CelebrityRoleModelsAstateinwhichthemindiselevatedabovethereachofordinary impressions,unconsciousofsensibleobjects,andundertheinfluenceofoverpoweringemotions celebritiesfindirresistibleandenticingCelebritiesdistinguishthemselvesinsuchwaysthatothers admireandwanttoemulate.Celebritiesareworthyofimitation;"everyoneneedsarolemodel".The immenseamountofdrugusagethatcelebrities,athletes,professionals,andpoliticianstakepartin hasimprovedsocietyincountlesswaysandwillcontinuetodosoifeveryoneemulatesthesesocial icons.Theuseofdrugshasimprovedsocietybyneverhavingtoworryaboutanything.Itbringsyou intoastateofmindwhereyoufeelcarelessaboutshowmorecontent
GetCoke.Coke.SoIdid.Itwasgreatfordieting,partyingandpickingupmymood."Basically statingthateverygirlintheworldshouldgotorehabatleasttwicebeforebecomingateenager,if theydonottheyarenotgoingtolivethelavishlifestyleshedoesandlikemanyotherfamous actresses.Ifyouneedtoshedafewpounds,justusecocaine.Itseemsliketheeasiestwaytolose weightaccordingtoeveryfemalecelebrity.PreviousPresidentBillClintonwhenaskedifhehas eversmokedmarijuanasays,"Well,Ididsmokepot,butdidnotinhale.IwasinEngland,soitdoes notreallycount."Lastyearmorethenhalfamillionpeoplegotarrestedforusingmarijuana,they shouldnothaveinhaledandcouldhaveavoidedjailandprobationIftheformerPresidentofthe UnitedStateshassmokedmarijuana,itcannotbethatbad.Everyoneshouldsmokemarijuanaifthe presidenthas.NBAsuperstarJoshHowardoftheDallasMavericksadmitstosmokingmarijuanain theoffseasonandsinceitdoesnotaffecthisjob,itisnotabigdeal.Hesaidthisasaguesthostona DallasradiostationadaybeforetheyplayedgamethreeinthefirstroundoftheNBAplayoffs.As longasusingdrugsdoesnotaffectthewayyoudoyourjobthereforeitssafe,healthy,and beneficialtoeveryone.Whatwouldtheworlddowithoutdrugs?Iftherewerenotanydrugspeople wouldnotbeable
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BornEricArthurBlairinIndiain1903,GeorgeOrwellwaseducatedasascholarshipstudentat prestigiousboardingschoolsinEngland.Sincehehadsinceaprestigiousbackground,henever quitefitinandfeltoppressedandoutragedbythedictatorialcontrolthattheschoolsheattended exercisedoverstudents'lives.Aftergraduating,Orwelldecidedtogiveupcollegeinordertowork asapolicemaninBurma.HehatedhisdutiesinBurma.Hewasrequiredtoenforcethestrictlawsof apoliticalregimehedespisedHisfailinghealthcausedhimtoreturntoEnglandonconvalescent leave.OncebackinEngland,hequitthepoliceanddedicatedhimselftobecomingawriter.George Orwellcreatedsomeofthemostfamoussatiricalfiction...showmorecontent...
