2020 State of the Fishery: Rajungan Fishery by BGA Ltd

APRI

$ KepMen

$/ yr $ / kg kg / hr

Fishery FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712 Indonesia Rajungan Consortium

2020 State of the Fishery

2020 State of the Fishery Rajungan Fishery NATIONAL LEVEL INCLUDING A FOCUS ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712 produced by:

Stuart J. Green, BGA UK Ltd. Katherina Tjandra with support from Dr. Jeremy Prince Graphics & layout: SSIC Copy editing:

Asuncion Sia

contact:

stuart@bluegreenadvisors.com The author takes responsibility for all errors herein, and warmly welcomes feedback from all stakeholders and partners that wish to help us enhance this report and its final iteration in 2022.

production date:

March 2021

cover photo:

Sorting rajungan on ice at a crab processing factory. ©Raditya/ Shutterstock

supported by:

Grant #2020-70441 from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and Application #00102001 of the Walton Family Foundation.

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

Ringkasan Eksekutif

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Ini adalah laporan kedua dari tiga laporan ‘Status Perikanan’ tahunan yang mencakup tahun 2019–2021 yang diproduksi di bawah Indonesia Rajungan Initiative (Prakarsa Rajungan Indonesia) dari David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Packard Foundation) dan Walton Family Foundation (WFF). Perikanan rajungan adalah salah satu dari tiga pola dasar perikanan yang didukung oleh Packard Foundation dan WFF melalui Konsorsium Rajungan, sekelompok lembaga/institusi yang bekerja di bidang perikanan ini di empat provinsi (Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Lampung, dan Jawa Barat) yang berbatasan dengan Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Laut Jawa (WPP 712). Kemajuan pekerjaan ini diukur dengan menggunakan 14 indikator berdasarkan Teori Perubahan dan rencana kerja bersama yang disepakati bersama oleh anggota konsorsium. Indikatornya terbagi dalam empat kategori: Kondisi Kesehatan Perikanan Status Ekonomi Perikanan Tata Kelola Nasional Tata Kelola Daerah

Kondisi Kesehatan Perikanan – Indikator A, B Dua indikator digunakan untuk mengukur kesehatan perikanan. Hasil tahun 2020 adalah sebagai berikut: Indikator A: Rasio potensi pemijahan (SPR) yang menunjukkan status stok. Pada tahun 2020 SPR di Lampung meningkat dari 27% pada tahun 2019 menjadi 32%, dan di Jawa Tengah meningkat dari 25,1% pada tahun 2019 menjadi 33%. Sementara itu, SPR di Jawa Timur tetap hampir stabil, dengan hanya sedikit penurunan dari 26,9% pada tahun 2019 menjadi 26% tahun ini. Berdasarkan tinjauan data eksternal dengan interval kepercayaan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa tanpa adanya upaya pengendalian, stok tetap berada dalam keadaan menurun secara perlahan-lahan tetapi masih dalam tingkat di mana hasil maksimum yang berkelanjutan dapat dicapai (yaitu, SPR 20-30%). Data Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur juga telah ditinjau menggunakan metodologi ini oleh Prince dkk. (2020). Untuk lokasi perluasan konsorsium di Jawa Barat, pengumpulan data baru dimulai pada tahun 2021, sehingga diharapkan datanya akan tersedia di laporan tahun depan..

Indikator B: Tangkapan per unit usaha (CPUE). CPUE diperkirakan untuk subset alat tangkap prioritas di daerah penangkapan yang dipilih yang menunjukkan variabilitas yang cukup besar di seluruh perikanan. Tidak seperti Indikator A (SPR), data yang tersedia untuk indikator ini hampir tidak dapat digunakan untuk menyimpulkan hasilnya. Diperlukan kumpulan data selama bertahun-tahun dan metodologi pengumpulan yang distandarisasi untuk mendapatkan tren CPUE. Data yang ada saat ini hanya berguna untuk memahami alat tangkap yang digunakan di setiap lokasi.

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RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Status Ekonomi Perikanan – Indikator D, K, L, M, N Ada lima indikator untuk status ini dengan hasil tahun 2020 sebagai berikut: Indicator D: Government budget allocations for rajungan fishery management. Perlu dicatat bahwa data baseline (2019) telah ditinjau berdasarkan sumber data dari pemerintah dan dikoreksi menjadi dana sebenarnya yang dialokasikan untuk perikanan rajungan dan bukan hanya “total alokasi perikanan umum” yang digunakan pada tahun 2019. Namun masing-masing provinsi memiliki cara yang berbeda dalam mengalokasikan anggarannya untuk perikanan dan tidak ada alokasi khusus untuk itu perikanan rajungan. Oleh karena itu, di Lampung data dikumpulkan dari hasil wawancara yang lebih subjektif dengan staf pemerintah oleh mitra konsorsium. Indikator K: Nilai ekspor rajungan per provinsi. Sekitar USD 175 juta rajungan diekspor dari WPP 712 pada tahun 2020. Ini meningkat lebih dari 11% dari angka tahun lalu sebesar USD 157,6 juta di tengah penurunan harga yang cukup besar di pasar internasional, yang menunjukkan peningkatan volume ekspor yang signifikan. Salah satu faktor eksternal yang mungkin mempengaruhi angka ini adalah meningkatnya impor rajungan tanpa diolah ke Indonesia (untuk diekspor kembali sebagai produk olahan). Indikator L: Perubahan harga ekspor rajungan. Indikator ini melacak perubahan harga ekspor rajungan di setiap provinsi prioritas, seperti yang dilaporkan oleh statistik pemerintah. Disesuaikan dengan inflasi berdasarkan harga tahun 2019, rata-rata harga ekspor bulan Januari-Juni 2020 adalah sebagai berikut: Jawa Tengah – USD 20,70/kg; Jawa Timur – USD 17,70/kg; Lampung – USD 21,31/kg; dan Jawa Barat – USD 19,89/kg. Harga di Jawa Tengah hanya turun 4% dari harga rata-rata setahun penuh 2019 sebesar USD 21,57/ kg, tetapi secara keseluruhan, harganya jauh lebih rendah daripada harga 2019, di mana harga di Jawa Timur turun 31% dari tahun lalu sebesar USD 25,62/kg; di Lampung turun 32% dari USD 21,31/ kg; dan di Jawa Barat turun 10% dari USD 22,08/kg. Indikator M: Persentase daging kepiting jumbo dalam total ekspor daging rajungan. Karena tidak ada data mentah, metrik ekuivalen berdasarkan Indikator A (SPR) digunakan untuk memperkirakan persentase daging kepiting jumbo dalam total ekspor daging rajungan. Di Jawa Tengah dan Lampung, daging kepiting jumbo diperkirakan menyumbang 23% dari total ekspor daging rajungan pada tahun 2020 (naik 5% dari 18% pada tahun 2019), sedangkan di Jawa Timur, proporsi ini stabil pada 18%.

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Rajungan untuk dijual di pasar lokal. ©Shutterstock

Indikator N: Variasi pendapatan nelayan dan pengepul dari perikanan rajungan. Data baseline tentang variasi pendapatan nelayan dan pengepul dari perikanan ini dikumpulkan pada tahun 2019, tetapi belum ada pengumpulan data untuk periode pelaporan tahun 2020 ini. Pada tahun 2019, nelayan yang menggunakan alat perangkap memperoleh antara USD 643 dan USD 1.411 di tiga lokasi di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, nelayan dengan jaring insang di Jawa Tengah memperoleh USD 972-1.973, dan pengepul memperoleh dari USD 4.277 (Jawa Timur) hingga USD7.709 (Jawa Tengah).

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RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Tata Kelola Nasional – Indikator F, G, J Ada tiga indikator untuk kategori ini dengan hasil tahun 2020 sebagai berikut: Indikator F: Kemajuan menuju harmonisasi pengelolaan perikanan rajungan di tingkat WPP dan provinsi. Jawa Tengah, Lampung dan Jawa Barat semuanya telah mencapai peringkat Kategori 1 di bawah indikator ini (rencana pengelolaan perikanan rajungan tingkat provinsi telah diakui di tingkat WPP), naik dari peringkat kategori 0 di tahun 2019. Jawa Timur belum meresmikan kelompok kerja provinsi, sehingga tetap tanpa peringkat. Indikator G: Kemajuan menuju keputusan menteri tentang Strategi Panen (Harvest Strategy) Rajungan. Dokumen Harvest Strategy yang mendefinisikan titik referensi batas (limit reference point – LRP) dan titik referensi target (target reference point – TRP) telah diadopsi melalui perintah dari Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Tangkap, tetapi draft sementara dari harvest strategy tidak memiliki mekanisme upaya dan pengendalian tangkapan, sehingga tetap pada peringkat level 0.

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Indikator J: Proyek Perbaikan Perikanan (FIP) mencapai kinerja positif. Perikanan Jaring insang/Perangkap Ikan Asosiasi Pengelolaan Rajungan Indonesia (APRI) sedang dilacak menggunakan tolok ukur Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) seperti yang dijelaskan di FisheryProgress. org. Meskipun FIP sekarang berfokus pada lokasi-lokasi di Pulau Madura di lepas pantai timur laut Jawa, indikator ini masih melacak seluruh Laut Jawa sebagai unit penilaian. Untuk tahun 2020, skor kinerja FIP adalah 36% hijau (lulus tanpa syarat), 46% kuning (lulus dengan ketentuan), dan 18% merah (gagal). Ini menunjukkan sedikit lebih lemah daripada skor 43% hijau, 46% kuning dan 11% merah yang dicapai tahun lalu, dan berkorelasi dengan hasil dari pra-penilaian yang dilakukan dalam kemitraan dengan MSC dan beberapa peningkatan pemahaman tentang perikanan jaring insang dan dampaknya pada spesies yang langka, terancam dan dilindungi serta indikator tata kelola.

Tata Kelola Daerah – Indikator C, E, H, I Ada empat indikator untuk kategori ini dengan hasil tahun 2020 sebagai berikut: Indikator C: Komite Rajungan (didukung) menunjukkan kemajuan menuju pengelolaan adaptif. Indikator ini melihat setiap lokasi (provinsi, kabupaten, dan desa) dan memeringkatnya dalam skala kemajuan dari 0 (komite tidak dibentuk) hingga 5 (komite yang mempraktikkan pengelolaan adaptif). Tidak ada perubahan peringkat untuk lokasi mana pun, kecuali di satu desa di Jawa Tengah di mana komite maju dari Tahap 0 ke Tahap 1 (didirikan secara hukum). Provinsi Jawa Tengah dinilai pada tahun 2019 pada peringkat tertinggi (Tahap 5) dan mampu mempertahankan peringkat tersebut pada tahun 2020; kabupaten yang dipantau di provinsi tersebut tetap berada di Tahap 0 dan 2, dan satu desa di Tahap 4. Di Lampung, yang fokusnya hanya pada pengelolaan tingkat provinsi, provinsi tersebut dinilai pada tahun 2019 di Tahap 4, yang tetap dipertahankan, sedangkan Jawa Timur dan Jawa Barat masih belum membentuk komite di tingkat pemerintahan mana pun (Tahap 0). Statusnya telah membaik pada tahun 2020, terlepas dari dampak COVID.

