5
ees/orvDevelopm i UE NO 87, JUNE 2008
Ma
LIFFS AND TREES ILGIRI BIOSPHERE
|
Heals
UA
TENTH
hs
REDUCING WATER
ROPICAL HONEY ODA BEEKEEPING
IN
Bees/or Development Journal 87
ISSUE NO 87, JUNE 2008 Bees/orDevelopmnt
EDITORIAL THE DARWIN INITIATIVE Long ago in 1992, edition 24 of this Journal reported on The Rio Earth Summit, when the Convention on
SB
a
ae
Df
the UK, the Government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) launched the Darwin Initiative, to assist financially poor In
TROPICAL HONEY TODA BEEKEEPING
countries to implement the CBD. To date, the Darwin Initiative has invested 65 million (€85 million, US$124 million) in 601 projects in 146 countries.
u1boo
be
e ty thet lule from o ih coonies o Apis dorsta honey ees nestig high POle
i
the branches.
More on page 10.
CONTENTS
One of these projects focuses on bees and is featured in this edition: it is the Bees, Biodiversity and Forest Livelihoods in the Nilgiri Biosphere
page
Apitrade Africa in
3
Honey legislation
3
LOLS.
4
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
5
Reserve Project. \t is being implemented by the Keystone Foundation India, Bees for Development, University of East Anglia, and University of Reading Centre of Agri-Environmental Research, UK. The articles
Honey hunting in the Nilgiri
Biosphere ReS@IVe
6
Work opens up a different world
7
Toda beekeeping with Apis cerana
............
Trees Bees US@
Honey tree of the Cholanaickens Marikodu
—
a
presented here (pages 5-13) have been edited by Ms Shiny Rehel, Keystone’s Botanist who worked here at the BfD offices in Wales in April, together with Keystone Director Ms Sneh Nath (picture
8 9
.............
typical village
12
13
News Around the
14
Bookshelf.
16
Look & Learn
18
Notice
Board...
19
HOW CaN WO?
20
Nicola Bradbear zSs
= = a Zz 5 S gz
2 e =
Bees for Development Journal Published quarterly by Bees for Development. Distributed to readers in more than 130 countries Feature Edjior Shiny Rehel MSc Editor Nicola Bradbear PhD Co-ordinator Helen Jackson BSc
Copyright: As part of our Information Service you art: weicome to translate and/or reproduce items appearing in B/D Permission is given on the understanding that: 6fD/ and author(s) are acknowledged. our contact details are provided in and you send us a copy of the item or the website it
f°
is used.
Bees/forDevelopment Post
PO Box 105, Monmouth NP25 9AA, UK
Phone
+44 (0)16007 13648
info@beesfordevelopment.org www.beesfordevelopment.org
—
page 4). Their visit to BfD was made possible as part of the Darwin Initiative Project, encouraging working partnerships between organisations in the UK and their collaborators in developing countries.
10
Reducing the water content of tropical NONCY
address where
SAR WIN
INITIATIVE
diversity, and for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
in c
tad
\
Biological Diversity (CBD) was born. CBD is now the key global instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of biological
Tg
fi)
RESERVE
é
Hotivy
;
OEE
ES
ETE
CXPCOUINOE
pyc
pbs
March 2008 the Steering Committee of ApiTrade Africa, the African honey trade network, met to review progress and further establish the In
PHOTO
APITRADE AFRICA MEETS IN NAIROBI
BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT
Bees/ov Development Journal 87
organisation. Notable achievements since the last meeting in February 2007 include registration of the organisation, representation at the Apimondia Congress in Melbourne 2007 (see BfDJ 85), completion of the Constitution and the creation of a
website. Uganda Export Promotion Board (UEPB) has been hosting the Secretariat for ApiTrade Africa since December 2007 on an interim basis, and Ms Dorcas Zaizi has joined the Secretariat to help with administration. The meeting resolved future actions that included
finalising the membership application process, and formally launching Apilrade Africa, to be completed during 2008. UEPB was requested to continue to host the Secretariat and this was accepted. Another agreed action was the opening of a public discussion forum for interested Stakeholders to share ideas about ApiTrade Africa. To join this forum, contact the Secretariat (af the address right) for details. On day three of the meeting, ApiTrade Africa members heard from Traidcraft, UK, who summarised findings of a recent honey market study. The Traidcraft representative highlighted the finding that while fair-trade certified honey is in high demand in Europe, the certification
process remains a significant challenge for poor producers in Africa. On a positive note, it was reported that African and Middle East markets
at The
Sic Ply
Oda
iat
i
us
‘dpOlu Nyakatha AWiort cub Nia pene ANdura Pasi fig Me ale! Gladness A Mkamba. Robert Ndyabarema. Beatrice Nyakunal. Dominic V N Kihwele, Pauline M Mpuya. Alice Kangave. Olivia Ligere. (front row) Dorcas Zaizi, Harun Baiya. Janet Lowore, Bosco Okello
SITE Enterprise Promotion, Kenya, generously hosted the meeting and Bees for Development thanks them for this support. Janet Lowore from Bees for Development and three delegates from Uganda participated in the meeting as part of the Comic Relief/B/D Trust Project to strengthen honey trade in Uganda.
Apitrade Africa contact details Ms Dorcas Zaizi, UEPB, Plot 22 Entebbe Road, Conrad Plaza, PO Box 5045, Kampala, Uganda
info@apitradeafrica.org
/
www.apitradeatrica.org
are demanding greater volumes of honey. These markets are relatively easy to access and offer significant commercial opportunities. For a
Further information
copy of this report follow the Traidcraft link on the Information Centre at Bees for Development's website.
Bf D website
HONEY LEGISLATION
2004/432/EC on the approval of residue monitoring plans submitted by third countries. The Commission stated that Brazil had submitted a new
UPDATE Between 2001 and 2005 annual honey consumption in the European Union (EU) increased by 1.5%. With consumer interest in healthy lifestyles rising, the consumption of health food is growing too. Honey fits in well with this trend. Developing countries supply almost half of EU honey imports.
The EU is an important producer of honey, with production growing by 2% annually between 2001 and 2005. A large part of this growth was realised in Eastern Europe, notably Hungary and Poland. Bulgaria and
Romania also significantly increased production. Due to the accession of these countries to the EU, the self-sufficiency rate of the EU increased from 54% to 61%.
