Studio 2 Exploring Ideals

Studio 2 le

en all

en Mille

Thesis Statement Problem The contemporary urban environment is characterised by rapid change. Despite this, architecture frequently lacks an extensive evaluation of it’s lifecycle to ensure the design remains resilient.

Theory Building on the ideas of Researching For Design, we are looking at Resilience theory and Generative Design Theory and how they derive answers which combine understanding of the natural environment, computation and engineering to create solutions.

Solution Computational design tools will allow us to generate architectural interventions for tackling issues centred around rapid change in our urban environment.

Contents Atelier Approach

4

What we have taken forward from ST1 and how we have expanded our theoretical understanding

Context

16

Outlining our project goal and structuring our scenarios

Site Analysis

19

Considering the properties of the site of our design

Design Considerations

24

Exploring the requirement of our program and facilities and researching adaptability approaches

Strategy

39

Assessing the changing features of our site and etrapolating the potential future scenarios

Methodology

57

Explaining our Generative Design process, fitness criteria, and modes of intervention

Atelier Approach

From Studio 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

From Studio 1 Progressing to Studio 2 & 3 Following on from the completion of our Serpentine Pavilion proposal, moving into Studio 2 & Studio 3, we wanted to take our Resilience Theory basis and explore a more complex changing scenario, using Generative Design to develop an optimised solution but for a range of different system states. Our new site is located in the MMU campus on the existing John Dalton East building site.

PAVILION

MAKER SPACE

RESILIENCE

PROCESS

e

2 of the 4 variables that on randomisation.

This is unavoidable in order to produce a variety of options without being prescriptive, when the number of solutions must be limited. This meant high degrees of correlation.

et li entati n

While we were able to do a highly thorough water study, it was not possible This also created a bottle neck, stopping us from fully optimising and realising our structural strategy, as the former had to inform the latter.

Water Study

End

a tiall an i e

T e

l

ati n

The scale and goals of our pavilion made it inappropriate to explore beyond a fundamental understanding of Resilience. In Studio 2 we intend to pursue Panarchy and develop an evolving design within a complex system.

RESILIENCE

Too Random Generative Form Structural Optimisation Technical Detailing

Stu i Su

e e

e le ti n i itati n

Our Serpentine Pavilion proposal was very successful in a number of ways. We were number of different design goals. However there above.

Studio 1

Studio 2 & 3

e t

RESILIENCE

Stu i e in

Our aim was to develop a highly contextualised intervention with a more complex investigation of other aspects of resilience.

However we wanted to ensure the technical resolution was highly detailed with regards to fabrication.

nal i ie

Sele tin a S ale Each scale has it’s own focus and type of parameters to explore. We assessed how each one aligned with our design ambitions. We also

e ui e ent

In Studio 2 we are continuing with our investigation into the application of Generative Design. We have been asked to make a choice from 3 scales: • Occupancy • Building • Neighborhood

al

Occupancy

Building

Neighborhood

Diversity, Productivity & Connectivity in workspace environments.

Sustainable, environmentally designed, fi focus on massing and facade.

Smarter(er) City development looking at legislation, user comfort and buildability.

Environmental Design Contextually

Adaptability

Facade Program Optimisation

we could attain with each.

uil in S ale Building Scale was centred around sustainability, and it also allowed us to achieve a high level of detail in our design, plus work at an array of corresponding scales, including program and facade. This suited our intentions the best.

The Economist

Theory

Institutions

The Ecologist

RESILIENCE

Ecosystems

Economic Growth Human Development

nt a i tin e ti n lla e i t e ibilit t at u an e i t an inn ati n an e e e t e t en an e el at t at u tain natu al i e it an eate tunit

e ilien e T e

at i e e

e ilien e e it

i inate

The term resilience has a number of academic maths and economics, but also in ecological and biological sciences.

It is an integrative theory to help us understand the changes occurring globally. It seeks to rationalize the interplay between change and persistence, between the predictable and unpredictable p5

u

e

Theory

Institutions

The Ecologist

The Economist

Resilience Theory is a project to ‘advance theory, policy, and practice involved in resolving issues that emerge from the interaction between people and nature’

RESILIENCE

Ecosystems

Economic Growth Human Development

C. S. Holling (1996) Engineering Resilience versus Ecological Resilience Lance H. Gunderson and C. S. Holling (2002) Panarchy : Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems

inte inte

i i lina ati n

This theory is built upon existing views from a range economics to ecological sciences. This leads to a range of interpretations and approaches to working with Resilience.

e n t u tin t e i i e ‘We sought to identify how economic growth and human development depend upon joint attributes of ecosystems and institutions’

n

i t ann t in t e l n te en ate e line in en i n nental ualit

u anit Human civilisation has become polarised to the natural environment.

atu e Ecosystems are continually of production and growth.

T

e

atu e a a tu e

atu e

luti n an

There are a range of different conceptions of how nature works that stem from people’s varying myths. These lead to different assumptions about stability.

atu e lat

u an ent i Mi n e ti n

Lacking stabilising forces

le S te

economic and social systems as being similar to biological processes that generate variability and expose patterns that result to selective forces” p10

atu e alan e

It will return to stability.

Uncertainty in nature is presumed to be replaced by certainty of human control.

atu e na

i

Fundamental instability where increase is inevitably followed by decrease.

atu e e ilient

Instabilities organise much as stabilities do.

as

atu e

l in

An evolutionary and adaptive approach to abrupt and transformative change.

p6

n e

ati n

“Mother Nature is not basically in a state of delecate balance. If she were, the world would indeed have collapsed long ago.”

Metaphor Phase Space

Trajectory

Metaphor Phase Space

Trajectory

Metaphor Phase Space

Trajectory

Metaphor Phase Space

Trajectory A B

START

Roulette selection of parents

Generate inital population

Crossover to produce children

fi of individuals

Mutation of children

Satisfy stop criterion END

fi of children

Calculate generation by “Elitism”

None

Globally Stable

Globally unstable

Multiple stable states

Shifting stability landscape

Stochastic

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Random

Optimise or return to equilibrium Pathology of surprise

Precautionary principle

Exogenous input and internal feedback Flexible and actively adaptive, probing Active learning and new institutions

Multiple scales and discontinuous structures Maintain variability

Trial and Error

Status Quo

Recovery at local scales or adaptation

“Scaling up from small to large cannot be a process of s simple aggregation: nonlinear processes organize the shift from one range of scales to another.’”

“In nature, the biota and the physical environment interact such that not only does the environment shape the biota but the biota transform the environment.”

Complex Systems

Across Scales

= Adaptation Scales Adaptation Scales

Implication of Change Resilience Theory explores how systems limit, cope with and facilitate change. Biology and ecologies can provide answers on how to achieve resilient systems.

These systems adapt to change at all scales in different, non-linear ways. They are characterised by cyclical processes of Exploitation, Conservation, Release and Reorganisation.

Ecologies ACUTE SHOCK Previous Equilibrium State

Major Shock to the System

New Equilibrium State

Continuous stress Continuous stress to the system

Episodic Change is episodic

Change is continuous

Continuous accumulation of capital

Punctuated by sudden release and reorganization

Change is neither continuous and gradual nor consistently chaotic. Rather it is episodic, with periods of slow accumulation of natural capital such as biomass, physical structures, and nutrients, punctuated by sudden releases and reorganization of those biotic legacies

System fails when external instances exceed the parameters of resilience

Calculated Constraints

Undefined Boundary

Catagorised

Diversity

Equilibrium Point

Maximum Resilient Range

New Factor Imposed

Temporary Instances Time

Equilibrium Line Begins To Deform

Maximised Efficiency

Equilibrium Point

n inee e n inee e

S

In the creation of a resilient system, there are

Continuity Productivity Efficiency

Cons: Requires Control Vulnerability

Redundency

Equlibrium Point

New Equilibrium Point

Diversity Opportunity Persistance Cons: Unpredictability No Redundency

resilience, this focuses on understanding and preserving a current state. For instance building to withstand weather conditions within a always aims to return a system to the initial point of equilibrium. The quality of this Engineered Resilience can be measured by 2 quantitative measures; a system’s resistance to disturbance and, speed of return to the equilibrium.

Point of Equilibrium Begins To Shift

Equlibrium Point

l l

i al i al

S

An Ecological Resilient system is not constrained within an expected range of conditions but is instead an interconnection of adaptable systems. Ecology recognises the natural development and variation of a state with multiple equilibrium points and as part of a wider system. This maintains the existence of a system but not necessarily the function of the system itself. Ecological Resistance can be measured in terms of the magnitude of disturbance that can be absorbed before the system changes structure.

