Studio 2 le
en all
en Mille
Thesis Statement Problem The contemporary urban environment is characterised by rapid change. Despite this, architecture frequently lacks an extensive evaluation of it’s lifecycle to ensure the design remains resilient.
Theory Building on the ideas of Researching For Design, we are looking at Resilience theory and Generative Design Theory and how they derive answers which combine understanding of the natural environment, computation and engineering to create solutions.
Solution Computational design tools will allow us to generate architectural interventions for tackling issues centred around rapid change in our urban environment.
Contents Atelier Approach
4
What we have taken forward from ST1 and how we have expanded our theoretical understanding
Context
16
Outlining our project goal and structuring our scenarios
Site Analysis
19
Considering the properties of the site of our design
Design Considerations
24
Exploring the requirement of our program and facilities and researching adaptability approaches
Strategy
39
Assessing the changing features of our site and etrapolating the potential future scenarios
Methodology
57
Explaining our Generative Design process, fitness criteria, and modes of intervention
Atelier Approach
From Studio 1
CONTEXT
CONTEXT
From Studio 1 Progressing to Studio 2 & 3 Following on from the completion of our Serpentine Pavilion proposal, moving into Studio 2 & Studio 3, we wanted to take our Resilience Theory basis and explore a more complex changing scenario, using Generative Design to develop an optimised solution but for a range of different system states. Our new site is located in the MMU campus on the existing John Dalton East building site.
PAVILION
MAKER SPACE
RESILIENCE
PROCESS
e
2 of the 4 variables that on randomisation. This is unavoidable in order to produce a variety of options without being prescriptive, when the number of solutions must be limited. This meant high degrees of correlation.
et li entati n
While we were able to do a highly thorough water study, it was not possible This also created a bottle neck, stopping us from fully optimising and realising our structural strategy, as the former had to inform the latter. Water Study
End
a tiall an i e
T e
l
ati n
The scale and goals of our pavilion made it inappropriate to explore beyond a fundamental understanding of Resilience. In Studio 2 we intend to pursue Panarchy and develop an evolving design within a complex system.
RESILIENCE
Too Random Generative Form Structural Optimisation Technical Detailing
Stu i Su
e e
e le ti n i itati n
Our Serpentine Pavilion proposal was very successful in a number of ways. We were number of different design goals. However there above.
Studio 1
Studio 2 & 3
e t
RESILIENCE
Stu i e in
Our aim was to develop a highly contextualised intervention with a more complex investigation of other aspects of resilience. However we wanted to ensure the technical resolution was highly detailed with regards to fabrication.
nal i ie
Sele tin a S ale Each scale has it’s own focus and type of parameters to explore. We assessed how each one aligned with our design ambitions. We also
e ui e ent
In Studio 2 we are continuing with our investigation into the application of Generative Design. We have been asked to make a choice from 3 scales: • Occupancy • Building • Neighborhood
al
Occupancy
Building
Neighborhood
Diversity, Productivity & Connectivity in workspace environments.
Sustainable, environmentally designed, fi focus on massing and facade.
Smarter(er) City development looking at legislation, user comfort and buildability.
Environmental Design Contextually
Adaptability
Facade Program Optimisation
we could attain with each.
uil in S ale Building Scale was centred around sustainability, and it also allowed us to achieve a high level of detail in our design, plus work at an array of corresponding scales, including program and facade. This suited our intentions the best.
The Economist
Theory
Institutions
The Ecologist
RESILIENCE
Ecosystems
Economic Growth Human Development
nt a i tin e ti n lla e i t e ibilit t at u an e i t an inn ati n an e e e t e t en an e el at t at u tain natu al i e it an eate tunit
e ilien e T e
at i e e
e ilien e e it
i inate
The term resilience has a number of academic maths and economics, but also in ecological and biological sciences.
It is an integrative theory to help us understand the changes occurring globally. It seeks to rationalize the interplay between change and persistence, between the predictable and unpredictable p5
u
e
Theory
Institutions
The Ecologist
The Economist
Resilience Theory is a project to ‘advance theory, policy, and practice involved in resolving issues that emerge from the interaction between people and nature’
RESILIENCE
Ecosystems
Economic Growth Human Development
C. S. Holling (1996) Engineering Resilience versus Ecological Resilience Lance H. Gunderson and C. S. Holling (2002) Panarchy : Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems
inte inte
i i lina ati n
This theory is built upon existing views from a range economics to ecological sciences. This leads to a range of interpretations and approaches to working with Resilience.
e n t u tin t e i i e ‘We sought to identify how economic growth and human development depend upon joint attributes of ecosystems and institutions’
n
i t ann t in t e l n te en ate e line in en i n nental ualit
u anit Human civilisation has become polarised to the natural environment.
atu e Ecosystems are continually of production and growth.
T
e
atu e a a tu e
atu e
luti n an
There are a range of different conceptions of how nature works that stem from people’s varying myths. These lead to different assumptions about stability.
atu e lat
u an ent i Mi n e ti n
Lacking stabilising forces
le S te
economic and social systems as being similar to biological processes that generate variability and expose patterns that result to selective forces” p10
atu e alan e
It will return to stability.
Uncertainty in nature is presumed to be replaced by certainty of human control.
atu e na
i
Fundamental instability where increase is inevitably followed by decrease.
atu e e ilient
Instabilities organise much as stabilities do.
as
atu e
l in
An evolutionary and adaptive approach to abrupt and transformative change.
p6
n e
ati n
“Mother Nature is not basically in a state of delecate balance. If she were, the world would indeed have collapsed long ago.”
Metaphor Phase Space
Trajectory
Metaphor Phase Space
Trajectory
Metaphor Phase Space
Trajectory
Metaphor Phase Space
Trajectory A B
START
Roulette selection of parents
Generate inital population
Crossover to produce children
fi of individuals
Mutation of children
Satisfy stop criterion END
fi of children
Calculate generation by “Elitism”
None
Globally Stable
Globally unstable
Multiple stable states
Shifting stability landscape
Stochastic
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Random
Optimise or return to equilibrium Pathology of surprise
Precautionary principle
Exogenous input and internal feedback Flexible and actively adaptive, probing Active learning and new institutions
Multiple scales and discontinuous structures Maintain variability
Trial and Error
Status Quo
Recovery at local scales or adaptation
“Scaling up from small to large cannot be a process of s simple aggregation: nonlinear processes organize the shift from one range of scales to another.’”
“In nature, the biota and the physical environment interact such that not only does the environment shape the biota but the biota transform the environment.”
Complex Systems
Across Scales
= Adaptation Scales Adaptation Scales
Implication of Change Resilience Theory explores how systems limit, cope with and facilitate change. Biology and ecologies can provide answers on how to achieve resilient systems. These systems adapt to change at all scales in different, non-linear ways. They are characterised by cyclical processes of Exploitation, Conservation, Release and Reorganisation.
Ecologies ACUTE SHOCK Previous Equilibrium State
Major Shock to the System
New Equilibrium State
Continuous stress Continuous stress to the system
Episodic Change is episodic
Change is continuous
Continuous accumulation of capital
Punctuated by sudden release and reorganization
Change is neither continuous and gradual nor consistently chaotic. Rather it is episodic, with periods of slow accumulation of natural capital such as biomass, physical structures, and nutrients, punctuated by sudden releases and reorganization of those biotic legacies
System fails when external instances exceed the parameters of resilience
Calculated Constraints
Undefined Boundary
Catagorised
Diversity
Equilibrium Point
Maximum Resilient Range
New Factor Imposed
Temporary Instances Time
Equilibrium Line Begins To Deform
Maximised Efficiency
Equilibrium Point
n inee e n inee e
S
In the creation of a resilient system, there are
Continuity Productivity Efficiency
Cons: Requires Control Vulnerability
Redundency
Equlibrium Point
New Equilibrium Point
Diversity Opportunity Persistance Cons: Unpredictability No Redundency
resilience, this focuses on understanding and preserving a current state. For instance building to withstand weather conditions within a always aims to return a system to the initial point of equilibrium. The quality of this Engineered Resilience can be measured by 2 quantitative measures; a system’s resistance to disturbance and, speed of return to the equilibrium.