Indikator E: Pelibatan dan pemberdayaan kelompok pemangku kepentingan lokal untuk pengelolaan perikanan rajungan. Indikator ini menilai lembaga tingkat desa dan asosiasi orang perantara/pabrik mini dengan skala kemajuan dari 0 (diatur secara longgar) hingga 4 (membuat rekomendasi pengelolaan perikanan). Dua organisasi baru dibentuk pada tahun 2020, sehingga total menjadi 22. Lampung menyumbang 18 dari 22 kelompok, sedangkan Jawa Tengah memiliki tiga kelompok dan Jawa Timur memiliki satu (program Jawa Barat belum mulai mengidentifikasi organisasi). Semua kelompok sekarang telah resmi dibentuk (Tahap 1), dan sebagian besar tampaknya menjadi lebih aktif dengan pertemuan (Tahap 2), hanya menyisakan tiga grup di Tahap 1 (dari 15 grup di 2019). Sekarang ada 15 grup di Tahap 2 (naik dari nol di 2019), dan empat grup di Tahap 3 (tidak ada perubahan).

Indikator H: Desa yang melaksanakan praktik pengelolaan rajungan. Laporan baseline menyoroti dua lokasi di Jawa Tengah (Betahwalang dan Gedongmulyo) yang melaksanakan pengumpulan data stok dan registrasi nelayan; keduanya tidak ada perkembangan pada tahun 2020. Di Jawa Timur, peraturan desa baru diadopsi di Desa Pagagan tahun ini untuk memastikan bahwa kapal terdaftar dan memiliki izin, enumerator sedang mengumpulkan data, dan rajungan bertelur dikembalikan dalam waktu lima menit setelah penangkapan. Sementara itu, lima desa di Lampung terus menerapkan praktik pengelolaan rajungan yang dimulai pada 2019, dan juga inisiasi kawasan tertutup rajungan muda (juvenil) dan deteksi alat tangkap yang merusak sebagai bagian dari rencana provinsi.

Banyak kemajuan yang dicapai dalam berbagai indikator selama pandemi global, atau bahkan ada data yang tersedia dari tahun lalu mengingat adanya gangguan global. Meskipun pandemi memotong perjalanan dan interaksi antara staf, pemerintah, dan komunitas, kemajuan tahun 2020 sangat bagus. Memiliki enumerator di desa-desa dan bekerja dengan organisasi berbasis masyarakat setempat yang didukung oleh unit provinsi telah memungkinkan sebagian besar anggota Konsorsium untuk melanjutkan pengumpulan data dan bekerja selama pandemi. Terdapat variasi dalam data yang dilaporkan, tetapi secara keseluruhan, hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa kesehatan stok rajungan tetap stabil, meskipun di balik variasi data, tren perlahan-lahan mengarah ke bawah dan akan terus berlanjut hingga ada pengelolaan sistematis yang membatasi upaya penangkapan. Secara keseluruhan, upaya penangkapan tampaknya telah setidaknya sejalan dengan tahun sebelumnya, dengan volume ekspor yang meningkat di tengah harga komoditas global yang lebih rendah. Ini menunjukkan tidak ada penurunan tekanan penangkapan yang dapat menguntungkan stok. Menarik untuk melihat data tahun 2021 dan melihat dampak dari data tersebut. Tampaknya ada kemajuan yang baik secara keseluruhan dalam pengembangan kelembagaan untuk mendukung kondisi yang memungkinkan bagi tata kelola dalam perikanan ini. Gabungan organisasi tingkat desa, kabupaten, dan provinsi di Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, dan Lampung terus bertahan dan, dalam beberapa kasus, terjadi peningkatan. Pada tahun 2021 diharapkan Jawa Barat mulai mengejar ketertinggalan dengan ketiga provinsi lainnya. Pada bulan Maret 2020, Harvest Strategy Rajungan Nasional disetujui, yang memberikan kejelasan seputar titik referensi target (target reference point – TRP) dan titik referensi batas (limit reference point – LRP) untuk perikanan. Strategi ini mengadopsi SPR sebagai metode utama untuk menilai stok, sehingga ada sistematisasi pengumpulan dan pemantauan data. Tidak disebutkan intervensi pengelolaan apa pun yang harus dilakukan ketika stok mencapai batas kritis yang lebih rendah, tetapi menjelang akhir tahun 2020, KKP memperkenalkan kemungkinan intervensi pengelolaan yang dimandatkan secara nasional, seperti alokasi tangkapan yang diizinkan. NFI dan APRI dengan cepat dan terbuka menolak upaya alokasi tersebut. Membiarkan pemerintah pusat memilih,

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Indikator I: Pabrik mini sesuai dengan dokumen kendali industri. Indikator ini memantau kepatuhan dengan ukuran minimum pendaratan, dokumentasi tangkapan yang benar, dan tidak ada penangkapan ilegal (kepiting bertelur dan berukuran <10 cm) yang diproses. Inisiatif ini diarahkan dan didanai oleh APRI dengan dukungan dari Dewan Rajungan National Fisheries Institute (NFI) untuk memastikan nelayan dapat menjaga pernyataan publik tentang legalitas dan ketertelurusan produk mereka. Meskipun 75% pabrik mini di Jawa diaudit pada tahun 2019, tidak ada audit yang dilakukan pada tahun 2020. Diharapkan proses audit akan dilaksanakan pada tahun 2021.

APRI

membimbing, dan mengawasi dari Jakarta terkait penerapan skema pengelolaan untuk rajungan bukanlah model yang akan bekerja secara efisien. Rajungan adalah spesies yang menghabiskan seluruh hidupnya di perairan provinsi, jadi model terbaik untuk mengelolanya adalah dengan memampukan pemerintah provinsi untuk merencanakan dan memberikan dukungan untuk pengelolaan di tingkat kabupaten dan desa. Peluang untuk mendapatkan dukungan KKP terletak pada mempertahankan pelarangan cantrang, meningkatkan kepatuhan pada batas ukuran, dan menerapkan pelarangan menangkap betina hamil, sambil mendukung penerapan APRI dalam proses dokumen kontrol industri. Dukungan lainnya dapat berupa bantuan teknis tambahan dan penyediaan sumberdaya untuk Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan (DKP) Provinsi dan dukungan untuk pembentukan dan kapasitasi WPP 712. Di tingkat nasional, APRI dan KKP telah mengintegrasikan pengumpulan data kesehatan stok dan sistem enumerator untuk menyediakan data yang terstandardisasi dan teratur langsung ke Tim Penilai/Pengkaji Stok KKP. Ini adalah pertama kalinya di Indonesia data yang dikumpulkan oleh industri dimasukkan secara langsung (tanpa perantara) ke dalam sistem penilaian/kajian stok KKP untuk dianalisis. Tahap berikutnya dari pekerjaan ini adalah memastikan bahwa pemerintah provinsi dan komite penasihat sains memiliki akses untuk analisis, dan bahwa datanya mengkonfirmasi keefektifan intervensi pengelolaan dari waktu ke waktu. Kepemimpinan dalam industri perikanan rajungan harus dipuji karena telah membawa nilai tambah pada pekerjaan konsorsium. Partisipasi asosiasi industri dalam konsorsium melalui NFI dan APRI, dan keterlibatan mereka dengan pengolah individu, pengepul, dan pembeli yang menyediakan dukungan rantai pasokan dari pasar, jarang terlihat di perikanan lain secara global dan terlebih lagi di Indonesia. APRI bekerja sama dengan satu anggota konsorsium, Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP), untuk meningkatkan kegiatan mereka dengan mengalihkan dari kegiatan-kegiatan di masyarakat (garis depan) di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, ke kegiatan strategis terkait pengelolaan bersama dan aliansi nelayan di seluruh perikanan rajungan. SFP bertujuan untuk membangun inisiatif baru yang menarik untuk menghubungkan nelayan rajungan di seluruh Indonesia.

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

Executive Summary

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

This is the second of three annual ‘State of the Fishery’ reports covering the years 2019-2021 to be produced under the Indonesia Rajungan Initiative of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Packard Foundation) and Walton Family Foundation (WFF). The rajungan (blue swimming crab) fishery is one of three archetypal fisheries being supported by investments from the Packard Foundation and WFF through the Rajungan Consortium, a group of implementers working on the fishery in four provinces (Central Java, East Java, Lampung, and West Java) that border the Java Sea Fisheries Management Area (WPP 712). Progress on this work is measured using 14 indicators based on a Theory of Change and joint work plan mutually agreed by Consortium members. The indicators fall under four categories: Fishery Health Fishery Economic Status National Governance Local Governance

Fishery Health – Indicators A, B Two indicators are used to measure fishery health. The 2020 results are as follows: Indicator A: Spawning potential ratio (SPR) indicating stock status. The SPR in 2020 increased to 32% for Lampung from 27% in 2019, and to 33% for Central Java from 25.1% in 2019. For East Java, it has stayed almost stable, with only a slight decline from 26.9% in 2019 to 26% this year. Based on an external data review with confidence intervals, it can be concluded that, given no control on effort, the stocks remain in roughly the same slowly declining state but are still within the levels where maximum sustainable yield can be achieved (i.e., SPR 20-30%). The Central and East Java data have also been reviewed using the methodology by Prince et al. (2020). For the Consortium’s expansion site in West Java, data collection has only recently begun in 2021, so the baseline is expected in next year’s report.

Indicator B: Catch per unit effort (CPUE). CPUE was estimated for a subset of priority fishing gears in selected fishing grounds, showing considerable variability across the fishery. Unlike Indicator A (SPR), there is significant noise in the data for this indicator. Little can be inferred from the results until we have multiple years of data and a standardized collection methodology across the various fisheries. The data in its current form is best used to understand the gears in use in each location.

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RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Fishery Economic Status – Indicators D, K, L, M, N There are five indicators for this aspect of the rajungan work as described below, with the 2020 results for each: Indicator D: Government budget allocations for rajungan fishery management. Note that the baseline (2019) data have been reviewed with government sources and corrected to be the actual funds allocated to rajungan fisheries and not just “total general fisheries allocation” that was used in 2019. However, each province has a different way of allocating its budget for fisheries and there is no specific allocation to rajungan. For Lampung, data was collected from more subjective interviews of government staff by Consortium partners. Indicator K: Value of rajungan exports per province. About USD 175 million in rajungan was exported from WPP 712 in 2020. This is an increase of more than 11% from last year’s figure of USD157.6 million amid a considerable price drop on the international market, indicating a significant expansion in export volume. One externality that may have influenced this number is the increase in unprocessed crab imports into Indonesia (for re-export as processed products). Indicator L: Changes in export price of rajungan. This indicator tracks changes in the export price of rajungan in each of the priority provinces, as reported by government statistics. Adjusted for inflation based on 2019 prices, the average export prices in January-June 2020 were as follows: Central Java – USD 20.70/kg; East Java – USD 17.70/kg; Lampung – USD 21.31/kg; and West Java – USD 19.89/kg. The price in Central Java was down only 4% from the full-year 2019 average price of USD 21.57/kg, but overall, prices were significantly lower than the 2019 prices, dropping 31% in East Java from last year’s USD 25.62/kg; by 32% in Lampung from USD 21.31/kg; and by 10% in West Java from USD 22.08/kg. Indicator M: Percentage of jumbo crab meat in total rajungan meat exports. In the absence of raw data, an equivalent metric based on Indicator A (SPR) is used to approximate the percentage of jumbo lump meat in total rajungan meat exports. In Central Java and Lampung, jumbo lump meat was estimated to make up 23% of total rajungan meat exports in 2020 (up 5 percentage points from 18% in 2019), while in East Java, this proportion was steady at 18%.

