Lodge, Goathland, Whitby, North Yorkshire
YO22 5JR, UK
Tel: ++44 (0) 1947 896037 Fax: ++44 (0) 1947 896482 Email: info@beevitalpropolis.com
Dear Friends was very interested in the article by Bérje Svensson, regarding the high loss of his bees during the winter 2002/ 2003. Not knowing the weather conditions during the previous summer and autumn, cannot offer an explanation for the losses except to cite similar examples that have occurred during the time that have kept bees, since 1946. have recently completed a history of beekeeping in Norfolk, eastern England, covering the last 80 years since Norfolk Beekeepers’ Association was reformed in 1923 after the First World War. The annual reports have usually included comments on the previous season and, together with my own observations of |
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weather and honey crops, these have shown that, without exception, an unusually cool, wet summer and autumn have been followed by very high losses starting at the turn of the following year. These colonies have perished surrounded by plenty of stores and often, if the losses have occurred after mid-January, with patches of brood - much of it sealed. The losses of colonies have always been greater with colonies that had over-yeared queens. The conclusion have reached, based on my own observations, is that queens under these weather conditions, cease laying towards the end of July and the colonies go into winter with only old bees that reach the end of their lives before they can be replaced by young bees reared after the turn of the year, although, in some cases, they have made late attempts to do so. The dead colonies have usually had only a handful of worker bees together with a queen, as cited by Bérje. |
To give examples from recent years;
my losses during the winter 1985/86 were 50%; going into winter with
126 colonies and losing half of them, of the remainder only 40 gave any crop that year. Nationwide, it appears that the losses increased in severity going further north and west. Being a member of Bee Farmers’ Association heard details of losses over these islands including a commercial beekeeper in Scotland who lost all but five of his 400 colonies. More recently, in 1999, lost 27 out of 42 colonies that went down to winter, and another bee farmer in the North of England told me his losses were even greater. In both these cases, and in local beekeeping history, high losses have always followed the summer and autumn conditions already stated. think the losses due to the use of insecticides, of which have had experience, are more immediate; in this respect think that the use of such chemicals is far more widespread in this part of England than occurs in the Sala District of Sweden. |
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do not know the weather conditions
in the summer and autumn of 2002/2003 in Sweden, and can only cite similar conditions in Norfolk and
have drawn. In the meantime, my commiserations to Bérje and a hope that this occurrence is one-off.
the conclusions
Jeff Rounce, UK
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Bees for Development Journal
VARROA MITES CONTINUE TO SPREAD
72
Varroa destructor in Botswana Khaliso Phokedi, Principal Beekeeping Officer Ministry of Agriculture The mite Varroa destructor is present in Botswana. Botswana was expecting to be invaded by Varroa mite after warnings from the University of Pretoria: South Africa has had Varroa for five years and it had been anticipated that it would enter Botswana, especially near the South African border along the Limpopo River.
The Botswana Beekeeping Section took 92 samples of bees from around the country and sent them to the University of Pretoria for analysis. Out of the 92 samples, 41 had mites while 36 were negative. The mite was detected in all bees except those from the West and North West regions of the country, ie areas near the border with Namibia and Zambia. More tests will be run for these two regions as some of the samples were too small to identify the mites.
A Workshop
was held in October
2003 for Beekeeping
~ Understand the origin, spread and effects of Varroa mite in honeybee — —
-
colonies;
Identify Varroa mites in colonies; Know the factors which are important for mite reproduction; Understand the management practices used to control its
spread; Identify symptoms of Varroa associated disease in their colonies; — Be able to measure the infestation levels in their colonies; — Understand and know how to treat bees using chemicals. Information about the different chemicals used to control the mites and warnings of the side effects of such chemicals were provided. Participants were advised that mites develop resistance over time, and that the chemicals are strong and potent to human life if they are not used properly. It was resolved that we should not panic but learn to live with the —
mites.
Extension Officers and other stakeholders to equip them with skills to deal with Varroa mites in their colonies. The consultant was Dr Per Kryger from the University of Pretoria who also assisted in analysing the samples.
Several recommendations were made including: — Proper husbandry and close monitoring of colonies; — Restrict the movement of colonies from one locality to another
Objective At the end of the Workshop, the participants were expected to:
— —
following flowering; Avoid interchanging combs and used bee equipment; Stop the importation of honeybees.