First, the system must be productive, must acquire resources and accumulate them, not for the present, but for the potential they offer for the future.

Panarchy Cycles of Resources Panarchy is an alternate view of systems of change. It is designed to ‘rationalise the interplay between change and persistance, between the predicatable and unpredictable”. It views systems that are flowing through the following phases.

Potential

Exploitation - The system is focused on colonising available potential.

Conservation - The system is focussed on the accumulation and storage of resources.

Release - The creative destruction phase in which accumulated resources become overconnected and fragile, until suddenly they are released by agents.

Reorganise - The appearance or expansion of agents, innovating and restructuring the system.

“Here we see resilience expanding and contracting within a cycle as slow variables change”

Criteria 2

There must also be some sort of shifting balance between stabilizing and destabilizing forces reflecting the degree and intensity of internal controls and the degree of influence of external variability.

Criteria 3

Somehow the resilience of the system must be a dynamic and changing quantity that generates and sustains both options and novelty, providing a shifting balance between vulnerability and persistence.

Potential

Panarchy is intended to ‘give sense to what might be’. It defines the conditions inwhich those possibilities might occur.

Criteria 1

α

K

Potential

Panarchy Criteria

α r

K Ω

The limits of change and the range of options available. r

Connectedness

Connectedness

Resilience

Degree of internal control The vulnerability Ω over variability. The flexibility system to failure. and rigidity of controls,Connectedness and the sensitivity to external variation.

of

the

Resilience

Resilience

Brief Features Re

A relevant system for our investigation should be a complex productive system of symbiotic functions with an array of different potential futures. It should be based on a shifting balance of stabilising and destabilising forces.

r be m e m

Large and slow

Resilience Brief Integration Assessing the brief in terms of our theoretical approach

Intermediate Size and Speed

Panarchy explores systems as continuous changing cycles.

Facade Detail

Small and fast v Re

ol

t

Building Program

Massing in Context

Facade design logically relates well to the Sustainable element of our design and contributes to our smaller scale cycle.

Within the building we can have a fluctuating system of programs that can switch between functions The building can then relate to wider changes in the surrounding environment.

Context

Change of Use

Design Process Starts Current Model Demolition

Programatic Change

Current Environment Considered Building Constructed Environmental Shift

Building Becomes UnďŹ t for Purpose

Problem Identification Adapting to Survive Most buildings when they reach the end of their intended purpose are demolished to make way for the new, but what if this wasn’t the case. What if a building was designed to adapt, using nothing more than what is available on site and raw materials. Could an existing building continuously enable itself to facilitate a shifting use case?

Public Facing Increased Time Usage M&E Adaptation Human / Nature Synergy

Our Model Adaptation

How can a Building be Adaptable to Multiple Future Scinarios?

Impact on Habitats

Cultivating Habitats Habitat Degredation

Material Use Optimisation Climate Abnormalities

Standardised Units Life Cycle Assessment Tempermental Weather Temperature Instability

e i n Met

e

ie

i e ent S ena i e t an e t a buil in Throughout the life cycle of a building it will need to undergo many changes of no longer function and need to be demolished. Using collected

SCENARIO 1

data we have predicted several key changes that could appear in the buildings life cycle. 1 or more of these may happen at a time and how the building adapts to this new environment will decide whether the building remains or is removed.

OUTCOME A - S1 OUTCOME D - S1&2

CURRENT DESIGN

OUTCOME G - S1,2&3 SCENARIO 2

OUTCOME B - S2 OUTCOME E - S1&3 OUTCOME F - S2&3

SCENARIO 3

OUTCOME C - S3

Site Analysis

Residential Food/restaurants

University

Industrial

Schools

Leisure/Entertainment

Hospitals

Retail

Place of Worship

Car Parks/Petrol Station

Surrounding Buildings

Green Space

Ma l

Site nal i al a enitie

The site is located at the heart of the education campus of the city localised to a diverse array of local amenities including residential, shopping of these functions, localised close to them.

Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 18 | 14 Ground and mezannine commercial space: 53,292 sqft 13 - Circle Square 1&2 - Commercial Space & Offices Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 18 | 14 Office space: 390,000 sqft Ground and mezannine commercial space: 53,292 sqft

17 - ID Manchester - EducationNumber of storeys: 15 Mixed use space for science & tech research and development, with some residential.

17 - ID Manchester - Education Number of storeys: 15 Office space: 3.5 million sqft Mixed use space for science & tech, some residential

27 - SODA - The School of Digital Arts Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 5 | 6 Digital arts building adjacent to the current school of art, used for research and arts production in digital media.

n t u ti n Ma

27 - SODA - The School of Digital Arts Architect : Fielden Clegg Bradley Number of storeys: 5 | 6

e el

ent

ea Site

There is substantial development ongoing in the city as a result of major investment. This is compratively little outside the Manchester ring road. Student accommodation and University facilities are one of the main features.

Proposed but Without Planning Application Approved or Starting Construction Planning Application Submitted Under Construction Completed

Piccadilly Station

Birley Campus

Oxford Road Station

Me

Site nal i e t

ord ad

John Dalton West

Ro

The site is situated in the highly densely urbanised city centre. At the North end of the University campus facing onto the city centre, close to Oxford Road Station, and on the Oxford Road bus route, it is in a strategically interesting position ofr a public facing facility.

Oxf

n alt n

Circle Square

MSA

UoM Campus

All Saints Library

Manc

n

alt n

e t

oa for dR

Site nal i

John Dalton West

Ox

Mi

d

Bu s

Circle Square

Business School

Way

Sto p

unian

The site is located in a highly congested part of the city, adjacent to Oxford Road, the busiest bus route in Europe, and the Manchester ring road.

It is sat as part of the MMU campus, opposite the new Circle Square University residential development.

John Dalton Shed

The Dancehouse

Design Considerations

CNC Machine

Disc Saw

Material Extrusion

Vat Polymerisation

Powder Bed Fusion

Sheet Lamination

Robotic Arm

Soldering

Sawing

Gluing

Sanding

Drilling

Painting

CAD Modelling

Lasercutting

Maker Space A Place To Create

We selected our program, as a Maker space.

The neccesity for an adapting facility with various programmatic and mechanical requirements gave us good opportunity, whilst still working in a scenario with genuine constraints, related to the MMU campus, and fulfilling a real potential demand.

Binder Jetting

Band Saw

Disk Sander

Material Jetting

Belt Sander

3D Printing There are a substantial array of 3d printing processes for a range of different outcomes and materials.

Direct Energy Deposition

3D Printing

100

440000

90

400000 Market Value (Billion)

320000 280000 240000 200000 160000

The development in the digital fabrication sector has brough about massive growth in the fabrication industry. Additions such as 3d printing have had huge growth, bringing costs down and making the technology more accessible at a domestic level.

50 40 30

0

40000

A Wave of Making

60

10

80000

Fabrication Industry

70

20

120000

0

The CNC industry has also seen considerable growth and is projected to keep climbing in the future.

80

360000

Units Sold

The 3d printing industry has exploded in the past decade, with hundreds of thousands of them now in circulation.

CNC

110

07

08

09

10 11 12 13 Year (+2000)

14

15

16

CNC Lathes

13

15

16

17

CNC Machining Centre

18 19 20 21 Year (+2000)

22

CNC Milling Machining

CNC Drilling

23

24 Others

Growing Opportunity

Making Making Accessible

There are very limited maker space facilities in the city aside from PrintCity, and these places are at a premium with high costs.

While the industry has experienced major growth it is still highly expensive and inefficient to acquire 3d prints in the current system. Either going through a company which usually have high premiums, or buying a whole printer yourself.

Material Economy There is a huge proportion of material waste in both the construction sector and the commercial and industrial sectors.

Our design will directly respond to all three of these, intervening in the lifecycle at the early stages as is prefered by the EU

Maker

3D Printing Company

££

Output

Personal Printer

£

Output

Maker Space

£

Output

£££

Waste Heirarchy Most Preferred

Prevention

Other

Households

Commercial & Industrial

Preparing for Reuse

+

Recycling

+

+

Other Recovery Construction Demolition & Excavation

Disposal

Wohlers Associates (2018) Wohler Report https://www.3erp.com/blog/cnc-machining-industry-trends-2019/ Adams, K., Hobbs, G., Building Research, E. and Limited, I. H. S. G. (2017) Material resource

Least Prefered

Community Expanded Interaction Facilities

On-tap Education

Print City MMU Development Analysis PrintCity currently resides within the old John Dalton West building. It is being temporarily relocated and then will be placed within our proposed design.

