Studio 3 Resilient Architecture by Ben Miller

Thesis Statement Problem The contemporary urban environment is characterised by rapid change. Despite this, architecture interventions remain ridged and lack evaluation of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s potential life cycle to ensure the design remains resilient.

Theory Through the ideas of Researching For Design, we are looking at how Resilience theory and Generative Design Theory could be used to address the rigidity in architectural design and how they derive answers which combine understanding of the natural environment, computation and engineering to create adaptable solutions.

Solution The current Architectural model creates a material solution to a current problem, we aim to address instability through considering a building system behind the material solution to create a system that can change as rapidly as the urban environment. The use of Computational design tools allow for rapid evaluative prototypes allowing for the evaluation of any proposed system.

Contents Atelier Approach

Problem Identification

Site Analysis

Design Considerations

Resilience Theory

Design Philosophy

Facade Application

Applied Methodology - Overview

102

Applied Methodology - Space Syntax

104

Applied Methodology - Massing

149

Applied Methodology - Manual Design Decisions

185

Applied Methodology - Evaluation

195

Example Drawing Pack

200

From Studio 1 & 2

STUDIO 1

STUDIO 2

PAVILION

MAKER SPACE

STUDIO 3 THEORY - RESILIENT DESIGN

THEORY -RESILIENCE

CONTEXT

DIVERGENT FUTURES

DESIGN METHOD

From Studio 1 & 2 Progressing to Studio 3 Studio 1&2 are laid out in order to incrementally build knowledge an understanding through the year, Studio 1 let us explore design systems and methods. While studio 2 allowed us to deepen our theoretical understanding.

e etr ple e tati

2 of the 4 variables that on randomisation. This is unavoidable in order to produce a variety of options without being prescriptive, when the number of solutions must be limited. This meant high degrees of correlation.

The r pl rati

While we were able to do a highly thorough water study, it was not possible This also created a bottle neck, stopping us from fully optimising and realising our structural strategy, as the former had to inform the latter. Water Study

End

artiall a i e

The scale and goals of our pavilion made it inappropriate to explore beyond a fundamental understanding of Resilience. In Studio 2 we intend to pursue Panarchy and develop an evolving design within a complex system.

RESILIENCE

Too Random Generative Form Structural Optimisation Technical Detailing

i e e

e le ti i itati

Our Serpentine Pavilion proposal was very successful in a number of ways. We were number of different design goals. However there were some limitations to reflect on, discussed above.

Studio 1

Studio 2 & 3

Greenspace

Materials Processing

Reception Spray Boothe

Cafe Exhibition

Workshops Materials Materials Processing Processing Digital Cutting Fabrication Room Commercial Frontage Computer Suite

pa e

One of our core design drivers was ensuring the building could provide program allocation for a range of different scenarios, space for all. We used Space Syntax Theory to ensure these worked well. We also wanted to balance this with design drivers such as communicating the internal function.

Building

Reception

E ISTING

F T RE

Sustainable, environmentally designed, Cafe Greenspace ce ni ersit or esi ential with a focus on massing and facade.

il i

ale

e ilie t

Pop High Commercial

We have chosen to base our exploration around building scale, we felt this was a good choice as although there have been explorations of resilience at larger scales building scale approaches have mostly failed to grasp the true ideas of resilient design.

i ri

e i

The ideas of creating a system that can constantly adapt has failed many times before, learning from these we believe we can propose a potentially resilient system that can adapt to any required change.

e le ti i

F T RE D

Digital Reception Fabrication Exhibition Cutting Room Workshops

F T RE

Cutting Materials Room Commercial Processing Frontage Spray Boothe Digital Additive Fabrication Manufacture Open Private Workshops Workspace Workspace CNC Machining Computer Exhibition Suite

Cafe

F T RE

Materials Processing

Greenspace

r ar t

Although a shorter term project when compared to the other studio modules studio 2 allowed use to spend time deepening the theoretical understanding and framework that we had chosen to base our thesis around. It also took most of the initial design work such as site evaluation and program exploration.

Resilient Design System

Environmental Design Contextually Responsive

Adaptability

Our goal is to create a system for designing and building that increases the life cycle of a building allowing for repeated adaptation without material waste

Facade Program Optimisation

Studio 3 Moving Forward How do you design for a system that can not be known? The future is always changing and at any moment multiple futures can be predicted but never known. This is the issue that causes all buildings to eventually fail, no mater how good a building design is eventually the use of the building will need to change and then the building will need to be altered or demolished, but what if Instead of designing objects, we will learn to design systems which accept and allow for this future unknown change. This system will then need to be evaluated using the techniques we have learnt throughout the year both in terms of quantitative and qualitative design considerations. Although a system can be designed to allow change the hand of an architect is needed to identify the change and evaluate the system to both pick the optimal result and alter this to create an architectural intervention.

CHANGE

FUTURE: A

CHANGE

FUTURE: B

CHANGE

FUTURE: C

CHANGE

FUTURE: D

CHANGE

FUTURE: E

CHANGE

FUTURE: F

CHANGE

FUTURE: G

CHANGE

FUTURE: H

CHANGE CHANGE CHANGE

CUIRRENT SCENARIO

Uncertain Future TIME

CHANGE CHANGE CHANGE

Using a building as a case study we will look at how a system can be adapted to allow transition between multiple possible but unknown futures

USEAGE TRANSITION

End Goals

MINIMAL FOOTPRINT

INCREACED COMERCIALISATION

EDUCATION & COMERCIAL

USEAGE TRANSITION

EDUCATION REDUCED USE

MAXIUM CAPACITY EDUCATION

To display a system for construction that allows for potential future changes, this will be explored through scaled transitions through a range of future possibilities and an ability to transition between these scenarios.

CHANGE

FUTURE: A

CHANGE

FUTURE: B

CHANGE

FUTURE: C

CHANGE

FUTURE: D

CHANGE CHANGE CHANGE

CUIRRENT SCENARIO

TIME CHANGE

FUTURE: E

CHANGE

FUTURE: F

CHANGE

FUTURE: G

CHANGE

FUTURE: H

CHANGE CHANGE CHANGE

Divergent Timelines Multiple Potential Futures At any moment there are multiple equally likely scenarios that are ahead of use and although one may seem more certain it is impossible to tell. So therefore designing a building system that is designed to be adaptable to any change rather than a predicted future use case will allow a building system to last throughout these changes.

Change of Use

Design Process Starts Current Model Demolition

Programatic Change

Current Environment Considered Building Constructed Environmental Shift

Building Becomes UnďŹ t for Purpose

Problem Identification What Could Change? The future will always continue to change and can not be predicted with certainty so a building will inevitably become unfit for purpose this leads to either an adaptation or complete removal both of these possibilities create waste so what if a building could be dismantled and changed without creating waste?

Public Facing Increased Time Usage M&E Adaptation Human / Nature Synergy

Our Model Adaptation

How can a Building be Adaptable to Multiple Future Scinarios?

Impact on Habitats

Cultivating Habitats Habitat Degredation

Material Use Optimisation Climate Abnormalities

Standardised Units Life Cycle Assessment Tempermental Weather Temperature Instability

Design Theory Designing for constant non-linear change A buildings use is always subject to potential change, no matter how well designed the building is the requirements needed of that building will change be it an office space being no longer needed or housing in an undesirable location change will happen and its imposable

to predict. These changes may happen multiple times adding or subtracting from the building to meet the new use-case, these changes cant be predicted so a building must be allowed to change both to something new and revert to a previous state.

USEAGE TRANSITION

MINIMAL FOOTPRINT

INCREACED COMERCIALISATION

EDUCATION & COMERCIAL

USEAGE TRANSITION

EDUCATION REDUCED USE

MAXIUM CAPACITY EDUCATION

i le

all

iller

Residential Food/restaurants

University

Industrial

Schools

Leisure/Entertainment

Hospitals

Retail

Place of Worship

Car Parks/Petrol Station

Surrounding Buildings

Green Space

a r l

ite

al i

al a e itie The site is located at the heart of the education campus of the city localised to a diverse array of local amenities including residential, shopping of these functions, localised close to them.

Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 18 | 14

13 - Circle Square 1&2 - Commercial Space & Offices Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 18 | 14 Office space: 390,000 sqft Ground and mezannine commercial space: 53,292 sqft

17 - ID Manchester - EducationNumber of storeys: 15 Mixed use space for science & tech research and development, with some residential.

17 - ID Manchester - Education Number of storeys: 15 Office space: 3.5 million sqft Mixed use space for science & tech, some residential

27 - SODA - The School of Digital Arts Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 5 | 6

27 - SODA - The School of Digital Arts Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 5 | 6 Digital arts building adjacent to the current school of art, used for research and arts production in digital media.

e el p e t

ap ear ite

There is substantial development ongoing in the city as a result of major investment. This is compratively little outside the Manchester ring road. Student accommodation and University facilities are one of the main features.

Proposed but Without Planning Application Approved or Starting Construction Planning Application Submitted Under Construction Completed

Piccadilly Station

Birley Campus

Oxford Road Station

ite

e t

John Dalton West

The site is situated in the highly densely urbanised city centre. At the North end of the University campus facing onto the city centre, close to Oxford Road Station, and on the Oxford Road bus route, it is in a strategically interesting position ofr a public facing facility.

ord

alt

Circle Square

Oxf

al i

MSA

UoM Campus

All Saints Library

Manc

alt

e t

al i

for dR

ite

John Dalton West

i r

Bu s

Circle Square

Business School

Way

Sto p

unian

The site is located in a highly congested part of the city, adjacent to Oxford Road, the busiest bus route in Europe, and the Manchester ring road. It is sat as part of the MMU campus, opposite the new Circle Square University residential development.

John Dalton Shed

The Dancehouse

i le

all

iller

CNC Machine

Disc Saw

Material Extrusion

Vat Polymerisation

Powder Bed Fusion

Sheet Lamination

Robotic Arm

Soldering

Sawing

Gluing

Sanding

Drilling

Painting

CAD Modelling

Lasercutting

Maker Space A Place To Create

We selected our program, as a Maker space. The neccesity for an adapting facility with various programmatic and mechanical requirements gave us good opportunity, whilst still working in a scenario with genuine constraints, related to the MMU campus, and fulfilling a real potential demand.

Binder Jetting

Band Saw

Disk Sander

Material Jetting

Belt Sander

3D Printing There are a substantial array of 3d printing processes for a range of different outcomes and materials.

Direct Energy Deposition

3D Printing

100

440000

400000 Market Value (Billion)

320000 280000 240000 200000 160000

The development in the digital fabrication sector has brough about massive growth in the fabrication industry. Additions such as 3d printing have had huge growth, bringing costs down and making the technology more accessible at a domestic level.

50 40 30

40000

A Wave of Making

80000

Fabrication Industry

120000

The CNC industry has also seen considerable growth and is projected to keep climbing in the future.

360000

Units Sold

The 3d printing industry has exploded in the past decade, with hundreds of thousands of them now in circulation.

CNC

110

10 11 12 13 Year (+2000)

CNC Lathes

CNC Machining Centre

18 19 20 21 Year (+2000)

CNC Milling Machining

CNC Drilling

24 Others

Growing Opportunity

Making Making Accessible

There are very limited maker space facilities in the city aside from PrintCity, and these places are at a premium with high costs.