Point of Equilibrium Begins To Shift
Equlibrium Point
l l
i al i al
S
An Ecological Resilient system is not constrained within an expected range of conditions but is instead an interconnection of adaptable systems. Ecology recognises the natural development and variation of a state with multiple equilibrium points and as part of a wider system. This maintains the existence of a system but not necessarily the function of the system itself. Ecological Resistance can be measured in terms of the magnitude of disturbance that can be absorbed before the system changes structure.
First, the system must be productive, must acquire resources and accumulate them, not for the present, but for the potential they offer for the future.
Panarchy Cycles of Resources Panarchy is an alternate view of systems of change. It is designed to ‘rationalise the interplay between change and persistance, between the predicatable and unpredictable”. It views systems that are flowing through the following phases.
Potential
Exploitation - The system is focused on colonising available potential. Conservation - The system is focussed on the accumulation and storage of resources. Release - The creative destruction phase in which accumulated resources become overconnected and fragile, until suddenly they are released by agents. Reorganise - The appearance or expansion of agents, innovating and restructuring the system.
“Here we see resilience expanding and contracting within a cycle as slow variables change”
Criteria 2
There must also be some sort of shifting balance between stabilizing and destabilizing forces reflecting the degree and intensity of internal controls and the degree of influence of external variability.
Criteria 3
Somehow the resilience of the system must be a dynamic and changing quantity that generates and sustains both options and novelty, providing a shifting balance between vulnerability and persistence.
Potential
Panarchy is intended to ‘give sense to what might be’. It defines the conditions inwhich those possibilities might occur.
Criteria 1
α
K
Potential
Panarchy Criteria
α r
K Ω
The limits of change and the range of options available. r
Connectedness
Connectedness
Resilience
Degree of internal control The vulnerability Ω over variability. The flexibility system to failure. and rigidity of controls,Connectedness and the sensitivity to external variation.
of
the
Resilience
Resilience
Brief Features Re
A relevant system for our investigation should be a complex productive system of symbiotic functions with an array of different potential futures. It should be based on a shifting balance of stabilising and destabilising forces.
r be m e m
Large and slow
Resilience Brief Integration Assessing the brief in terms of our theoretical approach
Intermediate Size and Speed
Panarchy explores systems as continuous changing cycles. Facade Detail
Small and fast v Re
ol
t
Building Program
Massing in Context
Facade design logically relates well to the Sustainable element of our design and contributes to our smaller scale cycle. Within the building we can have a fluctuating system of programs that can switch between functions The building can then relate to wider changes in the surrounding environment.
Context
Change of Use
Design Process Starts Current Model Demolition
Programatic Change
Current Environment Considered Building Constructed Environmental Shift
Building Becomes UnďŹ t for Purpose
Problem Identification Adapting to Survive Most buildings when they reach the end of their intended purpose are demolished to make way for the new, but what if this wasn’t the case. What if a building was designed to adapt, using nothing more than what is available on site and raw materials. Could an existing building continuously enable itself to facilitate a shifting use case?
Public Facing Increased Time Usage M&E Adaptation Human / Nature Synergy
Our Model Adaptation
How can a Building be Adaptable to Multiple Future Scinarios?
Impact on Habitats
Cultivating Habitats Habitat Degredation
Material Use Optimisation Climate Abnormalities
Standardised Units Life Cycle Assessment Tempermental Weather Temperature Instability
e i n Met
e
ie
i e ent S ena i e t an e t a buil in Throughout the life cycle of a building it will need to undergo many changes of no longer function and need to be demolished. Using collected
SCENARIO 1
data we have predicted several key changes that could appear in the buildings life cycle. 1 or more of these may happen at a time and how the building adapts to this new environment will decide whether the building remains or is removed.
OUTCOME A - S1 OUTCOME D - S1&2
CURRENT DESIGN
OUTCOME G - S1,2&3 SCENARIO 2
OUTCOME B - S2 OUTCOME E - S1&3 OUTCOME F - S2&3
SCENARIO 3
OUTCOME C - S3
Site Analysis
Residential Food/restaurants
University
Industrial
Schools
Leisure/Entertainment
Hospitals
Retail
Place of Worship
Car Parks/Petrol Station
Surrounding Buildings
Green Space
Ma l
Site nal i al a enitie
The site is located at the heart of the education campus of the city localised to a diverse array of local amenities including residential, shopping of these functions, localised close to them.
Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 18 | 14 Ground and mezannine commercial space: 53,292 sqft 13 - Circle Square 1&2 - Commercial Space & Offices Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 18 | 14 Office space: 390,000 sqft Ground and mezannine commercial space: 53,292 sqft
17 - ID Manchester - EducationNumber of storeys: 15 Mixed use space for science & tech research and development, with some residential.
17 - ID Manchester - Education Number of storeys: 15 Office space: 3.5 million sqft Mixed use space for science & tech, some residential
27 - SODA - The School of Digital Arts Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 5 | 6 Digital arts building adjacent to the current school of art, used for research and arts production in digital media.
n t u ti n Ma
27 - SODA - The School of Digital Arts Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 5 | 6
e el
ent
ea Site
There is substantial development ongoing in the city as a result of major investment. This is compratively little outside the Manchester ring road. Student accommodation and University facilities are one of the main features.
Proposed but Without Planning Application Approved or Starting Construction Planning Application Submitted Under Construction Completed
Piccadilly Station
Birley Campus
Oxford Road Station
Me
Site nal i e t
ord ad
John Dalton West
Ro
The site is situated in the highly densely urbanised city centre. At the North end of the University campus facing onto the city centre, close to Oxford Road Station, and on the Oxford Road bus route, it is in a strategically interesting position ofr a public facing facility.
Oxf
n alt n
Circle Square
MSA
UoM Campus
All Saints Library
Manc
n
alt n
e t
oa for dR
Site nal i
John Dalton West
Ox
Mi
d
Bu s
Circle Square
Business School
Way
Sto p
unian
The site is located in a highly congested part of the city, adjacent to Oxford Road, the busiest bus route in Europe, and the Manchester ring road. It is sat as part of the MMU campus, opposite the new Circle Square University residential development.
John Dalton Shed
The Dancehouse
Design Considerations
CNC Machine
Disc Saw
Material Extrusion
Vat Polymerisation
Powder Bed Fusion
Sheet Lamination
Robotic Arm
Soldering
Sawing
Gluing
Sanding
Drilling
Painting
CAD Modelling
Lasercutting
Maker Space A Place To Create
We selected our program, as a Maker space. The neccesity for an adapting facility with various programmatic and mechanical requirements gave us good opportunity, whilst still working in a scenario with genuine constraints, related to the MMU campus, and fulfilling a real potential demand.
Binder Jetting
Band Saw
Disk Sander
Material Jetting
Belt Sander
3D Printing There are a substantial array of 3d printing processes for a range of different outcomes and materials.
Direct Energy Deposition
3D Printing
100
440000
90
400000 Market Value (Billion)
320000 280000 240000 200000 160000
The development in the digital fabrication sector has brough about massive growth in the fabrication industry. Additions such as 3d printing have had huge growth, bringing costs down and making the technology more accessible at a domestic level.
50 40 30
0
40000
A Wave of Making
60
10
80000
Fabrication Industry
70
20
120000
0
The CNC industry has also seen considerable growth and is projected to keep climbing in the future.
80
360000
Units Sold
The 3d printing industry has exploded in the past decade, with hundreds of thousands of them now in circulation.
CNC
110
07
08
09
10 11 12 13 Year (+2000)
14
15
16
CNC Lathes
13
15
16
17
CNC Machining Centre
18 19 20 21 Year (+2000)
22
CNC Milling Machining
CNC Drilling
23
24 Others
Growing Opportunity
Making Making Accessible
There are very limited maker space facilities in the city aside from PrintCity, and these places are at a premium with high costs.
While the industry has experienced major growth it is still highly expensive and inefficient to acquire 3d prints in the current system. Either going through a company which usually have high premiums, or buying a whole printer yourself.
Material Economy There is a huge proportion of material waste in both the construction sector and the commercial and industrial sectors. Our design will directly respond to all three of these, intervening in the lifecycle at the early stages as is prefered by the EU
Maker
3D Printing Company
££
Output
Personal Printer
£
Output
Maker Space
£
Output
£££
Waste Heirarchy Most Preferred
Prevention
Other
Households
Commercial & Industrial
Preparing for Reuse
+
Recycling
+
+
Other Recovery Construction Demolition & Excavation
Disposal
Wohlers Associates (2018) Wohler Report https://www.3erp.com/blog/cnc-machining-industry-trends-2019/ Adams, K., Hobbs, G., Building Research, E. and Limited, I. H. S. G. (2017) Material resource
Least Prefered
Community Expanded Interaction Facilities
On-tap Education
Print City MMU Development Analysis PrintCity currently resides within the old John Dalton West building. It is being temporarily relocated and then will be placed within our proposed design.