Bulk imports of honey reach consumers after being packed by packers or processed by industrial users. Pre-packed honey is also imported, but seldom from developing countries. Importers usually combine the functions of importing honey with processing, blending and packing. The EU25 imported 239 million (€338; US$458) worth of honey in 2005. CBI News Bulletin - more information ww.cbi.eu/marketinfo
BfDJ79 (June 2006) we reported on the EU embargo against Brazilian honey. In March 2008 the Commission released an Annex to Decision In
Bees for Development Journal issues 83 and 85 information centre www.beesfordevelopment.org/info
residue monitoring plan for honey. The evaluation of that plan demonstrated that Brazil again provides sufficient guarantees on its monitoring of honey for residues. In addition, an inspection visit to Brazil has revealed that substantial progress has been made by the competent authority in implementing a comprehensive residues monitoring plan, and that Brazil now complies with EU requirements.
American Bee Journal (Vol 148 No 2, February 2008) reports that as a result, Brazi! withdrew offers for the USA which had been its main market in 2007. This will have a major impact on the American honey market. Brazilian exporters predicted honey price increases of 30%, as Brazil can make more money exporting to the EU.
The list of so-called third countries — those authorised for their honey to be imported into the EU — was updated in the Annex issued on 13 March 2008. Ethiopia is now included. Countries previously included and now excluded are Belize and South Africa. The 34 recognised countries are: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Cuba, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Pitcairn, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Tanzania, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA and Zambia.
More at www.eur-lex.europa/eu/LexUriServ
Bees/or Development Journal 87
LETTERS
5th CARIBBEAN
BEEKEEPING CONGRESS The most important event on the Caribbean
Beekeeping Calendar Georgetown GUYANA 9-14 November 2008
Thanks for the latest issue of the Journal. was interested to see Chromolaena odorata featured on page 7 though would query the entry under Apicultural value. \n Bas-Congo the plant is the most important source of honey, flowering from April to July (see page 42 in Latham, 2005 Some honey bee plants of Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo). wonder whether a mistake was made |
|
|
Hosted by the Guyana Beekeepers’ Association and the Government of Guyana In
Chromolaena odorata
collaboration with the Association of Caribbean
Beekeepers’ Organizations
Congress theme Promoting organic beekeeping in Guyana and the Caribbean through strategic investment A forum for discussion and exchange of ideas and technical information for everyone involved in the beekeeping industry. Guyana is a tropical, mountainous country, still retaining vast rain forests and excellent biodiversity. This will be a unique and interesting Congress. International delegate fee US$300 Caribbean delegate fee US$200
as there are a number of references regarding the fact that bees do not collect pollen from the flowers, only nectar (see under Eupatorium odoratum in: Crane ef al (1984) Directory of important world honey
sources and Thapa & Wongsiri (1997) Eupatorium odoratum: a honey plant for beekeepers in Thailand. Bee World 78 (4) 175-178). also have a handwritten note from Marieke Mutsaers whilst in Nigeria stating that bees do not collect pollen from this plant. |
Paul Latham Thanks to Paul for this observation - the text in Trees Bees Use, BfD Journal 86 should have read: Apicultural value: Chromolaena odorata is a good source of nectar for bees.
Semi-desert plants Thank you for sending the copies of B/D Journal and other booklets. We will send you a report when we finish the training session. We have a suggestion for Cabesi-Self-Help Project who featured in BfDJ 85, December 2007 - concerning their problem of the land being semi-desert. They should use vetiver grass on this !and and they can
also plant Neem trees. contact us.
Further details www.agriculture.gov.gy
If
they need more help they are welcome to
Simon Ngwainmbi, Director, BERUDEP. Belo Division, Cameroon
ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE Oth
1-4 November 2008
ss",
an Pan
Hangzhou Zhejiang CHINA The Conference will bring together researchers, scientists, project managers, extension
Specialists, development workers, beekeepers and entrepreneurs sharing a common interest in bees, from Asia as well as Europe, America, Australia and Africa. Papers are invited on Bee biology and
Melliferous flora.
diversity
and pollination
Beekeeping economy
Pests and
diseases
Bees and the
Products and
environment
apitherapy
Rural development and apiculture
extension
Technology equipment
Deadline for submission of abstracts 15 August 2008 (new date) Further details www.aaa2008china.com
and
(leli
fsa
;
Bees fur Developmenia Us Project With
i
dg
2PO8 as
parent Qin
voed artative
PCC
ed
oe
THE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE Kunal Sharma, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India
The Nilgiri Mountains lend their name to the first designated Biosphere Reserve of India. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) was selected to represent the bio-geographical zone of the Western Ghats. The Reserve was established in 1986 to conserve large tracts that are rich
KARNATAKA
biodiversity and to promote sustainable use of resources. in
*
Darwin Project Sites
[|
NBR Boundary
126
Q
25
kilometers
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 5.520 km?
relationships in the past, but are now fragmented and few in number, yet culturally connected. The richness of the Reserve has attracted many adventurers, researchers and anthropologists. The NBR is ecologically sensitive and vulnerable to
changes that threaten to engulf this fragile region. There has been much change over the past decades: large tracts of forested hills have been exploited and there have been alterations fo original land use.
The Upges
The Reserve is located in south-west India at the trijunction of the three southern states (see map): Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The NBR completely encircles the massive Nilgiri plateau and extends over diverse ecological, geological, cultural, climatic and geographical zones. Due to the enormous diversity, there are distinct forest types and numerous endemic species. It represents one of the world’s and 684 biodiversity hotspots with more than 3,700 plant species of which 156 are endemic. The NBR includes all vertebrates
species,
the important forest types that are found in South India.
The NBR has a significant percentage of indigenous people, who depend on the natural resources for their livelinoods. The indigenous people of the Nilgiris are amongst the most ancient community groups in southern India. They are traditionally hunter-gatherers and depend on the forest for their existence. The diverse communities had co-operative
May.
ota
Bees/or Development Journal 87
HONEY HUNTING
IN THE NILGIRI
BIOSPHERE RESERVE « KEYSTONE FOUNDATION
Kunal Sharma, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India
~
“"BHOTOS
Honey hunting evokes images of death-defying acts. Honey is valuable, and the process of harvesting it is fraught with danger: this has led to myths and legends, so that folklore, superstitions and stories Surround honey hunting. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) has a tradition of honey harvesting. Forests here are accorded a high degree of protection, resulting in an abundance of flora and fauna. The dense forests and steep escarpments provide natural nesting places for the giant rock bees - Apis dorsata. These are also the ancestral home of adivasis - indigenous people. The honey hunters of NBR are renowned for their bravery and skill. Numerous adivasi groups hunt honey and each has their own specialised methods. The A/u Kurumbas in the eastern and southern parts of the Nilgiris and in Attapady, are renowned for scaling 150 m high cliffs, while the Kasavas and /rulas are adept in harvesting large quantities of honey from giant trees. The Kattunaickens are expert hunters in and around Mudumalai and Muthanga forests, just as the
Joa fe
iy
Site for
ths honey bee
consensus among villagers.
