2021 State of the Blue Swimming Crab Fishery by BGA Ltd

APRI

$ KepMen

$/ yr $ / kg kg / hr

Blue Swimming Crab Fishery National Level including a focus on Fisheries Management Area (WPP) 712

Indonesia BSC Consortium

2021 State of the Fishery

Blue Swimming Crab Fishery NATIONAL LEVEL INCLUDING A FOCUS ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

produced by:

Stuart J. Green, BGA UK Ltd., Katherina Tjandra Graphics & layout: SSIC Copy editing:

Cristina Nitafan

contact:

stuart@bluegreenadvisors.com

production date:

March 2022

cover photo:

Blue swimming crab catch. Source: Adobe Stock

supported by:

Grant #2020-70441 from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and Application #00102001 of the Walton Family Foundation.

Feedback

The author takes responsibility for all errors herein, and warmly welcomes feedback from all stakeholders to help us enhance this report.

Contents Ringkasan Eksekutif

Executive Summary

About This Report

Sites and Responsible Organizations

BSC Fishery Indicators Fishery Health

Fishery Economic and Industry Status

National Governance

Local Governance

Looking Ahead in 2022

Final Thoughts

Annex 1: Consortium Members’ Highlights

Annex 2: Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LBSPR)

Annex 3: Definition of Harvest Strategy

Annex 4: Converting SPR Estimates into Meat Grade Data

Annex 5: BSC Theory of Change

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Resources

List of Tables and Figures

Ringkasan Eksekutif

BSC CONSORTIUM

Ini adalah laporan ‘Status Perikanan’ tahunan yang ketiga (2021) yang mencakup tahun 2019-2021 dan didukung oleh David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Packard Foundation) dan Walton Family Foundation (WFF). Perikanan rajungan (blue swimming crab, BSC) adalah salah satu dari tiga pola dasar perikanan yang didukung oleh pendanaan dari Packard Foundation dan WFF melalui Konsorsium BSC, merupakan kelompok pelaksana perikanan BSC di empat provinsi (Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Lampung, dan Jawa Barat) yang berbatasan dengan Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Laut Jawa (WPP 712). Kemajuan pekerjaan ini diukur dengan menggunakan 14 indikator berdasarkan Teori Perubahan (TOC) dan rencana kerja bersama yang disepakati bersama oleh anggota Konsorsium. Indikator-indikator tersebut berada di bawah empat kategori: Kondisi Kesehatan Perikanan

Tata Kelola Nasional

Status Ekonomi Perikanan

Tata Kelola Daerah

Kondisi Kesehatan Perikanan – Indikator A, B Dua indikator digunakan untuk mengukur kesehatan perikanan. Hasil tahun 2021 adalah sebagai berikut: Indikator A: Rasio potensi pemijahan (SPR) yang menunjukkan status stok. Data SPR tidak tersedia untuk Jawah Tengah dan Jawa Timor. Data dari Lampung masih dalam proses analisis dan finalisasi oleh Komite Pengelolaan Perikanan Rajungan Berkelanjutan (KPPRB). Data final akan diberikan oleh Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) dan secara resmi akan disahkan oleh KPPRB sebagai addendum dari laporan ini dalam beberapa bulan mendatang. Indikator B: Catch per unit effort (CPUE) diperkirakan untuk subset alat tangkap prioritas di daerah penangkapan tertentu, yang menunjukkan variabilitas yang cukup besar di seluruh perikanan. Data untuk indikator ini tidak sebagus data Indikator A (SPR), sehingga tidak banyak yang dapat disimpulkan berdasarkan data yang tersedia sampai kita memiliki kumpulan data dalam beberapa tahun dan metodologi pengumpulan yang distandarisasi. Data yang tersedia paling baik hanya digunakan untuk memahami alat tangkap yang digunakan di setiap lokasi.

kg / hr

BSC stock assessment data collection.