LOOK AHEAD
CUBA
ARGENTINA
7-9 September 2004, Habana Further details eeapi@ceniai.inf.cu
World Symposium on Beekeepers’ Cooperatives and Associations 2-5 September 2004, Mendoza Further details santacruz@redapicolachile.cl
AUSTRALIA 8th Asian Apicultural Association Conference
20-24 March 2006,
Perth
Further details kfewster@iinet.net.au
BRAZIL 8th International Conference on Tropical Apiculture 6th Brazilian Bee Research Meeting 6-10 September 2004, Ribeirdo Preto Further details
www.rge.fmrp.usp.br/abelhudo/ XVI Congresso Brasileiro de Apicultura (XVI Brazilian Apiculture Congress) May 2006 Further details www.se.sebrae.com.br
BULGARIA Apiculture - Pleven 2005 4-6 February 2005, Pleven Further details partnersexpo@abv.bg
COLOMBIA XI Encuentro Colombiano de Apicultura
Colombian Beekeeping Meeting 7-9 November 2004, Kbague (Tolima) Further details gsalaman@ut.edu.co
XI
1st Latinoamerican Beekeeping Meeting 1st Cuban Beekeeping Congress
DENMARK 6th Sicamm International Conference: Conservation of Apis mellifera mellifera 10-12 September 2004, Leese Further details dbf@biavl.dk IRELAND
APIMONDIA International Apicultural Congress 21-26 August 2005, Dublin Further details see pages 1] and 16
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO Ath Caribbean Beekeeping Congress Trinidad Further details to be announced
UK National Honey Show 21-23 October 2004, RAF Hendon, London Further details see page 16
VIETNAM APIMONDIA SYMPOSIUM Issues concerning developing countrie international trade in honey 23-28 November 2004, Hanoi Further details see page 11
ITALY European Conference of Apidology EurBee Pollination and the Pollinator Imperative 19-23 September 2004, Udine Further detailswww.uniud.it/eurbee/
PARAGUAY VII Congreso Iberolatinoamericano y |
Congreso Paraguayo de Apicultura
(VII Iberianlatinamerican and
LEARN AHEAD GERMANY Apitherapy Congress, Expo and Course 1-6 April 2005, Passau Further details www.apitherapy.com
UK/TANZANIA
Paraguayan Beekeeping Congress) 23-26 September 2004, Asuncién Further details www.7conapi.com
Beekeeping in Rural Development Training Course Further details Bees for Development
SPAIN International Symposium: beekeeping in the Mediterranean area 5 - 7 November 2004, Granada Further details apinevada@teleline.es
want notice of your conference, workshop or meeting to be included here send details to Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP25 4AB, UK E-mail info@beesfordevelopment.org
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If you
VARROA MITES CONTINUE TO SPREAD
Bees for Development Journal
72
Varroa jacobsoni and Apis cerana in the Solomon Islands
‘
All photos this page Kathleen Cooper
Peter Hardie and Kathleen Cooper
Denis Anderson shows Simon Manie from the Solomon Islands Ministry of Agriculture and Peter Hardie CUSO volunteer beekeeping advisor, how to lect samples of Varroa mite. ur Anderson works for the Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization
(CSIRO)
in
Australia.
Pipe.
An easy way to check for Varroa mites is to pull out capped drone brood. The severity of the mite infestation can be estimated by removing 100 capped drone brood and using the number of brood 1
mites fo give a percentage.
Varroa mites and Asian honeybees Apis cerana were discovered on the islands of Guadalcanal and Savo in March 2003. Dr Denis Anderson, a world expert on Varroa mites, visited the Solomon Islands to investigate.
Unfortunately the Asian honeybee is difficult for farmers to keep, because it is more defensive, swarms readily, and produces very little extra honey, and beekeepers are left wondering what to do.
