Ben Lillywhite DSIT C

DSIT C - Technology Report 7th April 2017 Ben Lillywhite C7138009

Contents

Construction & Sustainability General Sustainability Site Sections (A-A & B-B) Section C-C Sustainability Materials Thermal Performance Detail A Detail B Weather Proofing Section D-D Durability Materials Other Systems Detail C Detail D Legislative Framework

Page 4 6-7 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15

Environment & Energy

Page 16 Heating, Cooling & Ventilation (Meso) 16 Heating, Cooling & Ventilation (Micro) 18 Winter Strategy 19 Summer Strategy 20 - 21 Solar Shading 22 Lighting Strategies 22 Artificial Lighting 23 Acoustics 23 Legislative Framework

Services & Integration Site Water Management Drainage & Waste Management Water Supply & Distribution Legislative Framework Fire Strategy Means of Escape Fire Equipment Legislative Framework Services Integration Legislative Framework Site Security Bedroom Pods

Structural Systems & Integration 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 30 - 31

Environmental Strategy Summer Strategy Winter Strategy Environmental Integration Structural Systems Legislative Framework Assembly Future Disassembly Personal Position Legislative Framework

32 32 33 34 - 37 38 - 39 39 40 - 41 40 41 41

Construction & Sustainability General Sustainability

Sustainability has been one of the key drivers behind this scheme and has helped to shape the overall master plan of the project. To make use of natural daylighting and ventilation strategies, the project was divided into smaller, individual buildings, creating a village typology. Thorough investigations into the local environmental conditions, mean the scheme has been designed to maximise the local natural daylighting and ventilation conditions. Furthermore, local materials and contractors are to be utilised where ever possible, to not only reduce transportation costs, but to ensure that the local economy benefits from the scheme and to create greater links to the community.

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Site Plan

1:1000

Improving the health of those who Serve

Construction & Sustainability Key 1 - Support Hub 2 - Bedroom Accommodation 3 - Residents’ Day Centre 4 - Gate House 5 - Gym 6 - Exhibition Centre 7 - Art Room 8 - Workshop 9 - Museum

2 A

2

1

B 9 C

2 D

C

D

1 3

B

2 3 2

2 8 4

6 5

7

A

Plan Improving the health of those who Serve

1:500

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Construction & Sustainability

Section A-A 1:200

Section B-B 1:200

Structure

To assist in differentiating between the public and private areas, there are to be two different material and structural systems used to reflect the building use. It was decided that the private buildings would be constructed from in situ cast concrete, offering the residents a sense of security and privacy; whilst public buildings will be clad in timber panelling on a structurally insulated panel (SIPs), giving a warm, welcoming atmosphere to visitors. To avoid having different structural contractors on site at once, part of the site is to be constructed in situ, whilst the public buildings will be created off site.

The material choices and reasons are to be further discussed in upcoming pages.

By manufacturing a large part of the structure off site, the panels can be constructed in factory controlled conditions to an almost finished standard. Furthermore, there should be less delays and less time spent on site. My personal preference would be for everything to be constructed off site, however due to the design and the use of concrete, I recognise this is not a viable solution. Therefore, by taking a number of contractors off the site, space is freed up for not only the staff on site, but also the storage of materials and machinery, reducing risks and hazards.

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Construction & Sustainability

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Construction & Sustainability

Detail B

Section C-C 1:50

Detail A

C

Museum

C

Sustainability

The project is to be managed and financed by the charity, Help For Heroes, therefore running and maintenance costs are critical to the schemes success. To help reduce the running costs, the design hopes to maximise not only natural daylighting and ventilation, but also to make use of the thermal mass offered from the chosen materials, as well as the rainwater harvesting system.

The two different styled buildings (public & private) are designed to operate with various strategies dependent upon time of day and season. These were identified in DSIT A and recognised that the buildings are to be used at different times of the day, and due to the material properties of the structure, will operate in a variety of ways. These strategies have been designed so as to take advantage of the natural environments, and correspond with the type of activities being carried out within. The strategies are to be discussed through out this workbook.

Another way in which the scheme aims to promote sustainability is by reducing the amount of car parking spaces available; instead promoting both visitors and residents to use public transport to get to the site. York is blessed with public transport links, and the more that these can be used, the better for the environment and sustainable aspects of the scheme and local environment Page 8

Plan

1:1000

Improving the health of those who Serve

Construction & Sustainability

Materials

As described previously, there are two main types of materials used on the site. The residents’ buildings are to be constructed from in-situ concrete, with the public buildings, including the Museum and Exhibition Space, being constructed from SIPs clad with timber paneling.

The buildings are to be clad in Thermowood shiplap timber, offering a warm and welcoming entrance to the visitors, whilst also helping to differentiate between the two building functions - those being private and public. By having the visual contrast between the buildings, it is hoped that visitors will be able to understand the buildings they are allowed to enter, and those that are for residents only. The Thermowood claddign system was chosen as it is a highly sustainable and durable product, which also requires less maintenance.

The structure itself is to be manufactured off site, in factory controlled conditions. This will avoid large amounts of people being on site at once, as there are two very different construction methods being employed. Off site manufacture will also allow for the panels to be built with a high degree of accuracy and will ensure that progress is independent of the weather and can meet the imposed timescales. I believe that more buildings should be constructed off site, as they can be manufactured with a higher quality of finish and reduce timescales on site, causing disruption to neighbours.

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Thermal Performance

With sustainability a key issue, the thermal performance of concrete was a key reason for it’s choice, with it’s high thermal mass. The weather in the UK can go from extremes depending on the season, as was discovered in DSIT A. In winter, temperatures can be low for long periods of time, even during the day. In summer, the temperatures can be quite hot, although cooler evenings can be expected. Through using concrete, the envelope of the buildings are designed to help self regulate the internal conditions and provide a passive heating system in buildings that are to be used 24/7.

With the large expanses of curtain walling present in the public, timber buildings, solar gain becomes an issue during the summer months. To counteract this, overhanging roofs have been designed into the public buildings so as to reduce direct sunlight entering the buildings, generating heat. However, during the winter months when the sun is lower in the sky, the sun is able to pass through the glass and help heat the spaces. The public buildings are designed to overshadow one another so as to reduce the amount of solar gain.

When referring to Approved Document Part L Conservation of Fuel & Power, a list of figures are given for the thermal performance of various elements of the building, which when combined will give the building’s overall thermal efficiency.

Due to the various nature of the different buildings, AD Part L 1A & 2A will need to be consulted.

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Construction & Sustainability Key 12.5mm Plasterboard finish fixed back to the SIPS and skimmed finish (Moisture resistant board to be used where necessary) 172mm SIP (Structurally Insulated Panels) - 1no. layer of 15 mm Oriented Strand Board type 3 (OSB/3), 142mm high performance insulated core, 1no. layer of 15mm Orientated Strand Board type 3 ThermoWood cladding system, using shiplap tongue and groove boards, installed as per manufacturer’s recommendations

25x50mm horizontal counter battens @ 400mm centres mechanically fixed to SIPs 38x140mm Site installed panel bottom plate mechanically fixed to SIPs and through to cill plate FFL 40x172mm Treated cill plate mechanically fixed to blockwork foundation wall Insect guard to vented and drained cavity DPC lapping over DPM

GL

215mm x 440mm x 190mm Thermalite Aircrete HiStrength 7 block work Ground bearing concrete slab over separation layer Continuous damp proof membrane 25mm Edge insulation 75mm Insulation Consolidated hardcore & sand blinding

Detail A

3D Detail

1:5

Not to scale

Description Of Detail

The above detail is for a wall and floor junction in the public buildings constructed in SIPs. The initial construction will begin with the building of the foundation blockwork wall, which will act as the foundation for the SIPs to be built off, as well as the formwork for the load bearing floor slab.