In1984,WinstonSmithisalow–rankingmemberoftherulingPartyinLondon,asOrwellwasfora while,inthenationofOceania.EverywhereWinstongoesthePartywatcheshimthrough telescreensEverywherehelooksheseesthefaceoftheParty'sseeminglyallpowerfulleader,Big Brother.ThePartycontrolseverythinginOceania,eventhepeople'sknowledgeofthehistory. Currently,thePartyisforcingtheimplementationofaninventedlanguageknownasNewspeak. NewspeakattemptstopreventpoliticalrebellionbyeliminatingallwordsrelatedtoitEventhinking rebelliousthoughtsisillegal.Athoughtcrimeistheworstcrimetocommitofallcrimes.Thesociety in1984isgovernedbyfearandpainFearismanagedbycensorship,propaganda,government controlledmedia,rationing,policestatesurveillanceandprofiling,mandatoryextremistnationalism, andawaragainstfamilyandeducationthroughtheMinistryofPeaceandtheMinistryofTruth. PainismanagedbyinstitutionaltorturethroughtheMinistryofLove,brainwashing,reconditioning, andthemurderofpoliticalprotesters.Wecanrelatethestateofwartothewaronterrorismthat wereexperiencing,wherethegovernmentusesthemediaasanoutlettoscareus.Wecanrelatethe rationingtothedroughtinCalifornia,wherepeoplearestartingbuyturflawnstosavewaterand puttingwatersystemsintohelptimeshowers.Policesurveillanceisseenthrough
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AHardly"Modest"Proposal
JonathanSwiftisregardedasoneofthemostfamoussatiricalauthorsinhistory.Heuseshiswit, intellectandunfortunatepastastoolsforprojectinghiswordsinanattempttobaffletheunknowing. Heachievesthisbymakinghumorousandfarfetchedsituationsthatreallyresembletheridiculous thingspeopledoIn"AModestProposal,"SwiftaddresseshisfeelingsofEngland'soutlandish behaviortowardsthe"lessfortunate."SwiftistryingtohelptheEnglishpeoplerealize thedoublestandardstheypassontheIrishandonpeopleingeneral.Thesolepurposeof"AModest Proposal"istoletitbeknownthatwedonottreatothersequallyandthathumanseasilybecome desensitizedand...showmorecontent...
ItisatthispointthatSwift'ssatirehasreacheditspinnacle.Onecannothelpbutthinkofhowthey wouldneverconsiderthethoughtofconsuminganotherhuman.However,theselfindulgedhuman characteristicscomeoutandthereaderisawareofhowtheytreattheotherpeople.Thereaderstarts toanalyzetheirownactionstowardsfellowmanlettingthembecomeexposedforallthewaysthey haveseeminglyoverlookedthepoorandpaidlittletonoattentionofanyoneonewhois"less fortunate."ThiscanalsotranslatedintothewaytheEnglishtreattheIrish,whichiswhatSwiftis tryingtoconvey.Whilethisproposalmayseematrocious,theactualactofbeingeatenwassimplya paralleltohowtheIrishwerebeingtreated.TheEnglishpeople"gobbled"themupbyovertaxation, overindulgingandliftingtheir(theEnglishpeople's)standardstothepointwheretheIrishhadsuch alowerstandardoflifethat"beingeaten"seemedlikeamuchbetterwaytolive.Thisisallirony thatthereadermaynotnoticeuntiltheyexamtheirownlife.
Swift'snarrator"modestly"speaksofEnglandrelationshipwithIrelandbystating"Butastomyself, havingbeenweariedoutformanyyearswithofferinginvain,idle,visionarythoughts,andatlength utterlydespairingofsuccess,Ifortunatelyfelluponthisproposal,which
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TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,byMarkTwainisagreatexampleofasatirethatTwainuses tomockdifferentaspectsofthesociety.Thenovelisfilledwithwildadventuresencounteredbythe twomaincharacter,HuckleberryFinn,anunrulyyoungboy,andJim,ablackrunawayslave Throughoutthenovel,TwainusesHucktosatirizethereligioushypocrisy,whitesociety's stereotypes,andsuperstitionsbothtoamusethereaderandtomakethereaderawareofthesocial illsofthatpresenttime
OneofthemainvictimsofTwain'ssatireisReligion.ÂThroughoutthebook,Twainusesvarious situationstomockthebeliefsofreligion.TwainusesthefeudbetweenGrangerfordsand Shepardsonstosatirizereligionandtoexposethehypocrisy ...Getmorecontent...
DavinRodriguez
GeorgeOrwellwrotemanyessaysandbooksinhiscareer.Hegrewupwithlittlehelp.George Orwellbecameaverysuccessfulnovelistandwriter.Healsowrotesixnovels.GeorgeOrwell's mostfamousbookswereAnimalFarmandNineteenEighty–FourThreeofhissixnovelswere non–fictionbooks.ThreeimportantthingsaboutGeorgeOrwellishiscareer,lifetimeandhis famousbook,AnimalFarm.
AnimportantthingtoknowaboutGeorgeOrwellwasthatheworkedreallyhard.Hisrealnamewas EricBlairbuteveryoneknewhimbyGeorgeOrwell."EricBlair,themanwhobecamethewriter "GeorgeOrwell"wasadamnhardworker"(Rodden)HewroteabouthisdeepfeelingsGeorge Orwellwrote...showmorecontent...