Dr Anderson identified the mites and the bees as the same species that are found in Papua New Guinea, which is probably from where these intruders came. Until recently it was thought that this was the same species of mite that has been killing bees all over the world. Not so, according to Dr Anderson. "The mite is not the problem in the Solomon Islands", says Dr Anderson. "This species of mite, Varroa jacobsoni, cannot reproduce on the European honeybee, so the population will never increase to the point where it will hurt the bees". This is good news for the Islands’ beekeepers. However the die off of honeybees on Guadalcanal and Savo remains to be explained. Dr Anderson believes the answer to this mystery is the Asian honeybee, which has found a new home in the Solomon Islands. "This Asian honeybee, Apis cerana, is a tropical species that under these conditions is defensive, swarms and spreads quickly, and is better suited to the climate and flowers of the Solomon Islands than the European bee",
Following his visit to Guadalcanal, Savo, Western Province and Malaita, Dr Anderson met with representatives of the Solomon Islands Ministry of Agriculture, the honey industry, bee farmers and project funders to explain his findings and to discuss what actions could be taken to help protect the
explains Dr Anderson. may be that the Asian honeybee is just out-competing the European honeybee on Guadalcanal and Savo".
"It
honeybee industry from this new threat. An action plan was drafted at this meeting to attempt to halt or slow the spread of the Asian honeybee, and to begin work on its control. Industry stakeholders appear to be united and willing to work together to find solutions, once the problems have been identified. Denis Anderson adds (July 2004) "! can confirm that the bee in the Solomons is the Java haplotype of Apis cerana and the Java haplotype of Varroa jacobsoni. Seems like that particular Apis cerana has become invasive after being introduced to New Guinea from Indonesia in the late 1970s. It regularly turns up on boats at Australian ports, and suspect it is only a matter of time before it gets into Australia - it has spread through all New Guinea and to off-shore islands, and now arrived in the Solomons". |
INFORMATION
Denis Anderson explaining to Rex Ramoiau of the Solomon Islands Ministry of Agriculture that Varroa jacobsoni, although able to spread from Apis cerana to Apis mellifera, is not able to reproduce on Apis mellifera and therefore is not a threat. The Asian honeybee itself is another story and seems to be the cause of Apis mellifera decline on some islands.
Varroa is a genus of mite that are parasites of honeybees. The natural host species of Varroa destructor (previously known as Varroa jacobsoni) is the Asian honeybee Apis cerana. Apis cerana has a natural defence mechanism to protect itself from Varroa destructor. However, when Varroa destructor transfers to colonies of the western honeybee Apis mellifera, the colony will be killed. The mite species Varroa jacobsoni also occurs in Apis cerana, but does not survive when it is transferred to colonies of Apis mellifera. Varroa mites depend upon adult bees for transport - they cannot survive for long outside a honeybee colony. However it is beekeepers, moving bees over large distances, often unaware of the mites’ presence, which has lead to this problem. The mites are now present in Apis mellifera colonies in every continent - the only remaining exceptions are most African countries, Australia, and many other islands. Previous articles Varroa has arrived in Zimbabwe. BfDJ 68 (2003, page 13) Varroa in South Africa. BIDJ 46 (1998, page 2)
Bees for Development Journal
72
ICIMOD
PROJECT NEWS Information from @uecmop
Reaching out to the grassroots: scaling up the programme on indigenous honeybees in the Himalayas
widely at the grass roots level, it could benefit many thousands of households across the Hindu Kush Himalaya region.
Scaling up requires an approach different from that used in the smaller scale ‘pilot type activities. No one group can hope to cover the entire region: information dissemination and training must be carried out by many different partner institutions working together under a broad ‘project umbrella’, with activities developed according to the specific needs and interests in the different areas. The partner organisations in turn need to work through networks of community organisations to ensure that the information is really reaching those who can benefit most - the small farmers at the grass roots - and to be supported by other research and development institutions. The ICIMOD project is using an intense participatory planning process to develop an appropriate project document, which is intended to ensure thc. partners are fully involved from the beginning.
Farooq Ahmad, Uma Partap, Surendra R Joshi and Min B Gurung Another article with news about the work of the Austrian Government funded ‘Indigenous Honeybees Project’ at ICIMOD in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Preliminary meetings were held with prospective partners in
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan to initiate the process and gain some indication of their interest, commitment, and capacity for the promotion of apiculture. The selection criteria for potential partner organisations:
BfDJ 71 we described our efforts to extend the programme in Afghanistan. Now we describe the approach being used to scale up the programme across the Himalayan region by involving rural development networks and organisations. iCIMOD's indigenous honeybee project has shown considerable achievements in past years, especially in raising awareness of the ways in which marginal farmers in the Himalayan region can benefit from beekeeping with indigenous honeybees while conserving local biodiversity. Locally appropriate methods have been investigated and developed for keeping and breeding bees, and for harvesting, processing, and marketing of honey and other bee products. Farmers have also become more aware of how they can profit by keeping bees to support pollination of crops. Until now, these achievements have been mostly on a small scale with project activities focused on small areas. For the next phase, the project is looking at ways of scaling up the activities; if the approach can be disseminated In
—
based organisations; —
to have sufficient infrastructure and capabilities for the social mobilization process;
- to have a mandate for sustainable mountain development; —
to be interested in beekeeping interventions for income
generation; —
to be interested in co-financing and partnership;
—
to be committed to gender equality and environmental sensitivity.