Profile PrintCity is a 3D printing suite with a huge range of additive manufacturing technology. It is used primarily by the Manchester Metropolitan University but also collaborates with private technology and fabrication firms.

In the past 5 years alone they have expanded to absolutely fill their current capacity within the John Dalton Shed.

John Dalton West Development Analysis The John Dalton site has been selected for a series of developments to help move the campus into being a cutting edge educational facility.

Program Teaching spaces, study areas and catering facilities for the Faculty of Science and Engineering.

Goals Growing the Faculty of Science and Engineering to contribute more to the local, city region and national economy Growing research in areas such as computing, health and wellbeing, smart cities, climate change and ageing Providing physical connections with the John Dalton Tower to enable different disciplines to work together more effectively Growing relationships with local businesses and institutions (including hospitals) so that knowledge and scientific breakthroughs are transferred to the ‘real world’.

Continuing the University’s public engagement programme, which seeks to make science more accessible, inclusive and diverse.

Maximising the potential of the site within the University campus.

Space Standards According to the HSE space standards, any occupant is entitled to 11m3 volume of space.

Food Store Kitchen

Maker Space Programmatic Analysis We have reacted to the changing systems surrounding the site, as well as changes to the campus. From this we have elected to design a Maker Space with educational facilities as well as commercial production.

Open Work Spaces Private Work Spaces Seminar Rooms Computer Suite CNC

Cafe

Green Space

Scullery

Control Room Toilets

Maker Space

Lecture Theatre Reception Workshops Bag Store

Spray Room Metal Electronics Wood Plastic

Exhibition Space

Cutting Room

Digital Fabrication

Materials Store

3D Printing

Storage

Bedroom Common Room

Personal Living Space

Student Accommodation

Maker Space

Laundry Facilities

Goods Storage

Commercial Goods Facility

Shared Kitchen

Programmatic Analysis We have reacted to the changing systems surrounding the site, as well as changes to the campus. From this we have elected to design a Maker Space with educational facilities as well as commercial production. There will also be practical potential for conversion to residential.

As part of the campus' intent to achieve new carbon neturality, facility for the installation of renewable energy sources will also be provided.

Ensuite

Cycle Storage

Exterior Facilities

Materials Processing

Maker Space

Photovoltaic Array Wind Farm

Energy Storage

Energy Generator

Student Accommodation Common

Laundry

Goods Storage

Material Processing

Energy Storage

PV Cells

Wind Turbines

Cycle Storage

4.5-14

2-5

1-4.5

N/A

10-30

N/A

N/A

N/A

1 per 10 users

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

120

300

150

N/A

N/A

72

N/A

N/A

Bedroom

En-suite

Area Per Person (m2)

7-10

3-5

Capacity

N/A

Area (m2)

N/A

Public / Private

Room Data Sheets Analysing Program Requirements We considered all elements of our program in terms of their spatial requirements as well as other M+E features and time.

Light Quality (Lux) Ventillation Quality (AC/hr)

N/A

100-300

100<

400-600 100-300 100-350 100-500 300-600 300-650 80,000<

200-300

N/A

3-5

6-10

12-20

5-10

3-6

3-6

8-10

8-10

N/A

N/A

Water in Grey Water out Black Water out Aditional Electricals Time in D Use H

20 Amp

7 Days 00-24

7 Days 00-24

7 Days 00-24

7 Days 00-24

7 Days 00-24

7 Days 00-24

6 Days 09-17

20 Amp

20 Amp

20 Amp

7 Days 00-24

7 Days 00-24

7 Days 00-24

7 Days 00-24

Workshops

Digital Fabrication

Spray room

Material Cutting Room

Materials Store

CNC

Computer 3D Printing Suite

Cafe

Seminar Room

Private Workspace

Details Drawing Space

Open Workspace

Kitchen

Food Store

Seating

Scullery

Lecture Theatre

Exhibition Space

Reception

Toilets

2.5-9.3

2-5

3-5

Metal

Wood

Area Per Person (m2)

20-30

20-30

10-20

5-15

10-20

N/A

20-30

20-30

7.5-14

1-4

6-10

6-10

6-10

4.5-14

N/A

2-4

5-7

0.6-1.5

Capacity

40 - 80

60 -120

40 - 60

10

8 - 16

N/A

25 - 40

25 - 40

400 800

400 800

300 600

120 200

300 -600

6

N/A

40

2

70-240

50-300

N/A

N/A

Area (m2)

1200 1600

2400 1800

800

150

160

80

750 800

750 800

5600 6000

5600 6000

3000 3600

1200

3000 3600

27 - 84

18

80 -160

10 -14

105 -144

465 750

1000

N/A

Public / Private Light Quality (Lux) Ventillation Quality (AC/hr)

500-1000 400-600 450-650 150-250 300-600 100-500 300-500 300-650 150-500 300-500 250-750 1500-2000 250-750 400-600 100-150 100-200 200-300 400-500 400-750 200-300

10-12

8-10

8-10

30<

8-10

3 Phase 15 Amp

3 Phase 15 Amp

3 Phase 15 Amp

3 Phase 15 Amp

6 Days 09-17

6 Days 09-17

6 Days 09-17

6 Days 09-17

3-6

8-10

8-10

3 Phase 15 Amp

3 Phase 15 Amp

6 Days 09-17

6 Days 09-17

6-10

8-12

6-10

8-14

6-10

30<

5-12

6-10

5-10

5-8

6 Days 10 - 20

6 Days 10 - 20

6 Days 10 - 20

5 Days 09 - 17

2-10

100<

3-5

6-10

7 Days 00 - 24

7 Days 00 - 24

Water in Grey Water out Black Water out Aditional 3 Phase Electricals 15 Amp Time in D Use H

6 Days 09-17

6 Days 09-17

Table C1: Floor space factors. From Approved Document B2, Fire safety: Buildings other than dwellinghouses https://glamox.com/gsx/solutions/workshops https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-level-rooms-d_708.html http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/05-06/constr_village/new_page_7.htm https://www.matsakis.gr/Air%20Changes%20Per%20Hour.pdf https://www.ucu.org.uk/media/1358/General-ventilation---guidance-for-employers-HSG202/pdf/HSG202_-_Ventilation.pdf https://www.hse.gov.uk/lev/designers.htm

20 Amp

7 Days 00 - 24

7 Days 00 - 24

7 Days 00 - 24

7 Days 00 - 24

7 Days 00 - 24

6 Days 10 - 20

6 Days 09-17

https://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/harmful/ventilation.htm https://envirochem.co.uk/blog/2018/01/23/air-change-per-hour/ http://www.inive.org/medias/ECA/ECA_Report11.pdf https://www.breeam.com/communitiesmanual/content/03_step03/10_tm_05_cycling_facilities.htm?TocPath=Step%203%20Designing%20the%20details%7C_____11 https://speye.wordpress.com/2014/09/16/what-is-a-bedroom-there-is-a-minimum-size-and-specification-from-the-coalition/ https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/number-persons-buildings-d_118.html

Scenario Dependant Private Workspaces

Computer Suite

Seminar Rooms

Open Workspaces

Impermanent Private Workspaces

Computer Suite

Open Workspaces

Digital Fabrication

Digital Fabrication

3D Printing

3D Printing

Im // Periminance Program Adaptations We analysed our Program in terms of our scenarios, deciding the neccessary allocation for each.

Windfarm

Reception

Cycle Store Bag Store

Circulation Cores

Kitchen

En-suite

Energy Storage

Exhibition CNC

Photovoltaic Array

Permanent

Exhibition

CNC

Seminar Rooms

Cafe Servery

Personal Living Space

Toilets

Student Accommodation

Scullery

Common Room

Digital Fabrication Fabrication Workshop Material Store

Wood Plastic

Metal

Workshops

Shared Kitchen Spray Room

Electronics

Goods Storage Commercial Goods Facility

Recycling and Materials Processing

Plastic

Workshops Wood

Metal

Electronics

EDUCATION FACING

Materials Processing

Ground Floor Configuration The first couple of floors of the building are critical features to optimise, ensuring good and welcoming public and educational entrance conditions and balancing a large amount of circulation and spatial requirements in a legible way.