Profile PrintCity is a 3D printing suite with a huge range of additive manufacturing technology. It is used primarily by the Manchester Metropolitan University but also collaborates with private technology and fabrication firms. In the past 5 years alone they have expanded to absolutely fill their current capacity within the John Dalton Shed.
John Dalton West Development Analysis The John Dalton site has been selected for a series of developments to help move the campus into being a cutting edge educational facility.
Program Teaching spaces, study areas and catering facilities for the Faculty of Science and Engineering.
Goals Growing the Faculty of Science and Engineering to contribute more to the local, city region and national economy Growing research in areas such as computing, health and wellbeing, smart cities, climate change and ageing Providing physical connections with the John Dalton Tower to enable different disciplines to work together more effectively Growing relationships with local businesses and institutions (including hospitals) so that knowledge and scientific breakthroughs are transferred to the ‘real world’. Continuing the University’s public engagement programme, which seeks to make science more accessible, inclusive and diverse. Maximising the potential of the site within the University campus.
Space Standards According to the HSE space standards, any occupant is entitled to 11m3 volume of space.
Food Store Kitchen
Maker Space Programmatic Analysis We have reacted to the changing systems surrounding the site, as well as changes to the campus. From this we have elected to design a Maker Space with educational facilities as well as commercial production.
Open Work Spaces Private Work Spaces Seminar Rooms Computer Suite CNC
Cafe
Green Space
Scullery
Control Room Toilets
Maker Space
Lecture Theatre Reception Workshops Bag Store
Spray Room Metal Electronics Wood Plastic
Exhibition Space
Cutting Room
Digital Fabrication
Materials Store
3D Printing
Storage
Bedroom Common Room
Personal Living Space
Student Accommodation
Maker Space
Laundry Facilities
Goods Storage
Commercial Goods Facility
Shared Kitchen
Programmatic Analysis We have reacted to the changing systems surrounding the site, as well as changes to the campus. From this we have elected to design a Maker Space with educational facilities as well as commercial production. There will also be practical potential for conversion to residential. As part of the campus' intent to achieve new carbon neturality, facility for the installation of renewable energy sources will also be provided.
Ensuite
Cycle Storage
Exterior Facilities
Materials Processing
Maker Space
Photovoltaic Array Wind Farm
Energy Storage
Energy Generator
Student Accommodation Common
Laundry
Goods Storage
Material Processing
Energy Storage
PV Cells
Wind Turbines
Cycle Storage
4.5-14
2-5
1-4.5
N/A
10-30
N/A
N/A
N/A
1 per 10 users
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
120
300
150
N/A
N/A
72
N/A
N/A
Bedroom
En-suite
Area Per Person (m2)
7-10
3-5
Capacity
N/A
Area (m2)
N/A
Public / Private
Room Data Sheets Analysing Program Requirements We considered all elements of our program in terms of their spatial requirements as well as other M+E features and time.
Light Quality (Lux) Ventillation Quality (AC/hr)
N/A
100-300
100<
400-600 100-300 100-350 100-500 300-600 300-650 80,000<
200-300
N/A
3-5
6-10
12-20
5-10
3-6
3-6
8-10
8-10
N/A
N/A
Water in Grey Water out Black Water out Aditional Electricals Time in D Use H
20 Amp
7 Days 00-24
7 Days 00-24
7 Days 00-24
7 Days 00-24
7 Days 00-24
7 Days 00-24
6 Days 09-17
20 Amp
20 Amp
20 Amp
7 Days 00-24
7 Days 00-24
7 Days 00-24
7 Days 00-24
Workshops
Digital Fabrication
Spray room
Material Cutting Room
Materials Store
CNC
Computer 3D Printing Suite
Cafe
Seminar Room
Private Workspace
Details Drawing Space
Open Workspace
Kitchen
Food Store
Seating
Scullery
Lecture Theatre
Exhibition Space
Reception
Toilets
2.5-9.3
2-5
3-5
Metal
Wood
Area Per Person (m2)
20-30
20-30
10-20
5-15
10-20
N/A
20-30
20-30
7.5-14
1-4
6-10
6-10
6-10
4.5-14
N/A
2-4
5-7
0.6-1.5
Capacity
40 - 80
60 -120
40 - 60
10
8 - 16
N/A
25 - 40
25 - 40
400 800
400 800
300 600
120 200
300 -600
6
N/A
40
2
70-240
50-300
N/A
N/A
Area (m2)
1200 1600
2400 1800
800
150
160
80
750 800
750 800
5600 6000
5600 6000
3000 3600
1200
3000 3600
27 - 84
18
80 -160
10 -14
105 -144
465 750
1000
N/A
Public / Private Light Quality (Lux) Ventillation Quality (AC/hr)
500-1000 400-600 450-650 150-250 300-600 100-500 300-500 300-650 150-500 300-500 250-750 1500-2000 250-750 400-600 100-150 100-200 200-300 400-500 400-750 200-300
10-12
8-10
8-10
30<
8-10
3 Phase 15 Amp
3 Phase 15 Amp
3 Phase 15 Amp
3 Phase 15 Amp
6 Days 09-17
6 Days 09-17
6 Days 09-17
6 Days 09-17
3-6
8-10
8-10
3 Phase 15 Amp
3 Phase 15 Amp
6 Days 09-17
6 Days 09-17
6-10
8-12
6-10
8-14
6-10
30<
5-12
6-10
5-10
5-8
6 Days 10 - 20
6 Days 10 - 20
6 Days 10 - 20
5 Days 09 - 17
2-10
100<
3-5
6-10
7 Days 00 - 24
7 Days 00 - 24
Water in Grey Water out Black Water out Aditional 3 Phase Electricals 15 Amp Time in D Use H
6 Days 09-17
6 Days 09-17
Table C1: Floor space factors. From Approved Document B2, Fire safety: Buildings other than dwellinghouses https://glamox.com/gsx/solutions/workshops https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-level-rooms-d_708.html http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/05-06/constr_village/new_page_7.htm https://www.matsakis.gr/Air%20Changes%20Per%20Hour.pdf https://www.ucu.org.uk/media/1358/General-ventilation---guidance-for-employers-HSG202/pdf/HSG202_-_Ventilation.pdf https://www.hse.gov.uk/lev/designers.htm
20 Amp
7 Days 00 - 24
7 Days 00 - 24
7 Days 00 - 24
7 Days 00 - 24
7 Days 00 - 24
6 Days 10 - 20
6 Days 09-17
https://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/harmful/ventilation.htm https://envirochem.co.uk/blog/2018/01/23/air-change-per-hour/ http://www.inive.org/medias/ECA/ECA_Report11.pdf https://www.breeam.com/communitiesmanual/content/03_step03/10_tm_05_cycling_facilities.htm?TocPath=Step%203%20Designing%20the%20details%7C_____11 https://speye.wordpress.com/2014/09/16/what-is-a-bedroom-there-is-a-minimum-size-and-specification-from-the-coalition/ https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/number-persons-buildings-d_118.html
Scenario Dependant Private Workspaces
Computer Suite
Seminar Rooms
Open Workspaces
Impermanent Private Workspaces
Computer Suite
Open Workspaces
Digital Fabrication
Digital Fabrication
3D Printing
3D Printing
Im // Periminance Program Adaptations We analysed our Program in terms of our scenarios, deciding the neccessary allocation for each.
Windfarm
Reception
Cycle Store Bag Store
Circulation Cores
Kitchen
En-suite
Energy Storage
Exhibition CNC
Photovoltaic Array
Permanent
Exhibition
CNC
Seminar Rooms
Cafe Servery
Personal Living Space
Toilets
Student Accommodation
Scullery
Common Room
Digital Fabrication Fabrication Workshop Material Store
Wood Plastic
Metal
Workshops
Shared Kitchen Spray Room
Electronics
Goods Storage Commercial Goods Facility
Recycling and Materials Processing
Plastic
Workshops Wood
Metal
Electronics
EDUCATION FACING
Materials Processing
Ground Floor Configuration The first couple of floors of the building are critical features to optimise, ensuring good and welcoming public and educational entrance conditions and balancing a large amount of circulation and spatial requirements in a legible way.