While the industry has experienced major growth it is still highly expensive and inefficient to acquire 3d prints in the current system. Either going through a company which usually have high premiums, or buying a whole printer yourself.

Material Economy There is a huge proportion of material waste in both the construction sector and the commercial and industrial sectors. Our design will directly respond to all three of these, intervening in the lifecycle at the early stages as is prefered by the EU

Maker

3D Printing Company

££

Output

Personal Printer

Output

Maker Space

Output

£££

Waste Heirarchy Most Preferred

Prevention

Other

Households

Commercial & Industrial

Preparing for Reuse

Recycling

Other Recovery Construction Demolition & Excavation

Disposal

Wohlers Associates (2018) Wohler Report https://www.3erp.com/blog/cnc-machining-industry-trends-2019/ Adams, K., Hobbs, G., Building Research, E. and Limited, I. H. S. G. (2017) Material resource

Least Prefered

Community Expanded Interaction Facilities

On-tap Education

Space Standards According to the HSE space standards, any occupant is entitled to 11m3 volume of space.

Food Store Kitchen

Maker Space Programmatic Analysis We have reacted to the changing systems surrounding the site, as well as changes to the campus. From this we have elected to design a Maker Space with educational facilities as well as commercial production.

Open Work Spaces Private Work Spaces Seminar Rooms Computer Suite CNC

Cafe

Green Space

Scullery

Control Room Toilets

Maker Space

Lecture Theatre Reception Workshops Bag Store

Spray Room Metal Electronics Wood Plastic

Exhibition Space

Cutting Room

Digital Fabrication

Materials Store

3D Printing

Storage

Bedroom Common Room

Personal Living Space

Student Accommodation

Maker Space

Laundry Facilities

Goods Storage

Commercial Goods Facility

Shared Kitchen

Programmatic Analysis We have reacted to the changing systems surrounding the site, as well as changes to the campus. From this we have elected to design a Maker Space with educational facilities as well as commercial production. There will also be practical potential for conversion to residential. As part of the campus' intent to achieve new carbon neturality, facility for the installation of renewable energy sources will also be provided.

Ensuite

Cycle Storage

Exterior Facilities

Materials Processing

Maker Space

Photovoltaic Array Wind Farm

Energy Storage

Energy Generator

hat i here

e ilie

e it ri i ate

The term resilience has a number of academic maths and economics, but also in ecological and biological sciences.

It is an integrative theory to help us understand the changes occurring globally. It seeks to rationalize the interplay between change and persistence, between the predictable and unpredictable p5

RESILIENCE Theory

Institutions

The Ecologist

The Economist

Resilience Theory is a project to ‘advance theory, policy, and practice involved in resolving issues that emerge from the interaction between people and nature’

Ecosystems

Economic Growth Human Development

i ter i ipli ar i te rati This theory is built upon existing views from a range economics to ecological sciences. This leads to a range of interpretations and approaches to working with Resilience.

e the

tr i i e

‘We sought to identify how economic growth and human development depend upon joint attributes of ecosystems and institutions’

r th a t i the l ter pe ate r e li e i e ir e tal alit

a it Human civilisation has become polarised to the natural environment.

at re Ecosystems are continually of production and growth.

T pe

at re

Chara t re

at re

l ti

There are a range of different conceptions of how nature works that stem from people’s varying myths. These lead to different assumptions about stability.

at re lat

Ce tri epti

Lacking stabilising forces

ple

economic and social systems as being similar to biological processes that generate variability and expose

at re ala

It will return to stability.

Uncertainty in nature is presumed to be replaced by certainty of human control.

at re

ar hi

Fundamental instability where increase is inevitably followed by decrease.

at re e ilie t

Instabilities organise as much as stabilities do.

at re

l i

An evolutionary and adaptive approach to abrupt and transformative change.

er ati

“Mother Nature is not basically in a state of delecate balance. If she were, the world would indeed have collapsed long ago.”

Metaphor Phase Space

Trajectory

Metaphor Phase Space

Trajectory

Metaphor Phase Space

Trajectory

Metaphor Phase Space

Trajectory A B

P P

START

Roulette selection of parents

Generate inital population

Crossover to produce children

Calculate tness of individuals

Mutation of children

Satisfy stop criterion END

Calculate tness of children

Calculate generation by “Elitism”

None

Globally Stable

Globally unstable

Multiple stable states

Shifting stability landscape

Stochastic

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Random

Optimise or return to equilibrium Pathology of surprise

Precautionary principle

Exogenous input and internal feedback Flexible and actively adaptive, probing Active learning and new institutions

Multiple scales and discontinuous structures Maintain variability

Trial and Error

Status Quo

Recovery at local scales or adaptation

“Scaling up from small to large cannot be a process of s simple aggregation: nonlinear processes organize the shift from one range of scales to another.’”

“In nature, the biota and the physical environment interact such that not only does the environment shape the biota but the biota transform the environment.”

Complex Systems

Across Scales

= Adaptation Scales Adaptation Scales

Implication of Change Resilience Theory explores how systems limit, cope with and facilitate change. Biology and ecologies can provide answers on how to achieve resilient systems. These systems adapt to change at all scales in different, non-linear ways. They are characterised by cyclical processes of Exploitation, Conservation, Release and Reorganisation.

Ecologies ACUTE SHOCK Previous Equilibrium State

Major Shock to the System

New Equilibrium State

Continuous stress Continuous stress to the system

Episodic Change is episodic

Change is continuous

Continuous accumulation of capital

Punctuated by sudden release and reorganization

Change is neither continuous and gradual nor consistently chaotic. Rather it is episodic, with periods of slow accumulation of natural capital such as biomass, physical structures, and nutrients, punctuated by sudden releases and reorganization of those biotic legacies

System fails when external instances exceed the parameters of resilience

Calculated Constraints

Undeﬁned Boundary

Catagorised

Diversity

Equilibrium Point

Maximum Resilient Range

New Factor Imposed

Temporary Instances Time

Equilibrium Line Begins To Deform

Maximised Efﬁciency

Continuity

Equilibrium Point

Productivity Efﬁciency

i eere i eere

In the creation of a resilient system, there are

Cons: Requires Control Vulnerability

Redundency

Opportunity Persistance Cons: Unpredictability No Redundency

expected range. This method maintains the Equlibrium Point

New Equilibrium Point

Diversity

resilience, this focuses on understanding and preserving a current state. For instance building

always aims to return a system to the initial point of equilibrium. The quality of this Engineered Resilience can be measured by 2 quantitative measures; a system’s resistance to disturbance and, speed of return to the equilibrium.

Point of Equilibrium Begins To Shift

Equlibrium Point

l l

i al i al

An Ecological Resilient system is not constrained within an expected range of conditions but is instead an interconnection of adaptable systems. Ecology recognises the natural development and variation of a state with multiple equilibrium points and as part of a wider system. This maintains the existence of a system but not necessarily the function of the system itself. Ecological Resistance can be measured in terms of the magnitude of disturbance that can be absorbed before the system changes structure.

First, the system must be productive, must acquire resources and accumulate them, not for the present, but for the potential they offer for the future.

Panarchy Cycles of Resources Panarchy is an alternate view of systems of change. It is designed to ‘rationalise the interplay between change and persistance, between the predicatable and unpredictable”. It views systems that are flowing through the following phases. Exploitation - The system is focused on colonising available potential. Conservation - The system is focussed on the accumulation and storage of resources. Release - The creative destruction phase in which accumulated resources become overconnected and fragile, until suddenly they are released by agents. Reorganise - The appearance or expansion of agents, innovating and restructuring the system.

Potential

“Here we see resilience expanding and contracting within a cycle as slow variables change”

Criteria 2

There must also be some sort of shifting balance between stabilizing and destabilizing forces reflecting the degree and intensity of internal controls and the degree of influence of external variability.

Criteria 3

Somehow the resilience of the system must be a dynamic and changing quantity that generates and sustains both options and novelty, providing a shifting balance between vulnerability and persistence.

Potential

Panarchy is intended to ‘give sense to what might be’. It defines the conditions inwhich those possibilities might occur.

Criteria 1

Potential

Panarchy Criteria

α r

K Ω

The limits of change and the range of options available. r

Connectedness

Resilience

Degree of internal control The vulnerability Ω over variability. The flexibility system to failure. and rigidity of controls,Connectedness and the sensitivity to external variation.

the

Resilience

Resilient Architecture r

Scales of Change Architecture has no fixed scale the breadth of change ranges from program alterations to city wide schemes and all these scales affect each other. For example a change at a city level could result in a building becoming unfit as an office therefore the program of that building adapts into residential or commercial. Change is constant and inevitable.

large and slow

Long Term Adaptations: Building Material Changes

intermediate size and speed

Mid Term Adaptations: Programatic Alterations small and fast

Short Term Dynamics: User Fluctiations

r be m e em

KEY BUILDING OUTLINE BUILDING CHANGE

KEY ROOM OUTLINE NEW PARTITION

PROGRAM A PROGRAM B

EXISTING

CHANGE

Long Term Dynamics Building Material Changes When relating scales to a building long term changes would relate to material changes to the overall building things at a scale that would require planning permission, alterations to the overall footprint or size of the building. KEY BUILDING OUTLINE BUILDING CHANGE

Mid Term Dynamics Programmatic Alterations A mid term change would relate to the scale of internal alterations on the level of altering a rooms program including small changes such as moving an internal partition wall or door. KEY ROOM OUTLINE NEW PARTITION

EXISTING

Short Term Dynamics User Fluctuations Users fluctuate on a daily or even hourly rate, not changing the program for a room but altering how that program in that room is preformed, like rearranging the room layout to better suit the current activity.

PROGRAM A PROGRAM B EXISTING

EXISTING

epla ea le le e t

CNC

a e a ri ati 2400mm

Any element of the design needs to be easily replaceable if damaged, this doesnt discount bespoke elements only makes their use more selective.

In line with replaceable elements the ease at which the elements can be fabricated increases the overall repair-ability of the building.

0 12

e ilie t e i

e i i erati

Although there is no tick box list to make a building resilient there are some areas that need to be considered throughout the design.

ir e tall trate i e A resilient design has to be resilient to change, the external environment changes on a daily basis so the building must be able to react to these changes.

alit

The less standardises a building system is the higher the number of unique elements as well as the more subtract from the building over time.

lti e ari pti i ati

E ISTING

F T RE

F T RE D

When considering multiple futures you can optimise for the most likely but if a building is over optimised in a single consideration then it fails if the future is even slightly different to what is predicted.

F T RE

A space optimised for a single use fails as soon as that use is no longer relevant therefore spaces should be hospitable to more than 1 program use.

SUN PATH

F T RE

lti ti

e e ara iti i

OFFICE

RESIDENTIAL SHIFT TO

SHIFT TO

PRODUCES

PRODUCES WASTE

Altering Existing Buildings Working within a fixed framework If change is inevitable why are we still designing ridged building systems that will inevitably become unusable and need adaptation, this adaptation will never be the most optimal preforming building as adaptation within an existing framework is inevitably limited therefore the framework itself must be adaptable.