Indicator N: Variation in fishers’ and collectors’ incomes from rajungan fishery. Baseline data on variations in fishers’ and collectors’ incomes from the fishery was collected in 2019, but no data collection has been done for this 2020 reporting period. In 2019, trap fishers earned between USD 643 and USD 1,411 across three sites in Central and East Java, gillnet fishers in Central Java earned USD 972-1,973, and collectors earned from USD 4,277 (East Java) to as much as USD 7,709 (Central Java).

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Rajungan for sale at a local market. ©Shutterstock

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RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

National Governance – Indicators F, G, J There are three indicators for this aspect of the rajungan work as described below, with the 2020 results for each: Indicator F: Progress towards harmonizing WPP-level and provinciallevel rajungan fishery management. Central Java, Lampung and West Java have all achieved Category 1 rating under this indicator (provincial-level rajungan fishery management plan recognized at the WPP level). East Java has yet to formalize its provincial working group and therefore remains without a rating. Central Java, Lampung and West Java have all achieved Category 1 rating up from category 0 rating in 2019. Indicator G: Progress towards ministerial decree of Rajungan Harvest Strategy. The Harvest Strategy document defining the limit and target reference points has been adopted through an order by the Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, but the draft interim harvest strategy has no effort and catch control mechanisms and therefore remains at Level 0 rating.

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Indicator J: Fishery Improvement Project (FIP) achieving positive performance. The Indonesian Rajungan Association (APRI) Gillnet/Fish Trap Fishery is being tracked against the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) benchmarks as laid out at FisheryProgress.org. Although the FIP now focuses on sites at Madura Island off the northeast coast of Java, this indicator still tracks the entire Java Sea as the unit of assessment. For 2020, the FIP’s performance scores were 36% green (pass without conditions), 46% yellow (pass with conditions), and 18% red (fail). This is a slightly weaker showing than the 43% green, 46% yellow and 11% red scores achieved last year. It correlates with results from a pre-assessment done in partnership with MSC and some increased understanding of the gillnet fishery and its impact on endangered, threatened and protected species and governance indicators.

Local Governance – Indicators C, E, H, I There are four indicators for this aspect of the rajungan work as described below, with the 2020 results for each: Indicator C: Rajungan committees (supported) demonstrating progress towards adaptive management. This indicator looks at each site (province, district, and village) and rates it on a progress scale from 0 (committee not formed) to 5 (committee practicing adaptive management). There has been no change in the ratings for any of the sites, except for one village in Central Java where the committee progressed from Stage 0 to Stage 1 (legally established). The Province of Central Java was assessed in 2019 at the highest rating (Stage 5) and has been able to maintain this rating in 2020; the two districts being monitored in the province remain at Stage 0 and 2, and one village at Stage 4. In Lampung, where the focus is only on provincial-level management, the province was assessed in 2019 at Stage 4, where it has remained, while East Java and West Java have still not formed a committee at any government level (Stage 0). Overall status has improved in 2020, in spite of the impacts of COVID.

Indicator E: Local stakeholder group engagement and empowerment for rajungan fishery management. This indicator rates village-level institutions and middle-persons/mini-plant associations on a progress scale from 0 (loosely organized) to 4 (making fishery management recommendations). Two new organizations were formed in 2020, bringing the total to 22. Lampung accounts for 18 of the 22 groups, while Central Java has three groups and East Java has one (the West Java program has not begun identifying organizations). All groups have now been formally established (Stage 1), and most appear to have become more active with meetings (Stage 2), leaving only three groups at Stage 1 (from 15 groups in 2019). There are now 15 groups at Stage 2 (up from zero in 2019), and four groups at Stage 3 (no change).

viii

Indicator H: Villages implementing rajungan measures. The baseline report highlighted two sites in Central Java (Betahwalang and Gedongmulyo) as having some form of stock data collection and fisher registration; neither has progressed in 2020. In East Java, new village regulations were adopted in Pagagan village this year to ensure that vessels are registered and licensed, enumerators are collecting data, and berried rajungan are returned back to the water within five minutes of capture. Meanwhile, five Lampung villages continue to implement rajungan measures that started in 2019 and have also initiated juvenile closed areas and detection of destructive fishing gears as part of the provincial plan.

It is impressive how much progress was made across a variety of indicators during a global pandemic, or that there is even data available from last year given the global disruptions. Even though the pandemic cut travel and interactions between the staff, government, and communities, the 2020 progress was remarkably good. Having enumerators in the villages and working with local community-based organizations supported by provincial units has enabled most Consortium members to continue data collection and work during the pandemic. There is variation in the data being reported but, overall, the results show that the rajungan stock’s health remains steady, although behind the data variation, trends are slowly heading downwards and will continue that way until there is systematic management in place that restricts fishing effort. Fishing effort appears, on the whole, to have been at least on pace with the previous year’s, with export volume increasing amid lower global prices for the commodity. This indicates no reduction in fishing pressure that could benefit the stock. It will be interesting to see the 2021 data and see any knock-on effects. There is good progress overall in the development of institutions to support enabling conditions for governance in the fishery. A mix of village, district, and provincial-level organizations across Central Java, East Java, and Lampung were sustained and, in some cases, improved. In 2021, it is expected that West Java will begin to catch up with the other provinces. In March 2020, the National Rajungan Harvest Strategy was approved, providing clarity around the target and limit reference points for the fishery. This strategy adopts SPR as the primary method for assessing stocks, thus systematizing data collection and monitoring. It does not mention any management interventions that should happen when the stock reaches critical lower limits, but near the end of 2020, the Ministry introduced the possibility of nationally mandated management interventions like allowable catch allocations. NFI and APRI quickly and publicly rebutted such attempts. Having national government select, guide, and oversee from Jakarta the implementa-

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Indicator I: Mini-plants in compliance with industry control document. This indicator monitors compliance with minimum landing sizes, correct catch documentation, and no illegal catch (berried and undersized crab <10 cm) being processed. The initiative is steered and funded by APRI with support from the National Fisheries Institute (NFI)’s Crab Council to ensure fishers can keep public statements on their product’s legal and traceable source. Although 75% of Java-based mini-plants were audited in 2019, none were audited in 2020. Hopefully, the auditing process will resume in 2021.

APRI

tion of a management scheme for rajungan is not a model that would efficiently work. Rajungan is a species that spends its entire life within provincial waters, so the best model for managing it is to enable the provincial governments to plan and provide support for district- and village-level management. Opportunities for MMAF support lie in ensuring that the ban on cantrang (Danish seines/trawls) is maintained, adherence to size limits is improved, and the gravid female ban is implemented, while supporting APRI’s implementation of the industry’s control document process. Additional technical assistance and resource provision to the provincial marine and fisheries offices (DKPs) and support for the establishment and capacitation of WPP 712 would also be welcome. At the national level, APRI and MMAF have integrated their stock health data collection and enumerator system to provide standardized, regular data directly to the MMAF Stock Assessment Team. This is the first time in Indonesia where data collected by industry feeds directly (i.e., without an intermediary) into MMAF’s stock assessment system for analysis. The next phase of this work will be to ensure that the provincial governments and science advisory committees have access to the analysis, and that the data confirms the effectivenesss over time. Industry leadership should be commended for bringing additional value to the Consortium’s work. The industry association’s participation in the Consortium through both NFI and APRI, and their engagement with individual processors, middle-persons, and buyers providing supply-chain support from the markets, is rarely seen in other fisheries globally and more so in Indonesia. With one Consortium member, the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP), stepping away from frontline community work in Central and East Java to shift to strategic work on co-management and fishers alliances across the BSC fisheries, APRI is stepping up their frontline work. SFP aims to establish an exciting new initiative to connect rajungan fishers across Indonesia.

About This Report This is the second of three annual ‘State of the Fishery’ reports on the Indonesian rajungan (blue swimming crab) fishery covering the years 2019-2021, produced as part of the Indonesia Rajungan Initiative of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Packard Foundation) and Walton Family Foundation (WFF) for 2020-2023. It presents a summary of data covering January-December 2020, collected from secondary sources (government statistics and interviews) and provided by the following Indonesia Rajungan Consortium partners: Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP), Biospherics, Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), Marine Change, Starling Resources (SR), Coral Triangle Center (CTC), Indonesian Rajungan Association (APRI), and National Fisheries Institute (NFI)’s Crab Council. It is aimed primarily as a discussion piece to help explain a complex fishery and provide us with opportunities to learn from and feed back to both donors and implementers. Partners were provided with the full set of indicators, and group feedback sessions were conducted in March 2021 to validate and discuss the initial findings in this report. We would like to thank the partners who shared the data. The author takes responsibility for all errors herein and warmly welcomes feedback from all stakeholders and partners to help us enhance the report as we look forward to the final report in 2021.

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Measuring crab carapace (to check maturity) in Lampung.©Fadli/EDF

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

Rajungan Fishery Indicators

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

kg / hr

WPP

$ APRI

KepMen

WPP 712

$/ yr $ / kg

Total

Both the Packard Foundation and WFF had close to 20 years of investments in Indonesia before shifting their focus towards capture fisheries. Recognizing the complexity of Indonesia’s fisheries, they have opted to prioritize archetypal fisheries of particular economic and social significance. These fisheries include the rajungan fishery, which is of primary importance to many fishers, pickers, and processors that rely on it for livelihood, social, cultural, and economic benefits. Fourteen indicators, developed by the Consortium partners over the course of close to 12 months in 2019-2020, are used to measure key economic, social and environmental performance of the fishery and to track, over time, how the fishery is progressing towards sustainability.1 The indicators fall within four key categories: 1. Fishery Health – Indicators A, B

3. National Governance – Indicators F, J, G

2. Fishery Economic Status – Indicators D, K, L, M, N

4. Local Governance – Indicators C, E, H, I

The intent of these indicators is to: • To develop annual proxies to track progress, evaluate effectiveness, and capture learnings from work across four provinces within Fisheries Management Area (WPP) 712 (Figure 1 and Figure 2); • To align on methods used for monitoring and evaluation, and to capture and integrate learnings into strategies of both implementers and the donors; and • To track outputs from grants made in 2019 through to the end of 2023. The tracking of these indicators is not meant to ‘audit’ the Consortium’s work, but is a genuine attempt to identify proxies to track its impact and integrate that back into the TOC.