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712 iii

Status Ekonomi Perikanan – Indikator D, K, L, M, N Ada lima indikator untuk kategori ini, dengan hasil tahun 2021 sebagai berikut: Indikator D: Alokasi anggaran pemerintah untuk pengelolaan perikanan BSC. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa data baseline tahun 2019 telah ditinjau berdasarkan data dari pemerintah dan telah dikoreksi menjadi dana aktual yang dialokasikan untuk perikanan BSC dan bukan hanya “alokasi total untuk perikanan umum” yang digunakan pada tahun 2019. Namun, setiap provinsi memiliki cara yang berbeda dalam mengalokasikan anggarannya untuk perikanan, dan tidak ada alokasi khusus untuk BSC. Untuk Lampung, data dikumpulkan dari wawancara yang lebih subjektif dengan staf pemerintah oleh mitra Konsorsium. Indikator K : Nilai ekspor BSC per provinsi. Sekitar 36 juta USD ekspor BSC berasal dari Provinsi Lampung pada tahun 2021, meningkat sebesar 58% dari tahun 2020 sebesar 22,9 juta USD. Peningkatan nilai per kilogram dan volume menjelaskan pertumbuhan signifikan ini. Data dari pemerintah (Balai Karantina Ikan, Pengendalian Mutu, dan Keamanan Hasil Perikanan atau BKIPM) untuk tiga provinsi lainnya tidak tersedia untuk tahun 2021. Indikator L : Perubahan harga ekspor BSC. Indikator ini melacak perubahan harga ekspor BSC di masing-masing provinsi prioritas, seperti yang dilaporkan oleh statistik pemerintah. Harga ekspor yang rata-rata pada tahun 2021 adalah USD 22,96 per kg untuk Lampung, naik 55% dari harga tahun 2020 (USD 14,75).

BSC fishery catch. Source: Adobe Stock under Standard Licence

$ $/ yr

$ / kg

Indikator M: Persentase daging BSC jumbo dalam total ekspor daging BSC. Oleh karena data SPR untuk tahun 2021 belum tersedia, data Indikator M tidak dapat diestimasi.

Total Indikator N: Variasi pendapatan nelayan dan pengepul dari perikanan BSC. Data baseline tentang variasi pendapatan nelayan dan pengepul dari perikanan dikumpulkan pada tahun 2019, tetapi tidak ada pengumpulan data yang dilakukan sejak saat itu. Pada tahun 2019, nelayan bubu memperoleh pendapatan antara 643 USD hingga 1.411 USD di tiga lokasi di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, nelayan jaring insang di Jawa Tengah memperoleh antara 972 USD hingga 1.973 USD, dan pengepul memperoleh dari 4.277 USD (Jawa Timur) hingga 7.709 USD (Jawa Tengah).

BSC CONSORTIUM

Tata Kelola Nasional – Indikator F, G, J

Tata Kelola Dearah – Indikator C, E, H, I

Ada empat indikator untuk kategori tersebut, dengan hasil tahun 2021 sebagai berikut: Indikator F: Kemajuan menuju harmonisasi pengelolaan perikanan BSC di tingkat WPP dan provinsi. Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Jawa Barat dan Lampung semuanya tetap pada peringkat Kategori 1 di bawah indikator ini (rencana pengelolaan perikanan BSC tingkat provinsi yang diakui di tingkat WPP). Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan (DKP) provinsi secara rutin mengikuti pertemuan WPP 712 yang diselenggarakan oleh Lembaga Pengelola Perikanan-WPP (LPP-WPP). Untuk Lampung, DKP Provinsi Lampung dan KPPRB secara rutin berpartisipasi dalam pertemuan dengan KKP seperti penyusunan Rencana Pengelolaan Perikanan (RPP), Harvest Strategy, Aturan Pengendalian Penangkapan, dan Kuota Pengelolaan. Namun karena sistem LPP-WPP di Indonesia masih belum berjalan DKP Lampung masih belum memiliki peran formal sebagai penasehat/anggota LPP-WPP 712, dan peringkat untuk semua provinsi tetap pada Kategori 1. Indikator G: Kemajuan menuju Keputusan Menteri tentang Harvest Strategy Rajungan. Dokumen Harvest Strategy yang mendefinisikan titik acuan batas dan titik acuan target tetap pada Tingkat 1. Pada tahun 2021, anggota Konsorsium aktif memberikan masukan dan umpan-balik terkait implementasi Harvest Strategy, namun, Harvest Strategy ini tidak memiliki mekanisme kontrol penangkapan dan tangkapan (belum ada peraturan kontrol penangkapan), sehingga tetap merupakan Harvest Strategy yang tidak lengkap. Indikator J: Proyek Perbaikan Perikanan (FIP) mencapai kinerja positif. Perikanan Jaring Insang/Perangkap Ikan Asosiasi Pengelolaan Rajungan Indonesia (APRI) sedang dilacak berdasarkan tolok ukur Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) sebagaimana tercantum di FisheryProgress. org. Indikator ini masih melacak seluruh Laut Jawa sebagai unit penilaian, meskipun FIP sekarang berfokus pada lokasi-lokasi di Pulau Madura, di lepas pantai timur laut Jawa. Untuk tahun 2021, 32% skor kinerja FIP adalah hijau (lulus tanpa syarat), menurun dari 36% tahun 2020. Nilai 68% kuning (lulus dengan syarat), menunjukkan peningkatan dari 46% tahun lalu sedangkan 0% merah (gagal) lebih baik daripada penilaian tahun lalu, yaitu 18%.