A site installed cill plate will be mechanically fixed through to the blockwork at 600mm centres, upon which the SIPs will be mechanically fixed. The cill plate will need to be treated to ensure it is suitable for it’s purpose. The counter battens for the external cladding, and the external cladding itself, will have been installed whilst the panel was within the factory. Site installed corner pieces will need to be mechanically fixed when the buildings are constructed.

The panels will require being brought to site in a HGV and may require the use of a crane to help position the panels - this process is described in greater detail towards the end of the workbook. The panels will be being built at the same time as the in situ concrete is being poured, and will be brought to site once the concrete buildings are finished externally, with the internal fit out under way.

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Detail B

Detail A

Section C-C 1:100

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Construction & Sustainability Key Hidden gutter detail formed from pressed aluminium, with flashing wrapped in to gutter ThermoWood cladding system, using shiplap tongue and groove boards, installed as per manufacturer’s recommendations 38x140mm Site installed frame to form hidden gutter detail Continuous damp proof membrane 172mm SIP (Structurally Insulated Panels) - 1no. layer of 15 mm Oriented Strand Board type 3 (OSB/3), 142mm high performance insulated core, 1no. layer of 15mm Orientated Strand Board type 3 12.5mm Plasterboard finish, with 15mm plywood backing, fixed back to the SIPS and skimmed finish (Moisture resistant board to be used where necessary) 40x172mm Treated cill plate mechanically fixed to roof joists 38x140mm Site installed panel top plate mechanically fixed to SIPs and through to roof joist ThermoWood cladding system, using shiplap tongue and groove boards, installed as per manufacturer’s recommendations

25x50mm horizontal counter battens @ 400mm centres mechanically fixed to SIPs 172mm SIP (Structurally Insulated Panels) - 1no. layer of 15 mm Oriented Strand Board type 3 (OSB/3), 142mm high performance insulated core, 1no. layer of 15mm Orientated Strand Board type 3 12.5mm Plasterboard finish fixed back to the SIPS and skimmed finish (Moisture resistant board to be used where necessary) Continuous damp proof membrane

3D Detail

Detail B 1:5

Not to scale

Description Of Detail

Weather Proofing

The detail is achieved by construction a frame on the roof panels from 38mm x 140mm timbers, with a pressed aluminium detail being installed. The roof flashing and DPM will then wrap into the aluminium gutter, creating a water tight seal. The external wall cladding will then wrap around the roof detail and continue onto the roof, to help visually tie the buildings to the concrete ones, where there is little difference between a wall and roof.

Due to the use of waterproof concrete and high rainfall, the concrete is finished with small channels, that offer both an aesthetic and practical use. Whilst helping to break up the wall of concrete, they also divert the water down to the ground, avoiding pooling on the concrete, and feeding the water harvesting system. Furthermore, a waterproofing additive will be added to the self compacting concrete in order to provide further protection and to avoid the use of Damp Proof Membranes (DPM) and Damp Proof Courses (DPC).

The details on this page are of a wall and roof junction, again in the SIP construction. The detail incorporates a hidden gutter detail, so as not to detract from the clean lines of the building and create clear eaves lines when viewed from the ground.

This part of the construction will need to be carried out on site, as it involves the joining of several waterproofing membranes, and can be completed once all of the panels are in place. To ensure that the buildings are waterproof, this process should be completed before the erection of the next timber building begins.

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The Yorkshire climate is often unpredictable, with wet weather possible all year round. During the winter months, an average of 60mm of rain can fall per calendar month, with the rain often occurring over a substantial period of time. This gives great water harvesting possibilities to be used within the project and is discussed later.

To the roof of the public buildings is a grass roof system. This will be watered by the rainfall, as well as softening the noise on the roof, that could potentially have a negative effect on the inhabitants. The remainder of the timber buildings will be constructed using a DPM to the floors, and a DPC to walls and roofs in order to prevent any moisture being brought into the building through capillary action. Further information can be seen in the above details.

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Construction & Sustainability

Detail D

Detail C

Section D-D 1:50

D

Bedroom

D

Durability

Ensuring that the scheme and materials used are durable is a key consideration in ensuring that the scheme lasts for it’s lifetime, reducing any requirements for items to be replaced and upfront costs. By specifying long lasting materials and ensuring that they are maintained as per manufacturers instructions, the need for items to be replaced will be minimised, therefore reducing life time costs to the Client.

The use of the channels in the concrete buildings helps to reduce the amount of water pooling on the material, assisting in the protection of the concrete. Furthermore, by using water proof concrete, the buildings should be even further protected from the elements. Additionally, large numbers of footfall and traffic may cause some areas to wear greater than others and this will need to be systematically reviewed and repaired when required - however, by choosing more hard wearing materials this replacement need should be minimised.

The timber, public buildings will need to be treated annually in order to preserve their appearance and life span. This maintenance programme could potentially be a part of the residents’ rehabilitation programme - whereby they are learning new trades that they could potentially take with them into the construction industry. Furthermore, specialists will need to review the sedum roof to ensure that it is successful and healthy.

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Plan

1:1000

Improving the health of those who Serve

Construction & Sustainability

Materials

As described previously, there are two main types of materials used on the site. The residents’ buildings are to be constructed from in-situ concrete that will offer a sense of mass and security. By using in situ cast concrete, the complex form of the project is achievable, and a double pour technique has been chosen so as to maintain it’s material properties.

Furthermore, this material was chosen due to its high thermal mass allowing these buildings to have greater self regulating properties over their heating.

The local concrete supplier offers a high performance, self compacting concrete. Despite the initial cost being quite high, this is offset by the need for expensive compacting machinery, which would be even greater due to the design.

Furthermore, this reduces the amount of time on site, avoiding disruption to the local population.

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Other Systems

The furniture throughout the site is required to be specially adapted to wheelchair users. This not only includes adaptable kitchen worktops and all necessary sanitary ware equipment; but level access throughout with wider doors, lower worktops in the IT rooms and wheelchair accessible personal garden boxes.

Security is obviously a key component of the scheme, not only to offer the residents the privacy they require, but also as the site is adjacent to the Imphal Barracks. The use of the boundary wall helps to divide the site from the barracks, providing a physical barrier, whilst also separating off the residents’ garden.

With the buildings being divided up to create a community, communication between the buildings becomes a slight issue. However, the communication between the staff in offices can be resolved with an internal phone system. With regards to the residents, I would like to avoid this type of system, as I believe it will encourage them to congregate in the meeting places as designed into the scheme. Furthermore, this should help to encourage movement and communication between the service personnel.

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Construction & Sustainability Key 100mm In situ, self compacting, reinforced concrete with water proofing additive poured with day joints as per manufacturers installation instructions 100mm Rigid board insulation to help achieve overall wall U-Value of 0.22W/m²K 12.5mm Plasterboard finish fixed back to inner concrete leaf and skimmed finish (Moisture resistant board to be used where necessary) Perforated drainage pipe to collect run off rain water and transport to underground tank, with gravel laid over top Floor finish as required by room use 25mm Screed finish, laid as per manufacturers instructions 75mm Rigid board insulation to help achieve overall floor U-Value of 0.11W/m²K with infill cut offs in channels

GL

FFL

Kingspan Multideck to raise floor and provide ventilation access. Additional steelwork will be provided around grilles to allow natural ventilation Underfloor heating pipes In situ, self compacting concrete with water proofing additive poured as per structural engineers’ details to form strip foundation

Detail C 1:10

3D Detail Not to scale

Description Of Detail

With a double pour, complex geometries, ventilation grilles, underfloor heating, cast in situ conduits, the above becomes a relatively tricky detail. The double pouring of the concrete was chosen so as to maintain the thermal mass properties of the concrete - although it would have been simpler to pour a single layer of concrete, additional insulation would have been required, and the self regulating systems being employed within the buildings would have been negated. Therefore, despite it being a higher initial construction cost, I believe that the above method is the greater life time method.