Rajungan tangled in a gillnet being picked at a landing site. ©Fadli/EDF

For more details about this work, see BSC Coalition Baseline Report 2019 – Google Drive

Sites and Responsible Organizations The indicators track changes at the village level (Table 1), as well as at the sub-district, district, provincial, WPP 712 and National levels. EDF and SR have assisted with providing data for Lampung and West Java; APRI, SFP and UNDIP have provided data on Central and East Java.1

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Sites

Table 1. Sites and Consortium partners collecting the data

SITES Provinces Central Java

Villages 1. Betahwalang Village, Bonang Sub-regency, Demak Regency 2. Gedongmulyo Village, Lasem Sub-regency, Rembang Regency

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATIONS SFP-UNDIP-APRI APRI-SFP

East Java

Central Lampung 6. Cabang-Seputih Village Regency Tulang Bawang Regency

EDF/SR

7. Kuala Teladas Village 8. Sungai Burung Village

West Java

9. Gebang Mekar Village 10. Waru Duwur Village

Indramayu District

11. Pabean Udik Village 12. Sukahaji Village

Karawang District

13. Sukajaya Village

Bekasi district

14. Pantai Bahagia Village

Figure 1. Geographical location of WPP 712 Figure 2. Geographical location of provinces and villages in WPP 712

KALIMANTAN

SUMATRA

Kuala Teladas Sungai Burung Central Lampung Cabang-Seputih East Margasari Lampung Java Sea Muara Bahagia Gading Mas Pantai Bekasi Sukajaya Karawang Gedongmulyo Madura Sukahaji Pabeanudik Waru Duwur Island Indramayu Cirebon Gebang Betahwalang Mekar Pagagan JAVA Tulang Bawang

Cirebon District

▶ ▶

3. Pagagan Village, Pamekasan Regency, APRI-SFP-UNDIP Madura Island Lampung (Sumatra) 4. Margasari Village East Lampung Regency 5. Muara Gading Mas Village

SR/EDF3

1 To access the full indicators reporting sheet and document articulating the indicators please go to: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nKX2wQSgR0MfMylQvId6euQltQ5qthvM/view?usp=sharing 2 Baseline data collection will begin in 2021. 3 West Java Site nomination complete.

Village (area of work) WPP area Indian Ocean Administrative boundary

WPP 712

Ocean

BALI 0

100

200 km

Sources: Land – Natural Earth Data. Available online at https://naturalearthdata.com/. Consulted on 2020-06-25; Fisheries Management Units – SSIC (2018). Fisheries Management Areas – Republic of Indonesia; Administrative boundaries and villages – Available online at GADM database (https://gadm.org), version 3.4, April 2018; EEZ – Flanders Marine Institute (2016). Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, version 1. Available online at http://marineregions.org/.

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Fishery Health

Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR) indicating stock status (Indicator A)

%SPR

The metric SPR provides an index of the risk of recruitment to the Rajungan fishery declining. It represents the percentage of unfished spawning potential retained under the Rajungan Harvest Strategy, i.e., the proportion of unfished reproductive potential left in the rajungan stock at any given level of fishing pressure. It is assessed using the methodology called Length-Based SPR assessment (LBSPR: Hordyk et al. 2015), which compares the length composition of the catch of adults to local estimates of size of maturity (L50) using estimates of the life history ratios (LHR): L50/L-infinity and M/k; where L50 is the size that 50% maturity is reached, L-infinity is the asymptotic size as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation, M is the rate of natural mortality and k is the Brody growth efficient as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation (Prince et al. in press).

2020 Status The SPR estimates below have been externally reviewed with confidence intervals. The Central and East Java data have also gone through a review using the methodology described by Prince, et al. (2020). The overall conclusion is that, given no control on effort, the stocks remain within levels where maximum sustainable yield is achievable, but are slowly declining. No estimates can be reported at this time for West Java, where data collection has only recently begun in 2021. 33.00

32.00 26.90 26.00

25.10

Enumerator-collected data per landing site using BRPL protocol (LBSPR methodology) as stipulated in the Rajungan Harvest Strategy

Central Java (c)

East Java

30% SPR

27.00

Lampung (b,d)

2023 TARGET

West Java (e)

2020 %SPR 2019 baseline %SPR (a)

Figure 3. Indicator A – 2020 Rajungan Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR) compared to 2019 baseline and 2023 target (30% SPR)

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Notes:

(a) Discussions with MMAF’s Marine Fisheries Research Center (BRPL) and APRI have integrated and standardized their analysis (b) The 2019 data are from the period February 2019 - January 2020 (c) The 2020 data for Central Java is the average SPR from three areas (Pemalang, Pati and Rembang): Pemalang

34%

Pati

28%

Rembang

37%

Avg: 33% (d) The preliminary 2020 SPR value for Lampung is provided by EDF. The final SPR is expected to be agreed and officially endorsed in March 2021 by the Scientific Advisory Group (SAG, Indonesian acronym: KPPRB) composed of representatives from BRPL, Bogor Agricultural Institute (IPB), and Marine Fisheries Research Institute (BPPL). The values assume the same life history ratios are being used across the fishery data source: https://drive.google.com/file/d/18Hd1D7bP2vWwiMU24by_t9BImicgqfbN/view?usp=sharing (e) No results yet; data collection has only recently started in 2021 for West Java.

CPUE is the rate at which rajungan are caught and is used to provide an index of stock abundance. It is calculated using the catch (kg) of rajungan taken by the number of traps set per hour of fishing, length of gillnet set per hour, or number of hours spent trawling. To determine the CPUE, the catch is divided by the level of effort expended. Representative subsampling of the main fishing gears in each village (e.g., gillnet and fish traps) provides an estimate of the level of effort applied to the fishery.

2020 Status CPUE for a subset of priority fishing gears in selected fishing grounds show considerable variability across the fishery. The data are also quite noisy, so it is easy to over-read into them and see a trend that does not exist. They can serve to understand what gear types are being used in each location, but little else can be deduced until multiple years of data and a standardized collection methodology across the various fisheries become available.

Betahwalang Gedongmulyo

CENTRAL JAVA (f)

Muara Gading Mas

N/A

2.89 kg/hr

2.85 kg/hr

6.34kg/hr

5.41 kg/hr

3.24 kg/hr

1.50 kg/hr

3.38 kg/hr

6.18 kg/hr

CabangSeputih

MD Missing Data – no data provided

MD Kuala Teladas

Sungai Burung

LAMPUNG (d,e,g)

Site 1

Site 2

WEST JAVA

Figure 4. Indicator B – CPUE estimates in 2020 for rajungan (kg/hour) using fish traps and gillnets, compared to 2019 baseline.

Notes:

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Gillnet (c)

Margasari

EAST JAVA (f)

3.71 kg/hr

1.72 kg/hr

1.70 kg/hr

1.30 kg/hr

15.70 kg/hr

N/A

Pagagan

Fish trap (a,b)

0.50 kg/hr

0.30 kg/hr

2.45 kg/hr

0.1 kg/hr

0.06 kg/hr

0.32 kg/hr

0.26 kg/hr

8.01 kg/hr

2019 baseline 2020

0.14 kg/hr

Primary data collected by enumerators on catch and effort data, specified by species and gear type. Electronic tracking devices such as global positioning systems (GPS) support collected data on fishing activity (time gear deployed) and number of fishing gears used

Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) stable within ±20% of median on a year-to-year basis (Indicator B)

0.10 kg/hr

kg per hour (gillnet, mini trawl, and fish traps) reported annually using a standard method as defined in the Rajungan Harvest Strategy. Numerator: Catch (kg); Denominator: Gear soak time per hour depending on gear type for the whole fishing year. For trawl (if it is tracked), CPUE is expressed as kg per hour per trawl

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Fishery Health

0.49 kg/hr

kg / hr

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

(a) We will be asking for a copy of the raw data and design an automation process in coming months, noting that CPUE needs very long-term data and a very standardized methodology for tracking and making meaningful sense of the data (b) CPUE gear, seasons and data collection methodology needs much longer-term data and further standardizing to be conducted for all data presented here (c) CPUE is calculated, first, on an individual observation basis; total crab catch/total effort. Total effort is the net length and soak time, meaning CPUE is kg/total effort. The numbers represent average daily CPUE across all observations, which is why it is important to show CPUE infomration

(d) (e) (f) (g)

as a trend, not an absolute number. We are also concerned about using the CPUE information because we are assuming that the gillnet lengths are the same, which we know is not the case. The 2019 gillnet data are from the period Feb 2019 - Jan 2020 The 2019 trap data are from Feb-Dec 2019 The 2020 data are from APRI, 2021. Report on stock assessment of Indonesian blue swimming crab in 2020 (to be published) The 2020 CPUE data for Lampung are preliminary data for Feb 2020 - Jan 2021 (provided by EDF: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YoqruGaaZnzlMLYIN0NQ-GMc5OxYX-Al/view?usp=sharing)

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Fishery Economic Status

Government budget allocations for rajungan fisheries management (Indicator D) This indicator measures annual increases (expressed as percentage increases from baseline) in resource allocations for rajungan fisheries management in WPP 712 from government budgets (national, provincial, and district). Allocations may include staff time, purchase of equipment, meeting and other relevant costs (e.g., patrolling costs) that can be itemized.

Amount (USD) allocated annually to support rajungan management and % increase from baseline

2020 Status There have been massive budget cuts across the three provinces with available data, primarily due to reallocation of funds to COVID19 relief in 2020. Note that the baseline (2019) data for Central Java and East Java have been reviewed based on annual provincial workplans (Dokumen Rencana Kerja Provinsi) – which are more specific and/or related to rajungan – rather than the estimates from the five-year provincial development plans (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menegah Deaerah). Baseline data for Lampung Province were reviewed through subjective interviews of government staff by Consortium partners and corrected to be the actual funds allocated to rajungan fisheries. Data are still not available for West Java, where expansion activities will only get into full swing in 2021. WPP 712 budget allocation by province

Annual published government budgets and staff interviews. Table of time and resources allocated to rajungan

2019 $2,209,194 LAMPUNG

$5,579 EAST JAVA (b)

$1,122,221 EAST JAVA

$1,009,640 CENTRAL JAVA

Total WPP 712 budget allocation: $4,341,055 Collected annually with previous year’s data aggregated annually and submitted in the first quarter of the next year

2020

$19,497 LAMPUNG $739,521 CENTRAL JAVA (a)

Total WPP 712 budget allocation: $764,597

Figure 5. Indicator D – 2019 and 2020 resource allocation for fisheries management in WPP 712 by province

Notes:

(a) Source documents can be downloaded through this link: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1_9Ed_Pg3YASG4ZA0UZOEZjEysZU2WLK2?usp=sharing (b) Source documents can be downloaded through this link: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1_F8GtfZKDtcuRDjxVl_824ctGfN8-hu-?usp=sharing (c) 2019 baseline collected full fisheries allocation for all fisheries. 2020 data shows budget allocated for rajungan fisheries alone (however Provincial governments do not allocate, so the data is more from interviews with consortium members and their interpretation of allocations).

$/ yr

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Fishery Economic Status

Value of rajungan exports per province (Indicator K) This indicator tracks the USD value of exports per province. Through this indicator, the Rajungan Consortium aims to inform and engage provincial- and regency-level governments in valuing the economic gains of management and in prioritizing the cost of rajungan fishery management.