Ada empat indikator untuk kategori ini, dengan hasil pada tahun 2021 sebagai berikut:

WPP

WPP 712

KepMen

Indikator C: Komite Rajungan (didukung) menunjukkan kemajuan menuju pengelolaan adaptif. Indikator ini melihat setiap lokasi (provinsi, kabupaten, dan desa) dan membuat peringkat pada skala kemajuan dari 0 (komite tidak terbentuk) hingga 5 (komite yang mempraktikkan pengelolaan adaptif). Sebagai contoh, ada beberapa peningkatan peringkat di Jawa Tengah, di mana komite berkembang dari Tahap 0 ke Tahap 1 (terbentuk secara hukum). Pada tahun 2019, provinsi Jawa Tengah berada di peringkat tertinggi (Tahap 5) dan mempertahankan peringkat ini pada tahun 2021. Dua kabupaten di Jawa Tengah tetap di Tahap 0 dan 2, dan dua desa berada di Tahap 4. Di Lampung, yang berfokus hanya pada pengelolaan tingkat provinsi, berada pada Tahap 4 pada tahun 2019 dan Jawa Barat meningkat dari Tahap 0 ke Tahap 1, sementara Jawa Timur meningkat dari Tahap 0 ke Tahap 3. Indikator E: Keterlibatan dan pemberdayaan kelompok pemangku kepentingan lokal untuk pengelolaan perikanan BSC. Indikator ini membuat peringkat lembaga tingkat desa dan asosiasi pengepul/miniplant pada skala kemajuan dari 0 (terorganisir secara longgar) hingga 4 (membuat rekomendasi pengelolaan perikanan). Di Jawa Barat, 11 organisasi baru berdiri dengan dukungan Starling Resources (SR). Lampung memiliki 17 kelompok, di mana pada tahun lalu ada 18 kelompok. Satu kelompok tidak ada lagi karena mengalami konflik internal. Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur tidak dapat memberikan data terbaru. Indikator H: Desa yang melaksanakan praktik pengelolaan BSC. Laporan baseline menyoroti dua lokasi di Jawa Tengah (Betahwalang dan Gedongmulyo) dengan beberapa bentuk pengumpulan data stok dan pendaftaran nelayan, di mana tidak ada informasi yang diperbarui untuk tahun 2021. Di Jawa Timur, tidak ada data terbaru untuk tahun 2021. Sementara itu, lima desa di Lampung terus menerapkan praktik pengelolaan terhadap BSC yang dimulai pada tahun 2019 dan juga telah memprakarsai area tertutup juvenil dan deteksi alat tangkap yang merusak sebagai bagian dari rencana provinsi. Di Jawa Barat, ada sepuluh desa baru yang teridentifikasi pada tahun 2021.

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Indikator I: Mini-plant sesuai dengan dokumen kontrol industri. Indikator ini memantau kepatuhan terhadap ukuran minimum pendaratan, dokumentasi tangkapan yang benar, dan tidak adanya tangkapan ilegal (kepiting dengan telur dan berukuran kecil < 10 cm). Inisiatif ini diarahkan dan didanai oleh APRI dengan dukungan dari Dewan Rajungan National Fisheries Institute (NFI) untuk memastikan para nelayan dapat menyimpan pernyataan publik tentang legalitas dan ketertelurusan produk mereka. 75% dari mini-plant yang berbasis di Jawa menyelesaikan audit pada tahun 2019, dan audit pada tahun 2020 tidak selesai. Pada tahun 2021, SFP memberikan dukungan pendanaan ke APRI untuk melakukan audit terhadap 49 mini-plant di Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, dan Banten. Data kepatuhan tahun 2021 menunjukkan bahwa 60% hingga 65% dari pasokan APRI dan NFI-CC mengikuti peraturan penangkapan ikan yang ilegal, tidak dilaporkan, dan tidak diatur (illegal, unreported and unregulated, IUU). Sebaliknya, ini berarti bahwa 35% hingga 39% tangkapan yang dipasok ke APRI dari 18% mini-plant adalah tangkapan IUU. Persentase pasokan ini lebih tinggi secara signifikan dari temuan yang diperkirakan oleh Kongres Perdagangan Internasional (International Trade Congress, ITC) AS sebesar 22,8%.

