Bees for Development Journal Edition 87 - June 2008

5

ees/orvDevelopm i UE NO 87, JUNE 2008

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REDUCING WATER

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Bees/or Development Journal 87

ISSUE NO 87, JUNE 2008 Bees/orDevelopmnt

EDITORIAL THE DARWIN INITIATIVE Long ago in 1992, edition 24 of this Journal reported on The Rio Earth Summit, when the Convention on

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the UK, the Government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) launched the Darwin Initiative, to assist financially poor In

TROPICAL HONEY TODA BEEKEEPING

countries to implement the CBD. To date, the Darwin Initiative has invested 65 million (€85 million, US$124 million) in 601 projects in 146 countries.

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the branches.

More on page 10.

CONTENTS

One of these projects focuses on bees and is featured in this edition: it is the Bees, Biodiversity and Forest Livelihoods in the Nilgiri Biosphere

page

Apitrade Africa in

3

Honey legislation

3

LOLS.

4

The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

5

Reserve Project. \t is being implemented by the Keystone Foundation India, Bees for Development, University of East Anglia, and University of Reading Centre of Agri-Environmental Research, UK. The articles

Honey hunting in the Nilgiri

Biosphere ReS@IVe

6

Work opens up a different world

7

Toda beekeeping with Apis cerana

............

Trees Bees US@

Honey tree of the Cholanaickens Marikodu

—

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presented here (pages 5-13) have been edited by Ms Shiny Rehel, Keystone’s Botanist who worked here at the BfD offices in Wales in April, together with Keystone Director Ms Sneh Nath (picture

8 9

.............

typical village

12

13

News Around the

14

Bookshelf.

16

Look & Learn

18

Notice

Board...

19

HOW CaN WO?

20

Nicola Bradbear zSs

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Bees for Development Journal Published quarterly by Bees for Development.

Distributed to readers in more than 130 countries Feature Edjior Shiny Rehel MSc Editor Nicola Bradbear PhD Co-ordinator Helen Jackson BSc

Copyright: As part of our Information Service you art: weicome to translate and/or reproduce items appearing in B/D Permission is given on the understanding that: 6fD/ and author(s) are acknowledged. our contact details are provided in and you send us a copy of the item or the website it

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is used.

Bees/forDevelopment Post

PO Box 105, Monmouth NP25 9AA, UK

Phone

+44 (0)16007 13648

info@beesfordevelopment.org www.beesfordevelopment.org

—

page 4). Their visit to BfD was made possible as part of the Darwin Initiative Project, encouraging working partnerships between organisations in the UK and their collaborators in developing countries.

10

Reducing the water content of tropical NONCY

address where

SAR WIN

INITIATIVE

diversity, and for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.

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Biological Diversity (CBD) was born. CBD is now the key global instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of biological

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March 2008 the Steering Committee of ApiTrade Africa, the African honey trade network, met to review progress and further establish the In

PHOTO

APITRADE AFRICA MEETS IN NAIROBI

BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT

Bees/ov Development Journal 87

organisation. Notable achievements since the last meeting in February 2007 include registration of the organisation, representation at the Apimondia Congress in Melbourne 2007 (see BfDJ 85), completion of the Constitution and the creation of a

website.

Uganda Export Promotion Board (UEPB) has been hosting the Secretariat for ApiTrade Africa since December 2007 on an interim basis, and Ms Dorcas Zaizi has joined the Secretariat to help with administration. The meeting resolved future actions that included

finalising the membership application process, and formally launching Apilrade Africa, to be completed during 2008. UEPB was requested to continue to host the Secretariat and this was accepted. Another agreed action was the opening of a public discussion forum for interested Stakeholders to share ideas about ApiTrade Africa. To join this forum, contact the Secretariat (af the address right) for details.

On day three of the meeting, ApiTrade Africa members heard from Traidcraft, UK, who summarised findings of a recent honey market study. The Traidcraft representative highlighted the finding that while fair-trade certified honey is in high demand in Europe, the certification

process remains a significant challenge for poor producers in Africa.

On a positive note, it was reported that African and Middle East markets

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Gladness A Mkamba. Robert Ndyabarema. Beatrice Nyakunal. Dominic V N Kihwele, Pauline M Mpuya. Alice Kangave. Olivia Ligere. (front row) Dorcas Zaizi, Harun Baiya. Janet Lowore, Bosco Okello

SITE Enterprise Promotion, Kenya, generously hosted the meeting and Bees for Development thanks them for this support. Janet Lowore from Bees for Development and three delegates from Uganda participated in the meeting as part of the Comic Relief/B/D Trust Project to strengthen honey trade in Uganda.

Apitrade Africa contact details Ms Dorcas Zaizi, UEPB, Plot 22 Entebbe Road, Conrad Plaza, PO Box 5045, Kampala, Uganda

info@apitradeafrica.org

/

www.apitradeatrica.org

are demanding greater volumes of honey. These markets are relatively easy to access and offer significant commercial opportunities. For a

Further information

copy of this report follow the Traidcraft link on the Information Centre at Bees for Development's website.