To avoid cables being exposed, the conduits have been cast into the concrete to then be hidden behind the plasterboard finish, a detail of which is provided later. The lights, smoke detectors and sprinklers have been constructed in a similar manner. The ventilation grilles, more of which is discussed in upcoming pages, are designed so as to allow for background air movement and can be closed off when required, with this plenum detail being shown on following pages.

Around the perimeter of the buildings are an underground perforated pipe system. This is to collect the rain water as it cascades down the face of the buildings, and direct it to the rain water harvesting tank situated near the Support Hub.

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Detail D

Detail C

Section D-D 1:100

Improving the health of those who Serve

Construction & Sustainability Key 100mm In situ, self compacting, reinforced concrete with water proofing additive poured with day joints as per manufacturers installation instructions 100mm Rigid board insulation to help achieve overall wall U-Value of 0.22W/m²K 12.5mm Plasterboard finish fixed back to inner concrete leaf and skimmed finish (Moisture resistant board to be used where necessary)

Detail D 1:10

Description Of Detail

The above detail shows one instance, of many variants, of the concrete buildings wall and roof joints. Whilst it may appear to be a relatively simple detail, careful consideration will be required in order to design the formwork. Depending on the day pours, as to be specified by the specialist contractor, it may be that the concrete is to be poured to each corner.

Additional reinforcement bars will need to be included so as to assist in the structural integrity of the building. By installing the reinforcement, the exterior begins to act as a shell, with the concrete working well with compressive forces, whilst the reinforcement helps with the tensional forces, making the whole system work as one shell.

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3D Detail Not to scale

Legislative Framework

As with all construction projects built within the UK, the scheme will need to comply with current Building Regulations.

Before any work can commence, acceptance of both a Planning Application and Building Regulations Application will need to be sought. Throughout the construction, continuous assessment by the local Building Control Officer will be required, to ensure compliance with all relevant regulations and to achieve the Building Control certificate at the end of the build.

Various Approved Documents (AD) will need to be consulted and these are to be referenced throughout this document.

The document concerned with the structure of the buildings is AD Part A - Structure, and this will need to be regularly referenced. However, due to the nature of the design, another vitally important document will be AD Part M - Access to & use of buildings. This will ensure that all aspects of the design are wheelchair user friendly, one of the key stake holders of the scheme.

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Environment & Energy Environmental & Energy Strategy

Key

Maximising the use of natural daylighting and ventilation has provided a key driver for the scheme, with individual requirements researched and analysed extensively as part of the DSIT A portfolio.

Northerly Wind

Prevailing Wind

Sunlight

Heating, Cooling & Ventilation

The majority of the large expanses of glass are southerly facing to maximise solar gain and the amount of direct daylight able to light the internal environment. However, where ever there are north facing glass walls, these are protected from the cooler northerly winds by adjacent buildings.

Heating, Cooling & Ventilation (Meso)

An early decision was taken to utilise passive heating and ventilation strategies wherever possible. This strategy has had a major effect on the overall design, with the decision being taken to divide the plan up into several smaller buildings, as opposed to one large one.

You can see in the site plan that with several smaller buildings, each space has the opportunity to receive plenty of natural daylight and ventilation. Any large windows are south facing, or provisions have been made to ensure they are well protected by the cooler, northerly wind. By having southerly windows, the spaces receive plenty of solar gain, helping to heat the internal spaces, assisted by the thermal mass of the structure.

During my site analysis, I noted the less frequent, but cooler northerly wind that would effect the site. As well as having the boundary wall which wraps around the site, especially to the north, the Museum building, which takes the major force of the wind, is designed to divert the wind away from the scheme and back towards the landscaping.

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Heating, Cooling & Ventilation

With large open plan areas in the public buildings, the heat generated from the kitchens, machinery, people, etc. should be dissipated throughout the buildings, creating a comfortable environment. Large over hanging roofs will prevent direct sunlight entering the building during the summer months, reducing solar gain.

Furthermore, by opening windows in the courtyards and external walls, cross winds are created, assisting in ventilating the buildings.

Heating, Cooling & Ventilation (Micro)

On a smaller scale, the private, concrete buildings operate differing night and day time strategies. During the days, natural daylight is allowed to enter the building helping to heat the space through solar gain. The heat generated is absorbed by the thermal mass of the concrete, as well as absorbing the sun’s heat directly, helping to cool the internal environment.

Cool air is ventilated into the buildings through the underground plenum, before leaving through the top opening lights.

The grilles over the plenum have the ability to be opened and closed, to regulate the air exchanges within the building.

Furthermore, these grilles will be along a limited number of the buildings faces, in order to promote a cross wind.

In the evening and when the weather is cooler, the stored heat within the concrete is used to raise the temperature within the internal environments. This is assisted by blinds operated by the BMS (Building Management System) that will close during the evening hours. This reduces the effect of the large expanses of glass, which would allow for the heat to be conducted away from the building.

The public timber buildings operate a lightly different system. During the day, the buildings will generate plenty of heat due to the types of machinery within the buildings, being supplemented by the under floor heating when required. In summer when the sun is higher, the over hangs shelter the buildings from generating too much solar gain, creating an uncomfortable environment. During winter, the sun is lower and can therefore pass into the buildings. Throughout the year, localised mechanical ventilation will be used to individual pieces of equipment and the gym and swimming pool.

Improving the health of those who Serve

Environment & Energy

Day Time

During the day, direct sunlight is allowed to pour through the large pieces of curtain walling, increasing the amount of solar gain within the spaces. The sunlight also heats up the concrete , to store the heat for cooler temperatures.

Day Time

The public buildings operate differently, as a lot of the buildings will contain heat generating machinery. They operate a winter / summer strategy as discussed later. During the day, as heat is generated, the high ceilings will allow for the heat to rise above head height, creating a more comfortable environment. During summer, the overhanging roofs protect from solar gain.

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Night Time

During the evening and cooler periods, the heat stored within the thermal mass of the concrete, will begin to warm the internal temperatures, supplemented by a static heating system. This will produce a more efficient and passive heating system. Furthermore, blinds installed to the curtain walling will be closed to avoid heat being conducted away to the externals.

Night Time

In an evening when the buildings are unoccupied, they require minimal heating and therefore the under floor heating will be used to ensure the internal temperature doesn’t top too low, and take a long time to heat up during the day.

Detail Of Opening Lights

The opening lights will be placed in the upper regions of the curtain walling to all of the buildings, to allow the warm air that has risen through the building to be exhausted out. These opening lights will be linked to the building management system as some may be quite high. However, if the client would prefer to save on the initial construction costs, manual opening lights can be installed.

Plenum

The plenum is designed to allow cooler air to flow through the building at low level, before being naturally heated by the internal environment and exhausted through the top opening lights. Due to the rainwater channels passing around the perimeter of the building, the air will pass over this water, further cooling the air. This detail will only be to one face of each building, to avoid too great a building air exchange and the detail will have to be a part of the form work prior to the concrete being poured. Alternatively, the structural engineer may advise to post cut out the channels. To prevent too cool air entering the building, grilles will be in place to close off the plenum and prevent air entering. For the purposes of the above detail, the internal grilles have been omitted.

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Environment & Energy

Winter Heating, Cooling and Ventilation Strategy

In the winter months when the sun is at a lower angle, the overhangs of the public buildings are redundant as the direct sunlight penetrates the building and helps to both naturally heat (via solar gain) and light the internal environments. Additional heating may be require, being supplemented by the underfloor heating.