GeorgeOrwellsoldaboutninemillioncopies."WhenAnimalFarmwaspublishedin1945,its BritishauthorGeorgeOrwell(apseudonymforEricArthurBlair)hadalreadywaitedayearanda halftoseehismanuscriptinprint"("AnimalFarm").Orwellmadegoodmoneyjustforwriting AnimalFarm"ThemoneyOrwellmadefromAnimalFarmallowed,in1947,torentahouseon Jura,anislandoffthecoastofScotland,wherehebegantoworkon1984"("AnimalFarm").Animal Farmwasaverygreatbook.Manypeoplewereinlovedwithit."Orwell'snextbook,AnimalFarm, afableabouteventsduringandfollowingtheRussianRevolution,waswelllikedbycriticsand public"("AnimalFarm").GeorgeOrwellisknowntobeaverysuccessfulwriter,threemost importantthingsabouthimishiscareer,hislifetime,andhisfamousbook,AnimalFarm.Orwell wentthroughalotthroughouthislife.Hegrewupgoingthroughpovertyandstillcreatedagood career.Hiswife,family,andreadersareveryproud.Hisfamousbookswillalwaysberemembered byhis
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MarkTwain'sSatire
SamuelLanghorneClemens,betterknownbyhispenname,MarkTwain,wasarenownedwriter andhumoristinAmericanliterature.TwainsmostfamousandwellknownpiecesareThe AdventuresofHuckleberryFinandTheAdventuresofTomSawyer.ThroughoutmostofTwains writingsheprimarilyusedaformofhumorknownassatireThedefinitionofthisliterarydevice usedbyTwainis"Theuseofhumorousexaggerationandironytoexposepeople'sfailingsand stupidity"(Satire,2017).Usually,humorplaysaroleinmakingpeoplelaugh,whichmakesiteasier tobreaktheiceandforsatiricalwritingtoreachitstargets"Tomakeitmoreeffectivetochange society,MarkTwainusedsatire,whichisaliterarymannerofdenouncing,criticizingandlaughing atthefoibles,crimesorvicesofapersonorsociety,withtheaimofcorrectingthem"(MarkTwain SatiricalApproach,2017).MarkTwainusedhissatiricalwritingstyletoconvey,criticize,andpoke funattheflawsinsocietyprevalentatthetime.
BornthesixthchildintheClemensfamily,SamuelwasbornonNovember30,1835inMissouri DuringthetimeperiodofSamuelsbirth,Missouriwasconsideredafairlynewstate.TheClemens familyresidedonthebanksoftheMississippiRiverwhichlateronbecameanironicsetting throughoutmanyofTwainsbooks.TheMississippiRiverisoneofthelongestRiversintheUnited Statesandthefourthlargestriverintheworld."WhathasmadetheMississippi ...Getmorecontent...
London,awell–knownlocalintheSanFranciscoBayArea,hisnarrative"StoryofAnEyewitness' arguesthatintimesoftragedies,isabletolinkcommunitiestogetherwhilemaintainingdiligence andrespect.Hispurposeistograntpeopletheknowledgeaboutthetragedyofthe1906earthquake andtoshowspiritednativesresilienttotheearthquake.Hewritesinsympathetictonetoshowhis attitudetowardstheearthquakeLondonisabletofulfillhisargumentbyshowingthedyingcity, meltingeveryonetoitscoreandhowpeoplearereactingtoit.Londonfirstaccountshisexperience withimagerytoburningcity.Hedescribestheatmosphereas"yellowanddun"andthecityto achieveadepressingimagetohisaudienceandinaddition
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EkaterinaUrsul
ProfessorJamesBaerHistoryofWesternCivilizationIIPhilosophicalandsatiricalnovelbythefamousFrenchEnlightenmentwriter"Candide,or Optimism"wascreatedintheXVIIIcentury.OneofthemostpopularworksofVoltairereceivedan unexpecteddestinyForalongtimeitwasforbiddenbecauseof"obscenity",andthewriterhimself admittedthathisauthorship,thenrenouncedit.