Country specific planning workshops were held in Nepal, Ind._ and Pakistan to share the project concept, identify activities, and develop a logical framework matrix for each of the countries involved. A triangular model was developed for implementation involving ICIMOD, existing technical partner institutions, and the new regional partners and shared in each workshop. The first workshop, for Nepal and Bangladesh, was held in Kathmandu in June 2004, with a total of 40 participants including representatives from different prospective partner organisations, ICIMOD staff, a gender specialist, and external experts. A similar workshop was held in Himachal Pradesh in July 2004 for India with 19 participants from government, non-government, private organisations, and universities, and a further workshop for Pakistan was held in July with 35 participants.
ICIMOD
(\
to have extensive rural networks and links to communit
ii hi
So far, the workshop participants have successfully identified core problems and potential areas for interventions, and used these to prepare a draft project planning matrix for each of the countries. The full project document will be developed using these matrixes developed at the country workshops, and will be finalised at a meeting in September 2004, before submission to donors.
Participants in the project planning workshop in Pakistan. 10
NOTICE BOARD / LOOK AHEAD
NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD be submitted through a Government Ministry. See www.fao.org Remember to tell Bees for Development the outcome of your application
HONEY FOR SALE Thanks to the good knowledge received through BfDJ have helped villagers of Madhya Pradesh State, India to harvest 500 kg of honey from agricultural crops including cotton. This is ready for sale. Contact Digant Oza digant_2004@yahoo.co.in |
APIACTA For the beekeeper and the scientist Apiacta the Apimondia Journal. 2003 and 2005 editions available to download from
ENVIRONMENT PRIZE St Andrews’ Prize for the Environment 2005: for all the information you need to apply plus past winners and finalists visit www.thestandrewsprize.com
www.apimondia.org BEE BOOKS NEW AND OLD
PROJECT SUPPORT FAO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
The Weaven, Little Dewchurch, Hereford HR2 6PP UK, for your new and second-hand books.
Nations, supports beekeeping projects in developing countries. For projects with budgets under US$10,000, beekeepers’ groups and associations may apply for small project funding from the TeleFood Special Fund. Request documents should include a brief description of the project's bjectives, the proposed food production or incomeenerating activities, the work plan, the number of participants, a detailed list of inputs with cost estimates and the reporting arrangements. Submit your request to the office of FAO or UNDP in your country.
Telephone
+44 (0)1432 840529
or www.honeyshop.co.uk
CONGRATULATIONS Developing Countries Farm Radio Network on 25 years of radio for rural development! www.farmradio.org BEE CRAFT A full colour monthly beekeeping magazine for beginners and experts alike covering all aspects of beekeeping in the UK and Ireland. FREE SAMPLE COPY on request, 18.00 (UK), €36 (Ireland), US$51 (USA) for 12 issues (all other currencies on request). Credit cards accepted. Contact: www.bee-craft.com
Applications for projects with budgets over US$10,000 must
WIerl APIMONDIA
APIMONDIA
SYMPOSIUM
WORKSHOP
ISSUES CONCERNING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES' INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN
APICULTURE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
HONEY VIETNAM: 23-28 November 2004, Hanoi This Symposium follows-on from the successful Symposia organised by Apimondia in Celle, Germany in 2002 and 2004, and is being organised with specific reference to developing countries. It will be a forum for producer groups, traders and researchers to increase their knowledge and discuss issues critical to the world honey trade. Participation in the Symposium will enable producer groups to gain knowledge of the world market, and international traders to identify new sources of
The Apimondia Congress in Dublin (21-26 August 2005) will include a three-day workshop, teaching beekeeping methods appropriate for the natural resources, economic and social conditions prevailing in developing countries. This Workshop will be taught by experts from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe and beyond.
Course participants will learn the practicalities of low technology
Full range beekeeping equipment suppliers jars, packaging, filling
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ee tad?