COMERCIAL

FUTURE B

FUTURE A

Adaptable Framework Creating an adaptable framework is not just creating a structural system that can be altered it is creating the opportunity for that system to be adapted in the first place designing for future potential alterations. Not designing the changes but allowing the potential of them happening.

EXISTING

FUTURE D

FUTURE E

FUTURE C

Accepting Change

FUTURE F

FUTURE G

EXISTING

PROPOSED

KEY PROPOSED PROGRAM

BUILDING OUTLINE

Proposing an Adaptive System Allowing for the Capacity to Change Allowing for change still leaves to much uncertainty with the future of the building but what if the tools used to produce the initial design can be implemented for designing the change as well. For example a space syntax program can place program in optimal relation to each other so if this was reincorporated with the existing building as well as environmental design evaluators the system can suggest not only the

new program but also how the form must adapt to accommodate the change.

AREAS OF CHANGE

RAW MATERIALS PROCESSING TRANSPORT FABRICATION TRANSPORT

MODULE ASSEMBLY

ON SITE FABRICATION

SITE ASSEMBLY

An Adaptable System Assuming the need for change With tools that then encourages design alterations a system is now needed that can accommodate these alterations and adaptations. This is achieved through the use of a building system that allows for infinite disassembly and reassembly while only wasting damaged materials.

USE DISUSE DISTRUCTION WASTE

CIRCULAR PROCESS DISMANTLE

RECYCLE ON SITE KEY

TRADITIONAL MODULAR ONSITE FABRICATION

ite a ri ati a ta e te

a a apti e

pee

Allowing the creation of all elements on site means that the tools needed to recycle and reuse those materials are mostly on-site already meaning that the waste produced by building change can be limited to damaged elements.

SITE SSEM LY SE DIS SE

N SITE FA RICATION IRC LAR PROCESS

DISMANTLE

RECYCLE ON SITE

ATERIALS

PROCESSING

DISMANTLE

TRANSPORT

RECYCLE ON SITE

FA RICATION

N SITE FA RICATION

TRANSPORT

Tra

p rt ta e

By processing materials on site there is no need to ship materials to processing plants instead bringing them directly to site and fabricating them there, this both reduces the links in the supply chain saving time and money and the pollution produced from multiple transport stages.

By putting the tools to adapt and change the building within the building itself the speed at which the building can adapt is dramatically increased. Fewer discrete stages between disuse and reuse in the life cycle of the building will most likely represent a faster change.

On site fabrication can alter the way we think about building design allowing for adaptable architecture that can constantly change and evolve to match the needs of its users.

a te e

Cha

SITE SSEM LY

TRANSPORT FA RICATION TRANSPORT SITE SSEM LY

N SITE FA RICATION

DIS SE DISTR CTION ASTE

On Site Recycling Reuse to reduce When constructing a new building a large proportion of the cost in the acquisition of new materials, when developing an existing building the more materials from the existing building that can be reused to lower the build cost will be so if all materials can be removed without damage and reused the redesign of a space will only cost material for additional floorspace ontop of the labour costs.

STORED MATERIAL

Flexibility / Applicability

No Definitive Solutions

The process is efficiently able to handle a vast array of problems and applications. It can be rapidly adapted and re-appropriated and produce objective bodies of solutions to problems.

The process is not designed to generate a single ‘Optimum’, rather to sift through and assess a vast body potential solutions based on the data provided. The designer is the ultimate creator and interpretor. The intent is to ensure the designer is more informed and guaranteed of being correct.

Forgiving & Malleable

Processing Limitations

The system will accept and calculate any scenario regardless of its depth, completeness, accuracy or validity. It can also be rapidly iterated and improved based on intuitive feedback.

When defining the Design Space a balance must be attained between fully describing the possibilities of a system and developing a system with too many inputs, making it too ‘heavy’ for a processor and taking long to complete.

Dynamic & Collaborative Feedback

Generally Quantitative

Systems can rapidly be written, adapted and improved. It also provides an intuitive feedback loop with the designer to be iterated. Iterations also rarely eliminate existing work, only evolving.

Computational Design Approach

Pros

Analysis of a genotype is completed on a numerical basis, quantitatively. Although there are ways of interpreting qualitative elements, and this, once completed, allows for more time to assess Qualitative features, the system is never a full picture of the problem.

Cons

Variance

Bias

https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/apr/25/manchester-university-braced-for-losses-of-more-than-270m#img-1

Scenario 2: Reduced Building Use

The resent rise of the Covid-19 virus has demonstrated a potential trend to working from home and online teaching, if this continues the requirement for university teaching space will drop.

Percentage of People Remote Working

Manager Perspective: Remote Working Policies

[1]

Percentage of people working Remotely

100%

% Yes

% No

80%

60%

Are your employees currently allowed to work remotely?

58%

42%

Will this lead to a change in your work from Remote work policy after Covid-19?

55%

45%

45 40%

20%

0% March 13-15

March 16-19

March 20-22

March 23-26

March 27-29

March 30April 2

Reduced Building use Remote Working Lifestyle The global outbreak of Covid-19 has forced people to work from home, this change has shown businesses the potential for reducing costs by allowing remote working, the same is true for universities allowing students to access resources from home removes the need for students and staff to travel onto university campus.

1 2

https://www.knowablemagazine.org/article/society/2020/could-covid-19-usher-new-era-working-home https://www.gallup.com/workplace/309620/coronavirus-change-next-normal-workplace.aspx

What is Changing Building use Percentage Space Requirements

[2]

KEY BUILDING OUTLINE SITE OUTLINE

90% SITE OCCUPATION

KEY EDUCATION USE COMERCIAL USE

75% SITE OCCUPATION

Reduced Building use Response As the needed use of a building decreases the size of the building will retreat to reduce the costs and overheads associated with the building running. The other option is to allow a mixed use building where the underutilised facilities can be rented by the public.

50% SITE OCCUPATION

££

£££

Chapter Title

UK Land Cost

VC Technology Investment 1500

Cost of Land Cost of Overlying Land

Investment (ÂŁMillion)

1000

7.5 7.0 6.5

750 500 250

5.5

2.0

2000

1.5

Number of Facilities

2500

6.6%

2.5

24.1%

Maker Space Growth

3.5

24.4%

4.0

14.5%

2026

2024

2022

2020

2018

2016

2014

4.5

6.6%

23.8%

5.0

ÂŁ Trillion

Empty 37.6% of the year

1250

8.0

1500

0.5 0.0

Europe

1000

September 16th December 13th

Jan

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Public Openness

June 19th

Aug

April 3rd

Jul

Dual use Spaces

Jun

April 27th

What is Changing Building use Percentage

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

2030

2028

2026

2024

2022

2020

2018

2016

2014

The University interacts with more commercial and tech companies, using its resources to produce goods and develop fabrication technology. Data indicates a growth in value of land, thus requiring more productivity. We can also see increased investment in the North West by Venture Capitalists, this is comparatively high to the rest of the country. Finally Maker Space development is booming globally with Europe having the highest proportion of increase. This all justifies an increase in publicly accessible facilities.

2012

2010

The University engages in more production and technology

https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/bulletins/nationalbalancesheet/2017estimates http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/manchester-population/ https://www2.mmu.ac.uk/about-us/structure/term-dates/ https://datacommons.technation.io/dashboard/f/all_geo/anyof_North%20West https://www.popsci.com/rise-makerspace-by-numbers/

January 6th

Rest of World 2008

2006

Usage Change

Jan

2030

2025

2020

2015

2010

2005

2000

1995

America

500 0

1 2 3 4 5

Yearly Student Fluctuation

KEY BUILDING OUTLINE EXPECTED SPACE REQUIRED SPACE BUILDING CHANGE

EXISTING

KEY USE A USE B

EXISTING

RESPONCE

HUB

Scenario 3 Response Building use Percentage The use of a building can be evaluated with internal sensors, underused program spaces can then be reduced to accommodate the lower than predicted use case.

Dual Use Spaces Once all requirements of the programs are know programs with overlapping requirements can be designated to the same places, as long as the space is designed to allow for the multiple room programs.

Public Openness The buildings position on Oxford road allows the openness of the building frontage to be altered to encourage or dissuade public interaction with the building

Scenario 4 - Urban Density

As more people move to the city, the city may need to increase itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s density to accommodate. If buildings are required to increace their user density how can existing building adapt to this without compromising the health of the occupants

Chapter Title

Increased Population & Development

UK Land Cost Cost of Land Cost of Overlying Land

1800 1600

8.0

1400

7.5

1200 1000

7.0

800

6.5

600

5.5

400

5.0

0 2014

2015

2016 2017 Time (Months / Years)

2018

2019

2020

Manchester Population

3.25

4.5 4.0 3.5

London

2.75

1.5

Nottingham

0.5

Grays

2030

2025

2020

2015

2010

2005

2000

1995

2022

2021

Building Profit

2020

Density of the City

2019

The rate of population growth has escalated in recent years with residential development occurring following suit. This will continue to lead to dramatically high density developments such as Circle Square. Strategic residential development, less impact to the surroundings could be beneficial. The site is located adjacent to two highly polluted highways. Manchester has comparatively high pollution. While this seems to not be escalating, measures should be taken to mitigate the affect of pollution to inhabitants on site. A premium should be placed on green space on site.

What is Changing

2018

A Highly Populated City

2017

Urban Density

Micrograms per cubic metre

2016

2020

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

2015

2010

2014

2000

2013

1990

2012

1980 Time (Years)

NO2 Target

2011

1970

Chepstow Gillingham Manchester Gibraltar Scunthorpe

2010

1960

Leicester

2.25 1950

York

0.0

2.50

Leamington Spa

2.0

3.00

Nitrogen DioxideNO2 Particulate Matter PM2.5

ShefďŹ eld

2.5

Particulates per m3

200 ÂŁ Trillion

Number of Residential units (Per Month)

Number of Residential units Completed in Manchester

Population (MIllion)

Increased Pollution

KEY BUILDING OUTLINE SITE OUTLINE

50% SITE OCCUPATION

KEY EDUCATION USE COMERCIAL USE

75% SITE OCCUPATION

Urban Density Response As the urban density increases percentage occupation of the site will need to increase as a response to the site having a higher land price This will also change how much profit or revenue is generated from the available building leading to a shift from educational to the more profitable commercial.

90% SITE OCCUPATION

££

£££

Scenario 5 - Severe Climate Change

As the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues to climb, the amount of extreme weather events will continue to climb that will need responding to without extreme generation of additional pollutants.

Chapter Title

2100

1800

1500

Number of events Globaly

Difference (Â°C) from 1961-1990 LTA

2020

900

600

300

-1

2100

2080

2060

2040

2020

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcw2ymd6s https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/provisional-hottest-day-on-record https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/wind/windiest-place-in-uk https://www.britannica.com/science/storm

2000

Global temperatures have risen by over 1.5 degrees. This has lead to the need for Renewable Energy as standard. Increased climate control and weather protection in buildings.