In"Candide,orOptimism",Voltaireshowsthehistoricalandculturalrealitiesofhistime(for example,amilitaryexpeditionagainstSpain,PortugalandParaguaytheJesuitsin1756,orJapanese customtrampleChristiancrucifixafterthetradewiththeDutch),andhoveringinthesociety legends(aboutthewonderfulcountryofEldorado)(DeWitt4)Theauthoralsoridiculesthemain institutionsofhistime:military,church,government,schoolsandmanyothers.Inthenovel,all institutiondonotdowhatitshoulddo.Thearmydonotprotectpeople,andsoldersjustkillmany peopleasaresultofdisagreementsbetweencountriesThestoryofkillingtheadmiralisshocking, andexplainedofcrueltyinarmyatthistime.Additionally,heshowsinthestoryoftheoldwomen life,thatsoldersarecruelanddishonestTheydonotwanttonegotiatethepeaceevenifthey understandthattheycannotwin.Asaresult,theyprefertoeatpeoplewhotheyshouldprotect. Duringallnovel,soldersdonotprotectpeoplebutjustmostlykilledthem.Forexample,
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TotheDepartmentofPublicSafety,Theamountofcaraccidentsthathappeneachyearcontinueto increase.Thiscontinuestohappenbecauseofthenumberofpeoplewhoconsistentlydrive distractedeveryday.Thisisduetoasurplusofreasons,however,manyfallsubjecttodriving distractedbecausetheyprioritizetheircellphonesmorethanwhatishappeningontheroadinfront ofthemIwasinvolvedinacaraccidentayearagowhenIwasstruckinmydriverssidedoorby anotherperson.Theeventsafterareablur,butIrememberlosingcontrolofmycar,travelingover themedianthatdividedthedirectionsoftraffic,spinningaround,andthenrollingovertoendup withthepassengersideofmycaronthegroundItwasamiracleshowmorecontent Hewassittingthere,hiscarbarelytouched,onhisphone.Whenaskedifhesawmetravelingonthe roadbeforehemadehisturn,heresponded,"Ididnotseeher.Iamsosorrythatthishappened."
AlthoughIamnotexactlysurewhyhedidnotseeme,Icanassureyouthatbythewaythatheacted afterwards,lookingathisphone,hewasdistractedwhilehewaswaitingtoleave.Thisyearinmy englishclass,wearelearningaboutthedifferentsatiricaltechniquesauthorsusetocriticizespecific issuesthatarefoundalarming.Ourclassanalyzedasatiricalpaper,"AModestProposal",byDr.
JonathanSwift,whowritesaboutthepovertythroughoutIrelandandEngland,providinga exaggeratedsolutiontocleartheproblem.Weweregivenanassignmenttowriteasatiricalessay basedonthesameformatasSwift'sproposal.Icanassureyouthatmypromptwasnotadifficult onetobrainstormManypeopleareguiltyofdrivingwithouttheirfullattentionontheroadInmy essay,Iconcludedthatapropersolutionwouldbetocompletelygetridofallcellphones,andany technologicaldevicesinstalledincarsthatleadtodistracteddriving.Thiswouldsolvemany problemssuchas,safertransportation,moneysavedandusedelsewherebecausethenationwould notneedcontributesomuchtoeconomicandsocietalloss,andalertnessonthe
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Satireisagenreofliteraturethatuseswitforthepurposeofsocialcriticismandmockssocietal problems,suchasingovernment,businessandindividualstobringattentiontocertainfollies,vices, andabuses.("SatireExamplesandDefinition.")Theuseofsuchaliteraryformservestobring attentiontoissuesinsocietythatshouldbeimproved.Satireisdiverse,complexandcommonly characterizedin3ways,Horatian,Juvenalian,andMenippeanTomorrow'sBird"and"Weatethe ChildrenLast"aremoreoftheMenippeanstyleastheyattackthementalattitudesratherthan specificindividualsorentities.(MennipeanSatire)Satire,whenusedcorrectlyisnotaboutwhatis writtenbutwhatisimpliedIlluminatingthingsinhumannaturethatneedtobeimproved,suchas thepursuitofpowerandcorruptionasseenin"Tomorrow'sBird"and"WeAtetheChildrenLast".