It is now that they declare that the comb is ripe and the hunt must start. Preparation begins in earnest. Days before the harvest, the honey hunter begins to fast, praying and bathing with regularity. Any relationship with women is avoided. Observance of these
austerities varies between groups.
Jenu Kurubas are famous in Nagarhole and Mysore regions. In addition, the Cholanaickens (see pages 8 and 9) are renowned for their legendary Skills in the New Amarambalam Region, using basic equipment to scale
Adivasis worship their gods before setting out. Spirits are accorded special status during this period, as there is a belief that disturbing or angering the spirits can lead to an unsuccessful hunt or even a death.
high trees and cliffs.
Although geographically adjacent, the groups have formed specialised skills that differentiate one group from the other. For example
The village priest is consulted and it is he who fixes the date and time for the harvest. He conducts a puja invoking the gods and ancestors, praying for their blessings. This signals the start of the entire honey
Kurumbas and frulas often share the same village but one is an expert on rock hunting while the other is a master of scaling trees. This has resulted in specific ‘honey territories’ and locally adapted methods of
to the bees to leave their combs so that honey can be collected, beseeching them to return to bring forth the blossoms in the forest and
hunting process. The honey collecting ritual also includes an invocation
collection.
fields. Traditionally certain cliffs have been venerated and marked as sacred — there is no harvesting of honey from bees nesting on those
Methods, rituals and superstitions
Cliffs.
When honey hunting starts, legends, rituals and superstitions play an important part. The actual time for hunting is usually reached by
Preparations for honey collection take place by estimating the height of the cliff or tree and getting the climbing gear ready. Usually for a cliff
Ltareeris
MaVOSHNG
Sides,
: :
Bees/or Development Journal 87
HONEY HUNTING IN THE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE
hunt, a rope ladder has to be made from forest vines using fresh fibre. A bundle of dried twigs are tied together with a cover of green leaves, to
buckets or tins and the honey drained from the comb. Keystone has made interventions with these people in the fields of sustainable harvesting, hygienic filtration and processing of the honey, quality parameters, improved marketing and value addition.
make the smoker. Baskets are made of bamboo. High trees are climbed by either cutting steps into the bark, or tying a bamboo pole on to the tree trunk. Variations in these methods exist across the different
communities. Honey hunting takes place late in the evening or early morning, when the sun is not bright. Thick chunks of honey comb are collected in
until
|
web store ai www beestodevelopment org
started work as the research assistant
for this Project. Now having worked with the honey hunters, know how their work is done. |
also know the forest well and have gained good knowledge of the tree species in this location. understand the species composition of the different forest types, and have learnt that this composition contributes to the ecosystem.
before.
have learnt research techniques and how to collect data. My interest in doing the jab has increased my skills. The job has broadened
He has learned research methodologies, and beekeeping and nursery techniques. He has Started to learn how to use a computer and enter data. He is learning about the
|
|
my horizons and given me opportunities to attend local festivals and gatherings. find the
work enjoyable and interesting, and a whole new world has opened up for me’.
relationship between people and the forest. He has had exposure to many places, many different people and different lifestyles.
Translation from the original Kannada
Shiny Rehel in conversation with Aradukutian
|
language by Shiny Rehel
A NEW LOOK TO LIFE Aradukuttan is employed as the Field Assistant by Keystone Foundation with the
EXPERIENCE SHARING WITH MAHADESH
Bees, Biodiversity and Forest Livelihoods
Mahadesh works as a research assistant at Keystone Foundation with the Darwin Initiative
Aradukuttan belongs to the Toda community, who have a pastoral culture. Their livelihoods
Bees, Biodiversity and Forest Livelihoods Reserve. He is Project in the Nilgiri Biosphere in from the Sholiga community Pulinjur Village, Chamrajnagar District.
are centred on their buffaloes and their milk.
Project.
past, the Toda community lived in huts shaped like barrels and made of a specific In the
species of thatch grass, bamboo reeds, branches of specific tree species and plenty of rattan canes. Today Aradukuttan lives in a house made of brick and cement, built by the
‘At the start, had no knowledge of honey bees or any of the other human indigenous communities of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. |
|
have now gained information on both. Also,
had little knowledge about honey hunting
|
village people. Previously when he saw honey comb he would harvest the honey and eat it. Now although he does the same, he will look to see what kind of bee species it is. He is also able to differentiate the queen, worker and drone bees, which he could not do
|
Ky
Initiative Project for almost two years and he shares the information he has learned with his
government. Aradukuttan has been part of the Darwin
7
KEYSTONE FOUNRATION
WORK OPENS UP A DIFFERENT
Bf
«
by Keysione rourdalion and avallalile from the
PHOTOS
Ai
Bees/or Development Journal 87
NATURE CONSERVATION IS A THREAD WOVEN WELL THROUGH FOREST BEEKEEPING Robert Leo, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India During particular months, honey is collected fram nests of Apis cerana in the forests. Different methods are used to collect honey, that is either as a food, for ritual or for marketing. Traditional practices and
indigenous knowledge include great care for the cavity-nesting honey bee species, Apis cerana. The different indigenous communities have given the cavities used by Apis cerana various names. In the Nilgiris, the nesting cavity is called
sirf by the Kurumba tribe, pieru by the Toda, kaimane by lrula people and theivaai by the Kattunaickan community. These cavities are regarded as an asset of the common man. Numbers of these cavities are managed by several generations of indigenous families.
Conservation is not about only quarding the ecosystem but also involves understanding the rich diversity, living mechanisms, seasonal
cyclic changes and growth. A Toda beekeeper looks at their bees from all these angles — understanding the bees very well. The colonies are either nesting in a natural cavity in a tree trunk or in enlarged cavities made by Todas. When the monsoon ends at the beginning of November, a Toda makes a journey into the sho/a woodland to clean up cavities and seal the entrances with pieces of stone, leaving holes for small entrances for bees. These are called cap stones. Apis cerana bees the the the end of November. The bees accept the occupy cavities by the Toda. housing provided by
When plants show new buds and shoots, it is time for the second journey to observe the nest and collect one or two newly built combs for a ritual. The Toda greets the bees and inspects the honey store. Later, in
and March, when the
is
only
February honey ripe, the honey: combs are collected and usually taken home for sharing with the family. Some of the honey is sold in the local market.