John Dalton East

Interface

PUBLIC FACING

Digital Fabrication: CNC

Digital Fabrication: Additive Manufacture

Commercial Frontage Toilets

Cycle Storage Reception Exhibition Space Cafe Metal Workshop

Wood Workshop

Plastics Workshop Kitchen

Scullery

1:500

Data Flows

People Objects

Weather Climate

Dynamic

User Interactive

Builder Interactive

Motivations

Adaptive Architecture Designing for Change Adaptive Architecture is a field dedicated to developing designs that react to the changing needs of their environment, their inhabitants and objects, or driven by internal data.

Project Intent

Methods

Seconds / Minutes Timescales

Hours / Days

Months / Years

We do not want adaptability to compramise the performance, still massed, programmed and detailed as productively as possible. Our design will also dynamically adapt to changing environmental conditions, and be optimised to maximise performance whilst still achieving the neccessary flexibility to cope with long term change.

Building Agency Low

High

SERVICABILITY

BIG SHED

SPATIAL APPROACHES ADAPTABLE DESIGN

GOOD DESIGN

Adaptable

SOFT

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;TIGHT FITâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; FUNCTIONALISM A lot of buildings

DESIGN APPROACHES

(social processes between designer and user over time

HARD

Designer determined change via framework

Human Agency

High

Our Intervention

Low

2

T e i u i

3

i S e ea a

ua te ite t

a large expanse of unimpeded open space. The channelling all workers through one communal entrance and avoiding physical division of activity.

Dynamic mechanical systems

QUALITY /CHARACTER

Ti n This building has facility to be extended in the long term and adapted using the moveable modules.

However the quality of space is inarticulate and performs averagely.

t it un ti nali T e

in

ubilee a ite t

u

This education campus is an interesting example combining relatively low-tech construction with asophisticated set of building management tools. This is developed to cope with varying day and variations in activity.

n While intelligently designed, this is essentially an engineered system so would have limitations to its functionality. It substantially.

DFMA & Modular Manufacture & Assembly DFMA relies on developing designs for their ease of construction, frequently assembled from manufactured elements. It is affording substantial improvements in efficiency sustainability and production quality.

Adaptable Modular?

Design To Change Elements developeded for ease of assembly afford the potential for being easily disassembled and reassembled. This concept has inspired proposals both conceptual and actualised, but has yet to see true success.

Project Goal

Any elements of adaptability should be fabricatable using raw materials, within the facilties in the building.

Successful Realisation : 79&Park - Bjarke Ingels Group

Concept: Plug In City - Archigram

Failed Realisation: Capsule Tower - Kisho Kurokawa

There are an array of examples of modular constructed architecture. Few manage to get past the blocky repetition inherant to their assembly. 79&Park is one example, constructed of 3.6m3 modules assembled in a courtyard, with a stepped arrangement to maximise light penetration.

Plug In City was a conceptual proposal completed by Avante Garde design group Archigram. It comprises of residential units that â&#x20AC;&#x153;plug inâ&#x20AC;? to a central infrastructural mega machine. It is in fact not a city, but a constantly evolving megastructure that incorporates residences, transportation and other essential services--all movable by giant cranes.

The Capsule Tower is a rare example of this idea realised, with it's residential models able to be removed and replaced. However, this was never achieved as supply lines for the complex modular units were lost and it became impractical.

https://inhabitat.com/bigs-dramatic-hillside-apartments-officially-open-in-stockholm/79park-by-big-2/

https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/08/japanese-architecture-metabolist-kurokawa-preservation/592078/

https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/08/japanese-architecture-metabolist-kurokawa-preservation/592078/

Designed to adaptively change aperture based on the internal light level the Iris on the facade of the building are an example of a complex adaptive facade. Although the idea was solid the facade needs constant repair due to small contaminants braking the delicate mechanisms

a a e Stu ie a ti e a a e T

l

ie

The existing range of adaptable faรงades are mostly based around controlling 2 elements solar and wind, and all seem to do this on some derivation of opening and closing holes in the facade. The more successful of these rely on a simplistic system with fewer moving parts as constant repair can offset the power saving gained from this environmental control.

The facade on the sunward facing sides of the Al Bahr Towers are designed to fully shut out direct light during the peak Dubai summer temperatures, the surfaces of the stars are a perforated metal allowing defused light to pass through while absorbing much of the heat radiation.

The facade of the One Ocean pavilion opens and closes to funnel the passing wind into the building aiding in cross ventilation. The building is intentional parallel to the wind direction allowing full control of the ventilation gained.

1 2 3

http://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/sortir-region-parisienne/diaporama-sonore-patrimoine-lesmille-et-un-charmes-de-l-institut-du-monde-arabe-24-02-2017-6709200.php https://www.ahr-global.com/Al-Bahr-Towers https://transsolar.com/projects/one-ocean-pavillon-expo-2012

Strategy

Earth Atmosphere

Rising Air TemperRising Air atures Temperatures

Pressure Changes

Global Thermal Energy Erratic Erratic and and Extreme Weather

Weather Air Pollution Pollution

Energy Demand / Harvesting

Design Proposal

Energy Demand

Systems Thinking Energy Connections We took our selected program and considered it in terms of the directly relevant systems to its opperation. This will allow us to make relevant and productive measures to ensure the Resilience of the design.

This first analysis considers the energy output of the building, which we expect to be very high due to the program. This we related to global flows of thermal energy and atmospheric conditions, through localised weather events, down to the individual comfort of the building inhabitants.

Extraction

Human Wellbeing Direction of affect Scope of influence Larger System

Climate control

Energy Supply Infrastructure

Waste Management

Rising Air LandďŹ ll and TemperLittering atures Rising Air Recycling &TemperLifecycle atures

Fabrication Materials Rising Air Destructive TemperExtraction atures

Habitat Rising Air destruction Temper- / disconnect atures

Construction & Use Machinary & production

Material Connections We took our selected program and considered it in terms of the directly relevant systems to its opperation. This will allow us to make relevant and productive measures to ensure the Resilience of the design.

The second study looks at Material systems, as this relates to the fabrication of the building as well as the program which will also be material intensive. This we relate to Waste Management and the wider production of goods.

Conflicting Rising Air Needs Temper/ Finite atures Land

Human Wellbeing Direction of affect Scope of influence Larger System

Energy Supply Infrastructure

Design Proposal Machinary Rising Air & production Temperatures

Animal Ecosystems

Systems Thinking

Rising Air Recycling &TemperLifecycle atures

Rising Air Use of tools Temper& equipment atures

Goods Production

Funding & New Tools

Technology Industry

Department of Education New Tools/ Demand

New Tools Rising Air & Involvement Temperin Research atures

Inclusion in program Policy, Funding & Assessment

University Campus

Localised Resources

Design Proposal Rising Airin Inclusion TemperProgram atures

Pastoral care

Systems Thinking

Rising Air Facilities Temperatures

Social Connections We took our selected program and considered it in terms of the directly relevant systems to its opperation. This will allow us to make relevant and productive measures to ensure the Resilience of the design.

The third study relates the building to the education system, recognising how national policy changes affect the application of University resources in order to facilitate individual learning.

Human Wellbeing Direction of affect Scope of influence Larger System

Rising Air Use of tools Temper& equipment atures

Rising Air Mental TemperWellbeing atures

Goods Production Rising Air Production TemperSkills atures

Individual Learning

Nitrogen DioxideNO2 Particulate Matter PM2.5

80

Software

20

100

50

10 0

ata alue i e Dataâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s value and volume is continuously and rapidly rising, with approximately a third of its volume in sensors and devices. Integration of cybernetic systems becomes commonplace as a means to mediate the environment of buildings.

5 6

2027

2026

2025

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

3 4

2018

http://www.manchester.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/27182/greater_manchester_air_quality_annual_ status_report_asr_2018.pdf https://www.manchester.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/22755/air_quality_progress_report_201314.pdf

an e

Sub e ui Title e ent ene able ne A wonderful serenity has taken possession of

my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of With increases in Climate theheart. necessity spring which I enjoy with Change, my whole I am for a transition to Renewable Energy will alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls The industry is already demonstrating reliable like mine.