1990

Extreme Weather

2100

2000

1900

Severe Climate Change

1 2 3 4

1200

What is Changing Temperature Average:

1 - 20 (Current) 5-24 (expected)

Temperature Peak:

38.1 (Current) 43 (expected)

Storm Wind Speed:

64 - 173 Mph

(Source 3&4)

(Source 2)

(Source 1)

e p e p

i e a a e e t Cli ate Cha

As the changes in the climate primarily affect the internal environment of the building the use of an adaptive facade will allow constant change to how to building is reacting to constant change. An adaptive facade can funnel or repel wind as well as alter how much light and thermal energy is being transmitted to the internals of the building.

e p

Ther al e p

the wind strength and direction vary daily so how the building interacts with the wind is primarily with the facade so if this facade can react intelligently then the the building internal environment can remain more stable.

Redirecting Surface

Deflecting Surface

Perforated Surface

Flexible / Reactive Surface

The level of natural light received and amount of thermal energy received are fundamental linked so the best way to control the buildings thermals is to control the direct sunlight that eneters the building.

Reactive Form to Modular Size

tra ti

the

First the most optimised form for the application is generated from the desired sound, thermal or anything else

ite t re i h e el

e e le e t

When working with parametrically designed response to the environment the result can often be a complex blob this style has come to be know as Blobitecture. The problem with these buildings is they require many unique elements so to address this we have looked at weather the geometry can be standardised wile achieving similar environmental results.

e ele e t

If this optimised mass is taken and has a grid structure applied to it then the building can continue to be informed by the optimised mass without requiring the costly unique manufacturing

i al

of the initial optimisation an although isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t as optimised as it once was it can now be built for a fraction of the cost from standardised materials.

Material Choices Durability & Recyclability When choosing materials the 2 most important additional factors are Durability and Recyclability durability allows a material to hold up to the riggers of use as well as resisting damage when dismantling and moving. Recyclability means that when a material is damaged or no longer fit for use it can be recycled rather than end up in landfill.

Steel Steel offers a high structural performance without an unreasonable cost, the material its self is easily reused and recycled. Steel beams can be ordered to size minimising waste and can be joined using mechanical fixings allowing for easy re-usability.

Mechanical Fixings

Fire Resistance

Standardised Dimensions

Z X

MDF When choosing a wall sheet material the most common is plasterboard but plasterboard has many disadvantages the key one for our application is it is easily damaged. MDF on the other hand is harder wearing while fulfilling the material requirements such as fire protection.

Z X

Steel Extrusions

254mm

Metal extrusions are common place in construction steel beams have a fixed cross section but can be ordered to any length that is needed therefore it is possible to order precise lengths and quantities without producing material waste

254

Determining the Grid

Steel Extrusions Constraints

4 25

The cell sizes of the structural grid are laid out to minimise the waste of materials within the build. Of all constructed elements the internal walls have both the largest potential area as well as the most constraints, as an internal wall is a fixed dimension isolated from other constructed elements so it is the potential for the most waste.

X mm

Material Constraints

Although extrusions can be ordered to any length the cross sections are fixed this produces an issue as they are converted imperial measurements so are not round dimensions this makes aligning structure to metric measurements can cause conflicts that lead to waste.

MDF Sheet Size 2400mm 1

0 20

The size of material sheets is fixed, although they come in many thicknessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the surface tends to be either 1200x2400mm in metric countries or 1220x2440mm from imperial conversions. although there are some variations to this most material sheets come in this size or divisions of such as 1200x1200mm.

Aligning Structure Reducing Waste And Excess

Wrapping Geometry

m 06.6

When designing it is common to think from structure through to surface materials but this can lead to a lot of waste by thinking in the opposite way waste and excess can be reduced.

Most secondary structural systems require a maximum centre distance of 600mm, if metric sheet sizes are chosen this neatly divides into 3 members per sheet but if larger sheets are chosen 4 members are required this will increase costs for the secondary structure by 33%.

2440mm

Reducing Excess

m m 0 60

2400mm

m 20

m 00

Although there are also sheet materials on the exterior of the building as it is a single face wrap if a sheet needs to be cut at a corner then the piece that is cut off can continue round the corner therefore if the total perimeter isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t divisible by 1.2m there should only be one off cut for each 2.4m heigh section of the building. Contrasting to internal rooms where there would be waste in every room.

0mm

390

i e r i

the i

i e

Internal materials must conform to the structural grid for instance a wall must have battons at

ith i e

i e

As sheet materials have the least flexible dimensions without cutting and loss starting from the internal geometry and establishing the structural spacing after allows for a dramatic reduction in loss.

3900mm

tarti

3600mm

of waste if the structural grid is not spaced to conform to the dimension relationship between materials and structure.

0 360

apta ilit rea i

the ri

Throughout the building there will be areas these situations the spans of the floor steels will be increased to accommodate this change, allowing the rooms to open-up to 11.7 metres. The steel I-beam section chosen can have a free span of around 15 metres meaning that it is possible to span 3 cells without the need for internal column support. It also allows for external cantilevers of one cell using the 1/3 rule of thumb witch is the closest we can get without involving a structural engineer.

a ilit e

l a

i a

One of the core principles of our design is a building that can adapt to any requirement made of it, but this will lead to inevitable need in change to the building form. If materials are act of demolition will produce large quantities of waste resulting in an increased material cost.

12.5mm exterior grade ply 12.5mm exterior grade OSB Lead capping 18mm exterior grade OSB 254mm metsec stud 100mm ridged insulation between studs 18mm exterior grade OSB Vapour barrier 100mm rigid insulation Rainscreen support bracket DPM 100mm rigid insulation 19mm gyproc plank 15mm ply 254mm metsec joists @ 600mm centres 100mm ridged insulation between joists 16Mm Gyproc resilient bar 12.5mm fired rated MDF

Rainscreen mounting rail Rainscreen mounting bracket Rainscreen aluminium panel 254mm steel I-beam M10 bolt with 15mm washer 120X230mm c24 timber PAR 100mm galvanised self tapping screws

Ceiling reversible mounting bracket 12.5mm fired rated MDF 12.5mm fired rated mdf Wall reversible mounting bracket 12.5mm fired rated mdf 254mm metsec stud Automated ventilation louvres Fixed triple glazed aluminium window closure

DPC Angled 2mm aluminium window sill with drip

100X50mm C16 timber par 12.5mm fired rated mdf

Parapet Detail 1:5 GSEducationalVersion

Fixed triple glazed aluminium window closure 100x25mm C16 timber par 12.5mm fired rated MDF 254mm metsec stud 12.5mm fired rated MDF Wall reversible mounting bracket

Angled 2mm aluminium window sill with drip

12.5mm fired rated MDF

18mm finish ply 48mm acoustic baton 19mm gyproc plank 15mm ply 254mm Metsec joists @ 600mm centres 100mm ridged insulation between joists 16mm gyproc resilient bar 12.5mm fired rated MDF

Facade support rails Facade system M10 bolt with 15mm washer 100mm steel tubing with 254x254mm footing plate

Ceiling reversible mounting bracket 12.5mm fired rated MDF 12.5mm fired rated MDF Wall reversible mounting bracket 12.5mm fired rated MDF 254mm metsec stud Automated ventilation louvres Fixed triple glazed aluminium window closure 100x50mm c16 timber PAR 12.5mm fired rated MDF

GSEducationalVersion

Floor Detail 1:5

18mm finish ply 48mm acoustic baton 19mm gyproc plank 15mm ply 254mm Metsec joists @ 600mm centres 100mm ridged insulation between joists Vapour Barrier DPC DPC Angled 2mm aluminium window sill with drip Course gravel infill 254x254mm Painted Square Steel Section Welded 350x350mm foot plate M10 Bolt cast into concrete with 15mm washer Pre-cast 600mm cube of concrete

200mm diameter French drain

Foundation Detail 1:5

Program & Space Syntax

From Education to Public Realm Bridging the Divide The building holds a unique position at the seperation between the University Campuses and the beginning of the city centre. Its adaptability moves between education and public facing functions. Our design goal is centred on mediating this division.

Communicate Function

Indicate Openness

Creating a Hub Environment

Connect Diverse Functions

Indicate the inner workings of the building.

Show an active, open frontage, welcome to the public.

Prioritise the quality of space at the shared entrance and common space between functions.

Mediate the interaction between different programs and inhabitants to ensure efficiency and legibility of space.

HUB

Process

Using a proposed bubble diagram of functions, a set of tools evaluate and generate feasible geometric interpretations in terms of scaled plan layout graphs.

11 9 13

4 5

6 7

Analysing Spatial Networks Space Syntax Theory was conceived by Bill Hillier, Julienne Hanson, and colleagues at The Bartlett, University College London in the late 1970s to early 1980s to develop insights into the mutually constructive relation between society and space. As space syntax has evolved, certain measures have been found to correlate with human spatial behavior, and space syntax has thus come to be used to forecast likely effects of architectural and urban space on users.

Design inputs

Choice of point of view

Arbritrary Nodes Representing Spaces

Analytic Outputs Depth Analysis

Justiﬁed Graph

Choice Analysis

Spatial Links Areas

Graph Formation

Interactive bubble Diagrams (Optional / Manual Conﬁgurative Ideas) Prompt user to change input

Space Syntax Analysis

Topological Embedding No planar? Yes

If not satisﬁed with the outputs

Choice Order

Integration Analysis

Integration Order

Control Analysis

Control Order

Difference Factor Analysis

Spatial Articulation

Force Direction Drawing Triangulation

Charged Bubble Diagram Rectangular Dual Graph

A verbal interpretation of the conﬁguration

2D Bubble Packing Patterns 2D Plan Layouts

11 9 13 4

Integration

Space Syntax Theory

Findings - Movement patterns are powerfully shaped by spatial layout - Patterns of security and insecurity are affected by spatial design - This relation shapes the evolution of the centres and sub-centres that makes cities liveable - Spatial segregation and social disadvantage are related in cities - Buildings can create more interactive organisational cultures.

Depth Analysis

Input Requirements

How many topological steps a single space is away from another one.

Arbritrary Point Nodes Spatial Links Program Functions Areas

Fitness Criteria Space Syntax Theory Space Syntax Theory requires only a few pieces of data to opperate. It then returns a range of different potential fitness criteria to employ for evaluating the properties of a configuration in terms of its accessibility, integration, privacy etc.

In any conﬁguration, one can choose a point of view to look at their proposed conﬁguration from the perspective of a different function.

POV 2

Control Analysis

Choice Analysis Choice or Betweenness is is Choice or Betweenness a measure of importance a measure of importance of aofnode within a a a node within CB (Pi) = conﬁguration. That literally conﬁguration. That literally tells how many times a a tells how many times node happens to be in the node happens to be in the shortest paths between all all shortest paths between other nodes. other nodes.

Difference Factor Analysis

POV 1

(Pi)

(j < k)

Relativised Difference Factor H* =

H - ln2

As a measure of spatial ln3 - ln2 articulation for a whole H: Unrelativised Difference Factor conﬁguration, the differa b b c a c ln ln ln + + ence factor indicates H = t t t t t t how differentiated the a = the maximum RA, b = mean RA, space are within a c = minimum RA conﬁguration. 2(TD - k + 1) RA = t=a+b+c (k - 2)(k - 1)

Control intuitively indicates how strongly a vertex in a graph (a space in a conﬁguration) is linked to other points in a superior manner.