2020 Status Number of provinces reporting value generated from rajungan exports

All four provinces reported their export data for 2020. Total rajungan export receipts (in USD) increased 11% from 2019, despite depressed global market prices for the commodity. This suggests a significant expansion in export demand and, as a corollary, increased crab production volume and fishing pressure, although higher imports of raw unprocessed crab into Indonesia during the pandemic may have also accounted for the increased volume. Note also that the increase came solely from Central Java, which posted an increase in export value of nearly 63% from 2019. East Java, Lampung and West Java actually recorded decreases of about 11%, 7% and 24%, respectively. Reported value of exports (USD) per province $78,054,663 $70,668,782 $62,696,880

Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency (BKIPM) Central office / Provincial offices

$47,996,558

$24,474,314 $22,901,735 $14,518,991

$11,673,410

2019 baseline(a) 2020(a)

Central Java Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

East Java

Lampung

West Java

Figure 6. Indicator K – Values of rajungan exports from the four WPP 712 provinces (USD / province) in 2020 compared to baseline (2019)

Notes:

(a) Data extracted by SR from BKIPM export data (export volume in metric tons) and converted to USD/kg based on export price/kg provided in Indicator L. Data source: http://bkipm.kkp.go.id/bkipmnew/?r=stats/#_ ops_volume/E,I,M,K,T/Kg/d/3/2021/1/kd_upt. The data extracted by SR can be found here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KU40ntJ7RhV934zwoco4T9gOXIIunFpU/view?usp=sharing

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Fishery Economic Status

Changes in the export price of rajungan in each province (Indicator L)

$ / kg

This indicator represents the percentage change from baseline in the export price of rajungan in each of the four priority provinces (expressed in USD/kg and adjusted for inflation). The availability of price data from each province will allow for the data to be aggregated and analyzed on a WPP-wide basis against market trends to serve as an indicator of changes in the value of the rajungan fishery over time and under various market conditions.

USD per kg

2020 Status Rajungan export prices (adjusted for inflation based on 2019 prices) were down across the board for all provinces in January-June 2020, dropping an average of 19.25% WPP-wide from the full-year 2019 prices. Percentage change in value of exports (USD/kg)

-4% $25.62

Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency (BKIPM) Central office / Provincial offices

$21.57

$21.31

$20.70

-32% $22.08

$17.70

$19.89

$14.51

Central Java Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

-10%

-31%

East Java

Lampung

West Java

2019 baseline 2020 (a)

Figure 7. Indicator L – Change in rajungan export prices (USD/kg) by province from 2019 baseline to 2020

Notes:

(a) Prices expressed in 2019 (base year) terms. Data are from January to June 2020. The source document can be downloaded through this link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lYuZmAlJIg51eXgW2X0NaOlx8H O9z1Bd/view?usp=sharing (b) This indicator is vulnerable to external influences

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Fishery Economic Status

Total

Increase in percentage of jumbo crab meat in total rajungan meat exports (Indicator M) This indicator measures changes (from baseline) in the amount of Jumbo lump crab meat exports as a percentage of total rajungan meat exported per province. It will serve as a proxy for the value and sustainability of the rajungan stock. By tracking the percentage of jumbo crab meat (which demands a higher price) in the total rajungan meat exports, it will be possible to track whether the economic value is maximized.

% change from baseline in the proportion of jumbo lump crab meat exports relative to total rajungan meat exports

2020 Status There are no data that directly measure the proportion of jumbo lump meat in total rajungan meat exports from Indonesia. In their place, an equivalent metric based on Indicator A (SPR) is used to approximate the percentage of jumbo lump meat (Annex 3).

2023 TARGET

10% jumbo lump crab meat exports relative to total meat exports Central Java

Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency (BKIPM) Central office / Provincial offices

East Java Lampung

18% 23% 18%

+28%

18% 18% 23%

+28%

West Java 2019 baseline jumbo lump meat export value (USD) (a) 2020 Jumbo lump meat export value (USD) Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Figure 8. Indicator M –Change in the approximate amount of jumbo lump rajungan meat exports as a percentage of total rajungan meat exported per province from 2019 to 2020

Notes:

(a) Data are based on the proxy that is described in Annex 3

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Fishery Economic Status

Changes in fishers’ and collectors’ income from rajungan fishery (Indicator N) (2019 data only)

% representing variations/fluctuations year over year in fishers’ and collectors’ ANI, and calculated using the formula: [(ANIRY - ANIPY) / ANIPY x 100, where ANIRY = ANI in Reporting Year; ANIPY = ANI in Preceding Year. Income is expressed in USD based on the average USD:IDR exchange rate for the reporting year, and adjusted for inflation using 2019 as base year.

SFP (East Java, Central Java)

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

This indicator tracks variations year over year in fishers’ and collectors’ annual net income (ANI) from rajungan fishery. It provides a measure of the stability of the ANI made by a subsample of rajungan fishers and collectors at the village (community) level. Income is considered stable if it does not suffer serious variations (over 25%) year over year.

Baseline trap fishers’ annual net income (USD) (a) from the fishery Pamekasan $1,227.20 Rembang $642.95 Demak $1,411.01

2020 Status No data have been collected on this indicator in 2020 and there are no plans to collect data in 2021. Available (2019) data show trap and gillnet fishers in two sites in Central Java earning an average ANI of about USD 1,250 in 2019, while trap fishers in Pagagan Village in Pamekasan Regency, East Java earned about USD 1,227. These are not far below the 2019 minimum annualized (gross) wages of USD 1,386 and USD 1,407 in Central Java and East Java, respectively (based on USD 1:IDR 13,901 and minimum wages in IDR as published on https:// aseanbriefing.com/news/the-minimum-wage-in-indonesia-increasedby-8-5-for-2020/). However, incomes differed widely between trap and gillnet fishers in Central Java. As shown in Table 5, in Demak Regency’s Betahwalang Village, trap fishers earned USD 1,411, slightly above minimum wage, while gillnet fishers made only about USD 972. On the other hand, in Gedongmulyo Village in Rembang Regency, trap fishers earned only about one-third (USD 643) of the above-minimum-wage income of USD 1,973 earned by the gillnet fishers. This can be explained by differences in fishing grounds and gear: In Demak, trap fishers operate in the high seas, while gillnet fishers – most of them over 50 years old – fish only in coastal areas and rivers using small boats. The reverse is true in Rembang, where trap fishers use fishing grounds close to shore (producing more clam bycatch than target fish) than the gillnet fishers who fish farther out to sea. Collectors had an average income at least twice the average fisher’s income. It must be noted that the sampling methodology is still being reviewed and tested and the sub-sample size was small (n=10-15).

Baseline gillnet fishers’ annual net income (USD) from the fishery Rembang $1,973.13 Demak $972.16

Baseline collectors’ annual net income (USD) from the fishery Pamekasan $4,276.67 Rembang $5,313.92 Demak $7,709.48

Central Java

East Java

Figure 9. Indicator N – Baseline fish trap and gillnet fishers’ and collectors’ annual net income from rajungan fishing

Notes:

(a) All income values are in USD (converted from IDR based on the average exchange rate for the reporting year

WPP

WPP 712

Rating 1-3 per province based on the defined categories of harmonization between provincial-level and WPP-level rajungan fishery management

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

National Governance

Progress towards harmonizing WPP-level and provincial-level rajungan fishery management (Indicator F) This indicator tracks the progress made by each province and by WPP 712 (as a single fisheries management unit) towards harmonization between provincial-level and WPP-level rajungan fishery management. Progress is rated using three harmonization categories: Category 1.

Provincial-level rajungan fishery management plan recognized at the WPP level

Category 2.

Management committees and management interventions formally deliberated regularly, at least 2 times a year, at WPP-level planning, with provincial-level rajungan fishery managers from marine and fisheries offices (DKPs) participating as WPP committee advisors/members

Category 3. Public minutes and action points from rajungan Management Council Chairperson (translated into English)

At least 10 rajungan management interventions adopted by the WPP 712 Management Council as evidenced by Council meeting outputs

2020 Status Central Java, Lampung and West Java have each delivered a provincial-level rajungan fishery management plan that is recognized at the WPP level, earning themselves a Category 1 rating. East Java still has to formalize its provincial working group and thus remains unrated. No category rating

Central Java (a)

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

2020

East Java (a) Lampung

2020

West Java

2020

WPP 712

2020

2019 baseline

2022 TARGET

Figure 10. Indicator F –Progress towards harmonization between provincial and WPP-level rajungan fishery management(b)

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Notes:

(a) 2020 data for Central and East Java need to be verified. Source documents: for Central Java; East Java. (b) Rating Rules: 1. Each province is given a Category 1 rating when its rajungan fishery management plan is recognized by the WPP Council. On the other hand, the Category 1 rating is given to the WPP only when the management plans of all provinces are recognized by the WPP Council (i.e., when all provinces achieve Category 1). 2. Each province is given a Category 2 rating when it participates in WPP-level planning at least twice during a given year to formally deliberate “management committees and management interventions.” The WPP, on the other hand, receives this category rating only when all four provinces reach Category 2. 3. WPP 712 can be rated at Category 3 without any of the provinces achieving Category 3. This top category rating is given when at least 10 rajungan management interventions are adopted at the WPP level, regardless of whether such interventions were initiated and put forward for WPP adoption by one or more of the provinces, or by the WPP Council in consultation with the provinces.

KepMen

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

National Governance

Progress towards ministerial decree of Rajungan Harvest Strategy (Indicator G) This indicator is based on a qualitative assessment of a Rajungan Harvest Strategy’s progress towards a ministerial decree as measured by the following Milestones:

1-4 rating indicating progress towards Harvest Strategy decree (based on Milestones)

Milestone 0.

No Harvest Strategy drafted

Milestone 1.

Draft Harvest Strategy released specifying limit and target reference points and identifying management measures (fishing rules to control effort and catch)

Milestone 2.

Milestone 3. MMAF ministerial decree

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Milestone 4.

Draft Harvest Strategy reviewed annually, with the Rajungan Consortium providing MMAF with verbal and written (where appropriate) feedback on implementation National Harvest Strategy with functioning Harvest Control Rule in place officially adopted by ministerial decree Annual verbal and written advice provided by the Consortium to MMAF on the implementation of the Harvest Strategy

2020 Status The Directorate General of Capture Fisheries has issued an order containing the Rajungan Harvest Strategy (Milestone 1). The strategy defines the limit and target reference points for the fishery but does not specify the management approach and how it will be implemented.

0 2020 (a)

No change

2019

4 2023 TARGET

BASELINE Figure 11. Indicator G – Milestone rating on progress made from 2019 baseline of Rajungan Harvest Strategy towards a ministerial decree in 2023

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Notes:

(a) Source document: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pGG7IJV3xEm0XzcHMBvG4ToKS6m1cQIX/ view?usp=sharing

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

National Governance

Fishery Improvement Project (FIP) achieving positive performance (Indicator J) This indicator tracks the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) scores of pre-selected Indonesia Rajungan FIPs as publicly reported on FisheryProgress. org, a web portal that provides information on the progress of FIPs on industry standards. These FIPs are deemed to represent the rajungan work in Indonesia. No. of FIPs achieving a positive performance (green) score of at least 80% on FisheryProgress.org

The MSC Fisheries Standard uses 28 performance indicators (PIs) against which FIP progress is measured. These PIs sit under three benchmarking principles: Principle 1 – Sustainable fish stocks (P1), Principle 2 – Minimizing environmental impact (P2), and Principle 3 – Effective fisheries management (P3).

2020 Status The APRI Gillnet/Fish Trap Fishery FIP now focuses on sites at Madura Island off the northeast coast of Java, but the whole Java Sea continues to be tracked as the unit of assessment. For 2020, the FIP’s performance is slightly weaker than last year, correlating with results from a pre-assessment done with MSC and improved understanding of the gillnet fishery and its impact on endangered, threatened and protected species and the governance indicators.