I am so happy, my dear friend, so growth in the UK. absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now. When, while the lovely

2017

lluti n

40

2016

Main an Title e

Oxford Road is one of the more polluted regions in the city. It is the busiest bus route in Europe. However, changes have been made, as of September 2017, removing all private car usage on the road between 6am and 9pm has seen an improvement in the amount of NO2 in the air. However particulates have continued to increase.

2

2030

ea e in

60

0 2014

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

n

80

20

0

an e

1

Market Value (Billions/$)

30

High Estimate

40

150

Baseline

Particulates per m3

NO2 Target

100

200

Low Estimate

Energy Consumption in cities (Ej/year)

70

50

Services

120

250

60

Hardware

Geophysical Events Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic Activities Meteorological Events Storms

Hydrological Events Flood, Mass Movement Climatological Events Extreame Temperatures, Drought, Wildfire

900

2.0

1.0 0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5

r

tp

no

ru

pe

u

ri

te

m

pe

ts

ge

id

ge

t

ax

d wi

od pr

M

Quantity

Change 6

Unstable weather patterns and severe anomalies

Material cost inflation due to scarcity

With hot weather climate change also increaced the number if climatic events. Globaly the number of these events has almost trippled in 30 years and shows no signs that it will stop increaceing.

2

fo

2020

2015

2010

2005

2000

1995

1

Climate change is altering the temperatures we have to deal with on a yearly basis. If the current trent continues Britain could become a tropical island with temperatures 4-5 Degrees above the current temperatures year round, this will result is a need for building to be cooled unless this is done passivly a building energy consumption will increace dramaticaly. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcet/

1990

Change 5

Increased Temperatures due to climate change

id

d ce

200

1985

Change 4

pa

300

1990

2000

ice

Su ice

400

0

1900

pr

500

-2.5

Year

M

rw

100

1800

d

ly

pp

an

ax

600

-2.0

1700

De

m

700

Number of events Globaly

Difference (°C) from 1961-1990 LTA

1.5

-3.0

Price

800

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/climate/climate-and-extreme-weather

3

Suply and demand is a comon theory that states that the less of something is available the more it will cost. For this reason if a material like concrete becomes less avaialble the cost will soar and it will no longer be a viable building material, an adaptable design will therefore be flaxable in the materials needed for futrue explansion. https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/maths-linear-quadratic-relations/0/steps/12101

England Northern Ireland Scotland

Wales EU (excluding UK) 7

3500

20%

6

3000 Median Building Price (£ Per m²)

3 2

-30%

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

1700

Difference between cycle and 2018 UCAS Application cycle

an e uni e

e

Mi

The nember of aplications has been falling over the past years, with the current attitude of MMU to push building expansion there could become alot of expensive building with low utilisation persentage and this would lead to a new for atleat semi-comercialisation of some university facilities.

1

https://www.ucas.com/file/213881/download?token=PChWJYq8

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

ati n ban ent e

an e u al a ea t

n

There is currently a trend towards urban migration from rural comunities, incracing the expansion of cities. As the need for housing in cities increaces the cost of land will increace, leading to an increaced density of both dwellings and comercial space.

2

1000

2100

an e

iali ati n it buil in

0

0

0

2019

1500

500

1 -40%

2000

Outside

-20%

4

2500

Hinterland

-10%

5

Suburbs

Number of People (Billions)

-0%

City Centre

Change between cycle and 2018 cycle

10%

https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=79940&printable=1

ea e inne it e ial S a e alue

The attractiveness of the city centre to access the premises they need. It is these highskilled, knowledge-intensive industries that drive productivity growth in the national economy, so restricting their growth is not only bad for the city, but also the UK’s prosperity.

3

Inne Com r-city Spa mercia ce V l alue

ural an R Urb igration M

T ch empe a Cli ma nge d ratur e te Ch ue to an ge

r t fo rgy n e e em le En r i b qu Re newa Re

Data Va lue Change

sity Univer n ialisatio mmerc

Co

Relating Scenarios Connecting Changes in Systems W Sev ea er th e er

Ai in ge an tion Ch llu Po

Our scenarios would not occur in abstract. Many of them are interrelated and would have positive or negative correlation.

r

Material Cost Fluctuations

Current Scenario

Climate Change

Devising Scenarios

University Usage

Choosing Potential Outcomes for these Key Changes We developed scenarios as ranges as none of our situations were binary and would fluctuate slowly over time.

Urban Density

Scenario 1 - Severe Climate Change

As the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues to climb, the amount of extreme weather events will continue to climb that will need responding to without extreme generation of additional pollutants.

Chapter Title

4

2100

1800

1500

2

Number of events Globaly

Difference (°C) from 1961-1990 LTA

3

2020

1

0

900

600

300

0

-1

2100

2080

2060

2040

2020

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcw2ymd6s https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/provisional-hottest-day-on-record https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/wind/windiest-place-in-uk https://www.britannica.com/science/storm

2000

Global temperatures have risen by over 1.5 degrees. This has lead to the need for Renewable Energy as standard. Increased climate control and weather protection in buildings.

1990

Extreme Weather & Human Action Requirement

2100

2000

1900

Severe Climate Change

1 2 3 4

1200

Ranges Temperature Average:

1 - 20 (Current) 5-24 (expected)

Temperature Peak:

38.1 (Current) 43 (expected)

Storm Wind Speed:

64 - 173 Mph

(Source 3&4)

(Source 2)

(Source 1)

T

SS

Se e e li ate

Counteracting Ecosystem Degredation

T an e

By considering how the internal environment will change as a result of increased climatic will allow for an evaluation under these new conditions.

MAXIMISE

T M T Mana e ent

n i n ental e e ati n

With external temperatures rising direct sunlight is a less desirable trait and therefore should be minimised but defused light should be maximised.

In an unpredictable climate every element of a city must work together to prevent disaster on a city wide scale. Such as slowing the distribution of storm water or reducing the funnelling effect of wind.

Trees and surrounding foliage can have an effect on the surrounding temperature, casting shadow and defusing direct light. as well as helping to reduce localised

Acceptable Temperature

Internal Light

Proportion of Water Slowed

Site Occupation

LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO

GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO

Ventilation MINIMISE

li ate ent Miti ati n

As external temperatures rise the internal temperature needs to remain constant using as many passive methods as possible.

C TARGET

S la ain Mana e ent

BETWEEN RANGE

Direct Sunlight Light

3

Wind Speed Increase

Localisation to pollutants

I

a te Title

UK Land Cost

VC Technology Investment 1500

Cost of Land Cost of Overlying Land

Investment (ÂŁMillion)

1000

7.5 7.0 6.5

750 500 250

5.5

2.0

2000

1.5

Number of Facilities

2500

6.6%

2.5

24.1%

Maker Space Growth

3.5

24.4%

4.0

14.5%

2026

2024

2022

2020

2018

2016

2014

4.5

6.6%

23.8%

0

5.0

ÂŁ Trillion

Empty 37.6% of the year

1250

8.0

1500

0.5 0.0

Europe

1000

Jan

Dec

June 19th

Nov

April 3rd

Oct

April 27th

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

2030

2028

2026

2024

2022

2020

2018

2016

2014

2012

https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/bulletins/nationalbalancesheet/2017estimates http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/manchester-population/ https://www2.mmu.ac.uk/about-us/structure/term-dates/ https://datacommons.technation.io/dashboard/f/all_geo/anyof_North%20West https://www.popsci.com/rise-makerspace-by-numbers/

2010

The University interacts with more commercial and tech companies, using its resources to produce goods and develop fabrication technology.

January 6th

Rest of World 2008

The University engages in more production and technology

2006

University Usage Change

Jan

2030

2025

2020

2015

2010

2005

2000

1995

America

500 0

1 2 3 4 5

Yearly Student Fluctuation

September 16th December 13th

Industry Growth

Optimisation Potential

Data indicates a growth in value of land, thus requiring more productivity. We can also see increased investment in the North West by Venture Capitalists, this is comparitively high to the rest of the country. Finally Maker Space development is booming globally with Europe having the highest proportion of increase.

This all justifies an increase in publically accessible facilities.

By identifying low usage periods annually and daily we can identify potential mixed use opportunities within the program.

Facilities can benefit from collaboration as well as education.

External Investors The SODA building and ID Campus developments are examples of technology and design development investments from the Universities, demonstrating that they are already moving towards this change.

Integrated human / nature synergy

itne ni e

ite ia it

a e

an e

As the Universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage becomes more varied and commercial its Public / Private facing features become more important. The facilitation of both functions can be designed for to ensure this does not detract from the educational purpose of the building.