"WeatetheChildrenLast",theauthorusessatiretobringtolighthoweasyinhumansocietyitisto forgettheuglyaspectsofoursocietybyignoringtheissuesandorhidingtheproblemawayinstead ofdealingwiththerootcause
"LesBonsSamaritans,alobbygroupforthepoor,thoughttoapplythiswondrousmedicalsolution toasocialproblem.Theysuggestedthattheoperationbemadeavailabletothosereceivingsocial assistance."(Martel103)
Ironyisapopulartoolusedwhenwritingsatire,anditisironicthatthegroupchargeswithhelping thelessfortunateisnamedLesBons
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Satireisagenreofliteraturethatuseswitandironyforthepurposeofsocialcriticism.Ithasbeen usedthroughouthistoryto"ridiculeproblemsinsociety,government,businesses,andindividualsin ordertobringattentiontocertainfollies,vices,andabuses,aswellastoleadtoimprovements" (SatireExamples).JonathanSwift'sAModestProposalisoneofthemostfamoussatiricalessays everwrittenSwiftutilizessatireastheprimaryelementtoattackleadingopinionsofhisdayin Irelandaboutpoorpeopleandsuggestsabarbaricalternativefor"fixing"thepovertyissue.He beginsbycriticizingthemiserablefateofthepoverty–strickenIrishwhohavetospendalltheirtime tryingtofeedtheirlargefamiliesBycorrelatingtheharshtreatmentofchildrentotheproblemsthat Irelandwashavingwithpovertyandoverpopulationinthe1700s,Swiftusesdifferentmeansof satiricalmethods,suchashyperbole,sustainedirony,sarcasm,serioustone,diction,andsyntaxwith statisticalshowmorecontent
With120,000Irishchildrenoutofthepopulationbeingsetasidefordinner,hissolution,hereasons, willalsohelptoresolvetheissuesofoverpopulationandunemploymentinIreland,givingtheIrish economyamuchneededboost,whilemakingiteasierforEnglandtodealwithitsunrulyIrish subjects.Swiftdoesn'tsincerelywantthepeopleofIrelandtoselltheirchildrenasfood,buthe's usingtheoutrageousconcepttodeliveramessage.
AModestProposalisfilledwithmoralindignationtowardstheunfairtreatmentofthepoorfromthe governmentHisbitterstyleofwritingisclassicJuvenaliansatirewhereinSwift'shatredisbarely
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Ifthereisauniversalaspectofdevelopedsocietiesitmostlikelyexpressesitselfinsatire.Satire,as definedbyGoogleistheuseofhumor,irony,exaggeration,orridiculetoexposeandcriticize people'sstupidityorvices,particularlyinthecontextofcontemporarypoliticsandothertopical issues.ItseemstobeespeciallyprevalentinthecurrentclimateofAmerica,fromSouthParktothe Oniononeneverhastogofartogetentertainingcommentaryonthesocialorpoliticalhappenings oftheday.Satireisnotanewliterarydeviceandsatiricalworkshavebeendocumentedinsocieties asancientastheearlyEgyptianempire.Ithasmaderegularappearancesinworksofliteratureever sinceDespitethewidespreadandlongstandingpresenceofsatireontheearth,therearemanywho wouldsaythatsatireisalargelyAmericanpractice.Thisobservationislikelyduetothefactthat oneoftheworld'smostfamoussatiristswasborninAmericaandoftentimesmadeAmericathe subjectofhisworks.Thisman'snamewasMarkTwainandheusedhisintimateknowledgeoflife intheSouthtowriteseveralsatiricalworkscommentingonthemoredisagreeablepracticesof SouthernsocietyHismostfamoussatiricalwork,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnisrifewith satiricalcommentaryontopicssuchasracism,religion,andromanticism.Inthisnovel,Twainuses hissatiricalskillstocriticizewhatheviewsasnegativeaspectsofSouthernsociety,aspectssuchas
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Foralaugh,really.Ifeelliketheauthorwantedtoputoutsomethingnewandexcitingwith situationsthatwereveryrealisticwhilstbeingcomedic.Ipersonallythinkthatthisbookserieswas intendedforanolderaudience.It'sprettysatiricalwithhumorthatwouldappealtosomeonelooking backonmiddleschoolasopposedtosomeoneexperiencingitatthattime.