The private buildings adopt a different approach to their heating and ventilation strategies. The public buildings rely on solar gain to assist heat their spaces, the private buildings utilises the thermal mass of the concrete as well as solar gain. This helps to reduce the heating costs, as the thermal mass will regulate the temperature. It does this by absorbing the suns heat, keeping the internal space cool, before slowly radiating that heat during cooler periods, such as at night. During the winter months when the sun is at a lower intensity, the buildings will require additional heating from the underfloor heating. Additionally, the ground vents will be closed, to avoid air leakage, and the blinds will be closed a lot earlier, to assist in keeping the heat in.

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Environment & Energy

Summer Heating, Cooling and Ventilation Strategy

The public buildings have the large overhanging roofs, that help to reduce the amount of direct sunlight entering the building, increasing the solar gain within the buildings. However, to assist in naturally lighting the deeper parts of the plan, have an inner courtyard.

The private buildings also operate with different summer and winter strategies, although adopt a different approach. The public buildings rely on solar gain to assist heat their spaces, the private buildings utilises the thermal mass of the concrete. This helps to reduce the heating costs, as the thermal mass will regulate the temperature. It does this by absorbing the suns heat, keeping the internal space cool, before slowly radiating that heat during cooler periods, such as at night. If additional daytime cooling is required in these spaces, the Building Management System (BMS) will open top lights in the curtain walling, allowing warm air to be exhausted.

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Environment & Energy

N

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21 June 20:35

21 June 20:35

03:36

20:35

03:36

20:35

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E

09:00

09:00

12:00

12:00

Summer Solstice - 0900

Summer Solstice - 1200

During summer mornings, relatively little shadow is cast on surrounding buildings. Therefore, the private buildings will be receiving plenty of solar gain and the concrete will be absorbing the thermal mass to keep the buildings cool.

Around this time, the sun is at it’s highest point in it’s cycle across the sky. Therefore, during this period, the overhangs on the public building roofs will be protecting the inhabitants from too much solar gain.

S

S

N

N

W

Winter Solstice - 0900

E

In the winter, the sun is at a lot lower angle in the sky, and therefore the shadows cast are a lot longer for long periods during he day. As you can see, the shadows produced by the adjacent housing estate impact upon the scheme .

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Winter Solstice - 1200

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21 December 09:00

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08:25

15:39

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During the day, direct light can pass through the glazing in the majority of the buildings, creating solar gain.

However, due to the low intensity of the sun in winter, the heat generated is likely to be minimal, although the scheme will benefit from the natural day lighting.

21 December

12:00

12:00

S

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N

Environment & Energy

21 June 20:35

21 June 20:35

03:36

20:35

03:36

20:35

18:00

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W

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Summer Solstice - 1500

Summer Solstice -1800

In the early afternoon, the accommodation with large expanses of southerly facing glass are protected from too much solar gain. However, if required the blinds can be lowered, as discussed on the previous page.

In the evening the temperatures are starting to cool and the sun loses its intensity. However, as it is lower in the sky it therefore can pass through into the majority f buildings, although is likely to generate minimal solar gain.

S

S

N

Solar Shading W

E

Winter Solstice - 1500 During winter, the sun sets a lot earlier, as early as half past three. Therefore, the scheme will be more heavily reliant upon artificial lighting and under floor heating.

The shading investigations also lead me to design the two different building typologies in different ways and operate with different winter and summer strategies. The private, concrete buildings have large expanses of floor to roof glazing this is because as they are within relatively close proximity of one another, they are likely to overshadow other buildings.

Therefore, by having large expanses of glass, the buildings should receive a large amount of top light, independent on the season.

08:25

15:39

15:3915:00

During DSIT A, detailed solar investigations were conducted and revealed that during the winter months, the nearby housing estates cast a significant amount of shadow over the site. Therefore, the boundary wall to the south of the site, separating the scheme from the houses, has been kept to a minimum so as to reduce the effect of this over shading.

21 December

The public buildings, with machinery that is likely to generate a lot of heat, utilise overhanging roofs so as to reduce the amount of solar gain during the summer months, when direct sunlight contains a high amount of heat. During winter when the sun is lower and is at a lower intensity, is allowed to pass into the building and assist in heating the internal environment.

15:00

S

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Environment & Energy

61.9°

15.1°

Summer Lighting

In the summer months when the sun is on a high trajectory, the direct sunlight hitting the building is at a relatively steep angle, and is prevented from entering the building due to the overhanging roofs. This creates a diffused light in the internal environments, that can be supplemented by the more accurate artificial lighting as required, whilst also reducing solar gain.

Winter Lighting

During winter when the external light isn’t as bright as the summer months and the sun is lower in the sky, the overhanging roofs still allow for plenty of natural daylight to pour directly into the buildings. This is then supplemented by artificial lighting when required and also helps to heat the internal spaces reducing energy requirements.

Lighting Strategies

As with the ventilation and heating strategies, the principle lighting system will be natural daylighting, to reduce running costs to the client, as well as creating a sustainable scheme. Similar to the heating having a day and night time system, the lighting utilises different summer / winter strategies as discussed in DSIT A. To maximise the use of natural daylight, large south facing windows have been used on the majority of buildings, with over hangs on roofs to the public buildings, to reduce solar gain during the summer months, as a lot of heat will already be generated in these areas due to the equipment. In winter when the outdoor temperature is cooler and the sun is lower, the direct sunlight reaches the internal space and assists in heating and lighting.

As can be seen in previous plans, the larger buildings contain an inner courtyard. This was an intentional design decision in order to allow for more direct sunlight to enter deeper into the plan of the building. As discussed previously, the plan was originally divided up into several smaller buildings to maximise natural daylighting and ventilation, and the courtyards are a continuation of this concept.

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Artificial Lighting

All of the building benefit from having large expanses of glass to maximise the efficiency of the buildings and take advantage of the natural daylight. However, there are specific tasks that will require additional lighting and this will be supplemented by desk lamps. There will also be spotlights around the buildings to create light during the evenings.

Artificial Lighting

Due to the long nights during British winter months, and the 24/7 use of the private buildings, artificial lighting will be constantly required. Investigations during DSIT A highlighted the specific lighting requirements of all the key spaces.

Therefore rooms such as the offices and meeting spaces require a certain Lux level, that can be achieved and regulated through artificial lighting.

In rooms such as the offices, high level lighting will be included, with the option of desk lamps available when required.

In large spaces such as the bedroom accommodation and the residents centre, will have high level spot lights that will spread the light in an even manner, covering a large expanse of space. These artificial lights will be linked to a PIR system, whereby when movement is detected, during set times, the lights are turned on. This is in order to reduce any wasted energy with lights being left on.

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Environment & Energy

Lighting Lux

In DSIT A the lighting levels for individual areas were researched. These diagrams are shown above, with specific interest taken in the work requiring specific lighting levels, such as office work and wood working in the workshop. These areas have therefore been provided with additional, localised lighting points to create the levels shown above.

Acoustics

As well as the buildings being separated to reduce passage of sound, the unusual shapes of the buildings will cause any noise reverberations to bounce back in various directions, reducing echoing and noise pollution.

Furthermore, the rooms that will generate a greater amount of noise, ie the workshop and gym, have been positioned towards the exterior of the scheme.

Acoustic Strategies

Legislative Framework

By dividing the scheme up into several smaller buildings, the acoustic strategy becomes simpler as each type of room is given it’s own space and therefore the transfer of sound is reduced. By positioning the curtain walls so as not to be opposite each other within the accommodation area, not only are residents not over looked, but the passage of sound is also reduced, as the concrete absorbs the sounds a lot better than the curtain walls.

There are many Building Regulation aspects listed on this page, including AD Part F - Ventilation, AD Part L - Conservation of Fuel & Power - (1A & 2A) and AD Part E - Resistance to Sound. Careful calculations in terms of U-values and lighting levels will need to be conducted during the design and construction process to ensure that the building complies with all current legislation. Specialist Mechanical and Electrical engineers will also need to be consulted to determine how efficient natural daylighting and ventilation methods will be in the local environment.