MAXIMISE

TARGET

t int ti i ati n

Ma e a e a ilitie

elati n i ubli i ate

The site is constrained on all sides therefore making future expansion uncertain so the method of utilising the available space is paramount in making use of the site.

As a building open to the public the more facilities on offer the greater the draw and higher the revenue of the space becomes.

Although primarily open to the public while the university is closed there will still be interaction between the university users and general public, the nature of this interaction needs to be controlled for safety and security.

Currently a university building is only open for 62.4% of the year not accounting for closing in the evenings and over weekends. Therefore there is an untapped resource that could be available for almost 40% of the year.

Dead Space

Variation in available facilities

Shared Facilities

Time Occupied

Foliage

Circulation between facilities

Percent of private space

Time based activity variation

LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO

GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO

Privacy MINIMISE

e ent tili ati n

BETWEEN RANGE I Views onto Entrance

Scenario 3 - Saturated Urban Density

As more people move to the city, the city may need to increase itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s density to accommodate. If buildings are required to increace their user density how can existing building adapt to this without compromising the health of the occupants

Chapter Title

Increased Population & Development

UK Land Cost Cost of Land Cost of Overlying Land

1800 1600

8.0

1400

7.5

1200 1000

7.0

800

6.5

600

5.5

400

5.0

0 2014

2015

2016 2017 Time (Months / Years)

2018

2019

2020

Manchester Population

3.25

4.5 4.0 3.5

London

2.75

1.5

Nottingham

0.5

Grays

2030

2025

2020

2015

2010

2005

2000

1995

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

The current trend of city centre development and urban densification continues to the point where highrise is common and land values are at a premium.

2017

The City becomes very highly populated

Micrograms per cubic metre

2016

Saturated Urban Density

2020

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

2015

2010

10

2014

2000

20

2013

1990

30

2012

1980 Time (Years)

NO2 Target

40

2011

1970

Chepstow Gillingham Manchester Gibraltar Scunthorpe

50

2010

1960

60

Leicester

2.25 1950

70

York

0.0

2.50

80

Leamington Spa

2.0

3.00

Nitrogen DioxideNO2 Particulate Matter PM2.5

ShefďŹ eld

2.5

Particulates per m3

200 ÂŁ Trillion

Number of Residential units (Per Month)

Number of Residential units Completed in Manchester

Population (MIllion)

Increased Pollution

Population and Development

Pollution

The rate of population growth has escalated in recent years with residential development occuring following suit. This will continue to lead to dramatically high density developments such as Circle Square. Strategic residential development, less impactful to the surroundings could be beneficial.

The site is located adjacent to two highly polluted highways.

Manchester has comparatively high pollution. While this seems to not be escalating, measures should be taken to mitigate the affect of pollution to inhabitants on site. A premium should be placed on green space on site.

The land value, as stated before, is also rising considerably. As such, the ability to provide residential units on site could provide useful revenue.

itne

ite ia

Satu ate

ban

en it

As more people move to cities a city must either expand or increase its density. If the density of a city increases what factors need to be measured to make sure the quality of life doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t drop.

MAXIMISE

TARGET

MINIMISE

Counteracting Ecosystem Degredation

S la ain Mana e ent

Ti e a e i ien

The higher density will reduce natural light to the street level. We will design the massing to ensure that

Land premiums will

an in a

e

use of space throughout the day.

These premiums will also necessitate the transition to different programs.

We will optimise designs that provide for multiple programs well.

As a result of pollution, green space will need to be preserved more. We will design for strategically placed Green Space.

Program Natural light Requirement

Room Utilisation

Quality of space for program A

Occupation of Site

Mechanical Ventillation Potential

Day/Night Room Utilisation

Quality of space for program B

LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO

GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO

BETWEEN RANGE

n i n ental e e ati n

Methodology

Scenario 1

Space Syntax Evaluation

Site Constraints

Fitness Requirements

(2)

Environmental

Program Related

(4)

Scenario 2

Future Scenario IdentiďŹ cation

Program

Inital Massing

Facade

(7)

Massing Related

(3)

Massing Scenario Massing

Program Facade

(8)

Facade Related

(1)

(5)

Scenario 3

Program Requirements

Massing

Massing

Adaptable Facade System

Program Facade

Final Scenario Facade and Program Optimisation ( 10 )

(9)

(6)

Design Process (1)

(2)

With resilience Initial constraints to future change of the program, site being a key driver and environment identification of are outlined. Such potential future as road locations, scenarios is green space, required to outline sun angle, wind required fitness direction etc. criteria.

(3)

(4)

For each scenario the programmatic requirements and space syntax are generated evaluated and developed.

Based on the potential future scenarios criteria for evaluating the success of the building are determined.

(5)

(6)

These Fitness Fitness criteria are criteria are divided ranked according to into 3 groups each scenario, ie in depending at what a future with higher design stage they temperatures would effect, a temperature is fitness criteria can ranked higher than be in more than 1 available view. of these groups.

(7)

(8)

(9)

( 10 )

A starting mass is The initial core To adapt to shorter Once a final form needed to adapt mass and scenario term change is approached an from, this is derived fitness criteria are the facade of evaluation of the from things such then optimised to the building will fitness criteria will as sunlight and site be able to respond adapt to things establish a success position that are to predicted long such as a spike in of failure of the mostly fixed once term change. daily temperature system. constructed. or higher noise polution.

All Saints Library

Manc

Program, Site & Environment

oa for dR

John Dalton West

Ox

Fixed Constraints ( 1 )

d

Bu s

Circle Square

Business School

Way

Sto p

unian

Although an adaptive model involves looking at future cases of change first the current environment needs to be evaluated and designed for so that the building functions in the present before any changes have happened.

John Dalton Shed

The Dancehouse

Future Scenarios ( 2 ) What Changes Will Happen To evaluate the capacity for future change some future changes have to be devised to test against, how the design space responds to these changes informs areas when capacity for change needs to be accounted for.

SCENARIO 1

OUTCOME A - S1 OUTCOME D - S1&2

CURRENT DESIGN

OUTCOME G - S1,2&3 SCENARIO 2

OUTCOME B - S2 OUTCOME E - S1&3 OUTCOME F - S2&3

SCENARIO 3

OUTCOME C - S3

Process

2

Using a proposed bubble diagram of functions, a set of tools evaluate and generate feasible geometric interpretations in terms of scaled plan layout graphs.

1

7

8

6

2

11 9 13

3

12

4

10

1

4 5

5

6 7

2

7

11

8

12

9

13

8

1

12

11 9 13 4

10

Integration

6 10

5

0

13

An example of a Space Syntax assessment of a Figure Ground drawing of a street configuration, evaluating the Integration of nodes within a system.

Space Syntax Theory (3) Analysing Spatial Networks Space Syntax Theory was conceived by Bill Hillier, Julienne Hanson, and colleagues at The Bartlett, University College London in the late 1970s to early 1980s to develop insights into the mutually constructive relation between society and space. As space syntax has evolved, certain measures have been found to correlate with human spatial behavior, and space syntax has thus come to be used to forecast likely effects of architectural and urban space on users.

Design inputs Arbritrary Nodes Representing Spaces

Space Syntax Analysis Analytic Outputs Depth Analysis

Justified Graph

Choice Analysis

Spatial Links Areas

Graph Formation

Interactive bubble Diagrams (Optional / Manual Configurative Ideas) Prompt user to change input

Nourian, Pirouz & Rezvani, Samaneh & Sariyildiz, Sevil. (2013).

Designing with Space Syntax A configurative approach to architectural layout, proposing a computa- tional methodology.

Choice of point of view

Topological Embedding No planar?

Yes

If not satisfied with the outputs

Choice Order

Integration Analysis

Integration Order

Control Analysis

Control Order

Difference Factor Analysis

Spatial Articulation

Force Direction Drawing Triangulation

Charged Bubble Diagram Rectangular Dual Graph

A verbal interpretation of the configuration

2D Bubble Packing Patterns 2D Plan Layouts

Findings - Movement patterns are powerfully shaped by spatial layout - Patterns of security and insecurity are affected by spatial design - This relation shapes the evolution of the centres and sub-centres that makes cities liveable - Spatial segregation and social disadvantage are related in cities - Buildings can create more interactive organisational cultures.

Fitness Criteria (4) Evaluating Success of The Changes When building a Genetic design tool the methods used to evaluate the design guide the process as wanting to maximise 1 value will cause a reduction in another value, this conflict is iterated over generation to find the optimal solution, a compromise between these fitness criteria.