APRI

Keterbatasan laporan ini adalah bahwa beberapa kumpulan data tahun 2021 tetap tidak lengkap, dan data tersebut memerlukan validasi yang sesuai dari KPPRB dan pemerintah. Sayangnya, masalah ini mempengaruhi Indikator A (SPR), M (daging BSC), dan B (pelacakan CPUE). Statistik pemerintah untuk harga ekspor pada tahun 2021 juga belum dirilis pada penerbitan laporan ini. Hanya Lampung yang menunjukkan kenaikan harga yang kemungkinan mewakili kenaikan harga BSC di seluruh Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, kemajuan di seluruh indikator selama pandemi global tetap mengesankan. Laporan tahunan mendatang harus ditunda hingga pertengahan tahun untuk memungkinkan semua kumpulan data dari tahun sebelumnya dikonsolidasikan dan disetujui oleh KPPRB dan pemerintah. Bekerja dengan LSM lokal, enumerator berbasis desa, organisasi berbasis masyarakat, dan universitas setempat telah memungkinkan sebagian besar anggota Konsorsium melanjutkan pengumpulan data dan bekerja selama pandemi. Secara seluruh, hasil indikatif menunjukkan bahwa kesehatan stok BSC masih mengarah ke bawah secara pelan-pelan di Laut Jawa dan akan terus

seperti itu hingga ada pengelolaan yang sistematis membatasi upaya penangkapan. Tampaknya upaya penangkapan telah meningkat dari tingkat 2020 selaras dengan peningkatan volume ekspor. Secara keseluruhan, ada kemajuan dalam pengembangan lembaga untuk mendukung kondisi yang memungkinkan bagi tata kelola perikanan BSC. Perpaduan organisasi tingkat desa, kabupaten, dan provinsi di Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, dan Lampung bertahan dan, dalam beberapa kasus, meningkat. Pada tahun 2022, Jawa Barat mulai mengejar ketertinggalan dari provinsi lain. Namun, satu kelemahannya adalah alokasi pemerintah untuk mendukung pekerjaan di setiap provinsi tetap kecil, kemungkinan karena dialokasikan untuk penanganan COVID19. Semoga di tahun 2022, penerimaan (buy-in) mitra dan masyarakat lokal akan meningkat. Pada bulan Maret 2020, Harvest Strategy Rajungan Nasional telah disetujui, dan ini memperjelas titik acuan target dan titik acuan batas perikanan BSC. Strategi ini mengadopsi SPR sebagai metode utama untuk mengkaji stok, sehingga ada sistematisasi pengumpulan dan pemantauan data. Harvest Strategy belum efektif tanpa menguraikan intervensi pengelolaan penting yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya yang dipicu pada saat terjadi kesehatan stok menurun titik referensi yang lebih rendah (LRP). Blue swimming crab adalah spesies yang menghabiskan seluruh hidupnya di perairan provinsi, sehingga model terbaik untuk mengelolanya adalah memungkinkan pemerintah provinsi untuk merencanakan dan memberikan dukungan untuk pengelolaan tingkat kabupaten dan desa. Kementerian mengusulkan serangkaian lokasi uji pengendalian penangkapan pada tahun 2022, dan Lampung akan menjadi lokasi unggulan untuk uji coba dan kolaborasi. Mitra konsorsium telah mengintegrasikan pengumpulan data kesehatan stok dan sistem enumerator mereka untuk memberikan data reguler yang terstandarisasi langsung ke Tim Pengkaji Stok KKP. Mudah-mudahan APRI dapat mengikuti contoh ini dan berbagi kumpulan data mereka dengan pemerintah untuk memungkinkan pemeriksaan yang tepat dan analisis ilmiah independen untuk mendukung analisis data mereka yang telah disebarkan di berbagai forum. Sayangnya, pada tahun 2021, APRI memutuskan untuk tidak melanjutkan kemitraan mereka di Konsorsium. Tetapi, anggota tetap membuka pintu selebar-lebarnya jika APRI dan Dewan Rajungan National Fisheries Institute terlibat kembali. Prosesor BSC non-APRI tetap terlibat di lokasi lapangan. Di sisi lain, perkembangan yang menggemenarik pada tahun 2021 adalah dorongan menuju mengenali inklusifnya suara nelayan dan perempuan dalam pengelolaan, dari desa hingga provinsi, dan pembentukan Forkom Rajungan Nelangsa yang membawa pemangku kepentingan penting lainnya ke dalam pengelolaan perikanan BSC.