Control =

i=1

1 Di

Integration Analysis Integration is a measure of centrality that indicates how likely it is for a space to be private or communal.

2 Dk =

Dk(k - 2)(k - 1) 2(TD - k + 1)

k log2

(k + 2) 3

-1 +1

(k - 1)(k + 1)

Void Placement

Program Visibility Score

In promote the mixed Weorder knewtofrom our massing use of the scheme and feedback the types of communiate this use and of the building typologies, voids as more than an education massing shapes that would be building, we were interested in high functioning, so considered evaluating the visibility creating either an inputof or a certain programs or elements ﬁtness criteria for ensuring relative to others. these were achieved.

Region Overlap

In order to promote the mixed Select key use of the scheme and comapproaches muniate this use of the building as more than an education building, we were interested in evaluating the visibility of certain programs or elements relative to others.

Site Overlap

The method we selected for distributing our programs distributes multiple programs in a single process in order to react to the criteria required of all. This meant there was the potential for Self Overlap overlap between programs and the site boundary also, this had to be minimised.

Fitness Criteria Site / Narrative Specific We developed and experimented with a number of different fitness criteria for evaluating our space syntax applied to the site.

10 10

10 6 6 6

Score assigned per program

Connectedness

Infer Upper Floors Generate Wall Geometry

Solar Analysis of Chosen Programs

Core Distribution

As the programs are distributed across the site the space syntax network is mapped and measured. The total length is taken and minimised to ensure programs have the best possible adjacencies. Ttl.

Ttl.

Natural Light For all programs, or a selection of programs for which the solar For all programs, or a critical selection of performance is most a solar programsisfor which theregion solar analysis taken of the performance is most critical where they are placed, and a solar analysis isfor taken theofregion geometry the of rest the where they are placed, and building is generated in order to geometry for the rest the overshade, along withof the building is generated contextual buildings. in order to overshade, along with the contextual buildings.

In order to ensure the buildings escape routes meet Building Regulations, a criteria could be developed for distributing cores such that they are placed with reach spanning across the full extent of the mass.

Other Alternatives

rejection Justification

• Isovist analysis of visibility of key programs or features. throughout building. • Difference factor, a space syntax criteria, could be used to ensure differentiation across the site. • The localisation of key programs such as landscaping to major sources of pollution.

• We had used isovist extensively in st1 and it also did not have the program specfic functionality we wanted. • We focused on the visibility of programs to the street. • The site is surrounded by major sources of pollution making it not useful to measure.

peri e tati it e

Criteria

relevance to our intention for the scheme and for the scenarios and began by coding a few to assess their feasibility and usefulness.

Facade

Functions Acoustics

Ventillation

Aesthetic

Solar Gain

Natural Light

Properties Identiﬁed

Constraints Resilient Mechanism

Design Priorities

On-site Manufacture

Limited Components

Resilient Mechanism

Variation

Materiality

Exploration Adaptation

Assembly

Geometry

Facade Design Process Having conducted our other design phases primarily as Generative Processes, and having explored this in depth in both, we elected to centre our facade design process on experimenting with the generation of novel geometry. This will be within the constraints required for 4 selected functions, and tested using our existing code.

System Collaboration

Testing Facade Design

Diffusion

Facade : Acoustics Controlling Noise An issues especially poignant to our site is the presence of noise polution. Adjacent to two highly busy highways, the site requires mediation to avoid disruption. As populations potentially increase, this is like to increase as an issue.

Focusing

Dampening

Deflection

Mineral wool insulation

75% post-consumer recycled Aluminium 25% recycled scrap Aluminum

Perforations

a a e l

ti er

The Bloomberg building by Foster & Partners part due to its commitment to sustainability, in the world.

a a e

ppli a le trate ie so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now. When, while the lovely Sound that is perceptible by humans has

A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend,

Convex Surface

Angled Surface

Absorbative Surface

e rat

Perforated Surface

de ise

l ma

Undulated Surface

tio

olu eP

Concave Surface

air at standard temperature and pressure, the corresponding wavelengths of sound waves

ion lut Po

e Sit

•

tio

i Pr

ry ma

olu eP

• •

a a e e

e tilati

The facade of the One Ocean pavilion opens and closes to funnel the passing wind into the building aiding in cross ventilation. The building is intentional parallel to the wind direction allowing full control of the ventilation gained.

Primary Wind Direction

Facade: Ventilation Relevant Geometries The facade can adapt to redirect wind through the building to passively ventillate. This has to be balanced with protection from extreme levels of wind current .

Redirecting Surface

Deflecting Surface

Focusing Surfaces

Flexible / Reactive Surface

Perforated Surface

Facade: Aesthetics Brisbane Airport This aesthetic driven dynamic facade, made of a grid of lightweight aluminium sheets, moves in the wind, conveying its intensity to the viewer. This creates a dynamic feedback between the architecture and its environment.

a a e i

tit t

at ral i ht e ra e

The Institut du Monde Arabe uses an array of mechanical irises to manipulate the internal light of the building, the irises were designed to automatically respond the internal environment but this system wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t effective enough so has been switched to manual control. Although visually striking the irises do have issues the main begin that due to the intricate mechanical details of the iris they are prone to breaking when contaminants like grit or dust enter the mechanism.

HTT : WWW A CHDAILY COM ACADE C EC A A

LIGHT MATTE MA H A IYA T AN LATING T ADITION INTO DYNAMIC A LIGHT MATTE MA H A IYA T AN LATING T ADITION INTO DYNAMIC ACADE

HOTO

a a e e

at ral i ht

etr

The institut du Monde Arabe is an example of how you can create an adaptive perforation through a facade, as shown the left panel has reduction in the natural light compared to an unblocked view.

hie i

There are constraints we can calculate for our geometry in order to ensure it can perform to the range of conditions required. A Typical Overcast day at Midday provides a Lux value of: Our most natural light demanding space is the Detailed Drawing Spaces. These Require:

contribution by electric lighting, to achieve the gemetry may only occupy 25% of the facade.

TTRACTION POINTS

a a e

lar

l ahar T

The Al Bahar Towers is in the U.A.E and therefore is under a constant requirement to reduce the internal solar gain, the star shaped facade panels are designed to open during peak sun hours and absorb most of the thermal radiation, the panels themselves are perforated so still allow the required natural light to permeate the building.

HTT

OCU ONVOGUE WO D

COM

AHA

TOWE

A U DHA I

Facade: Solar Gain Geometry As the level of perforation increases the amount of natural light increases but so does the direct solar gain, the material of the facade will absorb some thermal energy that hits it this energy is

then slowly released over time this can be useful in areas of dramatic daily temperature changes like in the U.A,E. This must be considered when designing a facade balancing the relation between light levels and solar gain.

LEVEL OF PERFORATION

KEY FACADE GEOMETRY SOLAR ENERGY DISPERCED ENERGY THERMAL RADATION

Facade Geometry

Standardised Panel assembly

3.9m Grid basis

3.9m

Assembly Limitations Reduction of Unique Elements The facade system should be able to be mounted to the structural system with ease, aligning with the dimensions and affixing on.

1.3m

More visual variation

How much should we adhere to the grid? Visual variation from standardised cuboidal form

Material Intensiveness

Less material intensiveness More standardisation

Standardisation

Fabrication

Steel

Very Heavy

Recyclable

Time Consuming to Machine

Aluminium

Light Weight

Recyclable

Skill Needed to Machine

Wood

Fire Hazard

Renewable

Easy To Machine

Material Choice The nature of the facility means that the facade can easily be assembled on site. We ensured it could be manufactured with machines feasible to have on site, as well as standardised components.

Icons From Noun Project Created By

• • • •

asianson.design kareemovic2000 ani b farias

• • • •

Ben Davis Ben Davis Philippe Vo arif fajar yulianto

CNC

Hinge

Axle

Actuator

Mechanisms & Assemblies Making the Facade Move Our priority is to ensure the facade is manufacturable and assembleable on site, and collaborates with our standardised structural system, using a mechanism that is simple and robust.

Channel Slider

Pulley system

Spring

Mechanism development Geometrix deformation Fabrication Details

Environmental Testing

e etr peri e tati e el pi

The facade holds a pivotal role in the mediation of internal spatial quality for a number of parameters. It also contributes to the aesthetic of the building, communicating its function as a fabrication space, offering the opportunity for a unique geometric solution.

Tessellation

ar i

epth

C C C t e ti

re r

This system would serve the acoustics and daylighting requirements needed, whilst having reasonable potential ventilation. This would however require a complex mechanism.

le la i tr

ire ti

Ttl Tra

ra e

This would be a good acoustic deflector in key penetration.

Chapter Title

e t

This option made of a steel frame and a translucent material that adjusts width to control light penetration.

Tria lar ha e C C a el

ith

tati etal ra e

This option is highly effective on influencing the light levels working in a similar way to the mechanical irises of the Institut du Monde Arabe.

Chapter Title

Tria lar ha e C C a el

ith

tati etal ra e

This option would be a highly directional result, each pod will respond to the exterior stimulus but only in the direction it was facing

tati l re le i le ta

erti al ar le

This option would be highly performative for redirecting wind currents and could serve all other functions to a reasonable degree.

Simple resilient mechanism

Option 1 Origami sliding blinds This system had a low complexity mechanism, able to easily fold laterally. We avoided vertical options as they would inhibit too much light penetration in winter months.

Vertical variation

Option 2

Complex development process in section

3D Printed rotating volumes This option relied on a series of rotating cylindrical volumes developed to achieve different functions dependent on its orientation. It also had a very simple mechanism, just a singular rotation. It would be more difficult and material intensive to manufacture, likely requiring a 3d printer to generate articular enough shapes.

Simple mechanism

Material intensive

Potential for extension of corner position to deviate from grid and increase extension

Option 3 Origami Folding Square grid This option works on a diagonally bisected square grid, folding up from the bottom corner. This option had a more complex mechanism, relying on a piston or arcing channel. The choice of folds produces a diamond panel that rises up from the surface, directing wind currents, and deflecting contextual noise.

Hinge locations on face and underside of panel

at a ie ppli ati le

all

iller

e tillati e ire ti

The design is developed to bring wind in coming from a pervailing direction and can be orientated to achieve best results on installation.

P Deflection Depth

Variable Direction surfaces for more dispersion

Deflection Depth

ti e le ti The design consistently has a depth even when fully open to ensure sound deflection up and away from the street and general dispersion. Variable Direction surfaces for more dispersion

<25% Shielding

Natural Light Providing Shade The facade at maximum opening obscures less than 25% of the natural light allowing the spaces to achieve their requirements.

ea ti e le e t e ha i al r

The design can move dynamically to react to the light requirements throughout the days and seasons.

Hinges allow panels to fold

1 Axel needed for both halves of panel s pull l stem channe y s y Pull r along e slid

Channel directs slider along correct route

e ha i i

ele e t

The folding mechanism relies on a pulley system that pulls a slider attached to the panels along a channel. This requires one axle to pull the chord for both halves of the panel.