Bf D website

HONEY LEGISLATION

2004/432/EC on the approval of residue monitoring plans submitted by third countries. The Commission stated that Brazil had submitted a new

UPDATE Between 2001 and 2005 annual honey consumption in the European Union (EU) increased by 1.5%. With consumer interest in healthy lifestyles rising, the consumption of health food is growing too. Honey fits in well with this trend. Developing countries supply almost half of EU honey imports.

The EU is an important producer of honey, with production growing by 2% annually between 2001 and 2005. A large part of this growth was realised in Eastern Europe, notably Hungary and Poland. Bulgaria and

Romania also significantly increased production. Due to the accession of these countries to the EU, the self-sufficiency rate of the EU increased from 54% to 61%.

Bulk imports of honey reach consumers after being packed by packers or processed by industrial users. Pre-packed honey is also imported, but seldom from developing countries. Importers usually combine the functions of importing honey with processing, blending and packing.

The EU25 imported 239 million (€338; US$458) worth of honey in 2005. CBI News Bulletin - more information ww.cbi.eu/marketinfo

BfDJ79 (June 2006) we reported on the EU embargo against Brazilian honey. In March 2008 the Commission released an Annex to Decision In

Bees for Development Journal issues 83 and 85 information centre www.beesfordevelopment.org/info

residue monitoring plan for honey. The evaluation of that plan demonstrated that Brazil again provides sufficient guarantees on its monitoring of honey for residues. In addition, an inspection visit to Brazil has revealed that substantial progress has been made by the competent authority in implementing a comprehensive residues monitoring plan, and that Brazil now complies with EU requirements.

American Bee Journal (Vol 148 No 2, February 2008) reports that as a result, Brazi! withdrew offers for the USA which had been its main market in 2007. This will have a major impact on the American honey market. Brazilian exporters predicted honey price increases of 30%, as Brazil can make more money exporting to the EU.

The list of so-called third countries — those authorised for their honey to be imported into the EU — was updated in the Annex issued on 13 March 2008. Ethiopia is now included. Countries previously included and now excluded are Belize and South Africa.

The 34 recognised countries are: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Cuba, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Pitcairn, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Tanzania, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA and Zambia.

More at www.eur-lex.europa/eu/LexUriServ

Bees/or Development Journal 87

LETTERS

5th CARIBBEAN

BEEKEEPING CONGRESS The most important event on the Caribbean

Beekeeping Calendar Georgetown GUYANA 9-14 November 2008

Thanks for the latest issue of the Journal. was interested to see Chromolaena odorata featured on page 7 though would query the entry under Apicultural value. \n Bas-Congo the plant is the most important source of honey, flowering from April to July (see page 42 in Latham, 2005 Some honey bee plants of Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo). wonder whether a mistake was made |

|

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Hosted by the Guyana Beekeepers’ Association and the Government of Guyana In

Chromolaena odorata

collaboration with the Association of Caribbean

Beekeepers’ Organizations

Congress theme Promoting organic beekeeping in Guyana and the Caribbean through strategic investment A forum for discussion and exchange of ideas and technical information for everyone involved in the beekeeping industry. Guyana is a tropical, mountainous country, still retaining vast rain forests and excellent biodiversity. This will be a unique and interesting Congress.

International delegate fee US$300 Caribbean delegate fee US$200

as there are a number of references regarding the fact that bees do not collect pollen from the flowers, only nectar (see under Eupatorium odoratum in: Crane ef al (1984) Directory of important world honey

sources and Thapa & Wongsiri (1997) Eupatorium odoratum: a honey plant for beekeepers in Thailand. Bee World 78 (4) 175-178). also have a handwritten note from Marieke Mutsaers whilst in Nigeria stating that bees do not collect pollen from this plant. |

Paul Latham Thanks to Paul for this observation - the text in Trees Bees Use, BfD Journal 86 should have read: Apicultural value: Chromolaena odorata is a good source of nectar for bees.

Semi-desert plants Thank you for sending the copies of B/D Journal and other booklets.

We will send you a report when we finish the training session.

We have a suggestion for Cabesi-Self-Help Project who featured in BfDJ 85, December 2007 - concerning their problem of the land being semi-desert. They should use vetiver grass on this !and and they can

also plant Neem trees. contact us.

Further details www.agriculture.gov.gy

If

they need more help they are welcome to

Simon Ngwainmbi, Director, BERUDEP. Belo Division, Cameroon

ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE Oth

1-4 November 2008

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an Pan

Hangzhou Zhejiang CHINA The Conference will bring together researchers, scientists, project managers, extension

Specialists, development workers, beekeepers and entrepreneurs sharing a common interest in bees, from Asia as well as Europe, America, Australia and Africa.

Papers are invited on Bee biology and

Melliferous flora.

diversity

and pollination

Beekeeping economy

Pests and

diseases

Bees and the

Products and

environment

apitherapy

Rural development and apiculture

extension

Technology equipment

Deadline for submission of abstracts 15 August 2008 (new date) Further details www.aaa2008china.com

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THE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE Kunal Sharma, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India

The Nilgiri Mountains lend their name to the first designated Biosphere Reserve of India. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) was selected to represent the bio-geographical zone of the Western Ghats. The Reserve was established in 1986 to conserve large tracts that are rich

KARNATAKA

biodiversity and to promote sustainable use of resources. in

*

Darwin Project Sites

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NBR Boundary

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kilometers

The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 5.520 km?

relationships in the past, but are now fragmented and few in number, yet culturally connected.