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beekeeping and how to help people generate income from bees in sustainable ways.
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More details as they become available at:
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Swienty A/S, Hortoftvej 16, 6400 Sonderborg, Denmark Phone +45 74 48 69 69 Fax +45 74 48 80 01 e-mail: sales@swienty.com
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Bees for Development Journal
72
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD CAMEROON Bee House opens The first ever Bee House (indoor apiary) in Cameroon went operational in March at Bonakanda Village. The Bee House was promoted by BOBEEFAG, a Common Initiative Group with the primary aim of producing high quality honey, beeswax and propolis to meet the ever-increasing demand for these products.
The Bee House can accommodate up to 40 top-bar hives
Since its creation in 1998, BOBEEFAG has assisted forest honey hunters with training on how to continue their traditional occupation using methods that avoid decimating the bee population and forest by use of fire. BOBEEFAG has given itself the challenge of alleviating poverty within Mount Cameroon Region by improving on the traditional use of honey and its products for food and medicines.
-
all carefully numbered of course!
use top-bar hives. Amongst the guest speakers at the Ceremony were the Co-ordinator of Mount Cameroon Project (MCP), and also Dr Elad from the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ Buea) who spoke about the importance of honey and its products. Mr Dalman, local representative of the Netherlands Management Cooperation Programme was extremely interested in the exhibition and the production of honey, beeswax, propolis and honey wine.
his welcome address Mr Lyonga Mbake Samuel, BOBEEFAG Delegate, said that with better methods of honey production they will preserve biodiversity and conserve the environment. Mr Lyonga went on fo say that the Bee House will serve as a demonstration and research centre, as well as a training centre. In
With very little support BOBEEFAG has created history in Cameroon as a whole, and in Mount Cameroon Region in particular (for over 10 years, MCP/GTZ have spent a good sum of money without positive results). Hopefully, other groups will copy BOBEEFAG. After the exhibition, there was a short walk the Bee House where Dr Elad declared the new venture offici open. °
Before the Opening Ceremony, there was an exhibition of both local and didactic materials, including BfDJ in a display of BOBEEFAG's Information Service. Mr Lyonga explained that they started out using the ‘National Cavity’ or log hive and now
GUATEMALA Swords into ploughshares
A few years ago, Eucebio Figueroa, President of Nuevo Horizonte Cooperative in the northern department of El Petén, was the leader of armed rebels. The Co-operative was founded in 1998 by veterans of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, who fought in Guatemala's 36year-long civil war. The former leftist guerrillas who run the 900-hectare farm are working with the Inter-American Development Bank to improve their business management. More than 400 people live in the community, which has its own day care centre, kindergarten . and elementary school. The main activities carried out are planting staple
Lyonga Mbake Samuel, BOBEEFAG
crops - corn and beans - and growing Caribbean pines as part of a reforestation programme. Other businesses include growing decorative palm trees known as xate, baking bread, and... keeping honeybees. Peter Bate, reporting in IDB News 2004
KENYA |
was working in Uganda as a
VSO Volunteer and received
BfDJ through the organisation was attached to. This support was useful and hence when moved to head a similar organisation in Kenya | felt it should also benefit from your information. We are happy that you are supporting our programmes in East |
|
12
Africa. The sponsorship will go a long way in ensuring that information on beekeeping is well shared with needy community projects. We recently carried out a survey on the potential for honey in Marigat Division in Baringo, with the aim of assisting farmers develop their incomes from quality honey. We found out that honey production is high in the
area, and if well harnessed some export of this commodity could be achieved. We are planning two training courses, each of three days, on beekeeping and ecotourism. We wish to receive Bees for Development Trust workshop information and to contact other supporters. Breta Kanyua Niagi, Programme Officer
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD
SOUTH AFRICA While much of this year's World Environment Day on 5 June was spent discussing the fate of the oceans, something altogether smaller was receiving attention in South Africa: the honeybee. "Our people used to smoke bees and this resulted in the burning of forests. That is one of the reasons why the African indigenous honeybee is threatened with extinction. Our task now is to conserve this bee", Rejoice Mabudathasi, Deputy Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, told Inter Press Service. Honey production and the role bees play in pollinating the crops that supply fruit for South Africa's large fruit industry has ensured that the insects have economic as well as environmental value. The bee im-lystry is currently thought to be worth iost US$466 million, according to various sources. As a result, efforts are underway to give people who fear bees a sense of their importance. "We tell the communities, Don't burn the bees. Don't torch them. Stop forest fire in the plantations. Look after the bees", says Jean-Marie Jullienne, Chief Executive Officer of the Bee Foundation, a private company based in Pretoria that will be working with the Government to train new beekeepers. "Honeybees have a very short lifespan: this is why we need to educate the community to look after
Bees for Development Journal
"To fill the gap we import 1,000 tonnes every year from China and Australia’. Mabudafhasi believes that alerting people to the value of bees will put an end to the destructive practice of smoking them out. Bee farming has the advantage of being less capital-intensive than other agricultural activities, as it does not require large tracts of land, seed, fertiliser, or expensive machinery to till the soil and harvest crops. In addition honey production is not dependent on weather conditions. Source: Inter Press Service (Johannesburg), 4 June 2004
certification. He explained the certification was one of the highest ratings on the world market for bee products. "Our only threat is China which produces massive quantities of honey".
