AT1.1 WORKBOOK

NAME : ROSABELLA ZUNTIVAI MOBIJOHN STUDENT I.D : 7185569 ASSIGNMENT TITLE : WORKBOOK-COMPARATIVE STUDIES MODULE : AT1.1 ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY MODULE CODE : ARCS446 SUBMISSION DATE : 8TH JANUARY 2018 LECTURER : ANNA PEPE

Table of Contents Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………… 1 Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Chapter 1 : Selected Building Type……………………………………….………………….. 2 1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….………………….. 2

1.2 Building Construction…………………………………………………………………….. 3

1.3 Building Services………………………………………………………………………….. 4

Chapter 2 : Case Study……………………………………………….………………………… 5 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 5

2.2 Main Problems…………………………………..………………………………………… 5

2.3 Sub Problems……………………………………………………………………………… 5

Chapter 3 : Which four construction materials has the most advantage and least disadvantages and which will be the most cost effective, durable and structurally the strongest?…………………………………………………………………,………………… 6 3.1 Timber…………………………………………………………………….………………… 6

3.1.1 Advantages……………………………………………………………….…………. 6-7

3.1.2 Disadvantages………………………………………………….……….…..………… 7

3.2 Concrete……………………………………………………………………….……………. 7

3.2.1 Advantages………………………………………………………………….………… 7

3.2.2 Disadvantages…………….………………………………………………………..… 8

3.3 Steel Frame…………………….…………………………………….…………………..… 8

3.3.1 Advantages………………………………………………………………………….… 8

3.3.2 Disadvantages………………………………………………………………………… 8

3.4 Masonry………………………………………………………………………………….…. 9

3.4.1 Advantages…………………………….……………………………………………… 9

3.4.2 Disadvantages………………………………………………………………………… 9

Chapter 4 : Hypothesis………………………………………………………………….……… 9 4.1 Most advantages and least disadvantages construction material………..………… 9

4.2 Most cost effective construction material………………………………………….… 10

4.3 Most durable and structurally strongest………………………………………….…… 10

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..………….. 10 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………… 12

Acknowledgment I would like to express my very great appreciation to my tutor, Ms. Anna Pepe and all the other tutors in this module that has given me valuable lectures and information. Your willingness to give your time, constant supervisions and assistance so generously has been very much appreciated. Furthermore, my thanks and appreciation goes to the people who had willingly helped me with their abilities.

Executive Summary This report is a comparative study of Concrete, Timber, Steel & Masonry Buildings. The building type that chosen to further study on is the extension to the University of Applied Sciences in Kuchl. This building type was chosen because it gave a state-of-the art examples of both architectural and technological of timber construction applications.

Furthermore, all necessary information has been gathered for this case study such as, photos, technical drawings, and other information on materials, construction and design in general.

The objective of this study is to analyse the specific case study, in the light of what was learned about on the specific building type, comparing it to the remaining building types.

Hence, this case study is a comparison between timber, concrete, steel and masonry by comparing the selected building types factors such us, advantages, disadvantages, cost eectiveness, resilience, and more. Therefore, a case study is done to see which material is more superior than the other.

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Chapter 1: Selected Building Type

1.1 Introduction The new compact building is connected to the existing building by a glazed walkway made of glass, creating an L shaped figure. With its excellent insulation, It has been confirmed that the building, whose facilities is Austria’s first institution of higher education to implement passive house technology.

Furthermore, timber is conceived almost everywhere in the structure, in the cladding and in the finish of the building. However, the staircase is made out of concrete which is for fire protection purposes, is the only exception. The facade of the building are crosslaminated timber which consists of four layers of prefabricated strips which extends the height of the structure. Narrow lines and an architectural design of the facade portrays the impression of lightness. All main rooms are faced at north-east, whereas the access corridor and staircase are located at the south-west side of the building. Finally, the drawing classroom which is located on the ground floor is the only room that stretches the entire depth and therefore receiving natural daylight from two sides.

Exterior and Interior of the building

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1.2 Building construction The columns in the facade are connected by rails which are at table level to reduce the original length of the columns. Whereas the inner row of the columns is at the height of the door lintel. In contrast to the close end walls which are made out of cross laminated timber, the long sides of the building facing north-east and south-west are almost entirely glazed. The framed facade are set out in horizontal window ribbons and made out of composition aluminium and untreated white pine, incorporated with passive house certified windows with triple glazing to it.

construction process

Furthermore, the parapets that are in between the building are conceived as highly insulated timber components. An exterior-mounted structure which is made out of horizontal untreated white pine battens is specially designed to accentuate the shading of some parts of the glass facade. Though it filters the sunlight that goes through the glass, the view out of the forecourt can still enjoyed. However, the distributions of the horizontal untreated white pine battens is based on formal and compositional aspects, rather than the requirements for solar protection. Due to strong winds in Austria, the remaining of the glazed surfaces are made without exterior-mounted shading devices. However, interior roller blinds have been fitted despite the fact that they are less eďŹƒcient.