The acoustics for the scheme is vitally important when dealing with sensitive information that could potentially be discussed in the Support Hub. Avoiding the passage of sound in this area will allow the service personnel to feel secure and private, giving them the confidence to open up and discuss their issues.

Buildings that are likely to generate large amounts of noise, such as the workshop, have been positioned further away to the accommodation buildings, to further reduce the spread of noise. Although the gym is relatively close, the main noise producing machinery has been positioned so that the noise will radiate out towards the public area, rather than the bedrooms.

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The project is to be managed and financed by Help for Heroes, a national charity that assists injured soldiers in their rehabilitation back into civilian life. Therefore, as it is a non-profit charity, sustainability and low running costs were a key driver from the outset for this scheme.

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Services & Integration Hydronics

Hydronics is concerned with how the water is to be managed on the site. This includes drainage, waste, rain water and water supply. Due to the village typology of the scheme, it was decided against having a centralised plant, instead allowing buildings to operate individually, being a part of a large site wide strategy.

Rain Water Harvesting

Narrow grooves are moulded into the finish of the concrete buildings, serving a dual purpose. The first is that it avoids water pooling on the surface and channels it towards the ground, reducing the possibility of mould growth. Furthermore, the grooves direct the water towards collection points for the rain water harvesting system.

Site Drainage

The site will be gradually graded towards the east of the site - this is where the largest expanse of the stream will be found, as well as the largest open area to allow for water to be absorbed. There will also however be drainage systems around the site, predominantly underneath the raised timber paths to avoid water pooling on the path, and due to the surrounding area being mostly hard landscaped. The remaining site is predominantly soft landscaped so will assist in natural drainage.

Site Water Management

Drainage & Waste Management

Any drainage systems will need to be kept separate to the water supply to ensure there is no cross contamination. Whilst it is proposed to utilise rainwater harvesting systems for the grey water products, this supply also needs to be kept separate from the water supply systems.

New foul waste pipes will be required to connect the scheme to existing sewerage system in the barracks. A detailed report will be required to ensure that the existing system can take additional load.

Any new drainage that is required is to be connected to the existing services that serve the adjacent barracks. The plans above demonstrate where the drainage points are within the buildings, such as toilets and kitchen sinks. These are then connected to two larger sewers, either side of the public / private divide, to reduce too large a runs. These larger sewers then connect into the main sewerage system which runs along the road.

Across the site, the natural drainage will be managed in a variety of ways. Rainwater harvesting is to be utilised for grey water, a key sustainable device due to the large amounts of landscaping involved in the project. The site will be naturally graded towards the east, allowing the water to flow towards the large expanse of open grass in order to be absorbed as easily as possible. Large parts of the site are soft landscaped, allowing rain water to be absorbed by the ground. However, in the residents area, the landscaping is mostly hard. Therefore, additional drainage will be required and will be hidden underneath the timber paths. This serves a secondary purpose of reducing pooling water on the path, that could be detrimental to the residents.

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The concrete buildings are designed such that any rain water falling onto the buildings, are channelled off into suitable drainage points around the perimeter. The channels in the concrete are designed to not only avoid staining the concrete, but also to avoid water pooling on the surface. The drainage channels serve another purpose, directing the rainwater to the rainwater harvesting system. This system will help to water the substantial landscaping, as well as being used to flush toilets and in the stream running through the site.

Due to the type of facility, the scheme may also produce a small amount of medical waste, however, this should be minimal as all the residents will be required to be self medicating. Therefore, the small amount of medical waste produced will be required to be taken off site to be treated.

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Services & Integration

Grey Water Supply & Distribution

Following collection of the rainwater and storage from within the water tanks, the grey water will be distributed around the site to the WC’s to be used to flush the toilets. This will help to save water, although will mean additional piping system will be required. Therefore, careful attention will be required to ensure the connections are all to the correct systems.

Hot & Cold Water Supply & Distribution

The main supply for the site will come from the adjacent barracks, providing consultants are happy that the additional load can be handled by the existing services. The thin, blue dotted line represents the primary routes from the main supply to the site, with the grey dotted line representing the supply to the individual buildings.

Water Supply & Distribution

The site’s water supply will be distributed from the existing services at Imphal Barracks. As the site is being excavated in preparation for the foundations to be laid, pipework will be laid to allow for the distribution of water throughout the scheme. The diagrams opposite detail how the water is supplied to the various buildings will receive their water.

During the developed design stages, following consultation with the M&E consultants and site developers, careful calculations will be required to ensure that the existing services are capable of accepting these additional loads being place on the existing system.

Waste Management

During the excavation works, when the supply pipes are being installed, the waste pipes will be fitted at the same time. Caution will need to be taken to avoid cross contamination and that the falls of the pipes are sufficient.

Legislative Framework

In order to comply with current British Building Regulations, Approved Document H - Drainage & Waste Disposal has been consulted. Due to the nature of the scheme, there is the possibility that there may be some medical waste to be disposed of as well. Although it is not a medical facility, and the residents will be required to be self medicating in order to attend the scheme, there is a high possibility that some medical equipment will need to be disposed of in the correct manner. Therefore the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Part II), Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994, and the Hazardous Waste Regulations (England & Wales) 2005 - Medical Waste will need to be consulted.

Rainwater harvesting is likely to generate in the region of 804,000L of water, based on average rainfall figures for the local area, with a recommended tank size of 15,000L. The rainwater that is collected will then be stored within a large tank, hidden underground to protect the storage tank and keep it out of sight. This collected water will then be used as grey water, to be used in flushing toilets and to water the landscape. It is to be distributed to the landscaping via underground pipework, to again reduce visibility, and reduce the risk of freezing during cold winter months.

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Services & Integration Key

Acceptable Query <18m <18m <18m

<45m

<18m <18m <18m

<18m

<45m

Unprotected Areas

The design has aimed to minimise the large amounts of glass that are facing or near each other, as these are considered unprotected areas when discussing the fire strategy. Careful calculations are required in order to determine the sizes and proximity these curtain walls can be in relation to one another. The blue dashed lines indicate areas where there is little concern, with the grey dashed lines indicating areas of concern. These areas may therefore require a fire roller shutter that is operated automatically upon activation of the fire alarm system.

Compartmentation & Hazard Rooms

As the scheme is a series of buildings, there is little need to further compartmentalise the buildings, as the majority are large, open plan spaces. The external walls are all required to provide a minimum of 60mins fire resistance, and all openings within these walls will need to provide the same. Also indicated above are hazard rooms - ie the kitchens. These rooms will also have 60mins fire protection, and any openings and ducting will require the same.

<45m

Means of Escape

The scheme operates two different fire strategies in terms of means of escape. In the private side, the residents are to remain within their accommodation bedroom, evacuating to the Residents’ Centre if required. If there is further spread of flame, the rendez vous point is the private site entrance. The public members are all required to evacuate to the point shown, where they will then be directed in the safest direction. Each building is also provided with two means of escape, if the first option is unavailable.

Fire Strategy

Means of Escape

Moreover, due to the design consisting of several buildings, the spread of flames to neighbouring buildings is a concern.

Therefore, calculations of unprotected areas will need to be undertaken to determine the proximity of boundaries between buildings and the expanse of possible glazing. Shown above, 60min fire rated walls are indicated, as well as the glazing to be considered as part of the unprotected areas. Highlighted with grey lines are the areas that may be of concern regarding their proximity towards another building, and will require further evaluation. If it is deemed that additional protection is required, automatic fire roller shutters will be installed, that are linked to the fire alarm system.

In the public buildings, the visitors and occupants of the buildings are to move to an area of designated safety, to be directed by the members of staff. These have been highlighted as known above. To understand the numbers of people within the buildings, a register may need to be taken to ensure that all occupants are known to be safe upon evacuation.

