family. Caregivers balance multiple responsibilities, so they tend to trip-chain, combining several destinations into one trip. All of these factors also mean that caregivers are time-constrained. Traveling with young children also means frequent stopping and a higher risk aversion or feeling of vulnerability to chaotic environments, road crashes, urban violence, and poor environmental conditions. The characteristics of caregiver mobility reveal the importance of proximity and quality of the environment, both of which are at risk when streets are designed for private vehicles. Streets are our frontline for mobility and access, as well as a city’s most abundant public space. The overdominance of private motor vehicle planning, however, has left our streets more dangerous and polluted and our cities less accessible. Moreover, most caregivers globally do not have access to private motor vehicles. In addition to air pollution and road crashes, other negative externalities associated with the proliferation of automobiles and motorcycles include sprawl, climate change, and noise pollution. Sprawl is the antithesis to proximity and leads to longer distances and higher cost in terms of time and money, which are all main constraints for caregivers. Climate change will exacerbate extreme weather conditions and poor air quality, which will impact caregivers, both in terms of meeting their existing responsibilities and potentially adding more as illnesses increase. Noise pollution from cars and motorcycles degrades the environment and has a greater impact on babies and toddlers. Finally, designing with and for nature in our urban environments has not been a priority. So much of our urban space lacks nature. This means that our cities are hotter and less able to withstand extreme weather conditions, and our air is more polluted. Nature is also a key need for babies and toddlers for their healthy physical and cognitive development, and provides a myriad of other benefits to caregiver mental health. Inclusive TOD that is responsive to the needs of babies, toddlers, and caregivers is the solution to developing complete neighborhoods for family well-being that address the negative impacts of car-oriented design.
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