The richness of the Reserve has attracted many adventurers, researchers and anthropologists. The NBR is ecologically sensitive and vulnerable to

changes that threaten to engulf this fragile region. There has been much change over the past decades: large tracts of forested hills have been exploited and there have been alterations fo original land use.

The Upges

The Reserve is located in south-west India at the trijunction of the three southern states (see map): Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

The NBR completely encircles the massive Nilgiri plateau and extends over diverse ecological, geological, cultural, climatic and geographical zones. Due to the enormous diversity, there are distinct forest types and numerous endemic species. It represents one of the world’s and 684 biodiversity hotspots with more than 3,700 plant species of which 156 are endemic. The NBR includes all vertebrates

species,

the important forest types that are found in South India.

The NBR has a significant percentage of indigenous people, who depend on the natural resources for their livelinoods. The indigenous people of the Nilgiris are amongst the most ancient community groups in southern India. They are traditionally hunter-gatherers and depend on the forest for their existence. The diverse communities had co-operative

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Bees/or Development Journal 87

HONEY HUNTING

IN THE NILGIRI

BIOSPHERE RESERVE « KEYSTONE FOUNDATION

Kunal Sharma, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India

~

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Honey hunting evokes images of death-defying acts. Honey is valuable, and the process of harvesting it is fraught with danger: this has led to myths and legends, so that folklore, superstitions and stories Surround honey hunting.

The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) has a tradition of honey harvesting.

Forests here are accorded a high degree of protection, resulting in an abundance of flora and fauna. The dense forests and steep escarpments provide natural nesting places for the giant rock bees - Apis dorsata.

These are also the ancestral home of adivasis - indigenous people.

The honey hunters of NBR are renowned for their bravery and skill.

Numerous adivasi groups hunt honey and each has their own specialised methods. The A/u Kurumbas in the eastern and southern parts of the Nilgiris and in Attapady, are renowned for scaling 150 m high cliffs, while the Kasavas and /rulas are adept in harvesting large quantities of honey from giant trees. The Kattunaickens are expert hunters in and around Mudumalai and Muthanga forests, just as the

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Site for

ths honey bee

consensus among villagers.

It is now that they declare that the comb is ripe and the hunt must start. Preparation begins in earnest. Days before the harvest, the honey hunter begins to fast, praying and bathing with regularity. Any relationship with women is avoided. Observance of these

austerities varies between groups.

Jenu Kurubas are famous in Nagarhole and Mysore regions. In addition, the Cholanaickens (see pages 8 and 9) are renowned for their legendary Skills in the New Amarambalam Region, using basic equipment to scale

Adivasis worship their gods before setting out. Spirits are accorded special status during this period, as there is a belief that disturbing or angering the spirits can lead to an unsuccessful hunt or even a death.

high trees and cliffs.

Although geographically adjacent, the groups have formed specialised skills that differentiate one group from the other. For example

The village priest is consulted and it is he who fixes the date and time for the harvest. He conducts a puja invoking the gods and ancestors, praying for their blessings. This signals the start of the entire honey

Kurumbas and frulas often share the same village but one is an expert on rock hunting while the other is a master of scaling trees. This has resulted in specific ‘honey territories’ and locally adapted methods of

to the bees to leave their combs so that honey can be collected, beseeching them to return to bring forth the blossoms in the forest and

hunting process. The honey collecting ritual also includes an invocation

collection.

fields. Traditionally certain cliffs have been venerated and marked as sacred — there is no harvesting of honey from bees nesting on those

Methods, rituals and superstitions

Cliffs.

When honey hunting starts, legends, rituals and superstitions play an important part. The actual time for hunting is usually reached by

Preparations for honey collection take place by estimating the height of the cliff or tree and getting the climbing gear ready. Usually for a cliff

Ltareeris

MaVOSHNG

Sides,

: :

Bees/or Development Journal 87

HONEY HUNTING IN THE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE

hunt, a rope ladder has to be made from forest vines using fresh fibre. A bundle of dried twigs are tied together with a cover of green leaves, to

buckets or tins and the honey drained from the comb.

Keystone has made interventions with these people in the fields of sustainable harvesting, hygienic filtration and processing of the honey, quality parameters, improved marketing and value addition.

make the smoker. Baskets are made of bamboo. High trees are climbed by either cutting steps into the bark, or tying a bamboo pole on to the tree trunk. Variations in these methods exist across the different

communities.

Honey hunting takes place late in the evening or early morning, when the sun is not bright. Thick chunks of honey comb are collected in

until

|

web store ai www beestodevelopment org

started work as the research assistant

for this Project. Now having worked with the honey hunters, know how their work is done. |

also know the forest well and have gained good knowledge of the tree species in this location. understand the species composition of the different forest types, and have learnt that this composition contributes to the ecosystem.

before.

have learnt research techniques and how to collect data. My interest in doing the jab has increased my skills. The job has broadened

He has learned research methodologies, and beekeeping and nursery techniques. He has Started to learn how to use a computer and enter data. He is learning about the

|

|

my horizons and given me opportunities to attend local festivals and gatherings. find the

work enjoyable and interesting, and a whole new world has opened up for me’.

relationship between people and the forest.