The means of escape for all buildings was a pivotal reason for keeping the site single storey. By having all floors on a single level, escape stairs are redundant, creating valuable space.

Due to the possibility that some of the residents may be disabled and physically struggle in case of a fire, the fire strategy is incredibly important. The scheme is divided into several smaller buildings, reducing the requirement of any fire compartmentalization. Furthermore, the scheme has been designed to be single storey, meaning that vertical circulation isn’t required, neglecting the need for escape stairs. Additionally, due to the single storey nature, egress windows are not required, as stated in AD Part B.

Any potential fire hazard rooms have been indicated on the plan below and these will be fitted with additional fire protection measures, such as any openings being fitted with the necessary fire rated materials, all ducting will have smoke and fire dampers and all hazard rooms will include any necessary fire equipment, such as a fire blanket.

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There will be two different means of escape strategies within the scheme due to the nature of the buildings. Within the accommodation area, the first action is to “stay put” if the fire isn’t in your accommodation building, as is the case in other residential schemes. If evacuation from a building is required, the residents will operate a “Buddy System” whereby all disabled residents are paired with an able bodied partner, who will assist each other to escape when a fire alarm is raised.

There is the possibility that some of the residents may have impaired hearing or vision. These residents will be a part of the buddy system, but may also require a secondary system, such as a vibrating pager.

Through the scheme, a single room arrangement operates, with all escape distances being within current building regulations, which in the accommodation buildings is 18m, with other buildings being up to 45m. All of the accommodation buildings are provided with two means of escape, to allow for easy and quick evacuation. The plan then shows the refuge points, for both the residents and visiting public.

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Services & Integration Key Dry Powder Specialist Fire Blanket CO²

Dry Risers

Dry risers are t be utilised on the scheme, due to the inability for the fire service to reach the majority of the buildings with their standard equipment. Therefore, they will be able to connect their engines to hydrants as indicated to the exterior of the scheme, with a system being in place where they can connect to several outlets in individual buildings, to fight the fires.

Fire Equipment

It is not expected that the residents will need to operate fire fighting equipment, with the number of combustible materials kept to a minimum to reduce the risks. However, due to the large variety of activities taking place in the scheme, a variety of extinguishers are needed, to be located as shown above. Furthermore, different extinguishers are to be used on different fires, therefore not each extinguisher is suitable and a range is required.

Fire Equipment

Legislative Framework

Despite not being necessary, the buildings are to be fitted with a sprinkler system. This will assist in means of evacuation, as well as allowing for the buildings to be built closer together, more safely.

Due to the complexity of the building design, a fire officer would also be appointed to assist in the design and locations of the dry riser outlets. The fire officer will also be able to give further advice on any necessary fire fighting equipment to be required on site.

Despite the individual area of each buildings being under the 2000m² threshold of not being fitted with fire mains, the reduced access to the sites perimeter therefore means that dry fire mains will be fitted throughout the site, to allow for fire engines to connect to several mains throughout the site.

Portable fire extinguishers will be located throughout habitable rooms, such as the bedroom accommodations and residents centre. Depending on the type of room, various fire extinguishers will be used, i.e. CO² fire extinguishers will be located in the IT rooms. There will also be fire blankets located within the kitchen areas.

Approved Documents Part B is the British Standard concerned with fire. AD Part B is broken down into two volumes.

Volume 1 discusses the requirements around dwellings, whilst Volume 2 states buildings other than dwellings’ statutory requirements. Therefore both volumes will need to be consulted and understood for the purposes of this scheme.

Additional equipment will include smoke and fire detectors, emergency lighting and signage directing inhabitants to the nearest fire exit and assembly point.

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Services & Integration Key Residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Access - Any time Staff Access - Any time Visitor Access - Day time, manually locked on an evening Staff Access - Keypad lock, during building opening hours Private Site Entrance - All deliveries and residents to report here

Access Control

The site operates a day and night time security system, dependent upon the building. The residents will have key cards that will allow them to their bedroom accommodation, as well as the residents centre, 24/7. These locks will be required to fail open upon activation of the fire alarm. In the public domain, the buildings will be freely open during the day, being manually locked out of opening hours.

Furniture

The kitchens that can be used by the residents will require height adjustable worktops as shown above - with the necessity to omit some cupboards to allow knee access also a major requirement. The services will need to be carefully designed to ensure that they are suitable for this task.

Services Integration

The furniture throughout the site is required to be specially adapted to wheelchair users, to ensure that all residents can use the facilities. Therefore, the worktop in the kitchen will have the ability to be raised and lowered to suit the individual.

There will also be specialist equipment in the gym and workshop areas, as well as when required. On the following page, the bedrooms pods are discussed, as well as how they are designed to comply with AD Part M. Security is obviously a key component of the scheme, not only to offer the residents the privacy they require, but also as the site is adjacent to the Imphal Barracks. The use of the boundary wall helps to divide the site from the barracks, providing a physical barrier. There will also be the requirement for push pads and locks as indicated on the plan.

Good communication between the various buildings is required due to the village typology of the scheme, especially between the public and private buildings. A phone system will be in use between each individual office, allowing for both internal and external phone calls. An additional intercom system will be in use between the secure entry point to the scheme and the main reception, to ensure all visitors to the site are recorded. As highlighted in the above diagram, the secure entry point will be linked to the main reception, and it is this point that all deliveries and residents must report to, to be allowed onto site.

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Legislative Framework

As with all construction projects built within the UK, the scheme will need to comply with current Building Regulations.

Before any work can commence, acceptance of both a Planning Application and Building Regulations Application.

Throughout the construction, continuous assessment by the local Building Control Officer will be required, to ensure compliance with all relevant regulations and to achieve the Building Control certificate at the end of the build.

Various Approved Documents (AD) will need to be consulted and these are to be referenced throughout this document.

However, due to the nature of the design, one vitally important document will be AD Part M - Access to & use of buildings.

This will ensure that all aspects of the design are wheelchair user friendly, one of the key stake holders of the scheme.

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Services & Integration Key

Imphal Barrack’s Secure Boundary Scheme’s Secure Boundary Imphal Barracks

Residents’ Area Visitors’ Area

Site Wide Security

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Being adjacent to the Imphal Barracks poses it’s own security issues. Previously, the whole site will have been part of the barracks. However, the new secure line for the barracks runs along the northern edge of the site, shown in the grey dotted line and the area is highlighted in grey. The secure private boundary for the scheme is shown in the blue dotted line - this represents the resident and staff access only area, although the rights of way will need to be given to the barracks. Highlighted in light blue is the visitors area part of the scheme.

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Services & Integration A large amount of wardrobe space is given to the residents within the bedroom, allowing the residents easy access to their possessions whilst changing.

By using the origami canopy structure, the pod has the ability to open and close, whilst giving full privacy to the residents whilst it is open. The door opens as a separate piece, that the residents can pull along and close as they wish.

Open Open

Despite the bed being off centre, when the pod is fully closed, it still allows for 900mm to the side of the bed, greater than the 750mm required by AD Part M. This allows for access from either direction for a wheelchair user.

Closed

On one side, a chair will be hung from the wall, that when taken from the wall, unfolds into shape. The chair can then be taken around accommodation and used as the residents wish. The table and it’s support will also fold out from the wall, offering a writing & reading surface.

Services Integration

To generate additional space in the bedroom accommodation, and create a more barracks-like atmosphere, something that ex-soldiers say they miss, these “bedroom pods” were developed - a way of creating a place where individuals can retire for their own privacy when desired, and store their possessions, whilst being space saving.

The pods have the ability to be wheeled around into various positions as shown opposite, to give the residents maximum flexibility. The pods can be closed when not required, and pushed to the edges to generate additional space within the bedroom accommodation; before being opened when individuals want to sleep or take a break from activities.