John Dalton East
Interface
PUBLIC FACING
Digital Fabrication: CNC
Digital Fabrication: Additive Manufacture
Commercial Frontage Toilets
Cycle Storage Reception Exhibition Space Cafe Metal Workshop
Wood Workshop
Plastics Workshop Kitchen
Scullery
1:500
Data Flows
People Objects
Weather Climate
Dynamic
User Interactive
Builder Interactive
Motivations
Adaptive Architecture Designing for Change Adaptive Architecture is a field dedicated to developing designs that react to the changing needs of their environment, their inhabitants and objects, or driven by internal data.
Project Intent
Methods
Seconds / Minutes Timescales
Hours / Days
Months / Years
We do not want adaptability to compramise the performance, still massed, programmed and detailed as productively as possible. Our design will also dynamically adapt to changing environmental conditions, and be optimised to maximise performance whilst still achieving the neccessary flexibility to cope with long term change.
Building Agency Low
High
SERVICABILITY
BIG SHED
SPATIAL APPROACHES ADAPTABLE DESIGN
GOOD DESIGN
Adaptable
SOFT
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;TIGHT FITâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; FUNCTIONALISM A lot of buildings
DESIGN APPROACHES
(social processes between designer and user over time
HARD
Designer determined change via framework
Human Agency
High
Our Intervention
Low
2
T e i u i
3
i S e ea a
ua te ite t
a large expanse of unimpeded open space. The channelling all workers through one communal entrance and avoiding physical division of activity.
Dynamic mechanical systems
QUALITY /CHARACTER
Ti n This building has facility to be extended in the long term and adapted using the moveable modules. However the quality of space is inarticulate and performs averagely.
t it un ti nali T e
in
ubilee a ite t
u
This education campus is an interesting example combining relatively low-tech construction with asophisticated set of building management tools. This is developed to cope with varying day and variations in activity.
n While intelligently designed, this is essentially an engineered system so would have limitations to its functionality. It substantially.
DFMA & Modular Manufacture & Assembly DFMA relies on developing designs for their ease of construction, frequently assembled from manufactured elements. It is affording substantial improvements in efficiency sustainability and production quality.
Adaptable Modular? Design To Change Elements developeded for ease of assembly afford the potential for being easily disassembled and reassembled. This concept has inspired proposals both conceptual and actualised, but has yet to see true success.
Project Goal
Any elements of adaptability should be fabricatable using raw materials, within the facilties in the building.
Successful Realisation : 79&Park - Bjarke Ingels Group
Concept: Plug In City - Archigram
Failed Realisation: Capsule Tower - Kisho Kurokawa
There are an array of examples of modular constructed architecture. Few manage to get past the blocky repetition inherant to their assembly. 79&Park is one example, constructed of 3.6m3 modules assembled in a courtyard, with a stepped arrangement to maximise light penetration.
Plug In City was a conceptual proposal completed by Avante Garde design group Archigram. It comprises of residential units that â&#x20AC;&#x153;plug inâ&#x20AC;? to a central infrastructural mega machine. It is in fact not a city, but a constantly evolving megastructure that incorporates residences, transportation and other essential services--all movable by giant cranes.
The Capsule Tower is a rare example of this idea realised, with it's residential models able to be removed and replaced. However, this was never achieved as supply lines for the complex modular units were lost and it became impractical.
https://inhabitat.com/bigs-dramatic-hillside-apartments-officially-open-in-stockholm/79park-by-big-2/
https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/08/japanese-architecture-metabolist-kurokawa-preservation/592078/
https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/08/japanese-architecture-metabolist-kurokawa-preservation/592078/
Designed to adaptively change aperture based on the internal light level the Iris on the facade of the building are an example of a complex adaptive facade. Although the idea was solid the facade needs constant repair due to small contaminants braking the delicate mechanisms
a a e Stu ie a ti e a a e T
l
ie
The existing range of adaptable faรงades are mostly based around controlling 2 elements solar and wind, and all seem to do this on some derivation of opening and closing holes in the facade. The more successful of these rely on a simplistic system with fewer moving parts as constant repair can offset the power saving gained from this environmental control.
The facade on the sunward facing sides of the Al Bahr Towers are designed to fully shut out direct light during the peak Dubai summer temperatures, the surfaces of the stars are a perforated metal allowing defused light to pass through while absorbing much of the heat radiation.
The facade of the One Ocean pavilion opens and closes to funnel the passing wind into the building aiding in cross ventilation. The building is intentional parallel to the wind direction allowing full control of the ventilation gained.
1 2 3
http://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/sortir-region-parisienne/diaporama-sonore-patrimoine-lesmille-et-un-charmes-de-l-institut-du-monde-arabe-24-02-2017-6709200.php https://www.ahr-global.com/Al-Bahr-Towers https://transsolar.com/projects/one-ocean-pavillon-expo-2012
Strategy
Earth Atmosphere
Rising Air TemperRising Air atures Temperatures
Pressure Changes
Global Thermal Energy Erratic Erratic and and Extreme Weather
Weather Air Pollution Pollution
Energy Demand / Harvesting
Design Proposal
Energy Demand
Systems Thinking Energy Connections We took our selected program and considered it in terms of the directly relevant systems to its opperation. This will allow us to make relevant and productive measures to ensure the Resilience of the design. This first analysis considers the energy output of the building, which we expect to be very high due to the program. This we related to global flows of thermal energy and atmospheric conditions, through localised weather events, down to the individual comfort of the building inhabitants.
Extraction
Human Wellbeing Direction of affect Scope of influence Larger System
Climate control
Energy Supply Infrastructure
Waste Management
Rising Air LandďŹ ll and TemperLittering atures Rising Air Recycling &TemperLifecycle atures
Fabrication Materials Rising Air Destructive TemperExtraction atures
Habitat Rising Air destruction Temper- / disconnect atures
Construction & Use Machinary & production
Material Connections We took our selected program and considered it in terms of the directly relevant systems to its opperation. This will allow us to make relevant and productive measures to ensure the Resilience of the design. The second study looks at Material systems, as this relates to the fabrication of the building as well as the program which will also be material intensive. This we relate to Waste Management and the wider production of goods.
Conflicting Rising Air Needs Temper/ Finite atures Land
Human Wellbeing Direction of affect Scope of influence Larger System
Energy Supply Infrastructure
Design Proposal Machinary Rising Air & production Temperatures
Animal Ecosystems
Systems Thinking
Rising Air Recycling &TemperLifecycle atures
Rising Air Use of tools Temper& equipment atures
Goods Production
Funding & New Tools
Technology Industry
Department of Education New Tools/ Demand
New Tools Rising Air & Involvement Temperin Research atures
Inclusion in program Policy, Funding & Assessment
University Campus
Localised Resources
Design Proposal Rising Airin Inclusion TemperProgram atures
Pastoral care
Systems Thinking
Rising Air Facilities Temperatures
Social Connections We took our selected program and considered it in terms of the directly relevant systems to its opperation. This will allow us to make relevant and productive measures to ensure the Resilience of the design. The third study relates the building to the education system, recognising how national policy changes affect the application of University resources in order to facilitate individual learning.
Human Wellbeing Direction of affect Scope of influence Larger System
Rising Air Use of tools Temper& equipment atures
Rising Air Mental TemperWellbeing atures
Goods Production Rising Air Production TemperSkills atures
Individual Learning
Nitrogen DioxideNO2 Particulate Matter PM2.5
80
Software
20
100
50
10 0
ata alue i e Dataâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s value and volume is continuously and rapidly rising, with approximately a third of its volume in sensors and devices. Integration of cybernetic systems becomes commonplace as a means to mediate the environment of buildings.