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ThroughoutTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnbyMarkTwaintherearealotofusesofsatire. Satireis"theuseofirony,sarcasm,ridicule,orthelike,inexposing,denouncing,orderidingvice, folly,etc"(Dictionary.com).WiththisliterarydeviceTwainbroughtawholenewleveltothestory. Thebookwaspublishedin1885whenrealismwasbecomingmorepopularinliterature.Three specifictimessatireisusedinHuckleberryFinnarewhenthereistheon–goingfightbetweenthe Shepherdson'sandtheGrangerford's,whentheymeettheKingandtheDuke,andhowJimand HuckaregoingsouthinorderforJimtoescapeslavery.ThefightbetweentheGrangerford'sand Shepherdson'sispokingfunattheCivilWarAnexampleofhumorshowmorecontent InthebookHuckhadtouchedasnakesskinwhichJimbelievedwasbadluckandthatthehadtodo specificthingsinordertoridthebadluck.ThehysteriaonbadlucktakescontroloverJimandeven getsHuckintoit.AfterhehadtouchedthesnakeskinHuckbelieveditwasbadluckthatthesnake bitJim'sfoot.Thisisusinghumortomakefunofreligionbecauseitisalmostlikesinning,and God'spunishmentTherearecertainritualstocureoneofthosesins,liketherewasaritualtogetrid ofthebadluckthatHuckeduced.Aftertheritualtherewasstillaconsequencebecauseofstupidity, andnotbadluck.Twainusedhumorbecausehecomparesreligiontobadluckcausedbyasnake skin.Hisresultsareeffectivebecauseitwaseasytoidentifyhisuseofsatire.Itshowsthatyourlife cannotrelyonsuperstitionandbeliefandyoumustaccepttheconsequencesforyouractions.These threeexamplesofsatireusedinTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnhelpedwiththedevelopment ofthestoryandshowedthestorywasnotjustaboutHuck,butalsoaboutimportantpoliticalissues. TheGrangerfordandShepherdsonfeudwasaboutthecivilwarandtheconstantfightingbetween thenorthandsouthThekingandthedukeareexamplesofcorruptioningovernmentandironyThe constantthemeofluckisshowingpeopleviewsonreligion.Twainaccomplishedhisgoalof showingcorruptionthroughhisuseofsatirethroughoutthe
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DuringtheAgeofEnlightenment,peoplebeganbelievinginandrelyinguponrationalthought insteadofreligiousdogmatoexplaintheworld.Thisnewfoundemphasisonrationalitypromoteda breadthoffreedominspeechthatwaspreviouslyunknown,afactwhichwasutilizedby philosopherssuchasJohnLocke,Rousseau,andSirIsaacNewton.Inaddition,theAgeof Enlightenmentproducedfamouswriterswhodidn'tagreewiththeirrationalpoliticsandold traditionsoftheirrespectivecountries,andinsteadrelieduponwitandsatiretoexposethe corruptionandpoorhumanconditionexistingaroundthem.TheseEnlightenmentwritersuseirony intheirsatirestogettheirinterpretationsregardingthehumanconditionacross InTartuffe,...showmorecontent...
Heguidesourlives,andtoprotectmyhonorStaysbymywife,andkeepsaneyeuponher;Hetells mewhoshesees,andallshedoes(Molière26)
SinceOrgonwasblindedbyTartuffe'sspiritualstature,OrgondidnotnoticethatTartuffewas actuallycovetinghiswife;dramaticironywasusedhereinthatOrgon'sfamilyandtheaudience alreadyknowthatTartuffeisablackguard.Laterinthestory,Orgonfinallychangeshismindabout TartuffewhenheseesTartuffetryingtoseducehiswife,butitwastoolatetomakeTartuffeleave thehousebecausebythen,Tartuffeownedit.You'rejusttheproperpersontoremindme.Come, youareofftojointheotherboardersIntheKing'sprison,accordingtohisorders(Molière66) Situationalironywasusedinthattheoppositehappensthenwhatoneisleadtoexpectbecause officersusuallydonottakesidesduringanaltercationbetweentwopeoplewithoutevidence;ifthat wasthecase,Orgonwouldhavegonetojailfortrespassing,ashehadsignedallofhisbelongings overtoTartuffeMolièreusedtheoldRomancomedytackonhappyendingtosymbolizethat malevolencewillneverprevail.