Based on the origami techniques researched throughout the DS3 module, the pods are to be constructed from lightweight MDF, containing space for individuals to store clothes and other possessions, with the ability for a desk and chair to be opened when required. The beds themselves have shelves to either end, allowing for wheelchairs to access from their preferred side. An extension cable will be installed that can be then plugged into the floor mounted sockets arranged around the building, as detailed on the following page.

The pods are to be as mobile as possible, therefore can be pushed and pulled by a range of people. To ensure this flexibility, 360° wheels are mounted to the underside, that are to be locked in place when the pod is open.

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Services & Integration

Bedroom Pods

With the ability to be opened and closed, as well as wheeled around, the bedroom pods allow for a number of iterations and positions to be created, giving maximum flexibility and space to the residents within their accommodation building.

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Structural Systems & Integration Environment The environment and sustainability has been a key driver of the design from the very beginning. Ensuring that all of the rooms received suitable lighting and ventilation levels influenced the village typology of the scheme and the inner courtyards of the larger buildings.

In terms of the materials and labour, all resources are to be locally sourced, reducing transportation costs as far as possible, as well as bolstering the local economy.

Summer Environmental Strategy

During the summer months with the sun at a higher angle in the sky, the two different types of buildings work in different ways. In the private, concrete buildings, they use the day time as an almost recharging process - restoring their thermal mass and absorbing the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heat. This helps to keep the internal environment cooler with the assistance of the ground floor vents. If additional cooling is required, opening lights in the curtain wall will allow the rising hot air to be extinguished at high level. With the sun at a higher level, the buildings will cast little shadow upon one another as seen in previous pages, although the integral blinds can be lowered, to further reduce solar gain.

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In the public buildings, with heat generating machinery, the overhanging roofs help to combat unwanted solar gain. With the buildings being unoccupied during the evening, it is more important to regulate the temperature during day time hours, as opposed to 24 hours. Therefore, during summer, if any additional heating is required, this is supplemented by the underfloor heating. Although the overhangs prevent direct daylight entering the front of the buildings, the inner courtyards help to get light deeper into the plan, reducing the need for general artificial lighting. However, task specific artificial lighting is still required.

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Structural Systems & Integration Environmental Strategy

The environmental strategy has played a key role in the design of the scheme. By having two different materials that possess their own individual properties, two different winter / summer strategies have emerged and these various strategies have been discussed throughout this workbook and for the purposes of this page, I shall focus on the day time strategies.

The main focus throughout the design has been to be as sustainable and self sufficient as possible. During winter months, supplementary lighting and heating will be required when the low intensity sun is low in the sky, with short daylight hours.

However, during summer, when the concrete buildings will be able to store large amounts of thermal mass and the sun will be able to provide plenty of natural daylight, the buildings should become more efficient.

Winter Environmental Strategy

In Winter, there is a greater reliance upon artificial lighting and heating, due to the shorter daylight hours and the less intense sun. The concrete buildings therefore are heated by the underfloor heating, with any excess heat to be absorbed by the thermal mass of the concrete which can then be released during the evening hours.

Additionally, with a higher amount of rainfall, the concrete roofs are used to collect rain water, which is then stored within the tanks as indicated previously. There is a steady amount of rainfall throughout the year, however as seen in DSIT A, there is generally more rain during the winter months.

With the sun being lower in the sky, the overhanging roofs no longer prevent direct daylight from entering the public buildings. This therefore helps to heat the internal spaces, although as the sun is less intense, the solar gain may be minimal. The boundary wall surrounding the site will help to disturb the wind, designed to lift the wind up and over head height.

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Key

Structural Systems & Integration

Rain Water Harvesting Storage Tank Direction of Rain Water through Underground Pipes

Rain

Direction of Grey Water through Underground Pipes

Intake of cool air through underfloor vents Warm air to be extinguished through top opening lights Mechanical Ventilation

Private Buildings

Underfloor vents allow air to trickle in to the buildings as and when required. Due to natural convection currents, the warmer air will be drawn up through the building and exhausted out of upper open lights, causing the air to circulate.

Environmental Integration

Various plans and sections have been shown throughout this workbook with relation to the environmental integrations, and the diagrams opposite aims to bring these systems together, in conjunction with the exploded axos of the individual buildings.

The environmental aspects of the build are designed to work alongside the structure. The rainwater collected from the concrete buildings are to be stored within the storage tank to the north of the site, to be used as grey water when required. With a passive ventilation system where ever possible, the floor ducts will allow a steady flow of cool incoming air, to slowly be warmed as it passes through the buildings before being exhausted on opposite sides of the building.

To avoid extensive groundworks, all under ground pipework is to go in the same channels where ever possible. When possible, the entry points for the services into the individual buildings should be in a similar position. This is to make servicing and maintenance as simple as possible for the future occupants. On the following page, building loadings are discussed.

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Environmental Integration

All of the private buildings will have a ground guttering system that will transport the collected rain water, under ground, to a large storage tank located to the north of the site. This water will then be used to flush the toilets, helping to save water - this has the potential to save many litres of water due to the population of the scheme. The public buildings are designed to allow their rain water to run into the newly formed stream in the site, subject to building control approval.

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Key Direction of Water Supply through Underground Pipes

Structural Systems & Integration

Direction of Drainage through Underground Pipes

Direction of Electrical Cables

Public Buildings

The public buildings operate on a different day and night time strategies, however all of the buildings are services in a similar way. There will be a main entry point for services into the individual buildings, with the services then distributed around the building as required.

Services Integration

The scheme aims to be as passive as possible, however electrics, drainage and water supply is still required. As the scheme has a decentralised plant, each building will have an electric boiler for hot water where required.

All of these systems are to be connected into the main system that runs through to the adjacent imphal barracks.

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Structural Systems & Integration Key

Main Services

All of the major services are to run underground as shown in previous pages, along two distinct routes either side of the private / public boundary. M&E consultants will have to be consulted to ensure that the service routes are acceptable with current legislation.

D ning Space Di

Electric Cables

Water supply

Drainage

Electric Cables

From the main electric cable, the internal electric cables will be laid around the perimeter of the building and the services box. The bedroom pods will then be able to plug into these services as and when required. The electric cables will be floor mounted as shown in the detail.

Rain Water

Grey Water

Staff Bedroom

Drainage

The shower floors will be laid to fall, creating in effect a wet room. The drainage, along with the drainage from the WCs and basins, will be laid underground before connecting into the main drainage routes.

Intake of cool air through underfloor vents Warm air to be extinguished through top opening lights Mechanical Ventilation

Water Supply

The water supply will be fed to the services box underground, before being brought up to the individual components behind the IPS. Individual electric boilers and showers will be used to heat the water locally, to avoid large hot water tanks and cylinders, as the buildings may not always be fully occupied.

Bedroom

Grey Water

To lower water consumption, recycled grey water is to be used.

Having been fed from the main services, the grey water pipes will be fed underground, to be brought up in the IPS to serve the WCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

Rain Water

The rainwater will run down channels in the concrete, before being collected in underground channels around the perimeter of the building and being directed to the main drainage route and on towards the storage tank.

Natural Ventilation

Electric Cables

Detail showing how the cabling will be positioned in channels having been laid within the screed.

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The buildings are to be naturally ventilated as far as possible, utilising thermal dynamics. Cool air will enter the buildings through underground vents, to then be heated by the concreteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thermal mass and occupants, before being exhausted through opening lights in the curtain wall.

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Structural Systems & Integration Main Services

All of the major services are to run underground as shown in previous pages, along two distinct routes either side of the private / public boundary. M&E consultants will have to be consulted to ensure that the service routes are acceptable with current legislation.

Electric Cables

From the main electric cable, the internal electric cables will have been already installed within the prefabricated panels, along the walls of the building. The connections will then have to be made once the construction is finalised.

Drainage

The drainage will be located within any base cupboards where required, with all the buildings drainage coming to one corner, before being connected to the main drainage pipe. This will have to be co-ordinated with the SIPs manufacturers.