Todi
tus
As the monsoon intensifies by mid June, the bees migrate to lower elevations and the Todas’ honey season is over for the year. Today, Todas regret that their forests are being disturbed by outside people. Some of these unknown intruders raid their colonies and take away the — thus disturbing the colony and making the bees honey and brood
defensive. In some cases, traditionally owned areas are now designated as protected and state control prohibits this practice of honey collection. We have a lot to learn from these communities about the ecology of the bees and the forests. However our immediate concern is whether this tradition will survive.
Toda areas, sacred forest groves harbour many nests. These forests are thick and are not disturbed by gathering of fire wood and other In
Further reading
Todas of the Nilgiti Hills.
B/D Journal 52
Honey Trails in the Blue Mountains. Keystone Foundation
“PEE
ATION
requirements for domestic life. The trees are not cut or disturbed, even if a tree dies. Good melliferous plants are protected in the vicinity. The stories, songs, legends about bees and their nesting cavities help promote this tradition
A
Teds
colony af AUIS C8tana Mving if
(8s cavity
sealed
willa capstone by ine
i Toda beekeeper.
TREES BEES USE
SWEET TAMARIND
»FLYSTOHE FOUNDATION
|
Pithecellobium dulce Robert Leo, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India Apicultural value The flowers are visited frequently by honey bees Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, Apis florea and stingless bees 7rigona spp. Practical experience shows that the honey flow is quick and high when colonies are located near the trees during peak blooming. The flower yields thin, white honey and provides a good volume of pollen. Therefore Pithecellobium dulce is a good source of nectar and pollen for bees.
Names Botanical name Pithecellobium dulce In
Tamil: Kodukapuli
Other names: Manila tamarind, Sweet
tamarind
Family Mimosaceae
Description Grows from coastal region to 1,200 m above sea level, in open dry lands. It is a highly drought resistant and fast growing tree, widely grown as a hedge and wind break.
Pithecellobium dulce is indigenous to tropical America and widely cultivated there as well as in Asia.
Botanical description Pithecellobium dulce is an armed tree, 15-18 m high, with dense foliage that is soft
ar
ey
Habitat
The fruit has a mild flavour.
Propagation
Flowers: cream coloured, bisexual, in spikes, terminal or axiliary. it flowers twice a year: April to June and in October to November.
Propagated by seed. Seeds are recalcinate and have a high germination rate. They can be directly planted in pits or raised in nursery
Seeds: 7-8 seeds, black in colour, orbicular
bags and planted after six months.
with white aril.
and fibrous.
Bark: shiny, grey bark also with spikes. Leaves: alternate, pinnate two pairs, oblong-
oblanceolate, petiole spine erect. Fruits: strap shaped pod, circinate, turgid.
Uses The fruit are eaten raw and used in beverages and garnishing. Pithecellobium dulce is an excellent fodder tree for cattle.
What plants do your bees use? Send details to BfD, address on page 2.
Below: (left) The fruits: (centre) Seeds with aril: (right) Seeds
a
~
me
Cy
THE HONEY TREES OF THE
CHOLANAICKENS
Saneesh C S, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India
S = q &
Making homes for bees Forest and rocks are sacred to the Cholanaicken people as they believe that the Maladeivam (God of hills) lives in the forest. The Cholanaicken do not harvest honey from sacred rocks. The Thali varai is one such rock, acting like a gene pool for the bees. Honey is widely consumed in this region and it is important to understand the honey hunting process. Elderly people are skilled in attracting honey bees to the bee-nesting trees. They look for trees on hill slopes, where the wind is not strong. The people endeavor to make these trees visible to the bees by clearing plants around the trees, making way for the bees to land.
Tetrameles nudiflora (cheeni), Wrightia tinctoria (pala), Lagerstroemia microcarpa (venteak) and Sfereospermum colais (poopathiri) are some of the trees used by Apis dorsata honey bees for nesting. These trees are well branched, and usually the bees nest midway along these branches. The honey hunter stands on these branches during honey harvesting (April-June), and collects the honey combs.
Acquiring the skills The Cholanaickens learn honey hunting skills from their parents. At an early age, children accompany the hunters when honey harvesting, and
A Cholanaicken family in their cave home
timber forest products The also during collection non (NTFPs). the skills the process through watching children learn during carefully. A consists of the honey hunting group 7-8 men, although number varies depending upon the number of colonies to be harvested. The senior members of the honey hunting team tie the bamboo ladders (poles) to of
(pala), Xylia xylocarpa (irul) and Helicteres isora (edampiri valam piri). The person who finds the honey tree makes an incision in the bark at a eight of about 130 crn or where it is visible to others. Then the person places fresh leaves in a vertical position on the bark. They make the mark on the bark of the tree in case they do not find fresh leaves of shrubs. When the honey is mature they will harvest it. Because they respect their traditions and rituals, no one would dare to collect honey belonging to another person. There have been cases of deaths caused by the violation of this traditional law.
the honey the climb them. By about the age of 20, tree and youngsters a man is skilled to climb any tree and safely harvest honey from
young
an Apis dorsata colony.
Ownership of trees
Hereditary ownership. This gives ancestral right to collect honey from a particular tree. Tetrameles nudiffora (cheeni), Wrightia tinctoria (pala), Lagerstroemia microcarpa (venteak) and Stereospermum colais (poopathiri) are trees where Apis dorsata often build nests. Hereditary ownership applies to most of these trees with a clear understanding within the community as to which family each tree belongs.
There are two kinds of ownership of honey trees:
Temporary ownership. When the Cholanaicken go for NTFPs collection in the forest, they may find honey bee colonies in tree cavities or in termite mounds. Whoever spots the comb puts a mark on the tree with a bunch of fresh leaves of Strobilanthes ciliatus (kurinji). Wrightia sp
Small S208
|
10
4
HONEY TREES OF THE CHOLANAIKENS
Features of a honey tree A tree which is well branched and strong. e
A tree that stands in open space but with little disturbance from the wind. the bees cannot build combs against wind. A tree with branches that face west:
people say that
bees like the evening sunlight. *
e
A tree that is not growing next to a weak tree.
Ariverine tree: some bees make nests on the banks of the stream or river. A
tree under which there is low undergrowth:
bees
select clear standing trees. *
A tree that regularly attracts bees, even though flowering plants may be far away.