Inadditiontousingironytoattackreligioushypocrisy,Voltaire'sCandideusesironytocontestthe ineffectivenessoflogicalconjecture,thedemoralizationofpeoplebygreed,and
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FamoussatiricalauthorintheGildedage,MarkTwain,inhis"DreamsDissipated",arguestheGreat EarthquakeinSanFranciscoin1865hadrevealedthetrueanimal–likebehavioroftheeliteand otherpeoplewithafollowing.Twain'spurposeistounveilthetruenatureoftheeliteandinfluential publicfigurestoshowtheyarenotsuperiorthanthegeneralpublic,inorderforhisaudiencenotto seekguidancefromtheeliteandviewthemaspeoplewithflawsTwainadoptsamockingtonefor hisaudiencewhomayblindlyfollowtheeliteandothergroups,aswelltoanaudiencewhomaybe unawareofthe'true'effectithadonthepeopleofSanFrancisco.Twainsupportsthisclaimbyfirst usingintricatedescriptionsforeachscenariotakingshowmorecontent
Insteadofsimplystatingthatlargesumsofpeoplewerefleeingfromtheirhomes,Twaingivesthe houseshuman–likefeaturesbystatingitisvomitingpeople.Bydoingso,ithelpsreadershavea morevivifiedimageoftheeventsandgainabetterapprehension.Thefactthatthehouseswere "vomiting"astheearthquakewasoccurring,helpscreateaninsightforthereadersthatalotof peoplewereattemptingtoescapetheirhomeswiththebestoftheirabilitiesastheirhousescollapse Crowdswereexitingtheirhomesallatoncetosavethemselvesandtheirfamilies,makingseemasif thehouseweregagging.Furthermore,Twainappliedhyperboleinhiswritingwhiledescribing womenwhohad"raided"theirhusbands'pursestoforcethemtobuythelatestfashionbecausethey wantedtomimictheelitewomen,meanwhilethehusbands"suffered"astheywatched.Twainhad exaggeratedthescene,byportrayingthewiveswhohadattackedtheirhusbands,butwheninfact, theydidnot.Inreality,womenwereurgingtheirhusbandstopurchasecertainitems,notphysically attackingthehusbandsintheprocess.Whereasthehusbands,werenotnecessarilysufferingatall, excepttheymayhavebeenrestlessduetothefactthattheywerewaitingfortheirwivesThrough theuseofpersonificationandhyperbole,Twaindescribestheearthquake
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NadineGordimerdevelopsthethemeof"fearoftheunknown"inhershortstoryOnceUpona Time,byusingmethodssuchasironyandsatire.OnceUponaTimeisafictionstoryaboutacity thatiscorruptwithcrime,riots,andracism.Afamilymadeupofahusband,wife,littleboy,anda housemaidareconstantlyimprovingthesecurityoftheirhome,becausetheyareafraidofthe burglarsandcriminalsrunningthroughtheirstreetsThestoryiswrittenasamockFairyTaleand pokesfunatFairyTalereferences,suchashappilyeverafter,oldwitch,andthesleepingbeauty. However,thestorycontrastsacommonFairyTalebymentioningthingssuchascasualweaponry, terriblethingshappeningtochildren,andmanydifferentformsofironyTheironyoftoomuch safetyinthestoryhelpsdevelopthethemeof"fear...showmorecontent...
Thisinterchangeablemoodhelpstodevelopthethemeofthestoryasitpokesfunatthefamily's stupidity.Thefamilyisafraidandthisfearleadsthemtomakingsomeverybadchoices.Thesatire oftheFairyTalefamilybuildingtheirownprisonaroundthemselvesandbeingthecauseoftheir child'sdeathaddstothemockFairyTalethemeandisthecauseoftheinterchangeablemoodofthe story.Thefamilyissupposedtobelivinghappilyeverafterintheirhome,buttheyarefarfrom happybytheendofthestory.Therepetitionofthewords"happilyeverafter"inthestoryaddtothe ironyofthefamilylivingaterriblelife.Thefamilydoesalltheycantoprotectthemselvesfromthe fearthattheyhaveofwhatcouldhappentothem.Thesatireinthestorymakesthereaderfeellike thefamilyisstupidforbuildingtheirownprisonaroundthemselvesThefamilywhoissupposedto bekeptsafeandfreefromharmhasjustharmedthemselves,becauseoftheirfearofthe
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