He has had exposure to many places, many different people and different lifestyles.

Translation from the original Kannada

Shiny Rehel in conversation with Aradukutian

|

language by Shiny Rehel

A NEW LOOK TO LIFE Aradukuttan is employed as the Field Assistant by Keystone Foundation with the

EXPERIENCE SHARING WITH MAHADESH

Bees, Biodiversity and Forest Livelihoods

Mahadesh works as a research assistant at Keystone Foundation with the Darwin Initiative

Aradukuttan belongs to the Toda community, who have a pastoral culture. Their livelihoods

Bees, Biodiversity and Forest Livelihoods Reserve. He is Project in the Nilgiri Biosphere in from the Sholiga community Pulinjur Village, Chamrajnagar District.

are centred on their buffaloes and their milk.

Project.

past, the Toda community lived in huts shaped like barrels and made of a specific In the

species of thatch grass, bamboo reeds, branches of specific tree species and plenty of rattan canes. Today Aradukuttan lives in a house made of brick and cement, built by the

‘At the start, had no knowledge of honey bees or any of the other human indigenous communities of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. |

|

have now gained information on both. Also,

had little knowledge about honey hunting

|

village people. Previously when he saw honey comb he would harvest the honey and eat it.

Now although he does the same, he will look to see what kind of bee species it is. He is also able to differentiate the queen, worker and drone bees, which he could not do

|

Ky

Initiative Project for almost two years and he shares the information he has learned with his

government.

Aradukuttan has been part of the Darwin

7

KEYSTONE FOUNRATION

WORK OPENS UP A DIFFERENT

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by Keysione rourdalion and avallalile from the

PHOTOS

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Bees/or Development Journal 87

NATURE CONSERVATION IS A THREAD WOVEN WELL THROUGH FOREST BEEKEEPING Robert Leo, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India During particular months, honey is collected fram nests of Apis cerana in the forests. Different methods are used to collect honey, that is either as a food, for ritual or for marketing. Traditional practices and

indigenous knowledge include great care for the cavity-nesting honey bee species, Apis cerana.

The different indigenous communities have given the cavities used by Apis cerana various names. In the Nilgiris, the nesting cavity is called

sirf by the Kurumba tribe, pieru by the Toda, kaimane by lrula people and theivaai by the Kattunaickan community. These cavities are regarded as an asset of the common man. Numbers of these cavities are managed by several generations of indigenous families.

Conservation is not about only quarding the ecosystem but also involves understanding the rich diversity, living mechanisms, seasonal

cyclic changes and growth. A Toda beekeeper looks at their bees from all these angles — understanding the bees very well. The colonies are either nesting in a natural cavity in a tree trunk or in enlarged cavities made by Todas. When the monsoon ends at the beginning of November, a Toda makes a journey into the sho/a woodland to clean up cavities and seal the entrances with pieces of stone, leaving holes for small entrances for bees. These are called cap stones. Apis cerana bees the the the end of November. The bees accept the occupy cavities by the Toda. housing provided by

When plants show new buds and shoots, it is time for the second journey to observe the nest and collect one or two newly built combs for a ritual. The Toda greets the bees and inspects the honey store.

Later, in

and March, when the

is

only

February honey ripe, the honey: combs are collected and usually taken home for sharing with the family.

Some of the honey is sold in the local market.

Todi

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As the monsoon intensifies by mid June, the bees migrate to lower elevations and the Todas’ honey season is over for the year. Today, Todas regret that their forests are being disturbed by outside people.

Some of these unknown intruders raid their colonies and take away the — thus disturbing the colony and making the bees honey and brood

defensive. In some cases, traditionally owned areas are now designated as protected and state control prohibits this practice of honey collection.

We have a lot to learn from these communities about the ecology of the bees and the forests. However our immediate concern is whether this tradition will survive.

Toda areas, sacred forest groves harbour many nests. These forests are thick and are not disturbed by gathering of fire wood and other In

Further reading

Todas of the Nilgiti Hills.

B/D Journal 52

Honey Trails in the Blue Mountains. Keystone Foundation

“PEE

ATION

requirements for domestic life. The trees are not cut or disturbed, even if a tree dies. Good melliferous plants are protected in the vicinity. The stories, songs, legends about bees and their nesting cavities help promote this tradition

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TREES BEES USE

SWEET TAMARIND

»FLYSTOHE FOUNDATION

|

Pithecellobium dulce Robert Leo, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India Apicultural value The flowers are visited frequently by honey bees Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, Apis florea and stingless bees 7rigona spp. Practical experience shows that the honey flow is quick and high when colonies are located near the trees during peak blooming. The flower yields thin, white honey and provides a good volume of pollen. Therefore Pithecellobium dulce is a good source of nectar and pollen for bees.