Axle

Channel Slider

Pulley system

SPACE SYNTAX

MASSING

Applied Methodology - Overview

MANUAL DESIGN

FACADE

REQUIRED PROGRAMS

PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS [1] NAMES AREAS

REPEAT UNTIL EACH SS PERFORMS TO ARCHITECTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S REQUIREMENTS

CREATE SPACE SYNTAX (SS) [2]

RETURN TO PREVIOUS SCENARIOS IF ISSUES ARISE [11] REPEAT FOR ALL SCENARIOS ON ALL FLOORS [10]

EVALUATE USING RELEVANT SS CRITERIA

EVALUATION: CONNECTEDNESS [4]

INTEGRATION ANALYSIS DEPTH ANALYSIS PLACE PROGRAMS AS SQUARES ON SITE [3]

GENERATE MASSING [5]

SYSTEM MOVES PROGRAMS AROUND SITE

[1] Devise Program requirements for each scenario and floor.

[2] Devise a Space Syntax using the relevant criteria.

[3] Place programs on site as squares with areas, names and the SS network mapped onto them.

[4] Measure the spatial links of the syntax on site. Get a total length.

[5] Use the Programs on site to generate a mass of the building.

CIRCULAR PROCESS

[6] Evaluate chosen the programs for solar performance.

EVALUATION: SOLAR PERFORMANCE [6]

EVALUATION: REGION OVERLAP [7]

ARCHITECT SELECTED OPTION [9] MASSING PROCESS

EVALUATION: PROGRAM VISIBILITY SCORE [8] [7] From chosen key approaches, measure which programs are viewed first and generate an overall score.

[8] Measure the amount the programs overlap one another, as well as the site boundary.

[9] Select an outcome for the current scenario and floor.

[10] Repeat process for all scenarios and floors.

[11] Return to previous scenarios and floors based on issues with later solutions if necessary.

START

Roulette selection of parents

Generate inital population

Crossover to produce children

Calculate ﬁtness of individuals

Mutation of children

Satisfy stop criterion END

Input Layer

Hidden Layer

Output Layer

Education Focus

Ground Floor

Low Population

High Population

Perminant Low Population

Calculate ﬁtness of children

Commercial Focus

Calculate generation by “Elitism”

Reﬁne Placement

High Population

Issues Discovered

Process This Generative Design process is implemented for a sequence of space syntax configurations. First with the Permanent element of the building, then adding the programs for the different expansion scenarios sequentially onto that. This is done for the ground floor, then is done for the First floor and then the second floor, which is duplicated up to the third, as the syntax is identical. We can then return to previous points based on info found to improve it.

GD = Generative Design Output

Education Focus

First Floor

Low Population

High Population

Perminant Low Population

GD Commercial Focus

Reﬁne Placement

High Population

Issues Discovered Education Focus

2nd & 3rd Floor

Recursive Process

Low Population

High Population

Perminant Low Population

GD Commercial Focus

GD High Population

Reﬁne Placement

Final Syntaxes

Issues Discovered

Fitness Criteria The Key Approach Visibility is not used for floors aside from Ground as these would covered with our facade system.

Scenario 3: Population Growth

Scenario 4: Population Decline

Integration

Solar Performance to key Ground Floor spaces

Connection

Visibility of Function to Public

Self Overlap X Site Overlap

Scenario Implications Specific Changes What changes in each scenario and how does this affect the prioritisation of the Fitness Criteria.

Scenario 1 - Nothing Changes High Educational Use Volume increases to maximum. Solar Performance and Connection prioritised.

Solar Performance to key Ground Floor spaces

Connection

Visibility of Function to Public

Self Overlap X Site Overlap

Scenario 2 - Reduced Building Use Low Educational Use Volume decreased to lower requirements Solar Performance and Connection prioritised.

Scenario 2: Commercialisation Scenario 2: Commercialisation

Integration Integration

Solar Performance to key Solar Performance to key Ground FloorGround spacesFloor spaces

Connection Connection

Visibility of Function Visibility of Function to Public to Public

Integration Integration

Scenario 1: Climate Change

Solar Performance to key Solar Performance to key Ground FloorGround spacesFloor spaces

Connection Connection

Visibility of Function Visibility of Function to Public to Public

Integration

Solar Performance to key Ground Floor spaces

Connection

Visibility of Function to Public

Visibility of Function Visibility of Function to Exhibition to Exhibition

Overlap X Site Overlap Self Overlap Self X Site Overlap

Scenario 3 - Usage Change

Scenario 4 - Urban Density

Low Commercial Usage

High Commercial Usage

Increased workshops, exhibition, Private spaces, Frontage. Decrease office and education facilities.

Self Overlap X Site Overlap

Scenario 5 - Severe Climate Change Severe Climate Change Maintain internal environment, temperature and luminance for different. Redistribute program Amend facade

Expansion Potential

Typology and Massing

Ancillary Functions

Recursive Processes

We had to evaluate whether the outputs were reasonable to be expanded from based on a holistic assessment of the configuration and with an understanding of the fabrication process and the intent for the building.

Whilst our process ensured programs were well integrated, it did not account for the typological and circulation requirements potentially necessary that may hinder its success.

We removed cores from the script as they skewed the priority of the syntax. Plant rooms and circulation are other examples of things that need to be manually placed.

Within 1 solution the result was fairly clear, however early solutions could not account for the needs of later solution processes (Ie. The Permanent GF is not aware of the affect if its outcome on the First floor) so we must cycle back to earlier phases to rectify issues once discovered.

Design Space With each program able to place within the site in lots of locations, even limiting this to 36 points would still mean, for a syntax of 8 programs, the design space would be 368 possible solutions. 368 = 2,821,109,907,456â&#x20AC;Ź

Option Number:

2.8 Billion

Qualitative Criteria Project Specific Considerations There were several criteria that either could not easily be encapsulated in a Generative Fitness Criteria, or were not considered critical to the design, so not prioritised. We still needed to reflect on these during the selection of our preferred Generative Design outcomes.

Script Limitations Project Specific Considerations There were a few elements of the process that limited our ability to get the absolute most accurate outcomes we wanted. The process we designed accounted for this as much as possible.

Program Footprints We did develop a second phase generative design process for giving programs a more specific position as well as selection from a range of shapes. However, implementing this phase would double the entire process so we avoided it given time constraints.

[1] Program Requirements Distributing Programs Across Floors and Scenarios

(Working Spreadsheet to show calculation)

Ground Floor

First Floor

Materials Processing

Greenspace

Cafe Digital Reception Fabrication Exhibition Cutting Room Workshops Materials Processing

Reception Spray Boothe Staff OfďŹ ces Exhibition Workshops Materials Materials Goods Processing Digital Processing Storage Workshops Fabrication Digital Cutting Fabrication Room Commercial Frontage Computer Suite

Cafe

Seminar Cutting Rooms Materials Room Commercial Processing Frontage Spray Boothe Open Additive Digital Workspace Open Workshops Private MetalFabricationManufacture Workspace Workshop Workspace Goods CNC Storage Machining Computer WoodExhibition Workshops Suite Workshop Digital Plastic StorageReceptionFabrication Staff OfďŹ ces Cafe

Pop High Commercial

[2] Scenarios Syntaxes Permanent Building The permanent part of the building mostly occupies the Ground floor with key elements such as the exhibition, cafe, reception as well as fundamental workshop spaces for the fabrication of the building.

Integration Data

Depth Data

Greenspace

Ground Floor

First Floor

Private Workspace Seminar CNC Open Machining ComputerRooms Workspace Suite Additive Open Cafe Manufacture Digital Workspace Fabrication MetalExhibition Reception Workshop Goods Storage Cutting Greenspace Workshops Workshops RoomWood Workshop Digital Spray Boothe Materials Plastic Fabrication ProcessingStorage Staff Ofﬁces Materials Processing

Private Workspace

Seminar Private Rooms Detail Workspace Workspace Open Computer Lecture Open Seminar Workspace Staff Digital TheatreWorkspace Room Suite Ofﬁces Fabrication Staff Additive Goods Ofﬁces Manufacture Workshops Storage CNC Workshops Machining Wood Plastic Workshop WorkshopWood Goods Workshop Storage

Second & Third Floor

Detail Drawing Space Detail Drawing Space

Computer Suite

Seminar Lecture Open Room TheatreWorkspace Open Staff Workspace Ofﬁces Workshops Wood Goods Workshop Storage Plastic Metal Workshop Workshop

[2] Scenarios Syntaxes Scenario 1 - High Educational Use We allocated a large amount of workshop space plus a variety of work environments for students, especially IT suites, plus lecture and seminar space. Digital Fabrication was kept within the bottom 2 floors of the building to reduce vertical circulation to this key program.

Integration Data

Depth Data

Ground Floor

First Floor

Private Workspace

Greenspace

CafeReception Staff Ofﬁces Exhibition Goods Digital Spray Boothe Storage Workshops Workshops Fabrication Digital Fabrication Materials Additive Processing Manufacture Cutting Room

Second & Third Floor

Seminar CNC Open Rooms Machining Computer Workspace Suite Additive Open Cafe Manufacture Digital Workspace Fabrication Metal Exhibition Reception Workshop Goods Storage Cutting Greenspace WoodWorkshops Workshops Room Workshop Materials PlasticSpray BootheDigital Fabrication Processing Storage Staff Ofﬁces Materials Processing

Private Seminar Private Workspace Rooms Detail Workspace Workspace Open Computer Lecture Workspace Open Seminar Staff Digital Suite TheatreWorkspaceOfﬁces Room Fabrication Staff Additive Goods Ofﬁces Manufacture Workshops Storage CNC Machining Workshops Wood Plastic Workshop WorkshopWood Goods Workshop Storage

[2] Scenarios Syntaxes Scenario 2 - Low Educational Use We ensured the priority programs such as lecture theatre spaces were included whilst reducing other less essential features.

Integration Data

Depth Data

Ground Floor

Greenspace

Reception Spray Boothe Staff Ofﬁces Exhibition Workshops Materials Materials Goods Processing Digital Processing Storage Workshops Fabrication Digital Cutting Fabrication Room Commercial Frontage Computer Suite

Cafe

First Floor

Second & Third Floor

Materials Processing Seminar Cutting Rooms Materials Room Commercial Processing Frontage Spray Boothe Open Additive Digital Workspace Open Workshops Private MetalFabricationManufacture Workspace Workshop Workspace Goods CNC Storage Machining Computer WoodExhibition Workshops Suite Workshop Digital Plastic StorageReceptionFabrication Staff Ofﬁces Cafe

Greenspace

Private Seminar Workspace Private Rooms Detail Workspace Workspace Open Computer Lecture Open Workspace Staff Digital Suite Theatre Workspace Ofﬁces Fabrication Staff

AdditiveOfﬁces Goods Manufacture Workshops Storage CNC Workshops Machining Wood Plastic Workshop Workshop Wood Goods Workshop Storage

Pop High Commercial

[2] Scenarios Syntaxes Scenario 3 - Low Commercial Use We ensured the priority programs such as digital fabrication and private workspaces were included whilst reducing other less essential features.