Workshop p

Water Supply

The water supply will be fed in the same channel as the drainage pipes, before being distributed around the building to where ever required. In order to minimise runs, the external pipes will be brought to the closest corner of the building where water and drainage are required. Again, this will need to be co-ordinated with the SIPs manufacturer.

Offic

Rain Water

The rainwater falling on the sedam roof will help to water the grass; whilst the rain that falls on the timber part of the roof will flow through the hidden guttering system as detailed earlier, before being led to the stream through under ground pipes.

Natural Ventilation

The buildings are to be naturally ventilated as far as possible, utilising thermal dynamics. Cool air will enter the buildings through underground vents, to then be heated by heat generated from the machinery and occupants, before being exhausted through opening lights in the curtain wall.

Mechanical Ventilation

An important issue in the workshop is the mechanical ventilation. Each individual piece of equipment will have their own extract to the outside, to allow the equipment to be used individually, as and when required.

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Structural Systems & Integration

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Structural Systems & Integration

Key Dead Loads Live Loads

Structural Systems

There are a couple of different load distributions taking place within the structures. The concrete buildings act as a shell, distributing their loads in a compressive manner through the concrete; whilst at the same time in tension through the reinforcement. The concrete buildings are also a hybrid of concrete and curtain walling. The framework for the curtain walling, creates slightly more of a point load due to the frame, however the bottom horizontal transom will assist in spreading the load across the foundations. Therefore, a strip foundation is suitable for both the concrete and the curtain walling as loads will be spread across the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface, and can therefore dissipate through the strip foundation to the ground.

The SIPs spread their load in a similar manner to that of the concrete, working as a thin shell like structure. Distributing their load over the surface, a strip foundation would be suitable because it will absorb the loads generated. A load bearing slab floor will be used to absorb the live loads generated by furniture / visitors, etc. As there are no upper floors, the walls are only required to take both dead and live loads from the roof structures

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Legislative Framework

Due to the complex nature of the concrete buildings, a qualified structural engineer will need to be consulted in order to fully understand the intricacies of the loading diagrams. For my part, the Approved Document Part A - Structures, will assist in a basic knowledge of the loading patterns.

Within the Approved Document Part A, general rules of thumb are given on structural thickness and dimensions.

Therefore, by having an understanding of where to research the document, a more accurate early design can be detailed, with relative certainty over sizings, prior to the structural engineer being on board. Detailed discussions can also take place if the structural engineer is over specifying parts of the structure, in order to ask them why they are doing things in a certain manner. Furthermore, by using the rules of thumb, initial designs can generally be ruled out if they are found not to comply with the regulations.

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Structural Systems & Integration Structure Comparison

Phase 1 - 1

The initial site will be set up including site cabins and additional preliminaries required. The boundary wall will then be constructed as this will be difficult to reach when the buildings are constructed.

Phase 1 - 2

Following the completion of the concrete section of the boundary wall, the private buildings will begin to be constructed. A waterproof mixture will be used with the buildings being constructed using a double skin of concrete to maintain the thermal mass.

Phase 1 - 3

The concrete private buildings will continue to be poured, as per the structural engineersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; specification to ensure correct application and a high quality finish.

Phase 1 - 4

When the concrete has finished being paused, the curtain walling contractor will move onto site and install the grams and curtain walling, creating a water tight building. At this point, the internal fit outs of these buildings will begin, signalling the start of phase two.

Phase 2 - 1

Phase two will commence with the concrete contractor being back on site to lay the foundations for the public, SIPs buildings manufactured off site.

Phase 2 - 2

Once the foundations have been laid, the specialist SIPs contractor will become the main focus, installing the off site manufactured panels. This will be a quick process and will be a busy period on site, as many trades will be on site at the same time, due to all the buildings being internally fitted out.

Assembly

Future Disassembly

The preliminary stage of the first phase, will first lay the strip foundations for the concrete buildings. These will have been specially designed by the Structural Engineer to ensure they are suitable for the job required, with rebar inserted for extra stability if necessary. The formwork for the concrete can then be erected. Following this the self compacting concrete will be poured in situ, in a series of pours as determined by the contractor. The next phase will see the steel framework for the curtain walling being installed. To create the water tight building, the curtain walling systems will be installed to complete this part of the external works on the private buildings. This then signals the start of the internal fit out of these buildings.

It is at this point, that phase 2 can begin.

Despite this recycling issue, this building is not designed to last for 30 years, it is designed to last for a much longer period of time. This type of facility is likely to be needed for the foreseeable future as war isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t going away, and therefore using a hard standing material such as concrete provides a great benefit to the lifespan of the building.

The project is to be built in 2 main construction phases, with the third and final phase being the site wide landscaping.

Each main phase will be broken down into several smaller stages.

Phase two comprises the on site construction of the public buildings. The majority of these buildings will have been prefabricated off site, so the on site time should be minimal, reducing risk of delays and a larger number of people off site.

Furthermore, by constructing a large proportion of the scheme off-site, additional space is freed up for the site cabins and any storage requirements. Once these buildings are complete, the landscaping team can begin the final details of the scheme.

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Due to the complexity of the design and the desire for the private buildings to contain a high amount of thermal mass to assist in the heating strategy, I opted to construct these buildings from in situ concrete. However, in terms of future disassembly and recycling, concrete is not the best material; although It can be crushed down and used in other aggregate materials.

The public buildings are to be constructed from SIPs, with this type of product being 100% recyclable. This is a great benefit to the scheme, allowing for potential future expansion of the residential areas of the scheme, with the public element being created elsewhere on the site.

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Structural Systems & Integration Structure Comparison

Phase 2 - 3

Once the external walls of the SIPs buildings have been positioned and the buildings are water tight, the internal fit out of these buildings can begin. It is likely that the tradesmen from the private buildings will still be working on these buildings, when the public buildings are water tight, therefore additional staff will be required.

Phase 3 - 1

The final phase (shown to the right) will see a specialist subcontractor attend site, presumably with an unskilled labour force, to carry out the landscaping works to finalise the site, in preparation for the residents and visitors. Boundary fences will also be installed between the scheme and the barracks, as well as to the adjacent housing estates.

Personal Position

Legislative Framework

My personal preference would be for the majority of the construction to be built off site. I believe that this is the greater technique as the products can be manufactured under strict factory controlled conditions, reducing tolerances and in a potentially safer environment, often creating a higher quality product. Furthermore, the schedule is more likely to be kept with less dependence on the weather. However, creating a more modular system is preferred when using off site manufacture, so as to further reduce costs and give greater scales of economy. Therefore, further research would need to be taken to get a bespoke design, whilst not generating too high construction costs with off site manufacture.

Throughout the construction, continuous assessment by the local Building Control Officer will be required, to ensure compliance with all relevant regulations and to achieve the Building Control certificate at the end of the build.

The scheme offers an array of technologies, including both on and off site manufacture. This is due to the choice of materials, with it very difficult to manufacture off site concrete panels. I would also personally like to further investigate the possible forms that are possible when using concrete, being inspired by my origami work in my DS3 studies.

As with all construction projects built within the UK, the scheme will need to comply with current Building Regulations.

Before any work can commence, acceptance of both a Planning Application and Building Regulations Application will need to be granted by the local authority.

Various Approved Documents (AD) will need to be consulted and these are to be referenced throughout this document.

However, due to the nature of the design, one vitally important document will be AD Part M - Access to & use of buildings.

This will ensure that all aspects of the design are wheelchair user friendly, one of the key stake holders of the scheme.

As discussed previously, I would prefer for large parts of the buildings to be created off site for the reasons stated, however I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t believe that this should come at the cost of the design. I would prefer for a more bespoke design, based on itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s context to be built on site, than a standard, generic off site construction.

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