5 6
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
3 4
2018
http://www.manchester.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/27182/greater_manchester_air_quality_annual_ status_report_asr_2018.pdf https://www.manchester.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/22755/air_quality_progress_report_201314.pdf
an e
Sub e ui Title e ent ene able ne A wonderful serenity has taken possession of
my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of With increases in Climate theheart. necessity spring which I enjoy with Change, my whole I am for a transition to Renewable Energy will alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls The industry is already demonstrating reliable like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so growth in the UK. absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now. When, while the lovely
2017
lluti n
40
2016
Main an Title e
Oxford Road is one of the more polluted regions in the city. It is the busiest bus route in Europe. However, changes have been made, as of September 2017, removing all private car usage on the road between 6am and 9pm has seen an improvement in the amount of NO2 in the air. However particulates have continued to increase. 2
2030
ea e in
60
0 2014
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
n
80
20
0
an e
1
Market Value (Billions/$)
30
High Estimate
40
150
Baseline
Particulates per m3
NO2 Target
100
200
Low Estimate
Energy Consumption in cities (Ej/year)
70
50
Services
120
250
60
Hardware
Geophysical Events Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic Activities Meteorological Events Storms
Hydrological Events Flood, Mass Movement Climatological Events Extreame Temperatures, Drought, Wildfire
900
2.0
1.0 0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5
r
tp
no
ru
pe
u
ri
te
m
pe
ts
ge
id
ge
t
ax
d wi
od pr
M
Quantity
Change 6
Unstable weather patterns and severe anomalies
Material cost inflation due to scarcity
With hot weather climate change also increaced the number if climatic events. Globaly the number of these events has almost trippled in 30 years and shows no signs that it will stop increaceing.
2
fo
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1995
1
Climate change is altering the temperatures we have to deal with on a yearly basis. If the current trent continues Britain could become a tropical island with temperatures 4-5 Degrees above the current temperatures year round, this will result is a need for building to be cooled unless this is done passivly a building energy consumption will increace dramaticaly. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcet/
1990
Change 5
Increased Temperatures due to climate change
id
d ce
200
1985
Change 4
pa
300
1990
2000
ice
Su ice
400
0
1900
pr
500
-2.5
Year
M
rw
100
1800
d
ly
pp
an
ax
600
-2.0
1700
De
m
700
Number of events Globaly
Difference (°C) from 1961-1990 LTA
1.5
-3.0
Price
800
https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/climate/climate-and-extreme-weather
3
Suply and demand is a comon theory that states that the less of something is available the more it will cost. For this reason if a material like concrete becomes less avaialble the cost will soar and it will no longer be a viable building material, an adaptable design will therefore be flaxable in the materials needed for futrue explansion. https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/maths-linear-quadratic-relations/0/steps/12101
England Northern Ireland Scotland
Wales EU (excluding UK) 7
3500
20%
6
3000 Median Building Price (£ Per m²)
3 2
-30%
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
1700
Difference between cycle and 2018 UCAS Application cycle
an e uni e
e
Mi
The nember of aplications has been falling over the past years, with the current attitude of MMU to push building expansion there could become alot of expensive building with low utilisation persentage and this would lead to a new for atleat semi-comercialisation of some university facilities. 1
https://www.ucas.com/file/213881/download?token=PChWJYq8
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
ati n ban ent e
an e u al a ea t
n
There is currently a trend towards urban migration from rural comunities, incracing the expansion of cities. As the need for housing in cities increaces the cost of land will increace, leading to an increaced density of both dwellings and comercial space. 2
1000
2100
an e
iali ati n it buil in
0
0
0
2019
1500
500
1 -40%
2000
Outside
-20%
4
2500
Hinterland
-10%
5
Suburbs
Number of People (Billions)
-0%
City Centre
Change between cycle and 2018 cycle
10%
https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=79940&printable=1
ea e inne it e ial S a e alue
The attractiveness of the city centre to access the premises they need. It is these highskilled, knowledge-intensive industries that drive productivity growth in the national economy, so restricting their growth is not only bad for the city, but also the UK’s prosperity. 3
Inne Com r-city Spa mercia ce V l alue
ural an R Urb igration M
T ch empe a Cli ma nge d ratur e te Ch ue to an ge
r t fo rgy n e e em le En r i b qu Re newa Re
Data Va lue Change
sity Univer n ialisatio mmerc
Co
Relating Scenarios Connecting Changes in Systems W Sev ea er th e er
Ai in ge an tion Ch llu Po
Our scenarios would not occur in abstract. Many of them are interrelated and would have positive or negative correlation.
r
Material Cost Fluctuations
Current Scenario
Climate Change
Devising Scenarios
University Usage
Choosing Potential Outcomes for these Key Changes We developed scenarios as ranges as none of our situations were binary and would fluctuate slowly over time.
Urban Density
Scenario 1 - Severe Climate Change
As the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues to climb, the amount of extreme weather events will continue to climb that will need responding to without extreme generation of additional pollutants.
Chapter Title
4
2100
1800
1500
2
Number of events Globaly
Difference (°C) from 1961-1990 LTA
3
2020
1
0
900
600
300
0
-1
2100
2080
2060
2040
2020
https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcw2ymd6s https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/provisional-hottest-day-on-record https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/wind/windiest-place-in-uk https://www.britannica.com/science/storm
2000
Global temperatures have risen by over 1.5 degrees. This has lead to the need for Renewable Energy as standard. Increased climate control and weather protection in buildings.
1990
Extreme Weather & Human Action Requirement
2100
2000
1900
Severe Climate Change
1 2 3 4
1200
Ranges Temperature Average:
1 - 20 (Current) 5-24 (expected)
Temperature Peak:
38.1 (Current) 43 (expected)
Storm Wind Speed:
64 - 173 Mph
(Source 3&4)
(Source 2)
(Source 1)
T
SS
Se e e li ate
Counteracting Ecosystem Degredation
T an e
By considering how the internal environment will change as a result of increased climatic will allow for an evaluation under these new conditions.
MAXIMISE
T M T Mana e ent
n i n ental e e ati n
With external temperatures rising direct sunlight is a less desirable trait and therefore should be minimised but defused light should be maximised.
In an unpredictable climate every element of a city must work together to prevent disaster on a city wide scale. Such as slowing the distribution of storm water or reducing the funnelling effect of wind.
Trees and surrounding foliage can have an effect on the surrounding temperature, casting shadow and defusing direct light. as well as helping to reduce localised
Acceptable Temperature
Internal Light
Proportion of Water Slowed
Site Occupation
LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO
Ventilation MINIMISE
li ate ent Miti ati n
As external temperatures rise the internal temperature needs to remain constant using as many passive methods as possible.
C TARGET
S la ain Mana e ent
BETWEEN RANGE
Direct Sunlight Light
3
Wind Speed Increase
Localisation to pollutants
I
a te Title
UK Land Cost
VC Technology Investment 1500
Cost of Land Cost of Overlying Land
Investment (ÂŁMillion)
1000
7.5 7.0 6.5
750 500 250
5.5
2.0
2000
1.5
Number of Facilities
2500
6.6%
2.5
24.1%
Maker Space Growth
3.5
24.4%
4.0
14.5%
2026
2024
2022
2020
2018
2016
2014
4.5
6.6%
23.8%
0
5.0
ÂŁ Trillion
Empty 37.6% of the year
1250
8.0
1500
0.5 0.0
Europe
1000
Jan
Dec
June 19th
Nov
April 3rd
Oct
April 27th
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
2030
2028
2026
2024
2022
2020
2018
2016
2014
2012
https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/bulletins/nationalbalancesheet/2017estimates http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/manchester-population/ https://www2.mmu.ac.uk/about-us/structure/term-dates/ https://datacommons.technation.io/dashboard/f/all_geo/anyof_North%20West https://www.popsci.com/rise-makerspace-by-numbers/
2010
The University interacts with more commercial and tech companies, using its resources to produce goods and develop fabrication technology.
January 6th
Rest of World 2008
The University engages in more production and technology
2006
University Usage Change
Jan
2030
2025
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1995
America
500 0
1 2 3 4 5
Yearly Student Fluctuation
September 16th December 13th
Industry Growth
Optimisation Potential
Data indicates a growth in value of land, thus requiring more productivity. We can also see increased investment in the North West by Venture Capitalists, this is comparitively high to the rest of the country. Finally Maker Space development is booming globally with Europe having the highest proportion of increase. This all justifies an increase in publically accessible facilities.
By identifying low usage periods annually and daily we can identify potential mixed use opportunities within the program. Facilities can benefit from collaboration as well as education.
External Investors The SODA building and ID Campus developments are examples of technology and design development investments from the Universities, demonstrating that they are already moving towards this change.
Integrated human / nature synergy
itne ni e
ite ia it
a e
an e
As the Universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage becomes more varied and commercial its Public / Private facing features become more important. The facilitation of both functions can be designed for to ensure this does not detract from the educational purpose of the building.