Integration Data

Depth Data

Ground Floor

First Floor

Second & Third Floor

Greenspace

Private Workspace

Seminar Private Rooms Detail Workspace Workspace Open Computer Lecture Open Workspace Staff Digital Suite TheatreWorkspace Ofﬁces Fabrication Staff

Additive Goods Manufacture Workshops Storage CNC Workshops Machining Wood Plastic Workshop WorkshopWood Goods Workshop Storage

Ofﬁces

Computer Goods Metal Storage Suite Goods Workshop OpenStorage Wood Workspace Workshop Workshops Private Plastic Workspace Storage Goods Storage Private Workspace

Pop High Commercial

[2] Scenarios Syntaxes Scenario 4 - High Commercial Use The commercial variation has much more Private Workspace for companies to rent and utilise, plus priority to digital fabrication elements

Integration Data

Depth Data

[3] Input Parameters On-Site Program Placement Programs were represented as squares and distributed across a grid of points. Dependant on the area allocation for the program the grid was either 6 by 6 or 7 by 7. For programs just on the site boundary line we used a series of points along this edge. The range of points could also be controlled allowing us to reduce the area of placement.

Program Use Point Location Area ( Area =

Square Dimensions)

Workshop

Program location Placement (49 Points) 49 available points for the program to place into on 2 sliders. The boundary of the grid is offset into the site by half the width of the square to avoid site boundary overlap.

Program location Placement (36 Points, region limited) 36 points are available here, for this larger program square. However the available points have been contained to 2 thirds of the site (1 - 6 in the X direction and 3 - 6 in the Y direction).

Devise and Evaluate Space Syntax

it e C

e te

Criteria e

Connectedness is one of the parameters generated for use in Space Syntax theory. It is a measure of the distance between related of the layout and reduces sub optimal lengthy and convoluted frequent journeys.

Total Connection Length

P Space Syntax converted to 3D Geometry

Regions used as boundary for wall and floor geometry, inferred using overall area data and common education workspace window con gurations

it e lar er

Criteria r a

As part of our response to the scenarios we wanted to prioritise the inclusion of a designated quality green space in the design.

reenspace region i enti e as analysis area

Ground Floor Syntax

For 2nd & 3rd Floor Analysis

1st Floor Syntax

For 1st Floor Analysis

2 & 3 Floor Syntax

For Ground Floor Analysis For 2nd & 3rd Floor Analysis

ensuring that the green space always has a high level of natural light.

For 1st Floor Analysis

provision. As such, we wanted to have guaranteed natural

For Ground Floor Analysis

network. This would ensure this green space was

Educational Facility Typology

1.2m Sill

it e a

Criteria

al e

The green space square is analysed relative to the generated mass and context and optimised to maximise the total Sunlight Hours for the analysis points.

Daylight Hours

HIGH

Self Overlaps Site Boundary overlaps

it e e i

Criteria

Measure Areas

erlap

A key criteria for ensuring the functioning of the syntax was the level of overlap, both of the squares of the syntax, and of the site boundary line. This was minimised during the process and considered as important to guarantee, as a high overlapping outcome will likely inherently have a low connection length.

Total Overlap Area

M2 ACH

M2 OTAL

M2 ACH

M2 OTAL

ITH

ERLA

Shortest distance is closest

it e r

For each analysis line What program does it intercept rst

Criteria i i ilit

In order to achieve one of our main design intentions of ensuring that the function of our building is communicated to members of the public and inviting them to come investigate, we developed our 4th criteria to evaluate which programs were being seen from different key approaches.

Program Scores +7 +2 +10 +8

Total Program Visibility Score

P +7 +7 +7

+10+2 +8 +8 +2 +2 +8

Add score to overall total for ALL analysis lines

it e e

Criteria

ppr a h i i ilit

pa e

r ra i itati

ati

i tri

Different types of program were limited to general regions of the site based on their usage and adjacency. Green space was always placed on the

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

N ACI F C LI

public street facing boundaries for public access. Education was always placed towards the other adjacent education buildings.

Digital Fabrication

LIC

Y D L E A AD SH O OS PR

IN FAC ISTI N ONN A ECT M US ION S

PRIMARY SUN IRECTION

e i

Y D E T AD SH NTE O

Development As we conducted the generative process we refined the design space to limit the number of possible outcomes and hone in our solution.

Green space + Reception

Refined Design Space Novel Solutions Following our first phase of optimisation, it became clear that a few more reductions in the design space should and could be achieved.

We found that the green space almost always placed either towards the halfway point of the Oxford Road boundary, or halfway down the Chester Street boundary, overshadowed by the adjacent building, the Mancunian way or the generated mass at the far corners. The difference in lighting conditions was negligible, so due to the adjacency to Circle Square, and the higher likelihood of the building expanding to shade the space on the Chester Street boundary, we selected the Oxford Road option. We therefore allowed the reception to place adjacent to this decided green space placement.

Green space We found that the green space almost always placed in the Northern most point in the site, this seemed very counter intuitive. However, this pushed the building line back, revealing more of the internal program, and positions closer to the East or West corner were overshadowed by contextual buildings and the Mancunian way. Therefore we limited the green space placement to the

Modular Massing Conversion Turning the syntax into outline floor plans With our syntax diagrams spatialising the relationship between programs, and our massing analysis informing us of what type of forms to pursue, we made a basic outline floor plan. This would be our basis for massing development to take forward.

Considerations Circulation Fabrication Limitations Building Regulations Expansion Sequence Space Syntax Results Qualitative Fitness Criteria Compromise Preferred Massing Properties

First Run Through of Process

Bad Perminant

Connectedness 236m Region Overlap 2.9% Solar Performance 9090 Hours Program Visibility Score 497

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs) Program Visibility Score (480 - 720)

er a e t r

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

For the building to be adaptable there will need to be a minimum permanent structure from which the building can adapt from this is the permanent building element. The permanent region of the building clustered behind the green space so as not to overshadow it, with the digital fabrication moved close to the northern corner to improve visibility.

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Bad PHE

Connectedness +186m Region Overlap 3.1% Solar Performance 9075 Hours Program Visibility Score 564

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs) Program Visibility Score (480 - 720)

e ari ati r

i h al e l

The education facilities placed reasonably, at the other end of the exhibition, but the digital fabrication was further displaced by rooms

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Bad PLE

Connectedness +122m Region Overlap 3.1% Solar Performance 9075 Hours Program Visibility Score 509

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs) Program Visibility Score (480 - 720)

e ari ati r

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

e l

Here the digital fabrication placed closer to the main space, but still far away and not visible from the key approaches. The solar and connection values were high performing for this option, however the Program Visibility score was lower. This aligned with our scenario based preferences.

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Bad PLC

Connectedness +101m Region Overlap 4.3% Solar Performance 9075 Hours Program Visibility Score 613

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs) Program Visibility Score (480 - 720)

e ari C er ial r

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

e r

The commercial frontage positioned on the north corner as a key entrance space. The materials processing and education began University and Mancunian way.

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Bad PHC

Connectedness +164m Region Overlap 8.0% Solar Performance 8391 Hours Program Visibility Score 664

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs) Program Visibility Score (480 - 720)

e ari i h C er ial e r

We selected this output for how high the program visibility score achieved, despite a decrease to the solar performance, as per the priority of the scenario. The placement of the other scenarios meant that the rest of the digital fabrication was only able to place on the far side of the exhibition. This was interesting but ultimately too far displaced and too overshadowing.

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Issues Encountered Once we had done our first run of the scenarios for the Ground Floor, on top of our Permanent configuration, we recognised that the Digital Fabrication expansion was isolated within the script and unable to place adjacent to the permanent Digital Fabrication. We also recognised that the building was clustering towards the North end of the site, and needed spreading out across it more.

Solution Issues Refinements of the process We encountered issues with our solution meaning it was worth returning to a previous point to amend based on what we had learnt.

Manual Solution We opted to resolve this by manually adjusting the specific placement of the permanent program in order to resolve these issues, mindful of how this was affecting the properties of the configuration. We then re-ran our scenarios to see what new answers it provided.

Refined Run Through of Process

er a e t r

We adjusted the Ground floor Permanent to have no overlap and to leave plenty of possible regions for Digital Fabrication to expand into.

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Digital Fabrication

Cafe

Cutting Room

Workshop

Connectedness 225m Region Overlap 0.0% Solar Performance 9090 Hours Program Visibility Score 558

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs) Program Visibility Score (480 - 720)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

Materials Processing

Exhibition

er a e t ir t l

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Digital a rication Digital Fabrication

Workshops

Staff Offices

oo s Storage Staff ces

Connectedness 81m Region Overlap 0.0% Solar Performance 9090 Hours

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

Goods Storage

er a e t e

Thir

There was no Generative process for this element as it could be inferred from other floors.

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Workshop

e ari ati r

i h al e l

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Digital Fabrication

Spray Boothe

Cafe Cutting Room

Additive Manufacture

Connectedness +138m Region Overlap 4.9% Solar Performance 8910 Program Visibility Score 617

Workshop

Materials Processing CNC Machining Exhibition

Materials Processing

Computer Suite

Open Workspace

Private Workspace

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs) Program Visibility Score (480 - 720)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

e ari ati ir t l

i h al e r

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor CNC Machining iti e Manu acture

Additive Manufacture

Digital Fabrication Workshops

Staff Offices

Computer Suite

Detail Drawing Space Pri ate Workspace

Connectedness 207m Region Overlap 7.2% Solar Performance 8996 Hours

CNC Machining

Goods Storage

Wood

Plastic

Metal

Open Workspace

Computer Suite

Seminar Room

Private Workspace

Detail Drawing Space

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

e ari ati e

i h al e Thir

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Wood Workshop

pen Workspace

Plastic Workshop

Metal Workshop

Lecture Theatre

Plastic

Metal Workshop Open Workspace

Pri ate Workspace Computer Suite

Connectedness +138m Region Overlap 4.9% Solar Performance 8910 Program Visibility Score 617

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

Goods Storage Staff Offices Private Workspace

Open Workspace

Detail Drawing Space Computer Suite Seminar Rooms

e ari ati r

e l

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Digital Fabrication Spray Boothe

Cafe

Cutting Room

Additive Manufacture Workshop

Connectedness +96m Region Overlap 8.2% Solar Performance 9041 Program Visibility Score 579

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs) Program Visibility Score (480 - 720)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

Materials Processing CNC Machining

Exhibition

e ari ati ir t l

e r

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Digital Fabrication

Workshops

Metal Workshop

Wood Workshop

pen Workspace

Plastic Workshop

Staff Offices Goods Storage

Connectedness 161m Region Overlap 6.4% Solar Performance 9025 Hours

Wood

Metal

Open Workspace Seminar Room

Seminar Room

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

Plastic

e ari ati e

e Thir

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Workshop

ecture heatre

Staff ces Private Workspace

Pri ate Workspace oo s Storage Seminar ooms

Lecture Theatre

Connectedness +96m Region Overlap 8.2% Solar Performance 9041

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

Goods Storage Staff Offices

Open Workspace

Detail Drawing Space Seminar Rooms

e ari C er ial r

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Digital Fabrication

Spray Boothe

Cafe Cutting Room

Connectedness +106m Region Overlap 0.0% Solar Performance 8944 Hours Program Visibility Score 644

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs) Program Visibility Score (480 - 720)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

Workshop

Materials Processing Exhibition

Materials Processing

Computer Suite

e ari C er ial ir t l

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Digital Fabrication 26.3 Workshops 39.4

Metal Workshop

Plastic Workshop pen Workspace

Staff Offices 11.8

Wood Workshop

Goods Storage 13.1

Connectedness 161m Region Overlap 6.4% Solar Performance 9025 Hours

Wood

Metal

Open Workspace 16.4 Seminar Room 16.4

Seminar Room

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

Plastic 9.8

e ari C er ial e

Thir

e l

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Workshop 39.4 Lecture Theatre 9.9

Staff ces

ecture heatre

Open Workspace 16.4

pen Workspace oo s Storage

Connectedness +79m Region Overlap 2.4% Solar Performance 8944 Hours

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

Goods Storage 6.6 Staff Offices 3.9

Open Workspace 13.1 Private Workspace 39.4

Seminar Rooms 13.1

e ari i h C er ial e r

scenario.