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1.3 Building Services In the form of wood chip, the heating system in the building is run on renewable energy.

The heat is distributed evenly by the supply air, without having to use additional radiators.

In addition to air filtration and heat distribution, the mechanical ventilation unit is fitted with an evaporation cooler which is specially designed to cool it in the summer and humidify the air in the winter. Lastly, the air ducts are concealed by a suspended, perforated ceiling structure, which helps fulfilling the acoustic requirements for sound absorption in the building.

Building Data Use Education : University of Applied Science in Kuchl Areas gloss for area (GFA)

1886m²

floor space index (FGA) 0.92

treated floor area (TFA)

1510m²

gross volume (V)

7940m3

thermal envelope area (A)

1633m²

A/V ratio

0.21

roof

0.110 W/m²K

wall

0.120 W/m²K

base slab

0.100 W/m²K

window: (U -value)

0.850 W/m²K

glass-to-area ratio (glass/ TFA)

39%

Energy Performance Data

Alternative Calculation Method

space heat demand

10 kWh/m²a

heat load

16.02 W/m²

primary energy

117.2 kWh/m²a

ventilation system

central

heat provision ratio

85%

blower-door test 1/h (50pa)

0.6

district heat / biomass

sollar collectors (coverage rate)

-

U-Values [W/m²K]

Heat Supply System energy carrier

photovoltaic plant

The table above illustrates the data of the building

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Chapter 2: Case Study 2.1 Introduction The selection of construction materials has inevitably been a topic of discussion amongst the construction industry as well as a big issue amongst self-builders, comparing the relative merits of the four most common building materials which are, timber, concrete, steel frame and, masonry. Of course, everyone wants to find the best of the best materials with the most advantages that will not damage the environment. For example, low cost, durability, sustainability and many more. All of these technologies has advanced more than a decade, affected by civilisation, climate, and the mechanical advances and experience of the general public that uses it.

2.2 Main Problems A variety of materials are being utilised all over the world. The argument is, what are the reasons behind different utilisation of construction materials in the industry in countries all over the world. There must be one prevalent material and reason why it is being utilised between the four materials.

A comparative investigation ought to be done keeping in mind the end goal to figure out which material will protrude above the rest of them.

2.3 Sub Problems

• • • •

Which four construction materials has the most advantage and least disadvantages

Between the four, which construction materials is most sustainable?

Between the the four, which construction materials is more cost effective?

Between the four, which construction materials will be most resilient and strong in structure?

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Chapter 3 : Which four construction materials has the most advantage and least disadvantages and which will be the most cost effective, durable and structurally the strongest?

Introduction Cost plays a big role in construction. However, costs rise up due to construction speed and the insignificant utilisation of machinery.

Other factors that impact the cost,

• Site preparation

• Income : due to construction speed, materials should be acquired in immense volumes.

Moderate instalment cripplingly affects the whole process of construction.

• Easy accessibility to construction location, electricity, water and sewage points.

• Security to prevent the stealing of materials.

An analysed comparison is to done by comparing the advantages, disadvantages, cost effective, durability, and structurally the strongest among timber, concrete, steel frame and masonry.

3.1 Timber Timber is a versatile construction material. It has aways been a popular material used.

However, in this era of globalisation with concerns over global deforestation, people are questioning whether they should continue using it.

3.1.1 Advantages

• Renewable : Timber is biodegradable. “Wood is the solution to green housing”, indicated by environmentalist.

• Reusable and effortless recycling method.

• Strength : Timber framings are exceptionally solid.

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• Speed: Timber construction can be build easily and fast in contrast to masonry, steel or concrete construction.

• Cost effective

• Excellent Insulator : Brick house also known to have excellent insulation properties, but timber transcends them.

• Aesthetic Appeal : Timber is a beautiful material interiorly and exteriorly in appearance.

3.1.2 Disadvantages

• Fire resistance : Timber is highly combustable

• Has the ability to mould.

• The possibility of insect infestation.

3.2 Concrete Made from hardened cement, concrete has been utilised for everything from carports to building homes. Be that as it may, as innovation propels, concrete has not remained the end-all instrument for building. It has an assortment of burdens that ought to be considered before using.

3.2.1 Advantages

• Low cost of maintenance.

• Fair weather and fire resistance.

• Requires less skilled labor for the erection of the structure.

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3.2.2 Disadvantages

• • • • •

Strength : Possess low tensile strength.

All structures made from it will crack at one point.

Low thermal conductivity.