MAXIMISE
TARGET
t int ti i ati n
Ma e a e a ilitie
elati n i ubli i ate
The site is constrained on all sides therefore making future expansion uncertain so the method of utilising the available space is paramount in making use of the site.
As a building open to the public the more facilities on offer the greater the draw and higher the revenue of the space becomes.
Although primarily open to the public while the university is closed there will still be interaction between the university users and general public, the nature of this interaction needs to be controlled for safety and security.
Currently a university building is only open for 62.4% of the year not accounting for closing in the evenings and over weekends. Therefore there is an untapped resource that could be available for almost 40% of the year.
Dead Space
Variation in available facilities
Shared Facilities
Time Occupied
Foliage
Circulation between facilities
Percent of private space
Time based activity variation
LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO
Privacy MINIMISE
e ent tili ati n
BETWEEN RANGE I Views onto Entrance
Scenario 3 - Saturated Urban Density
As more people move to the city, the city may need to increase itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s density to accommodate. If buildings are required to increace their user density how can existing building adapt to this without compromising the health of the occupants
Chapter Title
Increased Population & Development
UK Land Cost Cost of Land Cost of Overlying Land
1800 1600
8.0
1400
7.5
1200 1000
7.0
800
6.5
600
5.5
400
5.0
0 2014
2015
2016 2017 Time (Months / Years)
2018
2019
2020
Manchester Population
3.25
4.5 4.0 3.5
London
2.75
1.5
Nottingham
0.5
Grays
2030
2025
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1995
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
The current trend of city centre development and urban densification continues to the point where highrise is common and land values are at a premium.
2017
The City becomes very highly populated
Micrograms per cubic metre
2016
Saturated Urban Density
2020
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
2015
2010
10
2014
2000
20
2013
1990
30
2012
1980 Time (Years)
NO2 Target
40
2011
1970
Chepstow Gillingham Manchester Gibraltar Scunthorpe
50
2010
1960
60
Leicester
2.25 1950
70
York
0.0
2.50
80
Leamington Spa
2.0
3.00
Nitrogen DioxideNO2 Particulate Matter PM2.5
ShefďŹ eld
2.5
Particulates per m3
200 ÂŁ Trillion
Number of Residential units (Per Month)
Number of Residential units Completed in Manchester
Population (MIllion)
Increased Pollution
Population and Development
Pollution
The rate of population growth has escalated in recent years with residential development occuring following suit. This will continue to lead to dramatically high density developments such as Circle Square. Strategic residential development, less impactful to the surroundings could be beneficial.
The site is located adjacent to two highly polluted highways. Manchester has comparatively high pollution. While this seems to not be escalating, measures should be taken to mitigate the affect of pollution to inhabitants on site. A premium should be placed on green space on site.
The land value, as stated before, is also rising considerably. As such, the ability to provide residential units on site could provide useful revenue.
itne
ite ia
Satu ate
ban
en it
As more people move to cities a city must either expand or increase its density. If the density of a city increases what factors need to be measured to make sure the quality of life doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t drop.
MAXIMISE
TARGET
MINIMISE
Counteracting Ecosystem Degredation
S la ain Mana e ent
Ti e a e i ien
The higher density will reduce natural light to the street level. We will design the massing to ensure that
Land premiums will
an in a
e
use of space throughout the day.
These premiums will also necessitate the transition to different programs. We will optimise designs that provide for multiple programs well.
As a result of pollution, green space will need to be preserved more. We will design for strategically placed Green Space.
Program Natural light Requirement
Room Utilisation
Quality of space for program A
Occupation of Site
Mechanical Ventillation Potential
Day/Night Room Utilisation
Quality of space for program B
LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO
BETWEEN RANGE
n i n ental e e ati n
Methodology
Scenario 1
Space Syntax Evaluation
Site Constraints
Fitness Requirements
(2)
Environmental
Program Related
(4)
Scenario 2
Future Scenario IdentiďŹ cation
Program
Inital Massing
Facade
(7)
Massing Related
(3)
Massing Scenario Massing
Program Facade
(8)
Facade Related
(1)
(5)
Scenario 3
Program Requirements
Massing
Massing
Adaptable Facade System
Program Facade
Final Scenario Facade and Program Optimisation ( 10 )
(9)
(6)
Design Process (1)
(2)
With resilience Initial constraints to future change of the program, site being a key driver and environment identification of are outlined. Such potential future as road locations, scenarios is green space, required to outline sun angle, wind required fitness direction etc. criteria.
(3)
(4)
For each scenario the programmatic requirements and space syntax are generated evaluated and developed.
Based on the potential future scenarios criteria for evaluating the success of the building are determined.
(5)
(6)
These Fitness Fitness criteria are criteria are divided ranked according to into 3 groups each scenario, ie in depending at what a future with higher design stage they temperatures would effect, a temperature is fitness criteria can ranked higher than be in more than 1 available view. of these groups.
(7)
(8)
(9)
( 10 )
A starting mass is The initial core To adapt to shorter Once a final form needed to adapt mass and scenario term change is approached an from, this is derived fitness criteria are the facade of evaluation of the from things such then optimised to the building will fitness criteria will as sunlight and site be able to respond adapt to things establish a success position that are to predicted long such as a spike in of failure of the mostly fixed once term change. daily temperature system. constructed. or higher noise polution.
All Saints Library
Manc
Program, Site & Environment
oa for dR
John Dalton West
Ox
Fixed Constraints ( 1 )
d
Bu s
Circle Square
Business School
Way
Sto p
unian
Although an adaptive model involves looking at future cases of change first the current environment needs to be evaluated and designed for so that the building functions in the present before any changes have happened.
John Dalton Shed
The Dancehouse
Future Scenarios ( 2 ) What Changes Will Happen To evaluate the capacity for future change some future changes have to be devised to test against, how the design space responds to these changes informs areas when capacity for change needs to be accounted for.
SCENARIO 1
OUTCOME A - S1 OUTCOME D - S1&2
CURRENT DESIGN
OUTCOME G - S1,2&3 SCENARIO 2
OUTCOME B - S2 OUTCOME E - S1&3 OUTCOME F - S2&3
SCENARIO 3
OUTCOME C - S3
Process
2
Using a proposed bubble diagram of functions, a set of tools evaluate and generate feasible geometric interpretations in terms of scaled plan layout graphs.
1
7
8
6
2
11 9 13
3
12
4
10
1
4 5
5
6 7
2
7
11
8
12
9
13
8
1
12
11 9 13 4
10
Integration
6 10
5
0
13
An example of a Space Syntax assessment of a Figure Ground drawing of a street configuration, evaluating the Integration of nodes within a system.
Space Syntax Theory (3) Analysing Spatial Networks Space Syntax Theory was conceived by Bill Hillier, Julienne Hanson, and colleagues at The Bartlett, University College London in the late 1970s to early 1980s to develop insights into the mutually constructive relation between society and space. As space syntax has evolved, certain measures have been found to correlate with human spatial behavior, and space syntax has thus come to be used to forecast likely effects of architectural and urban space on users.
Design inputs Arbritrary Nodes Representing Spaces
Space Syntax Analysis Analytic Outputs Depth Analysis
Justified Graph
Choice Analysis
Spatial Links Areas
Graph Formation
Interactive bubble Diagrams (Optional / Manual Configurative Ideas) Prompt user to change input
Nourian, Pirouz & Rezvani, Samaneh & Sariyildiz, Sevil. (2013). Designing with Space Syntax A configurative approach to architectural layout, proposing a computa- tional methodology.
Choice of point of view
Topological Embedding No planar? Yes
If not satisfied with the outputs
Choice Order
Integration Analysis
Integration Order
Control Analysis
Control Order
Difference Factor Analysis
Spatial Articulation
Force Direction Drawing Triangulation
Charged Bubble Diagram Rectangular Dual Graph
A verbal interpretation of the configuration
2D Bubble Packing Patterns 2D Plan Layouts
Findings - Movement patterns are powerfully shaped by spatial layout - Patterns of security and insecurity are affected by spatial design - This relation shapes the evolution of the centres and sub-centres that makes cities liveable - Spatial segregation and social disadvantage are related in cities - Buildings can create more interactive organisational cultures.
Fitness Criteria (4) Evaluating Success of The Changes When building a Genetic design tool the methods used to evaluate the design guide the process as wanting to maximise 1 value will cause a reduction in another value, this conflict is iterated over generation to find the optimal solution, a compromise between these fitness criteria.