Current Environment

Scenario 1 Extreme weather

Scenario 2

Commercialisation

Scenario 3 Increased Density

Acceptable Temperature

Acceptable Temperature

Dead Space

Program Natural light Requirement

Proportion of Water Slowed

Ventilation

Foliage

Mechanical Ventilation Potential

Wind Speed Increase

Internal Light

Variation in facilities

Room Utilisation

Views onto Entrance

Direct Sunlight Light

Circulation between facilities

Day/Night Room Utilisation

Internal Light

Proportion of Water Slowed

Privacy

Quality of space for program A

Direct Sunlight Light

Wind Speed Increase

Shared Facilities

Quality of space for program B

Site Occupation

Site Occupation

Percent of private space

Occupation of Site

Localisation to pollutants

Localisation to pollutants

Views onto Entrance

Occupation of Site

Time Occupied

Privacy

Time based activity variation

Acceptable Temperature Proportion of Water Slowed Ventilation

Dead Space

Massing

Wind Speed Increase

Shared Facilities Foliage Percent of private space Program Natural light Requirement

Fitness Division ( 5 ) Grouping the scenarios based on where they are required in the design process The fitness criteria are grouped into 3 sections allowing the criteria to effect different elements of the design process for instance the overall form of a building has a larger effect on how much light an area has against the individual program arrangements.

Views onto Entrance Mechanical Ventilation Potential Quality of space for program A Internal Light

Direct Sunlight Light

Program

Quality of space for program B

Site Occupation Variation in available facilities Localisation to pollutants Circulation between facilities Time Occupied Privacy

Room Utilisation

Facade

Time based activity variation

Occupation of Site Day/Night Room Utilisation

Percent of private space

MAXIMISE

TARGET

MINIMISE

LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO

GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO

BETWEEN RANGE

Wind Speed Increase

Site Occupation

Localisation to pollutants

Privacy

Time Occupied

Circulation between facilities

Views onto Entrance

Dead Space

Shared Facilities

Time based activity variation

Foliage

Program Natural light Requirement

Mechanical Ventilation Potential

Quality of space program A

Quality of space program B

Day/Night Room Utilisation

Occupation of Site

Hierarchy

Proportion of Water Slowed

Variation in available facilities

Scenario 3 - Increased Density

Fitness criteria are ranked according to each scenario, ie in a future with higher temperatures temperature is ranked higher than available view.

Direct Sunlight Light

Room Utilisation

Hierarchy

How do the fitness criteria rank in each scenario

Internal Light

Hierarchy

Fitness Hierarchy ( 6 )

Scenario 1 - Extreme weather

Ventilation

Scenario 2 - Commercialisation

Acceptable Temperature

Acceptable Temperature

Proportion of Water Slowed

Permanent Cores Established Multiple fitness criteria are brought together to evaluate the site and chose a location for the building cores to go.

Wind Speed Increase

Dead Space

Permanent Core ( 7 ) Defining a building core from the current scenario before applying future cases When designing an adaptable building some elements of the building must be permanent or the building is being rebuilt after each change. this core is what the rest of the system is based around, this will mainly contain circulation space but also permanent spaces like plant rooms and toilets.

Foliage

Views onto Entrance

Internal Light

Direct Sunlight Light

Site Occupation

Localisation to pollutants

Occupation of Site

Privacy

CIRCULATION BETWEEN CORES These cores are then connected and a building is formed around them. This form is then evaluated against the fitness criteria allowing for an optimal base form to be achieved.

Permanent Cores Established

Potential Expansion structure system added

Panels added between structure

The initial core mass and scenario fitness criteria are then optimised to be able to respond to predicted long term change.

A permanent structural system is constructed around the core

Within this structure semi-permanent elements can be constructed and removed to fit the current requirements

Long Term Change ( 8 ) How the building reacts to a fundamental change in its environment Some changes like the urban migration will happen over a long time period these changes may require adapting some of the form of the building either building or removing elements, creating a system that facilitates this change is what makes a building adaptable. The diagrammatic approach shown allows for the structure and core to remain while the programmatic facilities shift around it.

Facade Adaptation

Short Term Change ( 9 ) Reaction to change lasting less than a year such as yearly weather cycles.

Some changes to the building can be reacted to in a short term manner such as amount of day light and ventilation that can both be effected by the facade of the building.

An adaptable facade system allows the building to react to the current internal environment and respond. For instance if it to hot additional shading can be provided as well as allowing additional ventilation.

Program Rearrangement One short term change is program rearrangement this can be aided with smart systems noting areas of the building with a lower than required use case and altering the program to change this. This change could be as simple as furniture rearranging or removal of wall and floor panels.

Scenario 1

Evaluation ( 10 ) How is the final form evaluated against the fitness criteria The final outcome of the design process needs to be evaluated against the fitness criteria. If a design fails to meet requirements it must cycle through the algorithm again to reach design requirements.

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Experimentation

Evaluation Methods Floor Plan Light Levels Through the use of Grasshopper a plug-in for Rhino you can use many methods to evaluate the performance of a mass .The method light levels on a plane allows the evaluation of the internal light level within a building, this information can be used to determine overall massing geometry like depth and window height or program details such as wall placement and room layout.

Pros • Accurate to real life simulation • Useful for single room evaluation • Can inform internal wall placement

Cons • Resource Heavy • Whole building running takes hours or days • System breaks easily

Evaluation Methods Surface Radiance Evaluating the amount of thermal energy that hits a surface of the mass allows for informed decisions about the placements of openings weather its placing them in lower radiance levels to lower the internal temperature or high to raise it.

Pros • • • •

Quick to run Easy to setup Useful for window placement Informs building orientation

Cons • Surface level evaluation • Resolution of the evaluation greatly affects accuracy

Evaluation Methods Surface Sunlight Hours Evaluates the amount of hours of direct sunlight any surface will receive, this can either be as a total cumulatively amount or as a average daily percentage.

Pros • Informs window placement • Informs building orientation

Cons • Resource Heavy • Time increases exponentially with geometry complexity

Evaluation Methods Blocked Sky View Visible sky is a quantitative evaluation of how claustrophobic a space feels this is evaluated by putting vertical cones equally spaced around the site that represent the view angle of someone at ground level looking at where these cones intersect with the building. This intersection allows for a percentage evaluation of how much sky is blocked by the existing building.

Pros • Useful when altering or replacing an existing building that offers direct comparison • Helps reduce building impact on making the surroundings claustrophobic.

• Improving the local environment in a measurable way help keep the public on side through planning

Cons • Location dependant • If weighted to heavily against other criteria can have a negative impact on building performance

Hours 20< 18 16 13 11 9 7 4 2 <0

Evaluation Methods Context Sunlight Hours A building will always cast a shadow it is the duty of the designer to make sure this new shadow doesn’t alter the existing environment anymore that is required this evaluation makes sure that our proposed building will reduce the amount of time the surrounding roads spend in shadow throughout the day.

This allows the calculation of average sunlight hours per m2

Pros • Reduces the impact of development of the surrounding context • Informs locations for green space and open areas • Improving the local environment in a measurable way help keep the public on side through planning

Cons • Surface Level evaluation • Lay people can potentially only see the shadows not the improvement to what shadows already exist

By looking at how generic masses evaluate on the site a set of rules can be created to guide future development such as spacing between buildings, courtyard size requirements, orientation, height and useful typological features.

Typology Testing

Site Specific Response Building Orientation The results show that on this site the orientation of the building has little impact on the average solar Radiation received by any point on the building though out the year. This is probably due in part to the large amount of contextual shading surrounding the site

Radiation kWh/m2 364 367 364 361 364 365 362 360 364 364

Site Specific Response Social Distancing The distance between 2 elements of a building greatly affects the radiation absorption potential of the facade. As show by the experimentation any distance closer than 20 metres casts considerable shadow on the adjacent building and its not until above 30 metres apart that the radiation value begins to be unaffected.

Distance

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

34

63

87

107

122

134

(m) Radiation on closest wall (kWh/m2)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16 Distance from Opening /m

Site Specific Response Room Depth The data shows that the useful natural light penetration is about 10 metres as anything under 1000 lux is not ideal for most activities especially production and detailed work.

Space Syntax Development

From Education to Public Realm Bridging the Divide The building holds a unique position at the seperation between the University Campuses and the beginning of the city centre. Its adaptability moves between education and public facing functions. Our design goal is centred on mediating this division.