ZAMBIA
Honey costs US$2,000 per tonne while beeswax costs US$3,900 per tonne. Malichi said that their target was to produce 54 tonnes of honey this season. He added that the company was now refocusing and looking at the plight of women by encouraging their involvement in beekeeping. Source: The Post (Lusaka), 7 June 2004
Fair Trade Honey North Western Bee Products has earned German Fair Trade Certification for its honey. General Manager Bob Malichi said that the company has been growing at a fast rate, especially in the past three years, which he attributed to the commitment of workers and out-grower beekeepers. He said that last year alone the company had a bumper harvest and exported 144 tonnes of honey to Germany and the UK. Malichi said there was tremendous demand for organic honey in the UK and Germany and added that the company's honey was organic and was fairly traded, hence the German
Malichi said that North Western Bee Products was the second largest employer in the Province after the government. The company had 6,472 registered beekeepers and had contributed enormously to poverty reduction within its catchment area covering Mwinilunga, Kabompo, Mufumbwe, Solwezi and Kasempa districts.
North Western Bee Products are
collaborating with Bees for Development on an exciting project: see page 3
them".
As part of its efforts to alert South Africans to the value of bees, the Bee Foundation plans to help 100,000
people in rural areas set up their own beekeeping businesses over a three-year od. It will sell hives, each containing xe colony, at the special rate of US$62 each; the market price for the hives is US$93-124. No special skills are needed to manage the hives. When the honey is ready for harvesting, staff from the Bee Foundation will collect it - paying farmers just over US$1.2 for every kilogram of honey. As each hive is expected to yield at least 20 kg of honey every year, the farmers can look forward to a gross annual income of about US$2,500. After repaying the loans taken out to buy the hives, the farmers will have a net monthly income of US$155 - no small amount in a country where most of the population is impoverished. South Africa currently has up to 10,000 beekeepers, but there is room for an additional 10,000 according to industry analysts. "We produce only 2,000 tonnes of honey per year. And we consume 3,000 tonnes", says Julliene.
72
ETHIOPIA Demelash Zewdie (right) sent in this picture of the farmers’ training course that took place at the Ministry of Agriculture Office in Nole Kaba District in April. He writes “Due to your support have progressed from reader of your publication to trainer in bee science". |
13
BOOKSHELF - AVAILABLE FROM BfD NOW
Book Shelf Toward Saving the Honeybee Ginther Hauk 2002 80 pages 14.60
(€20.40) Code H140
Ginther Hauk
is Director of the Biodynamic Gardening and Environmental Studies Programme of the Pfeiffer Center in New York. In this book, he encourages respect for bees and urges beekeepers to reconsider some accepted norms. Chapter One considers the hive, and discusses the virtues of round shapes compared with angular ones, and various other matters such as the possibly beneficial properties of cow dung! Chapter Two looks at wax: honeybees uniquely create the substance for their nest (beeswax) out of their own bloodstreams. Production of wax is an activity of major significance to the bees, and forcing them to use old combs may be robbing them of vitality. Chapter Three considers the bees themselves, and argues for greater reverence in our approach, while Chapter Four takes a fresh look at swarming, and how bees' behaviour is essential for their well-being. Chapters Five and Six cover honey, pollen, and honeybee health, and encourage beekeepers to be stewards of bees, rather than mere exploiters, and to use approaches that will keep bees satisfied and contented. Chapter Seven urges a complete change in our way of thinking: honeybee colonies suffered a rapid decline in numbers during the 20th Century - we need to find a way to re-establish their well-being and health, and this might mean considering the bees' needs above our own.