Current Environment
Scenario 1 Extreme weather
Scenario 2
Commercialisation
Scenario 3 Increased Density
Acceptable Temperature
Acceptable Temperature
Dead Space
Program Natural light Requirement
Proportion of Water Slowed
Ventilation
Foliage
Mechanical Ventilation Potential
Wind Speed Increase
Internal Light
Variation in facilities
Room Utilisation
Views onto Entrance
Direct Sunlight Light
Circulation between facilities
Day/Night Room Utilisation
Internal Light
Proportion of Water Slowed
Privacy
Quality of space for program A
Direct Sunlight Light
Wind Speed Increase
Shared Facilities
Quality of space for program B
Site Occupation
Site Occupation
Percent of private space
Occupation of Site
Localisation to pollutants
Localisation to pollutants
Views onto Entrance
Occupation of Site
Time Occupied
Privacy
Time based activity variation
Acceptable Temperature Proportion of Water Slowed Ventilation
Dead Space
Massing
Wind Speed Increase
Shared Facilities Foliage Percent of private space Program Natural light Requirement
Fitness Division ( 5 ) Grouping the scenarios based on where they are required in the design process The fitness criteria are grouped into 3 sections allowing the criteria to effect different elements of the design process for instance the overall form of a building has a larger effect on how much light an area has against the individual program arrangements.
Views onto Entrance Mechanical Ventilation Potential Quality of space for program A Internal Light
Direct Sunlight Light
Program
Quality of space for program B
Site Occupation Variation in available facilities Localisation to pollutants Circulation between facilities Time Occupied Privacy
Room Utilisation
Facade
Time based activity variation
Occupation of Site Day/Night Room Utilisation
Percent of private space
MAXIMISE
TARGET
MINIMISE
LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO
BETWEEN RANGE
Wind Speed Increase
Site Occupation
Localisation to pollutants
Privacy
Time Occupied
Circulation between facilities
Views onto Entrance
Dead Space
Shared Facilities
Time based activity variation
Foliage
Program Natural light Requirement
Mechanical Ventilation Potential
Quality of space program A
Quality of space program B
Day/Night Room Utilisation
Occupation of Site
Hierarchy
Proportion of Water Slowed
Variation in available facilities
Scenario 3 - Increased Density
Fitness criteria are ranked according to each scenario, ie in a future with higher temperatures temperature is ranked higher than available view.
Direct Sunlight Light
Room Utilisation
Hierarchy
How do the fitness criteria rank in each scenario
Internal Light
Hierarchy
Fitness Hierarchy ( 6 )
Scenario 1 - Extreme weather
Ventilation
Scenario 2 - Commercialisation
Acceptable Temperature
Acceptable Temperature
Proportion of Water Slowed
Permanent Cores Established Multiple fitness criteria are brought together to evaluate the site and chose a location for the building cores to go.
Wind Speed Increase
Dead Space
Permanent Core ( 7 ) Defining a building core from the current scenario before applying future cases When designing an adaptable building some elements of the building must be permanent or the building is being rebuilt after each change. this core is what the rest of the system is based around, this will mainly contain circulation space but also permanent spaces like plant rooms and toilets.
Foliage
Views onto Entrance
Internal Light
Direct Sunlight Light
Site Occupation
Localisation to pollutants
Occupation of Site
Privacy
CIRCULATION BETWEEN CORES These cores are then connected and a building is formed around them. This form is then evaluated against the fitness criteria allowing for an optimal base form to be achieved.
Permanent Cores Established
Potential Expansion structure system added
Panels added between structure
The initial core mass and scenario fitness criteria are then optimised to be able to respond to predicted long term change.
A permanent structural system is constructed around the core
Within this structure semi-permanent elements can be constructed and removed to fit the current requirements
Long Term Change ( 8 ) How the building reacts to a fundamental change in its environment Some changes like the urban migration will happen over a long time period these changes may require adapting some of the form of the building either building or removing elements, creating a system that facilitates this change is what makes a building adaptable. The diagrammatic approach shown allows for the structure and core to remain while the programmatic facilities shift around it.
Facade Adaptation
Short Term Change ( 9 ) Reaction to change lasting less than a year such as yearly weather cycles. Some changes to the building can be reacted to in a short term manner such as amount of day light and ventilation that can both be effected by the facade of the building.
An adaptable facade system allows the building to react to the current internal environment and respond. For instance if it to hot additional shading can be provided as well as allowing additional ventilation.
Program Rearrangement One short term change is program rearrangement this can be aided with smart systems noting areas of the building with a lower than required use case and altering the program to change this. This change could be as simple as furniture rearranging or removal of wall and floor panels.
Scenario 1
Evaluation ( 10 ) How is the final form evaluated against the fitness criteria The final outcome of the design process needs to be evaluated against the fitness criteria. If a design fails to meet requirements it must cycle through the algorithm again to reach design requirements.
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Experimentation
Evaluation Methods Floor Plan Light Levels Through the use of Grasshopper a plug-in for Rhino you can use many methods to evaluate the performance of a mass .The method light levels on a plane allows the evaluation of the internal light level within a building, this information can be used to determine overall massing geometry like depth and window height or program details such as wall placement and room layout.
Pros • Accurate to real life simulation • Useful for single room evaluation • Can inform internal wall placement
Cons • Resource Heavy • Whole building running takes hours or days • System breaks easily
Evaluation Methods Surface Radiance Evaluating the amount of thermal energy that hits a surface of the mass allows for informed decisions about the placements of openings weather its placing them in lower radiance levels to lower the internal temperature or high to raise it.
Pros • • • •
Quick to run Easy to setup Useful for window placement Informs building orientation
Cons • Surface level evaluation • Resolution of the evaluation greatly affects accuracy
Evaluation Methods Surface Sunlight Hours Evaluates the amount of hours of direct sunlight any surface will receive, this can either be as a total cumulatively amount or as a average daily percentage.
Pros • Informs window placement • Informs building orientation
Cons • Resource Heavy • Time increases exponentially with geometry complexity
Evaluation Methods Blocked Sky View Visible sky is a quantitative evaluation of how claustrophobic a space feels this is evaluated by putting vertical cones equally spaced around the site that represent the view angle of someone at ground level looking at where these cones intersect with the building. This intersection allows for a percentage evaluation of how much sky is blocked by the existing building.
Pros • Useful when altering or replacing an existing building that offers direct comparison • Helps reduce building impact on making the surroundings claustrophobic. • Improving the local environment in a measurable way help keep the public on side through planning
Cons • Location dependant • If weighted to heavily against other criteria can have a negative impact on building performance
Hours 20< 18 16 13 11 9 7 4 2 <0
Evaluation Methods Context Sunlight Hours A building will always cast a shadow it is the duty of the designer to make sure this new shadow doesn’t alter the existing environment anymore that is required this evaluation makes sure that our proposed building will reduce the amount of time the surrounding roads spend in shadow throughout the day. This allows the calculation of average sunlight hours per m2
Pros • Reduces the impact of development of the surrounding context • Informs locations for green space and open areas • Improving the local environment in a measurable way help keep the public on side through planning
Cons • Surface Level evaluation • Lay people can potentially only see the shadows not the improvement to what shadows already exist
By looking at how generic masses evaluate on the site a set of rules can be created to guide future development such as spacing between buildings, courtyard size requirements, orientation, height and useful typological features.
Typology Testing
Site Specific Response Building Orientation The results show that on this site the orientation of the building has little impact on the average solar Radiation received by any point on the building though out the year. This is probably due in part to the large amount of contextual shading surrounding the site
Radiation kWh/m2 364 367 364 361 364 365 362 360 364 364
Site Specific Response Social Distancing The distance between 2 elements of a building greatly affects the radiation absorption potential of the facade. As show by the experimentation any distance closer than 20 metres casts considerable shadow on the adjacent building and its not until above 30 metres apart that the radiation value begins to be unaffected.
Distance
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
34
63
87
107
122
134
(m) Radiation on closest wall (kWh/m2)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16 Distance from Opening /m
Site Specific Response Room Depth The data shows that the useful natural light penetration is about 10 metres as anything under 1000 lux is not ideal for most activities especially production and detailed work.
Space Syntax Development
From Education to Public Realm Bridging the Divide The building holds a unique position at the seperation between the University Campuses and the beginning of the city centre. Its adaptability moves between education and public facing functions. Our design goal is centred on mediating this division.