Usually, as the tree has ownership of the bees, the whole family takes part in honey collection. Women do not climb trees, but can be seen lighting the smokers, preparing the pots, squeezing the honey combs and filtering honey into the traditional containers made from large bamboo poles. Children often wait below, watching their fathers climb to bring the harvest down. According to the Cholanaickens, there are different types of Apis dorsafa bees — some make nests on bushes and
fallen trees, about 2 m above the ground. These are called pontha thenu and they are usually eaten by bears, before the people can get them. Other nesting sites and bee types are described by local people.
This documentation of indigenous knowledge clearly explains the link between people, forests and especially with bees. The faith, belief and imagination of these people are summed up in the following account, told to us by a senior Cholanaicken: “We believe that the bees kick on the branch to see the strength of their nesting places. The honey bee asks the tree can you bear our whole family of bees, our wax, our property (honey and pollen), one poani kayar (rope used to bring down the honey), kotta (basket), knife and a man? If the tree agrees, they settle on the tree”.
Mag
-
i
pen
a Ie ha dP
Sitted honey hunting
“mo
de:
yues
Bambee pole ted fo Me tree is user
Ber
Gai
Ee
Oa
Tu
me
MARIKODU T A
—
a
Priya, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India
typical
village PHOTOS
+
'
Marikodu is a tribal village located in the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, South India. The name Marikodu means Mari - cattle and kodu - boundary. The villagers are hesitant and shy and do not talk much with strangers. They belong to the Kurumba tribal communities found in Nilgiris. The Kurumbas are excellent honey hunters. Marikodu has an area of 40 acres of landholding, surrounded by the forest which is rich in diversity. They have a sacred
grove in their village where outsiders are not permitted to enter. The people collect medicinal plants from the vicinity of the sacred grove.
An elderh jaa, in
front of her house in Mato
Forested vgllL
The people who live in this village are all related to each other. Forty years ago there were 70 families, whereas now there are only five
In
families living in the village. It is said that the decline in the number of villagers was due to the outbreak of cholera. The villagers do not have brick built houses - they live in thatched houses that they construct themselves.
outsiders.
the last year, the author's experience, observing the village during is a typical tribal village, devoid of much conflict from Marikodu
The main occupations for most of the families are involvement in honey hunting and millet cultivation. The men collect honey during April to
July. They collect honey from Apis cerana, Apis dorsata and Apis florea honey bees. During the honey harvest from Apis dorsata, the men in the village form groups and live in the forest for two to three days before returning with the honey harvest. People also collect firewood, green leaves and medicinal plants from the forest for their household consumption. Men and women are involved in the collection of non timber forest products (NTFPs) from the forest. Due to wildlife conflicts their village, most villagers are not involved in agricultural practices, except for one family. The crops are organically grown. The rest of the in
villagers have waged work
in nearby tea
KEYSTONE FOUNDATION
TTT
estates.
The issue faced by the villagers is the transformation of the forest areas that surround the village into tea estates. Due to lack of education and
awareness, the village people are ignorant of their rights.
Priya, author ol tits ante:
12
PRACTICAL BEEKEEPING
REDUCING THE WATER CONTENT OF TROPICAL HONEY
KEYSTONE FOUNDATION
Bees/or Development Journal 87
Robert Leo, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India Honey is a delicate food and medicine.
It
is sensitive to heat and light
and can become contaminated during collection, handling and storage. Honey harvest and selling is an important livelihood activity and is
bound with social and cultural links amongst most indigenous people.
Traditionally in the Nilgiris, honey is harvested from Apis dorsata (malai thein), Apis cerana (adukkuthein), Apis florea (kombuthein) and Trigona spp (kosuntheins pp). These bees have specific seasons and there are numerous methods of harvesting their honey. In recent years the honey quality has varied due to changes in cropping patterns, global climate changes, restriction on collection rights, and sharing of resources
amongst peopie. One of the main issues with honey harvested from the wild is the moisture content. These honeys have moisture levels ranging from
20%-28% which leads to fermentation and loss
in
quality. The presence Hi
of impurities in honey hastens the fermentation process.
ilies
fu
We use a water bath (passive heating) to reduce the water content in the honey. As the consistency of honey varies, this method has its limitations in spreading the heat uniformly. Even though stirring is
Wath
advised, there are chances for a portion of honey to become over
experience with honey, indigenous ways of collection and hive beekeeping, we have a wide knowledge of the properties of honey in terms of colour, taste, flavour, consistency, crystallisation and the
heated.
origins of honey from the different honey bee species.
number of honey processing machines available in In India there are the market that all function at high temperatures with rapid cooling systems. High temperature is the critical factor. Naturally honey bees
The design of our water content reduction chamber is still being tested. Preliminary results are good and we are working to calculate its cost,
a
efficiency, viability and sustainability. Water content has been reduced by up to 4.6% in 8-9 hours for 100 kg of honey.
store their produce at a temperature of 35°C and heating of honey above this temperature reduces the quality.
We wish to share these early results and will soon be able to make several such machines for community projects and efforts in south and
Keeping these issues in mind, Keystone has been working on developing a water content reduction chamber. After 15 years of
HONEYS OF THE WORLD
PARIS GOURMET DIPLOMAS 2008
More than 200 superb quality honeys, dried fruits and oils from around the world were entered for the 2008 Agence pour la Valorisation des Produits Agricoles (AVPA) Contest. All the products were displayed at
Cashew honey: Association Wend Pouiré, Burkina Faso
the Foods and Goods Show in Paris where the jury determined the
AVPA
south-east Asia, where honey is harvested from Apis dorsata.
Eucalyptus honey: Teriya Bugu, Mali
winners. The jury panel were experienced honey judges and were charmed by the quality of each of the honeys.
Shea tree honey: Association Wend Pouiré, Burkina Faso
African and Réunion Island honeys had great success. They really deserve to be better known by the general public. France Miel gathered a beautiful display of honeys from various French and Chilean
Mango honey: Association Wend Pouiré, Burkina Faso
provinces.
MEDALS OF EXCELLENCE
Wild flower honey: La ferme d'Erembéré, New Caledonia
Acacia honey: Apicoltura Gran Paradiso, Italy
Honey of a thousand Camargue flowers: Délices au Miel, France
Burkina Faso Fucalyptus honey: Association Wend Pouiré, Lavender honey: Délices au Miel, France
Mountain (summer) honey: Les miels de Dominique, Cyprus Orange tree honey: Kysma, Morocco
Litchi honey: ADA, Réunion Island Délices au Miel, France Honey of a thousand wild flowers:
Rhododendron honey: Azienda Apistica Mario Bianco, Italy
All flowers honey: Kysma, Morocco
Rhododendron honey: Apicoltura Gran Paradiso, Italy All flower honey: API-UNA, Costa Rica
Claire Cosson, 13
AVPA
Bees/or Development Journal 87 |
|
|
|
|
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD GHANA
THE GAMBIA
and 10 top-bar hives made of cement.