2019 BASELINE

Progress rating (b)

43%

fisheryprogress.org APRI Gillnet/Fish Trap Fishery Number of MSC Indicators addressed: 28 of 28

18%

46%

2020 36%

2023 TARGET for 2 FIPs (a) 80% Figure 12. Indicator J – 2020 performance score of FIP being monitored compared to 2019 baseline and 2023 target

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Notes:

(a) Q = Qualified count, i.e., FIP meets criteria of a Green Score of at least 80 (enter the value “1” if Green Score is at least 80 so the FIP is counted). Based on the target indicator, the Green Score is actually the only information needed, the rest remain in the table as it is good to also track the yellow and red indicator scores (b) Progress ratings used by FisheryProgress.org: A – Advanced Progress Reserved for comprehensive FIPs that have a Stage 4 or 5 result within the past 12 months B – Good Progress An FIP that has acheived a Stage 4 or 5 in more than 12 months AND Stage 3 activity in the last year; OR a basic FIP that has achieved Stage 4 or 5 achievements within the past 12 months C – Some Recent Progress An FIP that has achieved a Stage 4 or 5 result in more than 12 (but less than 24) months but has not generated a Stage 3 result within the past 12 months OR a FIP younger than a year that has never achieved a Stage 4 or 5 result but has completed a Stage 3 activity D – Some Past Progress An FIP for which the most recent publicly reported Stage 4 or 5 result is more than 24 (but less than 30) months E – Negligible Progress An FIP older than a year that has not reported a Stage 4 or 5 result in more than 30 month (but less than 36) months; OR a FIP younger than 1 year that has not reported a Stage 3 activity (c) Data source for 2020 can be seen at: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1i6PiWi1PJjtzImI6rEujrOvmvgdsF7YX/view?usp=sharing

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Local Governance

Rajungan committees (supported) demonstrating progress towards adaptive management (Indicator C) This indicator provides a qualitative performance measure of each site (province, district, or village) based on the ‘progress towards adaptive management’ made by its rajungan committee, benchmarked as follows: Number of rajungan management committees achieving Stage 5

Annual assessment by Rajungan Consortium partners

Stage 0. No rajungan management committee formed. Stage 1. Rajungan management committee legally established by appropriate policy document, such as Regent’s or Governor’s Decree (SK Bupati or Gubernur), with representation from various stakeholders, including but not limited to fishers, first-buyers, processors, district and provincial government officials, and industry partners, and inclusive of women and youth Stage 2. Rajungan management committee given mandate to make management decisions towards identified fishery goals in the form of an action plan (Rencana Aksi) decreed through an SK Gubernor or equivalent at the village or Regency level Stage 3. Rajungan management committee meeting at least twice annually with representation from all relevant stakeholders to track and assess progress against stated fishery objectives Stage 4. Rajungan management committee making fisheries management decisions based on consensus and recorded through a decree, resolution, working group (Pokja) presentation, and/or meeting notes Stage 5. Rajungan management committee practicing adaptive management through the issuance and incorporation of fishery management decisions that are based on best available science and responsive to evolving management needs.

2020 Status Collected annually with previous year’s data aggregated annually and submitted in the first quarter of the next year

2019 baseline

No rating P CENTRAL JAVA (c) D Demak V Betahwalang D Rembang V Gedongmulyo

(b)

EAST JAVA (c) D Pamekasan V Pagagan P LAMPUNG (c) (a) East Lampung V Muara Gading Mas V Margasari (a) Central Lampung V Cabang-Seputih (a) Tulang Bawang V Kuala Teladas V Sungai Burung P WESTJAVA (c) D Cirebon V Gebang Mekar V Waru Duwur D Indramayu V Pabean Udik V Sukahaji D Karawang V Sukajaya D Bekasi V Pantai Bahagia

2023 TARGET: 80% of committees have achieved Stage 5 Figure 13. Indicator C – 2020 and 2019 baseline committee stage ratings

All sites have maintained their ratings from 2019, except for one village in Central Java that has formed its committee, progressing from Stage 0 to Stage 1. With this, the number of committees formed across the four provinces has increased to 5 from the 4 committees in 2019. Central Java Province has maintained its Stage 5 rating, and it has another village at Stage 4. Lampung Province, where the focus is on provincial-level management only, has also maintained its rating (Stage 4). East and West Java have yet to receive a rating – East Java has not reported any progress (needs follow-up verification), while West Java has only recently conducted the characterization survey of five districts and agreed to implement activities in four districts. Potentially, by year 3, there will be 20 committees at provincial, district and village levels across WPP 712: 5 in Central Java (1 provincial, 2 district, 2 village), 3 in East Java (1 provincial, 1 district, 1 village), 1 in Lampung (1 provincial), and 11 in West Java (1 provincial, 4 district, 6 village). Notes:

(a) The different partner organizations work at different governance levels for the fishery, except for EDF-SR, which is only working at the provincial level in Lampung. (b) Stage 0 values represent the remaining number of committees that could potentially be formed. (c) Source documents: Central Java; East Java; Lampung; W Java.

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Local Governance

Local stakeholder group engagement and empowerment in rajungan fishery management (Indicator E)

Number of stakeholder groups (n); 0-4 rating indicating level of group development and engagement in rajungan fishery management

Summary of meetings, policies and action points from the chairperson of each of the local stakeholder groups tracked

This indicator tracks the number of local stakeholder groups demonstrating improved engagement and empowerment to participate in and improve management of the rajungan fishery. Local Stakeholder groups include fisher groups, community-based organizations, and mini-plant or firstreceiver/collector associations. Each group’s development and engagement in rajungan fishery management is benchmarked as follows:

Table 2. Indicator E – 2020 Total number of groups at each developmental stage

Stage 0:

Local stakeholder group loosely organized

Table 3. Indicator E – 2020 number of local stakeholder groups and benchmarked level of engagement and empowerment in management of the rajungan fishery by province

Stage 1:

Group formally established with registration, constitution, and bylaws

Stage 2:

Group holding regular (at least biannual) meetings with at least 50% of members in attendance

Stage 3:

Stage 4:

Members disseminating and reinforcing management and supply-chain interventions in their communities to increase awareness and compliance by stakeholders Group making recommendations to management committee on fishery improvements

2020 Status

Collected annually with previous year’s data aggregated annually and submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Two new organizations were formed in 2020, bringing the total to 22. Lampung accounts for 18 of the 22 groups, while Central Java has three groups and East Java has one (the West Java program has not begun identifying organizations). All groups have now been formally established (Stage 1), and most appear to have become more active with meetings (Stage 2), leaving only three groups at Stage 1 (from 15 groups in 2019). There are now 15 groups at Stage 2 (up from zero in 2019), and four groups at Stage 3 (no change). Notes:

(a) Results do not include West Java – no groups identified there yet under expansion plans

Year 2019 (a) 2020

no. of groups at each development stage Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Total no. of Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual 2023 groups Target 20 1 15 0 4 22 0 3 15 4 15

YEAR:

Site CENTRAL JAVA

Demak Regency

2020 no. of groups Rating

Betahwalang Village Fishers’ Groups

Gedongmulyo Village Fishers’ Groups

Pagagan Village Fishers’ Groups

Mini-plants/middle-persons Muara Gading Mas Village Fishers’ Groups Margasari Village Fishers’ Groups Tulang Bawang Regency Mini-plants/middle-persons Kuala Teladas Village Fishers’ Groups Sungai Burung Village Fishers’ Groups Central Lampung Regency Mini-plants/middle-persons Cabang-Seputih Village Fishers’ Groups

1 4 3

1 2 2

1 4 2

2 1-2 2

1 2

2 1-2

n/a n/a n/a n/a

Rembang Regency

EAST JAVA

Pamekasan Regency

LAMPUNG

East Lampung Regency

WEST JAVA (a)

WPP 712 Total

Bekasi Regency Cirebon Regency Indramayu Regency Karawang Regency

2 (Average)

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Local Governance

Villages implementing rajungan management measures (Indicator H)

% of villages, number of management measures implemented, 0-3 rating indicating implementation level of management measures

This indicator tracks joint participation, coordination, and enforcement (effectiveness) of prevailing management measures (such as area closures, gear regulations, and size limits) between MMAF, enforcement agencies, fishers, the province, and industry (supported by control document). Each focal site is targeted to have at least five management measures implemented, and to rate these using the following four-point scale: 0 – No plan 1 – Planned 2 – Implementation begun 3 – Fully implemented

Management plan, annual review of management intervention status conducted by relevant management authority identified in Indicator E

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Management measures are input and output controls that will manage the fishing effort and catch, such as: limiting access through vessel registration and licensing, limiting andon (migratory) fishing, gear restrictions, size limits, catch limits, and area closures (permanent or seasonal). Other management measures may be focused on the supply-chain to reduce quantity and waste, and to improve quality (to get more for less).

2020 Status New village regulations have been adopted in Pagagan village, East Java to ensure fishing vessels are registered and licensed, enumerators are collecting data, and gravid rajungan are returned back to the water within five minutes of capture. Stock data collection and fisher registration activities continue in two sites in Central Java, and five Lampung sites continue to implement measures that started in 2019, and have initiated area closures for rajungan and detection of use of destructive fishing gear as part of the provincial plan. Notes:

(a) Excluding West Java (implementation will commence in 2021). (b) This assumes all villages in Lampung are implementing the KPPRB Action Plan (Rencana Aksi) (c) Partial result from Lampung only (to be updated)

Rating of management measures P

CENTRAL JAVA Demak V Betahwalang* D Rembang V Gedongmulyo

EAST JAVA Pamekasan V Pagagan P LAMPUNG (b) (c) East Lampung V Margasari V Muara Gading Mas (c) Central Lampung V Cabang-Seputih (c) Tulang Bawang V Kuala Teladas V Sungai Burung

Province

Village

Sub-village

2023 TARGET

2019 baseline * co-management ceased, no 2020 rating (a)

Number of management measures implemented per village 2020 (no change)

2 2019 BASELINE

5 2023 TARGET

Figure 14. Indicator H – 2020 rating of management measures along the four-point scale (top) and the number of measures implemented per village (bottom) compared to 2019 baseline

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Local Governance APRI

Mini-plants in compliance with industry control document (Indicator I) This indicator tracks mini-plants within the APRI supply chain for compliance with catch documentation (CD) requirements and rules prohibiting the harvest of undersized rajungan (below 10cm) and berried female rajungan, as specified in the industry control document (ICD). The indicator represents the percentage of the mini-plants that are audited and the rate of compliance with regulations on CD, minimum landing size (MLS) and egg-bearing female rajungan (EBF). For the purpose of reporting against this indicator, audit reports/data are used to evaluate compliance with the rules specified in the ICD.

Percentage of miniplants evaluated to be in compliance with the ICD

2020 Status No audits were conducted in WPP 712 during 2020 (it is assumed that the audit process will resume in 2021). In 2019, the control document audits (led by APRI auditors and funded by NFI’s Crab Council in partnership with SFP) were conducted in 178 mini-plants (47 in Central Java, 53 in East Java, 29 in Lampung and 49 in West Java) representing about 75% of the estimated total number of mini-plants (239) in the WPP. The audits showed the following percentage compliance in the three provinces with regulations on CD, MLS, and EBF, respectively: Central Java – 40.11%, 99.76%, 92.56%; East Java – 43.16%, 94.04%, 96.30%; Lampung – 39.20%, 99.91%, 99.44%; West Java – 26.23%, 99.10%, 99.90%.