We selected this output for how high the program visibility score achieved as per the priority of the

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Commercial Frontage 5.2

Digital Fabrication 26.3

Spray Boothe 7.8

Cafe 13.1 Cutting Room 10.5

Additive Manufacture 19.7

Connectedness +121m Region Overlap 5.1% Solar Performance 9031 Program Visibility Score 653

Workshop 19.7

Materials Processing 19.7 CNC Machining 19.7

Exhibition 32.9

Computer Suite 23.0 Materials Processing 19.7

Open Workspace 16.4

Private Workspace 19.7

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs) Program Visibility Score (480 - 720)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

e ari i h C er ial e ir t l

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor CNC Machining iti e Manu acture

Additive Manufacture 13.1

Digital Fabrication 26.3 CNC Machining 13.1

Workshops 39.4 Staff Offices 11.8 Goods Storage 13.1

14.8

Pri ate Workspace

Wood 14.8

tal

Detail Drawing Space

Connectedness 207m Region Overlap 7.2% Solar Performance 8996 Hours

Computer Suite

Plastic 9.8

Open Workspace 16.4

Computer Suite 16.4

Seminar Room 16.4

Private Workspace 13.1

Detail Drawing Space 9.9

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

e ari i h C er ial e e

Thir

Digital Fabrication

Private Workspaces

Workshops

Open Workspaces

Exhibition

Presentation

Ancillary Spaces

Cafe

Greenspace

Ground Floor

Plastic Workshop

Wood 23.0 Workshop 39.4

Metal Workshop

Lecture Theatre 9.9 Plastic 4.9 Metal Workshop 14.8 Open Workspace 16.4

Detail Drawing Space

Connectedness +121m Region Overlap 5.1% Solar Performance 9031

Goods Storage 6.6 Staff Offices 3.9

Open Workspace 13.1

Private Workspace 39.4

Seminar Rooms 13.1

Computer Suite

Computer Suite 39.4

Detail Drawing Space 13.1

Connectedness (20 - 260m) Region Overlap (0 - 12%) Solar Performance (7900 - 9100Hrs)

Key Goal (Maximise or Minimise)

SPACE SYNTAX RESULT

FLOOR PLAN OUTLINE [1]

OUTLINE SUBDIVIDED TO GRID DIMENSIONS [2] OUTLINE OFFSET TO GENERATE NEW OUTLINE [3]

REPEATED 100+ TIMES CIRCULAR PROCESS

OUTLINE RATIONALISED TO GRID [4]

EVALUATION: THEMAL RADIANCE [6.1]

EXTRUDED INTO MASS [5]

EVALUATION: BLOCKED SKY VIEW [6.2] EVALUATION: CONTEXT SHADING [6.3]

Massing Process Overview

ARCHITECT SELECTED OPTION

MANUAL DESIGN CHOICES

Detail Drawing Space 13.1

Floor Plan Outline [1] Divided The floor plan is imported from the space syntax then reduced to its outline.

SPACE SYNTAX

OUTLINE

Outline Subdivided to Grid Dimensions [2] Dividing the Outline This outline is divided into 3.9 meter sections to match the grid layout

OUTLINE

DIVIDED

Outline Offset to generate new Outline [3] Offsetting the Outline To create a similar but changing floor plan each of these sections in offset by either 3.9, 0 or 3.9m

DIVIDED

OFFSET

Outline Rationalised to grid [4] Recreating a floor plan The result of the offset is a lot of disconnected lines so these need to be rationalised back to a rational floor plan outline.

OFFSET

RATIONALISED

Extruded Into Mass [5] Ready for Evaluation To evaluate the altered floor plan it needs to be converted into a 3 dimensional model that can be evaluated by the systems outlined on the following pages.

RATIONALISED

MASS

Face Cell Division

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Each external face is divided into test cell these are then evaluated for the level of radiant energy they collect form the sun. All these values are then added together and divided by the number of test cells to calculate the average cell radiance value

Mass Addition of Cell Radience Values Total Number of Test Cells

Average Cell Radience Value

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Visible sky is a quantitative evaluation of how claustrophobic a space feels this is evaluated by putting vertical cones equally spaced around the site that represent the view angle of someone at ground level looking at where these cones intersect with the building. This intersection allows for a percentage evaluation of how much sky is blocked by the existing building.

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te t ha i A building will always cast a shadow it is the duty of the designer to make sure this new shadow doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t alter the existing environment anymore that is required this evaluation makes sure that our proposed building will reduce the amount of time the surrounding roads spend in shadow throughout the day. This allows the calculation of average sunlight hours per m2

Blocked Sky View 25.16% Context Sunlight Hours 14.225 Hours

Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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By evaluating the existing building we have a metric of the impact of the building on the general public and can gauge the impact of the intervention

Permanent Building Element

For the building to be adaptable there will need to be a minimum permanent structure from which the building can adapt from this is the permanent building element

Floor Area 4965 Thermal Radience 213 Blocked Sky View 8.7% Context Sunlight Hours 15.32

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Floor Area 5039 Thermal Radience 196 Blocked Sky View 9.1% Context Sunlight Hours 15.3

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Floor Area 5120 Thermal Radience 179 Blocked Sky View 9.07% Context Sunlight Hours 15.3

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Scenario 1 - Nothing Changes - High Educational Use

Floor Area 10236 Thermal Radience 102 Blocked Sky View 18.7% Context Sunlight Hours 14.4

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Floor Area 11924 Thermal Radience 94 Blocked Sky View 18.4% Context Sunlight Hours 14.4

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Floor Area 13415 Thermal Radience 90 Blocked Sky View 18.7% Context Sunlight Hours 14.4

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Scenario 2 - Reduced Building Use - Low Educational Use

Floor Area 11468 Thermal Radience 109 Blocked Sky View 15.3% Context Sunlight Hours 14.9

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Floor Area 12107 Thermal Radience 101 Blocked Sky View 15.94% Context Sunlight Hours 14.8

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Floor Area 12791 Thermal Radience 96 Blocked Sky View 16.64% Context Sunlight Hours 14.8

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Scenario 3 - Usage Change - Low Commercial Use

Floor Area 9186 Thermal Radience 122 Blocked Sky View 14% Context Sunlight Hours 15

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Floor Area 11133 Thermal Radience 111 Blocked Sky View 14.3% Context Sunlight Hours 15

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Floor Area 11407 Thermal Radience 103 Blocked Sky View 13.67% Context Sunlight Hours 15.1

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Scenario 4 - Increaced Urban Density - High Commercial Use

Floor Area 8030 Thermal Radience 103 Blocked Sky View 18.1% Context Sunlight Hours 14.4

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Floor Area 8684 Thermal Radience 96 Blocked Sky View 17.8% Context Sunlight Hours 14.4

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

Floor Area 9369 Thermal Radience 91 Blocked Sky View 18.1% Context Sunlight Hours 14.3

Floor Area Thermal Radiance Blocked Sky View Context Sunlight Hours

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Key Minium Value Target Value Maximum Value

MASSING

DE-GRANULATION [1]

FLOOR PLAN ALTERATIONS [2]

ATRIUM DESIGN [3]

LIGHTWELL ADDITIONS [4]

Manual Design Decisions Process Overview

FACADE PLACEMENT [5]

EVALUATION

De-granulation [1] Reducing the form change The result of the massing environmental analysis is a form that is optimised but heavily granulated, this causes issues for cost and construction so the form needs to be smoothed to improve its build ability and usability.

OPTIMISED GRANULATED FOOTPRINT

REDUCED GRANULATION

20M2 20M2 20M2 20M2

PROGRAM SHAPE CHANGE

Plan Adaptations [2] Fit Space Syntax to the Mass Although the mass is generated from the results of the space syntax when applying the program to the form some alterations will need to be made to each.

AVERALL PROGRAM VOLUMES

15M2 30M2 15M2 20M2

Atrium Design [3] The Heart of the Building Satisfied that our computational processes had generated a high performing outcome for the configuration of building and mass, we now focused our design skills on developing a high quality space that exhibited the produce of the building, interconnected the programs and transmitted natural light deep into the building.

Atrium Assessment Adjacencies and Features We evaluated the current state of the atrium space, with programs distributed around, and some key choices and requirements annotated.

Bike Storage

Greenspace

Open Workspace

Exhibition

Cantilever

Spill Out Seating Cafe

Workshops Goods Lifts

Digital Fabrication

Program Communicated On Approach

Materials Processing

Main Entrance

Through connection required

Production Sequence

User Circulation

Ground Floor

Computer Suite Private Workspace Workshops

Potential Balcony Workshop Digital Fabrication

Goods Lifts

User Circulation

1st Floor

Atrium Assessment Adjacencies and Features We evaluated the current state of the atrium space, with programs distributed around, and some key choices and requirements annotated.

Computer Suite Through connection required

Computer Suite Private Workspace

Workshops

Digital Fabrication

Workshop Goods Storage Goods Lifts

User Circulation

2nd Floor

Private Workspace

Digital Fabrication

Workshops Workshops Goods Lifts

User Circulation

3rd Floor

SEATIN

REA

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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HA ITION S ACE

ST FLOOR PLAN

PRE ORMANCE S ACE

ND FLOOR PLAN

PRE ORMANCE S ACE

RD FLOOR PLAN

REA O ER

M ROM NATURAL I HT SOURCE

DDITIONAL I HT ELLS

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Due to the results of the lighting experimentation we undertook in studio 2 it is clear there are some inner areas of the building where there is need for additional light, this is conducted through the addition of light wells through out the building.

PRIMARY NOISE GENERATION SUN PATH FACADE PLACEMENT

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It is not cost effective to place reactive facade panels around the entire building so they are placed in locations that will have the biggest impact on Light, Thermal and Noise levels.

EVALUATION: THEMAL RADIANCE [1] FACADE PLACEMENT

EVALUATION: BLOCKED SKY VIEW [2] EVALUATION: CONTEXT SHADING [3]

Evaluation Process Overview

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A building will always cast a shadow it is the duty of the designer to make sure this new shadow doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t alter the existing environment anymore that is required this evaluation makes sure that our proposed building will reduce the amount of time the surrounding roads spend in shadow throughout the day. This allows the calculation of average sunlight hours per m2

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Mancunian way 4th Floor Plan 1:500 Oxford Road

Mancunian way 5th Floor Plan 1:500 Oxford Road