Communicate Function

Indicate Openness

Creating a Hub Environment

Connect Diverse Functions

Indicate the inner workings of the building.

Show an active, open frontage, welcome to the public.

Prioritise the quality of space at the shared entrance and common space between functions.

Mediate the interaction between different programs and inhabitants to ensure efficiency and legibility of space.

HUB

Depth Analysis

Input Requirements

How many topological steps a single space is away from another one.

Arbritrary Point Nodes Spatial Links Program Functions Areas

Fitness Criteria Space Syntax Theory Space Syntax Theory requires only a few pieces of data to opperate. It then returns a range of different potential fitness criteria to employ for evaluating the properties of a configuration in terms of its accessibility, integration, privacy etc.

In any configuration, one can choose a point of view to look at their proposed configuration from the perspective of a different function.

POV 2

Control Analysis

Choice Analysis Choice or Betweenness is is Choice or Betweenness a measure of importance a measure of importance of aofnode within a a a node within CB (Pi) = configuration.

That literally configuration.

That literally tells how many times a a tells how many times node happens to be in the node happens to be in the shortest paths between all all shortest paths between other nodes. other nodes.

Difference Factor Analysis

POV 1

jk

j

k

(Pi)

(j < k)

jk

Relativised Difference Factor H* =

H - ln2

As a measure of spatial ln3 - ln2 articulation for a whole H: Unrelativised Difference Factor configuration, the differa b b c a c ln ln ln + + ence factor indicates H = t t t t t t how differentiated the a = the maximum RA, b = mean RA, space are within a c = minimum RA configuration.

2(TD - k + 1) RA = t=a+b+c (k - 2)(k - 1)

n

Control intuitively indicates how strongly a vertex in a graph (a space in a configuration) is linked to other points in a superior manner.

Control =

i=1

1 Di

Integration Analysis Integration is a measure of centrality that indicates how likely it is for a space to be private or communal.

I=

2 Dk =

Dk(k - 2)(k - 1) 2(TD - k + 1)

k log2

(k + 2) 3

-1 +1

(k - 1)(k + 1)

Void Placement

Program Visibility Score

In promote the mixed Weorder knewtofrom our massing use of the scheme and feedback the types of communiate this use and of the building typologies, voids as more than an education massing shapes that would be building, we were interested in high functioning, so considered evaluating the visibility creating either an inputof or a certain programs or elements fitness criteria for ensuring relative to others. these were achieved.

Region Overlap

In order to promote the mixed Select key use of the scheme and comapproaches muniate this use of the building as more than an education building, we were interested in evaluating the visibility of certain programs or elements relative to others.

Site Overlap

The method we selected for distributing our programs distributes multiple programs in a single process in order to react to the criteria required of all. This meant there was the potential for Self Overlap overlap between programs and the site boundary also, this had to be minimised.

Fitness Criteria Site / Narrative Specific We developed and experimented with a number of different fitness criteria for evaluating our space syntax applied to the site.

10

10

10 10

10 6 6 6

6

6

Score assigned per program

Connectedness

Infer Upper Floors Generate Wall Geometry

Solar Analysis of Chosen Programs

Core Distribution

As the programs are distributed across the site the space syntax network is mapped and measured. The total length is taken and minimised to ensure programs have the best possible adjacencies.

Ttl.

Ttl.

Natural Light For all programs, or a selection of programs for which the solar For all programs, or a critical selection of performance is most a solar programsisfor which theregion solar analysis taken of the performance is most critical where they are placed, and a solar analysis isfor taken theofregion geometry the of rest the where they are placed, and building is generated in order to geometry for the rest the overshade, along withof the building is generated contextual buildings. in order to overshade, along with the contextual buildings.

In order to ensure the buildings escape routes meet Building Regulations, a criteria could be developed for distributing cores such that they are placed with reach spanning across the full extent of the mass.

Other Alternatives

rejection Justification

• Isovist analysis of visibility of key programs or features. throughout building.

• Difference factor, a space syntax criteria, could be used to ensure differentiation across the site.

• The localisation of key programs such as landscaping to major sources of pollution.

• We had used isovist extensively in st1 and it also did not have the program specfic functionality we wanted.

• We focused on the visibility of programs to the street.

• The site is surrounded by major sources of pollution making it not useful to measure.

Experimentation Fitness Criteria We evaluated the fitness criteria as to their relevance to our intention for the scheme and for the scenarios and began by coding a few to assess their feasibility and usefulness.

Solar Massing We set up a syntax square for our greenspace, connected to the rest of the network and to a solar analyser to calculate the hours of sunlight received at a series of times in the day month and year.

Core Distribution Evalutation Points

Program Visibility Score This process was code heavy but succeeded in processing which program was closest, and then giving it a score which could be provided for each program.

Hour Months Days 0700 March 15th 1000 June 1300 September 1600 December 1900

Whilst we did not decide to use this in our Generative Design script, this piece of code was implimented during the massing phase to guarantee Building Regulation satisfaction.

Void Placement We devised some example voids from our typology studies, these would factor into our overlap ca lc u l at i o n s .

However,we decided on an alternate approach to creating our mass.

Building Regulations Part B p12 18m - single direction escape 45m - multi direction escape

Materials Processing

Greenspace

Greenspace

Cafe Digital Reception Fabrication Exhibition Cutting Room Workshops Materials Processing

Scenarios Visualised Ground Floor Syntaxes The Ground Floor host a high proportion of the Perminent region of the building, including the reception, the ground floor of the exhibition, and cafe. In the commercial scenario, it also hosts features such as the Commercial Frontage.

Reception Spray Boothe

Cafe Exhibition

Workshops Materials Materials Processing Processing Digital Cutting Fabrication Room Commercial Frontage Computer Suite

Cutting Materials Room Commercial Processing Frontage Spray Boothe Digital Additive Open WorkshopsFabricationManufacture Private Workspace Workspace CNC Machining Computer Exhibition Suite Reception Cafe

Pop High Commercial

Greenspace

Private Workspace

Greenspace

Greenspace

CNC Open Machining Computer Workspace Suite Additive Cafe Manufacture Digital Fabrication Exhibition Reception

Cafe Digital Reception Fabrication Exhibition Cutting Room Workshops Materials Processing

CafeReception

Exhibition Spray Boothe Workshops Digital Fabrication

Additive Manufacture

Scenarios Visualised Ground Floor Syntaxes The Ground Floor host a high proportion of the Perminent region of the building, including the reception, the ground floor of the exhibition, and cafe.

Materials Processing Cutting Room

Cutting Room Workshops Materials Spray Boothe Processing Materials Processing

Greenspace

Seminar Rooms

Staff Offices Goods Digital Storage Workshops Fabrication

Scenarios Visualised First Floor Syntaxes The First Floor is the same for both scenarios, it holds a substantial amount of workshop and Digital Fabrication space.

Open Workspace

Metal Workshop

Wood Workshops Workshop

Goods Storage

Digital Plastic Fabrication Storage Staff Offices

Seminar Private Rooms Detail Workspace Workspace Open Computer Workspace Staff Digital Suite Offices Fabrication Additive Goods Manufacture Workshops Storage CNC Machining Wood Plastic Workshop WorkshopWood Workshop

Private Workspace Lecture Open TheatreWorkspace Staff OfďŹ ces Workshops Goods Storage

Scenarios Visualised Second & Third Floor Syntaxes The 2nd and 3rd floor are repetitions, with no Digital Fabrication, but additional staff offices and a lecture theatre that spans both floors. In the commercial scenarios there is more focus on Private Workspaces to be hired by private companies.

Computer Goods Metal Storage Suite Goods Workshop OpenStorage Wood Workspace Workshop Workshops Private Plastic Workspace Storage Goods Storage Private Workspace

Private Workspace Lecture Open Seminar TheatreWorkspace Room Staff OfďŹ ces Workshops Goods Storage

Scenarios Visualised Second & Third Floor Syntaxes The 2nd and 3rd floor are repetitions, with no Digital Fabrication, but additional staff offcies and a lecture theatre that spans both floors. In the education scenario there is more focus on Computer Suites.

Detail Drawing Space Detail Drawing Space

Computer Suite

Seminar Lecture Open Room TheatreWorkspace Open Staff Workspace OfďŹ ces Workshops Wood Goods Workshop Storage Plastic Metal Workshop Workshop