Percentage of mini-plants audited per province

Raw audit data from the Ministry steering committee for traceability and CD sourced from APRI showing mini-plant compliance with ICD for WPP 712

99.76 77.05%

89.47% 65.43%

94.04

99.91 99.10

92.56 96.30

99.44 99.99

72.50% 40.11 43.16 39.20 26.23

Central Java (n = 61)

East Java (n = 81)

Lampung (n = 40)

West Java (n = 57)

Percentage of mini-plants audited in WPP 712

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Percentange compliance with CD, MLS and EBF by province

75.31%

WPP 712 (n = 239)

% CD

% MLS

CENTRAL JAVA

EAST JAVA

% EBF LAMPUNG

WEST JAVA

Average compliance of mini-plants audited in WPP 712

37.18%

MLS

98.20%

EBF

97.05%

n= number of mini-plants, CD= catch documentation; MLS= minimum landing size; EBF= egg-bearing female

Figure 15. Percentage of mini-plants audited (left) and compliance with regulations on CD, MLS, and EBF rajungan (right) in each province and WPP 712

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Looking Ahead in 2021 Fishery Health Rajungan are crustaceans that are highly productive and relatively robust to overfishing. They mature during the first year of their short 2-3-year life cycle and are massively fecund with multiple spawnings in any calendar year, making them capable of rapid individual and population growth. When they are not being fished heavily before maturing by traps and trawls, rajungan stocks can rebuild rapidly from low levels in just 2-5 years. We have not seen a rapidly increasing population in WPP 712, which suggests that overfishing remains even with all of the Consortium’s and government’s investments and hard work. The relatively high SPR estimates for the fishery in Lampung emphasize the importance of managing the fishing gear being used to catch rajungan. As noted by Prince et al. (2020), the type of gear being used indicates the level of SPR that will be left in an area of the fishery, with gillnet leaving the highest and generally sustainable SPR levels and trawl / Danish seine leaving the lowest and unsustainable levels of SPR. Traps fall between these extremes, leaving an intermediate level of SPR that could be made sustainable if fishing pressure could be managed effectively. Management of fishing pressure in a multi-gear fishery with thousands of roving fishers is exceedingly difficult to achieve. The lifting of the trawl ban through Ministerial Decree No. 59/2020 signed on 18th November by former MMAF Minister Edhy Prabowo hangs ominously over the fishery and has the potential to derail a lot of the progress made on its management. The return of Danish seine and trawling for rajungan will quickly degrade the stock and the livelihoods of the fishers and pickers reliant upon it. It is probably too late to transition all areas back to gillnet fishing (using nets within a minimum mesh size), but gillnets should be retained by regulation to sustain stocks where they are still being used. Trawl and Danish seine need to be banned, as it is unlikely that the rajungan fishery will be sustainable anywhere they become established as the leading fishing method.

Marine productivity is driven by nutrients from deep water (upwelling), land drainage, and river outfalls. Marine organisms generally grow faster at higher temperatures, but warmer water (especially in the tropics) contains less dissolved oxygen, causing organisms to mature and stop growing at smaller sizes. In contrast, colder water has higher dissolved oxygen levels, allowing organisms to mature and grow to larger sizes, albeit more slowly. Throughout the Indonesian archipelago, water temperatures are much lower along the southern side and the various straits exposed to the upwelling of deep water from the Indian Ocean. The archipelago’s northern side, on the other hand, is more exposed to warm shallow water flowing through from the tropical north Pacific Ocean. These influences seem to be reflected in the range of maturity size estimates collected by the Consortium partners. Maturity size is smaller towards the center of North Java Sea farthest from the southern source of cold upwelling water, and is largest in the waters around Lampung, which abuts the strait between Java and Sumatra influenced by strong current flows and in-welling of nutrient-rich water from the Indian Ocean. Given this setting and the large volumes of standardized data being collected, the SPR data is beginning to paint a slowly unfolding picture of systematic variation in rajungan size across Indonesia and specifically Java Sea. This type of systematic geographic variation, which is undoubtedly linked to the interpretation of environmental factors, is expected and necessary for understanding the dynamics and management of many species, but it has rarely been documented before. With 1-2 more years of data sets, there is an exciting opportunity for scientific learning. The SPR estimates for 2019 (baseline) and 2020 show that, overall, the health of the stock remains stable, although behind the variation in data, trends are on a slow downward slope. The decline is expected to continue as systematic management is put in place to restrict fishing effort. The increased export value of rajungan recorded in 2020, amid a global pandemic and lower global prices for the commodity, suggests that fishing effort is unchanged or higher from baseline. This means there has been no reduction in fishing pressure that could benefit the stock, a fact that could become increasingly evident in 2021 and beyond.

Fishery Economic Status Economic data shows rajungan remains a highly valuable financial resource providing considerable export revenues. Indonesia was able to continue to sell crab products amid considerable price drops in the global market. Based on anecdotal information, 2020 has been the last decade’s highest year in terms of rajungan imports into the US (the primary market for rajungan), despite the US food service sector (a leading rajungan buyer) being hit badly by the pandemic and US imports decreasing as a whole. By early 2021, it had become difficult for many buyers to source rajungan in Indonesia, as prices and demand had rebounded to previous high levels. What may blur the numbers slightly is that, in some cases, crab imported from other countries such as Tunisia were picked and processed in Indonesia, which may explain a portion of the increase. However, the situation appears different in each of the four provinces. The initial reduction in crab imports into the US in the first quarter of 2020 negatively impacted the NFI Crab Council’s support to the APRI FIP in particular. This was a significant setback for APRI’s work on the FIP. Funding for the FIP did recover in late 2020 and appears to have returned to normal in 2021. Building on the lessons of this experience, APRI may wish to explore opportunities to build other sources of revenue to support the FIP and ensure the situation is not repeated again. With the crash in rajungan prices, some fishing communities have likely become more indebted to collectors, aggregators, and processors. The details will become more apparent in 2021 when access to the communities becomes available. As a stopgap measure to build resilience in some communities, the Packard Foundation partnered with SR and APRI to provide emergency support to the four sites to assist the communities most reliant on the rajungan fishery.

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

National Governance A harvest strategy defining target and limit reference points was approved for the fishery in early 2020 to provide a national-level guide for monitoring the stock. The Rajungan Harvest Strategy does not identify the management interventions that would be triggered when the stock reaches critical lower limits, but towards the end of the year, the national government attempted to link it to nationally mandated fishing effort allocations and allowable catches. NFI and APRI quickly responded, explaining through a series of letters to the MMAF Minister and public forums that, rather than nationally mandated harvest control rules, the best management model is for national government to empower provincial governments to provide support for district- and village-level management initiatives, because the rajungan’s life cycle is totally localized within provincial waters. MMAF support could come in the form of policy to ensure a sustained ban on cantrang (Danish seine/trawls), stronger adherence to size limits, implementation of the control document, and the continued implementation of the ban on the collection of gravid rajungan. MMAF could provide additional technical assistance and resources to the provincial DKPs for the establishment and capacitation of the WPP 712 Council. It could also support APRI in ensuring the control document is implemented, such as by continuing to assist APRI’s GTK5 program, which encourages trap fishers to release gravid rajungan back to the water within five minutes of capture (to improve survival rate). As well as prohibiting the catching of gravid rajungan, Indonesian law establishes a minimum size limit of 10 cm on all rajungan catches. APRI has established a coordinative partnership with MMAF (through BRPL) to integrate a sequenced, standardized stock health data collection system, where data collected by APRI enumerators are aggregated and submitted directly to the MMAF Stock Assessment Team. This allows for industry data compiled by industry to feed directly (i.e., without an intermediary) into the national stock assessment system for analysis, a first for Indonesia. The next phase of this work will be to ensure that (1) the provincial governments have access to the analysis, (2) the analysis continues to feed into management as more is learned about the rajungan stocks of Java Sea, and (3) when management is ultimately applied, its results can be tracked over time using the fishery health data. The Consortium’s TOC for the fishery assumes that the WPP Management Councils would be established quickly and efficiently. In theory, these Councils provide the critical interface between stakeholders, scientists, and managers for the whole of the Java Sea. But their establishment has been slowed down by a variety of MMAF considerations and differing priorities, and even if they were to be quickly established in 2021, significant time and resources would be needed before they can support management. For now, the provincial governments are doing well without the WPP Councils, at least with respect to the rajungan fishery.

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Local Governance Progress on the local governance indicators has been substantial, despite the significant impacts of COVID19 that cut travel and interactions between the Consortium partners, their staff, government, and communities. This can be attributed largely to the Consortium partners having enumerators living in the villages and working with local communitybased organizations that have the support of the provinces and their various agencies. For Consortium member CTC, the challenge of the pandemic worked as an incentive to accelerate their development of online training courses and test these out with West Java Province. Overall, there appears to be good progress in developing institutions to support enabling conditions for local governance in the rajungan fishery. Village-, district- and provinciallevel organizations in Central Java, East Java and Lampung have been sustained and are showing progress on the various benchmarks of organizational development. Work has yet to be in full swing in West Java though, but progress is expected there in 2021. With the development of the committees and stakeholder groups, substantial gains have been achieved on Indicator E (local stakeholder engagement). Perhaps one upside of the pandemic was the greater awareness of the need for cohesion among community groups. The Consortium partners’ investments in local NGOs (e.g., the Lampung-based Mitra Bintala) and in community organizers based in the villages and surrounding areas have aided in addressing such need, as has, to a lesser extent, the greater adoption of virtual meeting platforms. Consortium partner SFP is shifting more of their resources to focus on their co-management work, which includes launching in 2021 a national platform for connecting rajungan fishers from across Indonesia and building a leadership network especially for the rajungan fishing community in Java. This has meant they are stepping away from community work in Central and East Java, and in their stead, APRI will begin in 2021 to step up their frontline presence in the communities.

GTK5 program of APRI which encourages fishers to return egg berried females back to the water within 5 minutes of capture and ensure next year’s catch. ©APRI

Final Thoughts The rajungan fishery remains a socially, culturally and economically valuable catch to fishers, pickers, processors and exporters alike. As an archetypal fishery, it offers considerable opportunities for learning from management at the local level. The current focus of the Consortium’s work on Java Sea and on creating a network of governance within the four provinces of WPP 712 does appear to be the right fit of management for the fishery. The Rajungan Consortium’s TOC lays out an approach that works in parallel at the national and local levels and demands coordinating parallel workstreams while engaging fishers, the government, and the industry. Much of the work is already being done on the ground at the village, bay, and provincial levels, while policy and legal work continues to be carried out at the national level. Our 2020 indicators show pockets of success at the provincial level and below, where some of the bottom-up work and engagement with the industry have worked. However, these successes take considerable time and investment to achieve, are very context-specific, and are hard to scale. Although significant, the progress in developing institutions at the local and WPP levels to support rajungan fishery governance remains fragmented and not at scale.