Names Botanical name Pithecellobium dulce In

Tamil: Kodukapuli

Other names: Manila tamarind, Sweet

tamarind

Family Mimosaceae

Description Grows from coastal region to 1,200 m above sea level, in open dry lands. It is a highly drought resistant and fast growing tree, widely grown as a hedge and wind break.

Pithecellobium dulce is indigenous to tropical America and widely cultivated there as well as in Asia.

Botanical description Pithecellobium dulce is an armed tree, 15-18 m high, with dense foliage that is soft

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ey

Habitat

The fruit has a mild flavour.

Propagation

Flowers: cream coloured, bisexual, in spikes, terminal or axiliary. it flowers twice a year: April to June and in October to November.

Propagated by seed. Seeds are recalcinate and have a high germination rate. They can be directly planted in pits or raised in nursery

Seeds: 7-8 seeds, black in colour, orbicular

bags and planted after six months.

with white aril.

and fibrous.

Bark: shiny, grey bark also with spikes.

Leaves: alternate, pinnate two pairs, oblong-

oblanceolate, petiole spine erect.

Fruits: strap shaped pod, circinate, turgid.

Uses The fruit are eaten raw and used in beverages and garnishing. Pithecellobium dulce is an excellent fodder tree for cattle.

What plants do your bees use?

Send details to BfD, address on page 2.

Below: (left) The fruits: (centre) Seeds with aril: (right) Seeds

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THE HONEY TREES OF THE

CHOLANAICKENS

Saneesh C S, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India

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Making homes for bees Forest and rocks are sacred to the Cholanaicken people as they believe that the Maladeivam (God of hills) lives in the forest. The Cholanaicken do not harvest honey from sacred rocks. The Thali varai is one such rock, acting like a gene pool for the bees. Honey is widely consumed in this region and it is important to understand the honey hunting process.

Elderly people are skilled in attracting honey bees to the bee-nesting trees. They look for trees on hill slopes, where the wind is not strong.

The people endeavor to make these trees visible to the bees by clearing plants around the trees, making way for the bees to land.

Tetrameles nudiflora (cheeni), Wrightia tinctoria (pala), Lagerstroemia microcarpa (venteak) and Sfereospermum colais (poopathiri) are some of the trees used by Apis dorsata honey bees for nesting. These trees are well branched, and usually the bees nest midway along these branches. The honey hunter stands on these branches during honey harvesting (April-June), and collects the honey combs.

Acquiring the skills The Cholanaickens learn honey hunting skills from their parents. At an early age, children accompany the hunters when honey harvesting, and

A Cholanaicken family in their cave home

timber forest products The also during collection non (NTFPs). the skills the process through watching children learn during carefully.

A consists of the honey hunting group 7-8 men, although number varies depending upon the number of colonies to be harvested. The senior members of the honey hunting team tie the bamboo ladders (poles) to of

(pala), Xylia xylocarpa (irul) and Helicteres isora (edampiri valam piri).

The person who finds the honey tree makes an incision in the bark at a eight of about 130 crn or where it is visible to others. Then the person places fresh leaves in a vertical position on the bark. They make the mark on the bark of the tree in case they do not find fresh leaves of shrubs. When the honey is mature they will harvest it. Because they respect their traditions and rituals, no one would dare to collect honey belonging to another person. There have been cases of deaths caused by the violation of this traditional law.

the honey the climb them. By about the age of 20, tree and youngsters a man is skilled to climb any tree and safely harvest honey from

young

an Apis dorsata colony.

Ownership of trees

Hereditary ownership. This gives ancestral right to collect honey from a particular tree. Tetrameles nudiffora (cheeni), Wrightia tinctoria (pala), Lagerstroemia microcarpa (venteak) and Stereospermum colais (poopathiri) are trees where Apis dorsata often build nests. Hereditary ownership applies to most of these trees with a clear understanding within the community as to which family each tree belongs.

There are two kinds of ownership of honey trees:

Temporary ownership. When the Cholanaicken go for NTFPs collection in the forest, they may find honey bee colonies in tree cavities or in termite mounds. Whoever spots the comb puts a mark on the tree with a bunch of fresh leaves of Strobilanthes ciliatus (kurinji). Wrightia sp

Small S208

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10

4

HONEY TREES OF THE CHOLANAIKENS

Features of a honey tree A tree which is well branched and strong. e

A tree that stands in open space but with little disturbance from the wind. the bees cannot build combs against wind.

A tree with branches that face west:

people say that

bees like the evening sunlight. *

e

A tree that is not growing next to a weak tree.

Ariverine tree: some bees make nests on the banks of the stream or river.

A

tree under which there is low undergrowth:

bees

select clear standing trees. *

A tree that regularly attracts bees, even though flowering plants may be far away.

Usually, as the tree has ownership of the bees, the whole family takes part in honey collection. Women do not climb trees, but can be seen lighting the smokers, preparing the pots, squeezing the honey combs and filtering honey into the traditional containers made from large bamboo poles. Children often wait below, watching their fathers climb to bring the harvest down. According to the Cholanaickens, there are different types of Apis dorsafa bees — some make nests on bushes and

fallen trees, about 2 m above the ground. These are called pontha thenu and they are usually eaten by bears, before the people can get them.

Other nesting sites and bee types are described by local people.