Communicate Function
Indicate Openness
Creating a Hub Environment
Connect Diverse Functions
Indicate the inner workings of the building.
Show an active, open frontage, welcome to the public.
Prioritise the quality of space at the shared entrance and common space between functions.
Mediate the interaction between different programs and inhabitants to ensure efficiency and legibility of space.
HUB
Depth Analysis
Input Requirements
How many topological steps a single space is away from another one.
Arbritrary Point Nodes Spatial Links Program Functions Areas
Fitness Criteria Space Syntax Theory Space Syntax Theory requires only a few pieces of data to opperate. It then returns a range of different potential fitness criteria to employ for evaluating the properties of a configuration in terms of its accessibility, integration, privacy etc.
In any configuration, one can choose a point of view to look at their proposed configuration from the perspective of a different function.
POV 2
Control Analysis
Choice Analysis Choice or Betweenness is is Choice or Betweenness a measure of importance a measure of importance of aofnode within a a a node within CB (Pi) = configuration. That literally configuration. That literally tells how many times a a tells how many times node happens to be in the node happens to be in the shortest paths between all all shortest paths between other nodes. other nodes.
Difference Factor Analysis
POV 1
jk
j
k
(Pi)
(j < k)
jk
Relativised Difference Factor H* =
H - ln2
As a measure of spatial ln3 - ln2 articulation for a whole H: Unrelativised Difference Factor configuration, the differa b b c a c ln ln ln + + ence factor indicates H = t t t t t t how differentiated the a = the maximum RA, b = mean RA, space are within a c = minimum RA configuration. 2(TD - k + 1) RA = t=a+b+c (k - 2)(k - 1)
n
Control intuitively indicates how strongly a vertex in a graph (a space in a configuration) is linked to other points in a superior manner.
Control =
i=1
1 Di
Integration Analysis Integration is a measure of centrality that indicates how likely it is for a space to be private or communal.
I=
2 Dk =
Dk(k - 2)(k - 1) 2(TD - k + 1)
k log2
(k + 2) 3
-1 +1
(k - 1)(k + 1)
Void Placement
Program Visibility Score
In promote the mixed Weorder knewtofrom our massing use of the scheme and feedback the types of communiate this use and of the building typologies, voids as more than an education massing shapes that would be building, we were interested in high functioning, so considered evaluating the visibility creating either an inputof or a certain programs or elements fitness criteria for ensuring relative to others. these were achieved.
Region Overlap
In order to promote the mixed Select key use of the scheme and comapproaches muniate this use of the building as more than an education building, we were interested in evaluating the visibility of certain programs or elements relative to others.
Site Overlap
The method we selected for distributing our programs distributes multiple programs in a single process in order to react to the criteria required of all. This meant there was the potential for Self Overlap overlap between programs and the site boundary also, this had to be minimised.
Fitness Criteria Site / Narrative Specific We developed and experimented with a number of different fitness criteria for evaluating our space syntax applied to the site.
10
10
10 10
10 6 6 6
6
6
Score assigned per program
Connectedness
Infer Upper Floors Generate Wall Geometry
Solar Analysis of Chosen Programs
Core Distribution
As the programs are distributed across the site the space syntax network is mapped and measured. The total length is taken and minimised to ensure programs have the best possible adjacencies. Ttl.
Ttl.
Natural Light For all programs, or a selection of programs for which the solar For all programs, or a critical selection of performance is most a solar programsisfor which theregion solar analysis taken of the performance is most critical where they are placed, and a solar analysis isfor taken theofregion geometry the of rest the where they are placed, and building is generated in order to geometry for the rest the overshade, along withof the building is generated contextual buildings. in order to overshade, along with the contextual buildings.
In order to ensure the buildings escape routes meet Building Regulations, a criteria could be developed for distributing cores such that they are placed with reach spanning across the full extent of the mass.
Other Alternatives
rejection Justification
• Isovist analysis of visibility of key programs or features. throughout building. • Difference factor, a space syntax criteria, could be used to ensure differentiation across the site. • The localisation of key programs such as landscaping to major sources of pollution.
• We had used isovist extensively in st1 and it also did not have the program specfic functionality we wanted. • We focused on the visibility of programs to the street. • The site is surrounded by major sources of pollution making it not useful to measure.
Experimentation Fitness Criteria We evaluated the fitness criteria as to their relevance to our intention for the scheme and for the scenarios and began by coding a few to assess their feasibility and usefulness.
Solar Massing We set up a syntax square for our greenspace, connected to the rest of the network and to a solar analyser to calculate the hours of sunlight received at a series of times in the day month and year.
Core Distribution Evalutation Points
Program Visibility Score This process was code heavy but succeeded in processing which program was closest, and then giving it a score which could be provided for each program.
Hour Months Days 0700 March 15th 1000 June 1300 September 1600 December 1900
Whilst we did not decide to use this in our Generative Design script, this piece of code was implimented during the massing phase to guarantee Building Regulation satisfaction.
Void Placement We devised some example voids from our typology studies, these would factor into our overlap ca lc u l at i o n s . However,we decided on an alternate approach to creating our mass.
Building Regulations Part B p12 18m - single direction escape 45m - multi direction escape
Materials Processing
Greenspace
Greenspace
Cafe Digital Reception Fabrication Exhibition Cutting Room Workshops Materials Processing
Scenarios Visualised Ground Floor Syntaxes The Ground Floor host a high proportion of the Perminent region of the building, including the reception, the ground floor of the exhibition, and cafe. In the commercial scenario, it also hosts features such as the Commercial Frontage.
Reception Spray Boothe
Cafe Exhibition
Workshops Materials Materials Processing Processing Digital Cutting Fabrication Room Commercial Frontage Computer Suite
Cutting Materials Room Commercial Processing Frontage Spray Boothe Digital Additive Open WorkshopsFabricationManufacture Private Workspace Workspace CNC Machining Computer Exhibition Suite Reception Cafe
Pop High Commercial
Greenspace
Private Workspace
Greenspace
Greenspace
CNC Open Machining Computer Workspace Suite Additive Cafe Manufacture Digital Fabrication Exhibition Reception
Cafe Digital Reception Fabrication Exhibition Cutting Room Workshops Materials Processing
CafeReception
Exhibition Spray Boothe Workshops Digital Fabrication
Additive Manufacture
Scenarios Visualised Ground Floor Syntaxes The Ground Floor host a high proportion of the Perminent region of the building, including the reception, the ground floor of the exhibition, and cafe.
Materials Processing Cutting Room
Cutting Room Workshops Materials Spray Boothe Processing Materials Processing
Greenspace
Seminar Rooms
Staff Offices Goods Digital Storage Workshops Fabrication
Scenarios Visualised First Floor Syntaxes The First Floor is the same for both scenarios, it holds a substantial amount of workshop and Digital Fabrication space.
Open Workspace
Metal Workshop
Wood Workshops Workshop
Goods Storage
Digital Plastic Fabrication Storage Staff Offices
Seminar Private Rooms Detail Workspace Workspace Open Computer Workspace Staff Digital Suite Offices Fabrication Additive Goods Manufacture Workshops Storage CNC Machining Wood Plastic Workshop WorkshopWood Workshop
Private Workspace Lecture Open TheatreWorkspace Staff OfďŹ ces Workshops Goods Storage
Scenarios Visualised Second & Third Floor Syntaxes The 2nd and 3rd floor are repetitions, with no Digital Fabrication, but additional staff offices and a lecture theatre that spans both floors. In the commercial scenarios there is more focus on Private Workspaces to be hired by private companies.
Computer Goods Metal Storage Suite Goods Workshop OpenStorage Wood Workspace Workshop Workshops Private Plastic Workspace Storage Goods Storage Private Workspace
Private Workspace Lecture Open Seminar TheatreWorkspace Room Staff OfďŹ ces Workshops Goods Storage
Scenarios Visualised Second & Third Floor Syntaxes The 2nd and 3rd floor are repetitions, with no Digital Fabrication, but additional staff offcies and a lecture theatre that spans both floors. In the education scenario there is more focus on Computer Suites.
Detail Drawing Space Detail Drawing Space
Computer Suite
Seminar Lecture Open Room TheatreWorkspace Open Staff Workspace OfďŹ ces Workshops Wood Goods Workshop Storage Plastic Metal Workshop Workshop