Weight : Very heavy compared to its strength

Easily corrodes when exposed to seawater.

3.3 Steel Frame “ Skeleton frame ” is known as a building technique used from steel frames. The development of this technique made the construction of skyscrapers possible.

3.3.1 Advantages

• • • • • • •

High strength, durability, lightweight, flexibility and corrosive resistance.

Needs less structural support, secure structures and maintained structure.

No insect and organisms infestation.

Less risk of damage in an earthquake.

Fire-resistant.

Inanimate : Will not decay, or deform.

Recyclable.

3.3.2 Disadvantages

• • • • •

Less energy-efficient.

High-cost.

Complicated building method.

Heavy and therefore expensive to transport.

May lose it malleability under certain conditions.

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3.4 Masonry The construction done by the use of brick, stone, tile, etc is termed as masonry. It is one of the key construction used because of its advantages.

3.4.1 Advantages

• • • •

Provides good fire protection and is heat resistant

Well crafted appearance can convey an impression of solidity.

High compressive strength

The utilisation of materials, for example, block and stone will expand the building mass warmth giving expanded solace in the summer heat and winter cold and is perfect for applications of solar.

3.4.2 Disadvantages

• Must be built on a strong foundation because of its heavy weight.

• Outrageous climate causes corruption of masonry due to frost damage.

Chapter 4 : Hypothesis There are many different construction methods assigned to contractors who will have different methods when it comes to constructing a building. Due to these two factors and more, it will not be appropriate to study based on one particular design.

4.1 Most advantages and least disadvantages construction material Steel frame has the majority of advantages . Furthermore, it is the ideal building method because it is a time-saver to use if one thinks from a construction way of thinking.

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4.2 Most cost effective construction material The hypothesis tested that the most cost effective construction materials by order is, masonry followed by concrete , timber then steel frame. However, with different contractors having their own methods when it comes to constructing a building, and different construction costs, it would be difficult to have an accurate hypothesis of which construction material will cost the least.

4.3 Most durable and structurally strongest The planning of a building hugely impacts the material’s strength in structure. For example, the height of the structure or the distance between one column to another.

Between four materials, steel frame will be most success to durability as it has the ability to be resilient against corrosion when built accordingly. Furthermore, its immunity to infestations unlike timber, makes it even more durable to weather change.

In addition, masonry and concrete is easily effected by the heat and cold that will damage and soon display small cracks. It is known as the contraction and expansion cracks.

Therefore, will not be durable to weather change.

Conclusion As a conclusion, it is unthinkable to figure out which material will be structurally the strongest due to every last one of elements specified. Additionally, distinctive forces attempting ahead of materials clinched alongside. In contrast, steel frame has the ideal structural properties because of its versatile made material. Finally, masonry is highly resistant due to its fireproof benefit and many more, alongside steel frame then timber according to the case study.

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Bibliography

Gonzalo, R., Vallentin, R. and Nowak, W. 2016. Passive house design planning and design of energy-efficient buildings. München: Institüt fur Internationale ArchitekturDokumentation GmbH & Co. KG.

Anon 1974. Timber construction manual: a manual for architects, engineers, contractors, laminators and fabricators concerned with engineered timber buildings and other structures. New York: Wiley.

By, 2017. 13 Ways Sustainable Timber Is The Best Construction Material. Koru Architects.

Available at: https://www.koruarchitects.co.uk/choose-sustainable-timber/ [Accessed December 27, 2017].

Lyons, M. (2009). A comparative analysis between steel, masonry and timber frame Construction in residential housing. [online] Repository.up.ac.za. Available at: http:// repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/14400/Lyons_Comparative(2009).pdf? sequence=1 [Accessed December 28, 2017].

Humaan - Design, websites and digital solutions for humans - http:// www.humaan.com.au n.d. News. WA Steel Should You Choose A Concrete Timber Or Steel Structure Comments. [Online]. [Accessed 4 January 2018]. Available from: https:// www.wasteel.com.au/should-you-choose-a-concrete-timber-or-steel-structure/ #.Wk6KlCOcbF0.

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Appendix 1

25/60 mm silver fir boarding

50/40 mm ventilated cavity/ battens

16 mm wood-fibre board,

moisture-diusing,

water-repellent,

coated black mineral-wool thermal insulation between 100/100 squared timber,

running horizontally mineralwool thermal insulation between 100/180 squared timber,

running vertically vapour retarder 11400/2800/162 mm cross-laminated timber board,

prefabricated in four vertical strips

40 mm mineral wool between connecting clips

25 mm gypsum fire-board,

2 layers 50/120 mm building services zone/ battens

16 mm veneer plywood,

birch surface, oiled

scale 1:5

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Horizontal section of corner to end wall

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