This documentation of indigenous knowledge clearly explains the link between people, forests and especially with bees. The faith, belief and imagination of these people are summed up in the following account, told to us by a senior Cholanaicken: “We believe that the bees kick on the branch to see the strength of their nesting places. The honey bee asks the tree can you bear our whole family of bees, our wax, our property (honey and pollen), one poani kayar (rope used to bring down the honey), kotta (basket), knife and a man? If the tree agrees, they settle on the tree”.

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MARIKODU T A

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Priya, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India

typical

village PHOTOS

+

'

Marikodu is a tribal village located in the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, South India. The name Marikodu means Mari - cattle and kodu - boundary.

The villagers are hesitant and shy and do not talk much with strangers. They belong to the Kurumba tribal communities found in Nilgiris. The Kurumbas are excellent honey hunters. Marikodu has an area of 40 acres of landholding, surrounded by the forest which is rich in diversity. They have a sacred

grove in their village where outsiders are not permitted to enter. The people collect medicinal plants from the vicinity of the sacred grove.

An elderh jaa, in

front of her house in Mato

Forested vgllL

The people who live in this village are all related to each other. Forty years ago there were 70 families, whereas now there are only five

In

families living in the village. It is said that the decline in the number of villagers was due to the outbreak of cholera. The villagers do not have brick built houses - they live in thatched houses that they construct themselves.

outsiders.

the last year, the author's experience, observing the village during is a typical tribal village, devoid of much conflict from Marikodu

The main occupations for most of the families are involvement in honey hunting and millet cultivation. The men collect honey during April to

July. They collect honey from Apis cerana, Apis dorsata and Apis florea honey bees. During the honey harvest from Apis dorsata, the men in the village form groups and live in the forest for two to three days before returning with the honey harvest. People also collect firewood, green leaves and medicinal plants from the forest for their household consumption. Men and women are involved in the collection of non timber forest products (NTFPs) from the forest. Due to wildlife conflicts their village, most villagers are not involved in agricultural practices, except for one family. The crops are organically grown. The rest of the in

villagers have waged work

in nearby tea

KEYSTONE FOUNDATION

TTT

estates.

The issue faced by the villagers is the transformation of the forest areas that surround the village into tea estates. Due to lack of education and

awareness, the village people are ignorant of their rights.

Priya, author ol tits ante:

12

PRACTICAL BEEKEEPING

REDUCING THE WATER CONTENT OF TROPICAL HONEY

KEYSTONE FOUNDATION

Bees/or Development Journal 87

Robert Leo, Keystone Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India Honey is a delicate food and medicine.

It

is sensitive to heat and light

and can become contaminated during collection, handling and storage.

Honey harvest and selling is an important livelihood activity and is

bound with social and cultural links amongst most indigenous people.

Traditionally in the Nilgiris, honey is harvested from Apis dorsata (malai thein), Apis cerana (adukkuthein), Apis florea (kombuthein) and Trigona spp (kosuntheins pp). These bees have specific seasons and there are numerous methods of harvesting their honey. In recent years the honey quality has varied due to changes in cropping patterns, global climate changes, restriction on collection rights, and sharing of resources

amongst peopie.

One of the main issues with honey harvested from the wild is the moisture content. These honeys have moisture levels ranging from

20%-28% which leads to fermentation and loss

in

quality. The presence Hi

of impurities in honey hastens the fermentation process.

ilies

fu

We use a water bath (passive heating) to reduce the water content in the honey. As the consistency of honey varies, this method has its limitations in spreading the heat uniformly. Even though stirring is

Wath

advised, there are chances for a portion of honey to become over

experience with honey, indigenous ways of collection and hive beekeeping, we have a wide knowledge of the properties of honey in terms of colour, taste, flavour, consistency, crystallisation and the

heated.

origins of honey from the different honey bee species.

number of honey processing machines available in In India there are the market that all function at high temperatures with rapid cooling systems. High temperature is the critical factor. Naturally honey bees

The design of our water content reduction chamber is still being tested.

Preliminary results are good and we are working to calculate its cost,

a

efficiency, viability and sustainability. Water content has been reduced by up to 4.6% in 8-9 hours for 100 kg of honey.

store their produce at a temperature of 35°C and heating of honey above this temperature reduces the quality.

We wish to share these early results and will soon be able to make several such machines for community projects and efforts in south and

Keeping these issues in mind, Keystone has been working on developing a water content reduction chamber. After 15 years of

HONEYS OF THE WORLD

PARIS GOURMET DIPLOMAS 2008

More than 200 superb quality honeys, dried fruits and oils from around the world were entered for the 2008 Agence pour la Valorisation des Produits Agricoles (AVPA) Contest. All the products were displayed at

Cashew honey: Association Wend Pouiré, Burkina Faso

the Foods and Goods Show in Paris where the jury determined the

AVPA

south-east Asia, where honey is harvested from Apis dorsata.

Eucalyptus honey: Teriya Bugu, Mali

winners. The jury panel were experienced honey judges and were charmed by the quality of each of the honeys.