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Policy support should be led by MMAF but focused firmly on the understanding that the WPP is capable of setting up its governance system for all fisheries. To manage the complexity of governance in Indonesia’s decentralized setting, the integration of governance work across the various jurisdictions and governance levels could be enhanced to strengthen village initiatives and leadership and align them more closely with the work that is happening or planned at the district, provincial and WPP levels. WPP 712 could play an instrumental role in bringing together the various provincial and village initiatives in an appropriate manner. Critical to Consortium and government success in the fishery will be the continued ban on the cantrang trawl. If trawls are re-introduced, significant conflicts between small-scale fishers and trawlers are likely. As experienced in Viet Nam, Thailand and the Philippines, the critical nearshore nursery grounds of rajungan will be decimated and stocks will plunge. Opportunities to head off this issue lie with the small-scale fishers’ networks that SFP is organizing in partnership with other Consortium members. Other opportunities to avoid the impact of the lifting of the ban include policy engagement with provincial governments to ban trawls within their 0–12 nm waters, in addition to the continued supportive collaboration between Consortium members; local, district, provincial and national governments; and the fishers, aggregators, mini-plants and pickers engaged in the fishery. The 2021 dataset will provide us with a third data point and an opportunity to assess further what is and what is not working. The Consortium has made progress to date, and success is on the horizon. However, the core overcapacity and overfishing problem that the Consortium was set up to address has not yet been fully addressed in any of the sites. If the Rajungan Consortium partners, industry, and government are to make a success of its quest for a sustainable rajungan fishery and the welfare of hundreds of thousands of rajungan fishers, these core problems must be addressed by using the scientific monitoring of the stock to identify what management measures are working or not, whether increasing the size limit, introducing escape hatches for traps, or banning certain types of gear, and magnifying those interventions over time while balancing the socioeconomic needs of the fishers. Industry leadership should be commended for bringing additional value to the Consortium’s work. The industry association’s participation in the Consortium through both NFI and APRI, and their engagement with individual processors, middle-persons, and buyers providing supply-chain support from the markets, is rarely seen in other fisheries globally and more so in Indonesia. One risk that has emerged is a gap between the NFI’s advocacy that no IUU crab should be imported and the reality of limited implementation and enforcement. The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is cracking down on US crab importers engaged in seafood fraud, specifically, mislabeling imported crab meat (including rajungan meat from Indonesia) as ‘Product of USA.’1 The control document audits linked to the enforcement of fishery laws and rules would mitigate this appropriately and reduce the risk of further allegations or court cases. 1

https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seafood-processor-pleads-guilty-selling-foreign-crabmeat-falsely-labeled-blue-crab-usa https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seafood-processor-and-owner-sentenced-selling-foreign-crab-meat-falsely-labeled-product-usa https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seafood-processor-pleads-guilty-selling-foreign-crab-meat-falsely-labeled-blue-crab-usa-0

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Annexes Annex 1: Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LBSPR)

Annex 2: Definition of Harvest Strategy

For crustacean species, the SPR reference points have never been established and recognized in the same way they have for fish. But it is widely acknowledged that the SPR reference points should be adjusted up or down depending on the type of animal it is being used for: higher for unproductive species like sharks and lower for productive species like crustaceans. On that basis, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) has certified the Western Australian Rock Lobster Fishery, which uses a reference point of 20% as its management target and 12% as its limit reference point (LRP). For a time, the Gulf Of Maine Lobster Fishery used SPR 5% as a target, but it collapsed after a few years of poor environmental conditions, prompting the target to be increased to SPR 15%.

Harvest strategies formalize and make explicit how a fishery will be adaptively managed, the aim being to make the process of adjusting management settings routine, disciplined, transparent, and predictable to all stakeholders, i.e., to stop it being ad hoc and made up as you go along, just responding to crises when and if they happen, and especially to keep it as free as possible from the influence of politics and vested influence (Smith et al. 2008).

Based on this practice, the reference points below could probably be justified to MSC: SPR 5% – is referred to as ‘SPR-crash’ because the supply of young fish to a stock (which fisheries scientists call ‘recruitment’) is expected to be declining year on year at a rapid rate, leading to the crash of the fish stock. SPR 12% – is referred to as the ‘replacement level’ because around this level, the recruitment level of a fish stock is expected to be just high enough to replace the adults and keep the stock stable. MSC is also called the ‘Point of impaired Recruitment’ (PiR) because, below this level, recruitment is expected to start to decline, leading to long-term declines in the stock. in most harvest strategies, it is used as an LRP, below which all harvesting of fish must stop so that SPR can increase back to above SPR 20%. SPR 20-30% – is used to indicate that a stock is around the level likely to produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). At this level, a stock should be able to stay abundant and have plenty of reproductive potential, allowing it to grow back after periods of poor environmental conditions or previous episodes of overfishing. This level is used as a target in many Harvest Strategies. SPR 30-40% – is used as an indication that a fishery is around the level of maximum economic yield (MEY), which is characterized by slightly lower total catches than at MSY but much higher catch rates and more significant body size, and thus much more profitable fishing and good and sustainable levels of recruitment. This is why, in many first-world jurisdictions (e.g., Australian Commonwealth fisheries), SPR 50% is the target used in harvest strategies. SPR 50% – is used as a recovery target reference point. in some jurisdictions, if a fishery becomes depleted below the LRP, this level of SPR must be achieved to correct the depletion and restore the stock as quickly as possible.

The elements of a harvest strategy are: a. Explicit management objectives for the fishery translated as explicit reference points; b. Indicators of fishery status that can be monitored and assessed in the context of the fisheries objectives and reference points; c. An agreed assessment methodology based on the indicators being monitored; d. A framework of management regulations that can be incrementally adjusted relative to the assessed status of the fishery, and e. Harvest control rules which explicitly define how the management regulations will be incrementally adjusted in response to assessment results.

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

Annexes Annex 3: Converting SPR Estimates into Meat Grade Data (Indicator M) The plotted relationship below can be used to estimate the percentage of jumbo and colossal meats likely to be produced by a stock with any given level of SPR. It is used by finding the level of SPR on the x-axis and projecting that up to the red curve, then projecting from that point on the red curve across to the y-axis, and reading off the predicted proportion of jumbo and colossal meat. It can be estimated that an SPR of 33% should produce approximately 23% of jumbo and colossal meat, while 25-27% SPR will produce ~ 18% jumbo and colossal meat.

Percent of Jumbo and Colosssal Meats

The recent observation of significantly smaller rajungan size of maturity in Java recognizes a slight discrepancy for the relationship between SPR and meat grades which was estimated using data derived from Sri Lankan rajungan, which have a relatively large size of maturity. The implication is that this relationship is probably overestimating the proportion of jumbo and colossal meat for the regions with the smaller size of maturity; nevertheless, it gives an approximate proxy that correlates with SPR. 30

SPR (%) Figure A-1. The estimated relationship between SPR and the proportion of jumbo and colossal meat

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Acronyms and Abbreviations ANI

annual net income

L50

APRI

Asosiasi Pengelolaan Rajungan Indonesia (Indonesian Rajungan Management Association) Balai Karantina Ikan Pengendalian Mutu dan Keamanan Hasil Perikanan (Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency) Balai Riset Perikanan Laut (Marine Fisheries Research Center) catch documentation catch per unit effort Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Tangkap (Directorate-General of Capture Fisheries) Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan (Marine and Fisheries Office) egg-bearing female (rajungan) Environmental Defense Fund exclusive economic zone European Union fishery improvement project

LBSPR length-based spawning potential ratio LHR life history ratio L-infinity asymptotic size as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation LRP limit reference point M natural mortality rate MEY maximum economic yield MLS minimum landing size MMAF Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries MSC Marine Stewardship Council MSY maximum sustainable yield NFI National Fisheries Institute NGO non-governmental organization nm nautical mile NTB Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara) P1 Principle 1: Sustainable fish stocks P2 Principle 2: Minimizing environmental impact

BKIPM BRPL CD CPUE DJPT DKP EBF EDF EEZ EU FIP GPS GT ICD IDR IUU k kg

global positioning system gross ton/gross tonnage industry control document Indonesian rupiah illegal, unreported and unregulated Brody growth coefficient as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation kilogram

P3 PI PIR Pokja SFP SK SPR SR

size of maturity

SSIC TNC TOC US UNDIP USD WFF WPP

Sustainable Solutions International Consulting The Nature Conservancy Theory of Change United States Universitas Diponegoro (Diponegoro University) United States dollar Walton Family Foundation Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (Fisheries Management Area)

Principle 3: Effective fisheries management performance indicator point of impaired recruitment Kelompok kerja (working group) Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Surat Keputusan (decree) spawning potential ratio Starling Resources

Additional Resources For more background information on the rajungan fishery, please see: Green, S.J., CEA, Starling Resources, Environmental Defense Fund, & Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. 2018. Case study: Blue swimming crab fishery. Trends in Marine Resources and Fisheries Management in Indonesia: A 2018 Review, p.68. Retrieved from https://www.packard.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/indonesia-Marine-Full-Report-08.07.2018.pdf For more on the TOC for the rajungan fishery: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1bedz2ydX52r_hrgk_FkvtxvuqwfBl3vD 2019 State of the Fishery: Blue Swimming Crab Fishery report To access the full indicators reporting sheet and document articulating the indicators, please go to https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nKX2wQSgR0MfMylQvId6euQltQ5qthvM/view?usp=sharing

RAJUNGAN CONSORTIUM

2020 STATE OF THE RAJUNGAN FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

List of Tables and Figures Table 1.

Sites and consortium partners collecting the data

Table 2.

Indicator E – 2020 Total number of groups at each developmental stage 15 Indicator E – 2020 number of local stakeholder groups and benchmarked level of engagement and empowerment in management of the rajungan fishery by province 15

Table 3.

Figure 1.

Geographical location of WPP 573, 718 and 718

Figure 2.

Geographical location of sites in WPP 573 and 713, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) 3

Figure 3.

Indicator A – 2020 Rajungan Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR) compared to 2019 baseline and 2023 target (30% SPR)

Figure 4.

Indicator B – CPUE estimates in 2020 for rajungan (kg/hour) using fish traps and gillnets, compared to 2019 baseline

Figure 5.

Indicator D – 2019 and 2020 resource allocation for fisheries management in WPP 712 by province

Figure 6.

Indicator K – Values of rajungan exports from the four WPP 712 provinces (USD / province) in 2020 compared to baseline (2019)

Figure 7.

Indicator L – Change in rajungan export prices (USD/kg) by province from 2019 baseline to 2020 8

Figure 8.

Indicator M –Change in the approximate amount of jumbo lump rajungan meat exports as a percentage of total rajungan meat exported per province from 2019 to 2020

Figure 9.

Indicator N – Baseline fish trap and gillnet fishers’ and collectors’ annual net income from rajungan fishing 10

Figure 10. Indicator F –Progress towards harmonization between provincial and WPP-level rajungan fishery management

Figure 11. Indicator G – Milestone rating on progress made from 2019 baseline of Rajungan Harvest Strategy towards a ministerial decree in 2023 12 Figure 12. Indicator J – 2020 performance score of FIP being monitored compared to 2019 baseline and 2023 target

Figure 13. Indicator C – 2020 and 2019 baseline committee stage ratings

Figure 14. Indicator H – 2020 rating of management measures along the fourpoint scale (top) and the number of measures implemented per village (bottom) compared to 2019 baseline

Figure 15. Percentage of mini-plants audited (left) and compliance with regulations on CD, MLS, and EBF rajungan (right) in each province and WPP 712 17 Figure A-1. The estimated relationship between SPR and the proportion of jumbo and colossal meat 23

2020 State of the Fishery Rajungan Fishery Fisheries Management Area (WPP) 712 March 2021