Nkoranza and Techiman Districts are gradually becoming pesticide polluted areas. This called
Sifoe Kafo Farm Beekeeping Association and the Gunjur Environmental Protection and
The trainees viewed the workings of a colony through the window of the centre’s glass hive.
Development Group collaborated to train 16 residents of Gunjur Village in beekeeping skills, for two weeks in January 2008.
They learned to differentiate between workers, drones, and the queen. Night time visits were made to Sifoe Kafo’s apiary to practise hive
|
for a suitably appropriate system for handling pesticides to safeguard our bee industry. In
November 2007, in Nkoranza District we held a workshop to discuss: *
*
Integrated pest management as a better alternative to pesticides
Mr Modou Joof of the National Beekeepers Association of The Gambia, remarked on the
Use of pesticide as the last resort
importance of beekeeping to the environment, to agriculture and to help alleviate poverty in
|dentification of pesticides, dosage and
The Gambia.
their proper application.
Various stakeholders were present including agro-input dealers, extension agents, banks and environmentalists. Our next meeting will
Training included the history, theory, ecological and practical aspects of beekeeping. Participants were taught how to
build, bait, place and maintain their own hives. Trainees constructed 22 wooden top-bar hives
inspection, cleaning, grass removal, and honey harvesting. Present at the closing ceremony on 12 January were representatives of the Alikalo and Imam of Sifoe, the Gunjur Council of Elders, the
chairman of the Gunjur Village Development Committee, and Mr Farmara Conteh, representing project donor, the World Bank.
Manjiki Jabang
discuss honey marketing. Daniel Yando
HUNGARY Loss of bees: During 2007 at least 25% of the bee population has been lost due to bad weather. Hungary contributes 15% of the total
UGANDA Honey harvest for Rwakicunduro Beekeepers’ Association: The Association was founded in a membership of 15 men, women and children. Beekeepers use local hives
2004 and has
and harvest about 60 litres of honey per person, per season. Sent by Abeinomugisha Enoth
honey production within the European Union (EU). The annual harvest is 20,000-25,000 tonnes and 75% is exported. Mr Péter Bross,
President of the Hungarian National Association of Beekeepers, said that 2008 will surely not be a good year and recalled that in 2007, Argentina, one of the world’s largest honey
producers, had the worst harvest for 100 years. He reassured consumers within the EU that they would not feel these losses either in an increase in the price of Hungarian honey, or with low quality or false honey appearing in the market.
Source: www.agroinformacion.com Honey factory closed: Hungary’s largest honey processing plant in Dunavarsany has been closed on suspicion of diluting its products following an investigation by food safety inspectors, the Customs and Finance Guard and the tax authority APEH. The swoop was part of a series of raids on honey manufacturers across
Edepu Dan Egoriait (below) gives practical advice in the training session on harvesting, processing, packing and marketing of honey for Asianut Beekeepers’ Group. This was held in March and was supported by the Teso Private Sector Development Centre. In Teso region, honey yields are 4-8 tonnes per harvest from frame hives. Good production from top-bar hives (2-3 tonnes) means a total of 6-11 tonnes of liquid honey is possible.
Pest County.
Chief veterinary officer, Miklés Stith, speaking on Inforadié last Tuesday, explained that documentation and equipment discovered at the
Aranynektar Kft factory in Dunavarsany provided Strong grounds for suspicion that the company has been bulking up its produce with syrups.
The quality of the honey sold in Hungary was called into question last May when an independent laboratory analysis commissioned by beekeepers found that 70% of the honey on supermarket shelves had been adulterated in
some way.
Source: www.budapesttimes.hu 28 April 2008
14
ae
TCL ay
HighStandardProducts & Singe 1973
8 _
Technologies
Beeson
Comls Founcletion Bochives
Equi
lpmem iG
2
hl
calle
Me ae
as
rs Mos
trieos¥ r.-
nas
con www.temelpetek.com.tr Ibrahim Kataoglanoglu cad. No.: 73 Seyrantepe
34448 Istanbul T.+90.212,281.14.43 - F.490.212.324.53.22
info@temelpetek.com.tr - www.temelpetek.com.tr oo
at
aie RT
ot
8
taf
gt
ah
lane
ke
-
Turkey
Acaessortes Clothing »
Bees/or Development Journal 87
r
BOOK SHELF
Pn, Sd
|
AVAILABLE FROM B/D NOW AT WWW.BEESFORDEVELOPMENT.ORG
THE WORLD OF A BEE FARMER |
|
John
(€22.50) Code R400
Rawson 2008 203 pages Soft cover 15
H B
John Rawson has made his living entirely from honey bee farming for 42 years. In this book he shares much valuable experience as well as conveying his delight in honey bees and the English countryside. Included are encouraging letters sent by R O B Manley (one of the great British beekeepers of the 20th Century) to Rawson when he was starting out in the 1960s, as well as anecdotes describing the ups and downs of commercial bee farming.
ge:
An enjoyable read for beekeepers.
HONEY WINES AND BEERS Clara Furness 2008 reprint 32 pages soft cover
6
(€9) Code F605
Clara Furness was an expert candle maker and wine maker. During the 1970s and 1980s she wrote many articles explaining how to make all types of honey wines, mead and beers, and these are reproduced in this book. Clara is excellent at providing recipes that work, and this book provides all the information that any home brewer needs for
He MEN \Vines,
and Beers rn
SUCCESS.
me
ai
GUIDE TO BEES OF BRITAIN Field Studies Council 2008 8-page fold-out chart
3.75
(€5.60) Code P07
A laminated field guide to 28 of the 250 bee species that are found in the UK most commonly in British gardens.
—
these 28 are selected as those found
BfD Bags
:
|
The premier ‘Bags for Choice of styles -
Life’
|
jute (left) or unbleached cotton (right) 5 fot
ea
r
CLARA FUR
Postage free to UK address. For outside UK, please order at our website
BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT
INSIDE INFORMATION
Fac
BfD Journal subscription UK20
Ways to pay
(€30, US$40)} for one year, four issues including airmail
Secure order and payment at www.beesfordevelopment.org
.
delivery.