Shea tree honey: Association Wend Pouiré, Burkina Faso

African and Réunion Island honeys had great success. They really deserve to be better known by the general public. France Miel gathered a beautiful display of honeys from various French and Chilean

Mango honey: Association Wend Pouiré, Burkina Faso

provinces.

MEDALS OF EXCELLENCE

Wild flower honey: La ferme d'Erembéré, New Caledonia

Acacia honey: Apicoltura Gran Paradiso, Italy

Honey of a thousand Camargue flowers: Délices au Miel, France

Burkina Faso Fucalyptus honey: Association Wend Pouiré, Lavender honey: Délices au Miel, France

Mountain (summer) honey: Les miels de Dominique, Cyprus Orange tree honey: Kysma, Morocco

Litchi honey: ADA, Réunion Island Délices au Miel, France Honey of a thousand wild flowers:

Rhododendron honey: Azienda Apistica Mario Bianco, Italy

All flowers honey: Kysma, Morocco

Rhododendron honey: Apicoltura Gran Paradiso, Italy All flower honey: API-UNA, Costa Rica

Claire Cosson, 13

AVPA

Bees/or Development Journal 87 |

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NEWS AROUND THE WORLD GHANA

THE GAMBIA

and 10 top-bar hives made of cement.

Nkoranza and Techiman Districts are gradually becoming pesticide polluted areas. This called

Sifoe Kafo Farm Beekeeping Association and the Gunjur Environmental Protection and

The trainees viewed the workings of a colony through the window of the centre’s glass hive.

Development Group collaborated to train 16 residents of Gunjur Village in beekeeping skills, for two weeks in January 2008.

They learned to differentiate between workers, drones, and the queen. Night time visits were made to Sifoe Kafo’s apiary to practise hive

|

for a suitably appropriate system for handling pesticides to safeguard our bee industry. In

November 2007, in Nkoranza District we held a workshop to discuss: *

*

Integrated pest management as a better alternative to pesticides

Mr Modou Joof of the National Beekeepers Association of The Gambia, remarked on the

Use of pesticide as the last resort

importance of beekeeping to the environment, to agriculture and to help alleviate poverty in

|dentification of pesticides, dosage and

The Gambia.

their proper application.

Various stakeholders were present including agro-input dealers, extension agents, banks and environmentalists. Our next meeting will

Training included the history, theory, ecological and practical aspects of beekeeping. Participants were taught how to

build, bait, place and maintain their own hives.

Trainees constructed 22 wooden top-bar hives

inspection, cleaning, grass removal, and honey harvesting.

Present at the closing ceremony on 12 January were representatives of the Alikalo and Imam of Sifoe, the Gunjur Council of Elders, the

chairman of the Gunjur Village Development Committee, and Mr Farmara Conteh, representing project donor, the World Bank.

Manjiki Jabang

discuss honey marketing.

Daniel Yando

HUNGARY Loss of bees: During 2007 at least 25% of the bee population has been lost due to bad weather. Hungary contributes 15% of the total

UGANDA Honey harvest for Rwakicunduro Beekeepers’ Association: The Association was founded in a membership of 15 men, women and children. Beekeepers use local hives

2004 and has

and harvest about 60 litres of honey per person, per season. Sent by Abeinomugisha Enoth

honey production within the European Union (EU). The annual harvest is 20,000-25,000 tonnes and 75% is exported. Mr Péter Bross,

President of the Hungarian National Association of Beekeepers, said that 2008 will surely not be a good year and recalled that in 2007, Argentina, one of the world’s largest honey

producers, had the worst harvest for 100 years.

He reassured consumers within the EU that they would not feel these losses either in an increase in the price of Hungarian honey, or with low quality or false honey appearing in the market.

Source: www.agroinformacion.com Honey factory closed: Hungary’s largest honey processing plant in Dunavarsany has been closed on suspicion of diluting its products following an investigation by food safety inspectors, the Customs and Finance Guard and the tax authority APEH. The swoop was part of a series of raids on honey manufacturers across

Edepu Dan Egoriait (below) gives practical advice in the training session on harvesting, processing, packing and marketing of honey for Asianut Beekeepers’ Group. This was held in March and was supported by the Teso Private Sector Development Centre. In Teso region, honey yields are 4-8 tonnes per harvest from frame hives. Good production from top-bar hives (2-3 tonnes) means a total of 6-11 tonnes of liquid honey is possible.

Pest County.

Chief veterinary officer, Miklés Stith, speaking on Inforadié last Tuesday, explained that documentation and equipment discovered at the

Aranynektar Kft factory in Dunavarsany provided Strong grounds for suspicion that the company has been bulking up its produce with syrups.

The quality of the honey sold in Hungary was called into question last May when an independent laboratory analysis commissioned by beekeepers found that 70% of the honey on supermarket shelves had been adulterated in

some way.