Beekeeping and Sustainable Livelihoods Nicola Bradbear Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) Diversification Booklet 2004 60 pages 1
Readers in developing countries may obtain a copy by contacting john.dixon@fao.org or francesca.cabreaquilar@fao.org or by mailto John Dixon, AGSI, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00100, Italy. This new booklet outlines the great role and value of bees as part of rural people's sustainable livelihoods.
NATURAL HONEY Honey is different from processed foods, it naturally rich product by itself tris wyood to cat honey
1s a
1
1
Beekeeping in Central Africa
Advantages -
|
|
We
gives You eneray
~
protect from
tt
Paul Latham (editor) and Heather Poxon (translator) 2004 46 pages 7.20 (€ 10.80)
helps
illness
digestion
|
nie ged «fe leccns sontipation But do not give honey babies uncer one year
Code L125
This is the English version, with some adaptation of Apiculture en Bas-Congo, reviewed in BfDJ 69 from the Integrated Development Project of the Salvation Army of D R Congo and Angola. Colour cartoon illustrations augment the brief text in an an easy-to-read and entertaining manual. Working with top-bar hives, management tips and
to
td
hive siting, honey and wax harvesting, and the products of beekeeping, are some of the subjects described.
14
~
BOOKSHELF - AVAILABLE FROM BfD NOW
Bees for Development Journal
DVD Des Abeilles et des Hommes Gilles Thérieu 2004 52 minutes 32 (€42) Code VID30 English and French editions on one DVD A beautiful, serious, moving and thoughitful film exploring the relationship between bees and humankind. The film depicts how from the beginning of human civilisation the honeybee has been associated with power and wealth - typically one of the world's first coins showed a bee - and the bee has been used over centuries as signature, symbol and ideal. The film gives cultural insight, and there is plenty of accurate apicultural detail too, explaining honey hunting, how beekeeping evolved, and the international apicultural situation today, with beautiful sequences from different countries showing facets of apiculture - from the smallest scale to the largest.
A theme of the film
is that the bee is not domesticated, the bee is not constrained. However, after 1851 when the frame hive was invented, man at last became master of bees and able to manipulate them. This meant that today the bee has become constrained, as frame hives allowing the manipulation and worldwide spread of Apis mellifera, have also brought about the devastating spread of honeybee diseases and predators that bees and beekeepers face today. The film provides excellent information for anyone new to apiculture, and there is ty to engage experienced beekeepers. All the current issues are briefly covered: roa, GM pollen, antibiotic residues in honey, Apimondia, the internet, marketing, and even that trade in honey has been associated with the Al Qaeda network. Finally, a beekeeper is shown who has adopted a 'new' approach allowing bees to build combs needs. The to their is that this is the way we sensitive and message naturally being need to go. Highly recommended for everyone with an interest in bees.
APIMONDIA international Federation of Beekeepers’ Associations
CD Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium: prevention of residues in honey Apimondia 2004 25
Proceedings 1st international Symposium
Prevention of residues in honey 40 - 11 October 2002
Calle. Germany
www.apimondia.org 2002
follow-on from this Symposium, specifically intended for producer groups in developing countries, will take place in Vietnam in November 2004. More details page 11.
(€35) (price to be confirmed) Code VID31 One of the most serious threats to beekeeping today is the spread of honeybee diseases and parasites and the over-recommended use of antibiotics and pesticides to control them. There is growing concern about the residues these products leave especially in honey that consumers regard as a natural and healthy product. In October 2002, 275 experts from 45 countries met in Celle in Germany, to discuss the possibilities to avoid residues in bee products, especially honey, and also how to measure residues. Honey traders, equipment manufacturers, apicultural researchers, extensionists and beekeepers participated in the Symposium. The Proceedings are now available on CD. Everything from the Symposium is here abstracts, presentations, discussions, papers and conclusions. A list of participants is also provided. This is a splendid CD it is very easy to find the information you need, and it provides an excellent, up-to-date resource on this important and concerning subject.
-
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72
THE NATIONAL HONEY SHOW
21-23 October 2004
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Bees for Development 2004
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