How to subscribe
—
see right
Readers in developing countries
—
see page 20
Credit/Debit card Maestro/Mastercard/Visa. We need card number, name on card, valid from and expiry dates, card issue
Buying from BfD
number (if given), security code
Order through the Secure Payment System on our web store
Cheque or bank draft in GBP or Euros payable to Bees for Development
Or send us an e-mail, fax, or post us a note of what you want or we can send you an order form (payment required before orders are
dispatched)
Bees for Development
Delivery UK addresses: FREE delivery on orders up to
1
kg
Outside UK: Orders dispatched by airmail post. Add 10% for delivery to Europe; 25% for outside Europe Orders over 500
Peppa to store@beestordevelopment.org
please request our quote for delivery costs
16
Web
www.beesfordevelopment.org
store@beesfordevelopment.org
Phone
+44 (0)16007 13648
Post
PO Box 105, Monmouth, NP25 9AA, UK
CU
)
Springer the
ae
springer.com
language of science
A wonderful insight into the realms of bees, a Superorganism which is in Trouble
e Buzz about Bees Biology of a Superorganism Editor: J. Tautz
With spectacularly beautiful colour photographs and an easy understandable text The Buzz about Bees tells the story of honeybees in a new perspective. Based on the latest data, notably from his own research group, Jiirgen Tautz provides a wonderful insight into the realms of bees.
contrast to the view of bee colonies as perfect societies of selfless individuals ruled by a queen, Tautz introduces them as a “superorganism’, a self organizing and complex adaptive In
system based on a network of communication; a fascinating result of evolution several bodies.
—
a
mammal in
The entire range of astonishing bee activities is described. Remarkable action photographs never shown before present bees busy with cell cleaning, caring for the brood, serving in the queen's court, visiting flowers, receiving nectar, producing honey, comb building, entrance guarding, heating and cooling. Spotlights include bees grooming, swarming, fighting, telephoning, sleeping and communicating by high-toned beeping, scents and dances.
Content » Prolog: The Bee Colony - Mammal in Several Bodies; Man’‘s Smallest Domestic Animal ~ a Picture Guide; The Inevitable Honeybees; Propagated Immortality; Honeybees - a a
Model for Success; What Bees Know About Flowers; Honeybee Sex, and Virgin Brides; Royal
Jelly - Designer Diet in Bee Colonies; The Largest Organ of the Bee Colony — Construction and Function of the Comb; Cultivated Intelligence; Is Honey Thicker than Blood: How important the Family; The Circle Closes; Epilog: The Future for Bees and Mankind; References; Index
> Original German edition published by Spektrum
Is
Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 2007
2008. Approx. 300 p. 230 illus. in color. Hardcover ISBN 978-3-540-78727-3
» € 29,95
|
23.00
Easy Ways to Order for the Americas > Write: Springer Order Department, PO Box 2485, Secaucus, NJ 07096-2485, USA > Call: (toll free} 1-800-SPRINGER > Fax: 1-201-348-4505 » Email: orders-ny@springer.com or for outside the Americas » Write: Springer Distribution Center GmbH, Haberstrasse 7, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany > Call: +49 (0) 6221-345-4301 » Fax: +49 (0) 6221-345-4229 » Email: SDC-bookorder@springer.com > Prices are subject to change without notice. All prices are net prices.
013710x
17
Bees/or Development Journal 87
AVAILABLE FROM
LOOK AHEAD ARGENTINA APIMONDIA 42nd International Apicultural
Congress Takes place in 2011, Buenos Aires Dates and details will appear here
BHUTAN 2nd International Beekeeping Congress 19-21 August 2008, Thimpu
Further details iocbhutan@gmail.com
BRAZIL
BfD NOW AT WWW.BEESFORDEVELOPMENT.ORG
INDIA Bees, Biodiversity and Livelihoods Conference
27-29 March 2009, Conoor, The Nilgiris
on our website send details to
Further details www.beesfordevelopment.org
Bees for Development, PO Box 105, Monmouth, NP25 SAA. UK. E-mail
ITALY
info@beesfordevelopment.org
Apimedica & Apiquality International Forum 9-12 June 2008, Rome Further details www.apimedica.org
MEXICO APIMONDIA: 2nd World Symposium of queen bee breeders
15-19 October 2008, Nuevo Vallata Further details www.apimondia.org
Congresso Brasileiro: XVII Apicultura & Ill
Meliponicultura 4-9 June 2008, Belo Horizonte
Uses of Honey 10-12 November 2008, Lahore Further details www.honeyconference.com
www.apacame.org.br/eventos.htm
BULGARIA 1st Apimondia Honeydew Symposium
1-3 August 2008, Burgas Further details bogi@gmx.ch
9th Congreso iberolatinoamericano de
Apicultura Further delails www.apicongresso.com
CHINA 1-4 November 2008, Hangzhou, Zhe jiang Further details page 4
FRANCE APIMONDIA 41st International Apicultural
Congress 15-20 September 2009, Montpellier Further details www.apimondia2009.com
GERMANY 2ND OIE Symposium of bee diseases
- Diagnosis
and control
26-28 August 2008, Freiburg Further details.
www.deehealth. info
GUYANA 5th Caribbean Beekeeping Congress 9-14 November 2008, Georgetown
Further details page 4
Interested in beekeeping as a means to reduce poverty in developing countries?
Looking to learn more? Join our One Day Training Programme
good beekeeping practice 11-14 September 2008, Bucharest
www.beesfordevelopment.org
FINLAND International workshop: queen rearing
SOUTH AFRICA 6-12 July 2008, Durban Further details www.ice2008.org.za
3-12 August 2008, Mikkeli Further delails
kamran.fakhimzadeh@helsinki.fi
IRELAND
Beekeeping Fair 30-31 May 2008, Moshi, Kilimanjaro Further details envirocare_2002@yahoo.com 3rd National Honey Show Last week, September 2008, Dodoma
Further details www.tanzaniahoney.org
UK
Irish Beekeepers’ Summer School 21-26 July 2008, Gormanston Further details www. irishbeekeeping.ie
KENYA 2008 Baraka College 7-13 September: Introduction to beekeeping 22-28 June: Bee breeding and multiplication
80th MSWC Convention
3-9 August: Bee products processing 17-23 August and 28 September — 4 October:
5-7 September 2008, Abergavenny
Making beekeeping equipment
Further details www.beeconference.org.uk
Further details www.apiconsult.com
EurBee3
8-11 September 2008, Belfast Further details www.eurbee.org National Honey Show 30 October - November 2008, Weybridge
Bees for Development can arrange tailormade beekeeping study tours and visits. Contact us for details.