Source: www.budapesttimes.hu 28 April 2008

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Bees/or Development Journal 87

AVAILABLE FROM

LOOK AHEAD ARGENTINA APIMONDIA 42nd International Apicultural

Congress Takes place in 2011, Buenos Aires Dates and details will appear here

BHUTAN 2nd International Beekeeping Congress 19-21 August 2008, Thimpu

Further details iocbhutan@gmail.com

BRAZIL

BfD NOW AT WWW.BEESFORDEVELOPMENT.ORG

INDIA Bees, Biodiversity and Livelihoods Conference

27-29 March 2009, Conoor, The Nilgiris

on our website send details to

Further details www.beesfordevelopment.org

Bees for Development, PO Box 105, Monmouth, NP25 SAA. UK. E-mail

ITALY

info@beesfordevelopment.org

Apimedica & Apiquality International Forum 9-12 June 2008, Rome Further details www.apimedica.org

MEXICO APIMONDIA: 2nd World Symposium of queen bee breeders

15-19 October 2008, Nuevo Vallata Further details www.apimondia.org

Congresso Brasileiro: XVII Apicultura & Ill

Meliponicultura 4-9 June 2008, Belo Horizonte

Uses of Honey 10-12 November 2008, Lahore Further details www.honeyconference.com

www.apacame.org.br/eventos.htm

BULGARIA 1st Apimondia Honeydew Symposium

1-3 August 2008, Burgas Further details bogi@gmx.ch

9th Congreso iberolatinoamericano de

Apicultura Further delails www.apicongresso.com

CHINA 1-4 November 2008, Hangzhou, Zhe jiang Further details page 4

FRANCE APIMONDIA 41st International Apicultural

Congress 15-20 September 2009, Montpellier Further details www.apimondia2009.com

GERMANY 2ND OIE Symposium of bee diseases

- Diagnosis

and control

26-28 August 2008, Freiburg Further details.

www.deehealth. info

GUYANA 5th Caribbean Beekeeping Congress 9-14 November 2008, Georgetown

Further details page 4

Interested in beekeeping as a means to reduce poverty in developing countries?

Looking to learn more? Join our One Day Training Programme

good beekeeping practice 11-14 September 2008, Bucharest

www.beesfordevelopment.org

FINLAND International workshop: queen rearing

SOUTH AFRICA 6-12 July 2008, Durban Further details www.ice2008.org.za

3-12 August 2008, Mikkeli Further delails

kamran.fakhimzadeh@helsinki.fi

IRELAND

Beekeeping Fair 30-31 May 2008, Moshi, Kilimanjaro Further details envirocare_2002@yahoo.com 3rd National Honey Show Last week, September 2008, Dodoma

Further details www.tanzaniahoney.org

UK

Irish Beekeepers’ Summer School 21-26 July 2008, Gormanston Further details www. irishbeekeeping.ie

KENYA 2008 Baraka College 7-13 September: Introduction to beekeeping 22-28 June: Bee breeding and multiplication

80th MSWC Convention

3-9 August: Bee products processing 17-23 August and 28 September — 4 October:

5-7 September 2008, Abergavenny

Making beekeeping equipment

Further details www.beeconference.org.uk

Further details www.apiconsult.com

EurBee3

8-11 September 2008, Belfast Further details www.eurbee.org National Honey Show 30 October - November 2008, Weybridge

Bees for Development can arrange tailormade beekeeping study tours and visits.

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We are grateful to all the individuals, beekeeping associations, groups and

companies who support our work. Please encourage your friends and colleagues to help.

We promise to use your contributions wisely and effectively to help alleviate poverty and preserve biodiversity, by means of bees and beekeeping.

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NOTICE BOARD SEEKING ASSISTANCE

Swienty

Bee for Life Family Project is looking for donors to support their efforts to assist beekeepers in Teso Region, eastern Uganda. The aim is to provide a guaranteed market to beekeepers: the lack of

Specialist for beekeeping, honeyhouse and honey processing — worldwide.

domestic market for honey has made beekeeping activities dormant here. The Project is working hard to develop the beekeeping industry hoping to bring income to rural communities living in poverty. We are seeking grant support of US$310,000. /f you can help, please contact us through BFD. Omutoj Patrick, Project Manager.

RESEARCH FUNDING IFS calls for applications for research grants from young scientists

in

developing countries see www.ifs.se

PROJECT FUNDING FAO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, supports beekeeping projects in developing countries. Beekeepers’ groups and associations may apply for small project funding of up to US$10,000 from the TeleFood Special Fund. Request documents should include a brief description of the project’s objectives, the proposed food production or income-generating activities, the work plan, the number of participants, a detailed list of inputs with cost estimates and the reporting arrangements. Submit your request to the office of FAO or UNDP in your country. See www.fao.org and inform BfD of the outcome of your application.

APIACTA For the beekeeper and bee scientist Apiacta the Apimondia Journal.

Available online from www.apimondia.org

BEE CRAFT A full colour monthly magazine for beginners and experts alike covering all aspects of beekeeping in the UK and Ireland. 22 for 12 issues (one year). Credit cards accepted. For free sample copy and overseas fates contact secretary@bee-craft.com

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saw BfD Journal, March 2008 through the internet with a lot of admiration. We are a local NGO in Kenya working with HIV/AIDS infected people and include beekeeping in our “|

- We Images accept colour prints and digital images, saved as individual .jpg, .jpeg or .tif files. The size and resolution at which digital images are saved may make the

projects. was amazed to see the photographs of candles made from beeswax, for that is exactly what we were doing |

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with our groups last week.”

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