1
NEW VENUE Further details www.honeyshow.co.uk
Become a member of Bees for Development Trust Annual fee
Category Individual:
Entry level Membership
25
€85
$50
Sustaining:
For those who want to give more support
100
€140
$200
Corporate:
For organisations and businesses
500
€700
$1,000
Join online
MEANS OF BEEKEEPING
Further details
TANZANIA
9th AAA Conference
STRENGTHENING LIVELIHOODS BY
Apimondia Symposium: good management &
XXXII International Congress of Entomology
9-43 July 2008, Concepcién
Bees for Development
20 June 2008, Monmouth
ROMANIA
Further details www.apimondia.org
CHILE
LEARN AHEAD
AN INTRODUCTION
PAKISTAN 2nd Intemational Conference on Medicinal
Further details
you want notice of your conference, workshop or meeting to be included here and If
at www.beesfordevelopment.org or use one of the methods shown on page 16
UK Registered Charity 1078803
18
We are grateful to all the individuals, beekeeping associations, groups and
companies who support our work. Please encourage your friends and colleagues to help.
We promise to use your contributions wisely and effectively to help alleviate poverty and preserve biodiversity, by means of bees and beekeeping.
Cy Lu
ee
NOTICE BOARD SEEKING ASSISTANCE
Swienty
Bee for Life Family Project is looking for donors to support their efforts to assist beekeepers in Teso Region, eastern Uganda. The aim is to provide a guaranteed market to beekeepers: the lack of
Specialist for beekeeping, honeyhouse and honey processing — worldwide.
domestic market for honey has made beekeeping activities dormant here. The Project is working hard to develop the beekeeping industry hoping to bring income to rural communities living in poverty. We are seeking grant support of US$310,000. /f you can help, please contact us through BFD. Omutoj Patrick, Project Manager.
RESEARCH FUNDING IFS calls for applications for research grants from young scientists
in
developing countries see www.ifs.se
PROJECT FUNDING FAO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, supports beekeeping projects in developing countries. Beekeepers’ groups and associations may apply for small project funding of up to US$10,000 from the TeleFood Special Fund. Request documents should include a brief description of the project’s objectives, the proposed food production or income-generating activities, the work plan, the number of participants, a detailed list of inputs with cost estimates and the reporting arrangements. Submit your request to the office of FAO or UNDP in your country. See www.fao.org and inform BfD of the outcome of your application.
APIACTA For the beekeeper and bee scientist Apiacta the Apimondia Journal. Available online from www.apimondia.org
BEE CRAFT A full colour monthly magazine for beginners and experts alike covering all aspects of beekeeping in the UK and Ireland. 22 for 12 issues (one year). Credit cards accepted. For free sample copy and overseas fates contact secretary@bee-craft.com
ULUDAG BEE JOURNAL News, practical information and research articles - a link between Turkish beekeeping and the world. Published quarterly in Turkish with English summaries. See www.uludagaricilik.org IT PAYS TO ADVERTISE 5fD Journal offers a great opportunity to reach thousands of readers. Prices from 35 (€53, US$70).
Saas a ues
a
seed
Do your bees
make propolis?
4-Frame Extractor
Honey- & Fruit Presses
We would like to test it and possibly buy it from you...
With a honey press you will be able to offer a differentia-
A major research project has been started by BeeVital and we would like your help. If you are interested in finding out whether your propolis is suitable for medicinal use and learning about sustainable ways of harvesting & using propolis please send a sample (50g) to:
ted product.
Art. Nr: 108750/60
Our 4-frame tangential economy extractor is perfect for more advanced hobbyists with up to 15 colonies. Art. Nr.: 108279
Foundation Rollers Aset of rollers consists of two machines: A pre-roiler and an
embossing roller. Art. Nr.: 104510/20
at
Available com ty www. swie!
BeeVital, Brereton Lodge, Goathiand, Whitby, North Yorkshire YO22 5JR, UK Tel: +44 (0)1947 896037 Fax: +44 (0)1947 896482 Email: info@beevitalpropolis.com
swien for bett
pwienty A/S
a
www.beevitalpropolis.com 19
Hortoftvej 16, Ragebal DK-6400 Senderbor,
Fax +4574 48 80 o1 www.swienty.com jill .
Bees/or Development Journal 87
AVAILABLE FROM B/D NOW AT WWW.BEESFORDEVELOPMENT.ORG
SUBMISSION OF ARTICLES
Dolly Rajuai, Programme Manager of Kenya Poverty Elimination Network (K-PEN), Nairobi
Text - Items can be sent by post or email as text or attachments in Word or .pdf format. Please make sure you explain fully any local terminology for the benefit of our
contacted Bees for Development.
international readership.
saw BfD Journal, March 2008 through the internet with a lot of admiration. We are a local NGO in Kenya working with HIV/AIDS infected people and include beekeeping in our “|
- We Images accept colour prints and digital images, saved as individual .jpg, .jpeg or .tif files. The size and resolution at which digital images are saved may make the
projects. was amazed to see the photographs of candles made from beeswax, for that is exactly what we were doing |
difference between whether we can publish or not. Digital images can be enlarged only by a few percent so images sized for website use are unlikely to be published. For best
with our groups last week.”
results please send a copy of the original image file in the form and at the size it was created by the camera.
&
lf you would like to receive B/D Journal but you cannot pay the 20 subscription fee, apply for a sponsored
PRITOS
How can we receive Bees for Development Journal?
OK-PEN
My questions are as follows:
subscription. Download an application form from our website, send an email to journalrequest@beesfordevelopment.org, or send us a letter to the address shown at the foot of this page. We need to know your name, organisation, full postal address,
email address (if any), plus a few details about your beekeeping activities. Our sponsored subscription service is available to resource-poor beekeepers, projects, and groups in
developing countries How can we get our articles and photos printed in Bees for Development Journal ? We accept articles and short reports on new or improved beekeeping techniques, information about your country, and your events. We welcome your comments and responses to articles we have published.
Our aim is to publish as much information in BfD Journal as we can. If it is not possible to include your submission
we may place it on our website. All the information material that we receive is added to our databank on
beekeeping worldwide.
Articles should be 800-1,600 words
in length and
accompanied by images. Telephone
Printed on environmentally friendly paper
info@beesfordevelopment.org
PO Box 105, Monmouth
www.beesfordevelopment.org
NP25 9AA, UK
Bees for Development 2008
Bees/orDevelopment de
+44 (0) 16007 13648
ISSN 1477-6588