Executive Summary

BSC CONSORTIUM

This is the third annual ‘State of the Fishery’ report covering the years 2019-2021 produced under the Indonesia Blue Swimming Crab Initiative of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Packard Foundation) and Walton Family Foundation (WFF). The blue swimming crab (BSC, locally referred to as rajungan) fishery is one of three archetypal fisheries being supported by investments from the Packard Foundation and WFF through the BSC Consortium, a group of implementers working on the fishery in four provinces (Central Java, East Java, Lampung, and West Java) that border the Java Sea Fisheries Management Area (FMA, known in Indonesia as Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan/ WPP 712). Progress on this work is measured using 14 indicators based on a Theory of Change (TOC) and joint work plan mutually agreed by Consortium members. The indicators fall under four categories: Fishery Health

National Governance

Fishery Economic Status

Local Governance

Fishery Health – Indicators A, B Two indicators are used to measure fishery health. The 2021 results are as follows: Indicator A: Spawning potential ratio (SPR) indicating stock status. The SPR data is not available for Central and East Java. Data from Lampung has been collected but is still being analyzed and finalized by the Scientific Advisory Group (SAG) and the Lampung Province Sustainable Blue Swimming Crab Fisheries Management Committee (Komite Pengelolaan Perikanan Rajungan Berkelanjutan, KPPRB). Final data will be provided by the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) and will be officially endorsed by SAG/KPPRB in the coming months as an addendum to this report. Indicator B: Catch per unit effort (CPUE) CPUE was estimated for a subset of priority fishing gears in selected fishing grounds, showing considerable variability across the fishery. Unlike Indicator A (SPR), there is significant noise in the data for this indicator. Little can be inferred from the results until we have multiple years of data and a standardized collection methodology across the various fisheries. The data is best used to understand the gears in use in each location.

kg / hr

Blue Swimming Crab. © Ria Tan under CC-BY-NC-SA

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

vii

Fishery Economic Status – Indicators D, K, L, M, N There are five indicators for this aspect of the blue swimming crab work as described below, with the 2021 results for each: Indicator D: Government budget allocations for blue swimming crab fishery management. Note that the baseline (2019) data have been reviewed with government sources and corrected to be the actual funds allocated to blue swimming crab fisheries and not just “total general fisheries allocation” used in 2019. However, each province has a different way of allocating its budget for fisheries, and there is no specific allocation for blue swimming crab. For Lampung, data was collected from more subjective interviews of government staff by Consortium partners. Indicator K: Value of blue swimming crab exports per province. Roughly USD 36 million of blue swimming crab exports emanated from Lampung Province in 2021, a 58% increase from the 2020 figure of USD 22.9 million. The increasing value per kilogram and export volume explain the significant increase. Data from Government sources (Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Indonesia acronym: BKIPM) for the other three provinces are not yet available for 2021.

BSC catch. Source: Adobe Stock under Standard Licence

Indicator L: Changes in export price of blue swimming crab. This indicator tracks changes in the export price of blue swimming crab in each of the priority provinces, as reported by Government statistics. The average export price in 2021 is USD 22.96 per kg for Lampung, which is a 55% increase from 2020 prices (USD 14.75).

$ $/ yr

$ / kg

Indicator M: Percentage of jumbo crab meat in total blue swimming crab meat exports. Since the SPR data for 2021 is not yet available, Indicator M data cannot be estimated.

Total Indicator N: Variation in fishers’ and collectors’ incomes from blue swimming crab fishery. Baseline data on variations in fishers’ and collectors’ incomes from the fishery was collected in 2019, but no data collection has occurred since that time. In 2019, trap fishers earned between USD 643 and USD 1,411 across three sites in Central and East Java, gillnet fishers in Central Java earned from USD 972 to USD 1,973, and collectors earned from USD 4,277 (East Java) to as much as USD 7,709 (Central Java).

viii

BSC CONSORTIUM

National Governance – Indicators F, G, J

Local Governance – Indicators C, E, H, I

There are three indicators for this aspect of the blue swimming crab work as described below, with the 2021 results for each: Indicator F: Progress towards harmonizing WPP-level and provinciallevel blue swimming crab fishery management. Central Java, East Java, West Java and Lampung have all remained at the Category 1 rating under this indicator (provincial-level BSC fishery management plan recognized at the WPP level). The provincial Marine and Fisheries Offices (Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan, DKP) regularly participated in the WPP 712 meetings conducted by the Fishery Management Council (Lembaga Pengelola Perikanan, LPP)-WPP (LPP-WPP). For Lampung, the provincial DKP and KPPRB regularly participated in Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF; Indonesian: Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, KKP) meetings such as developing the RPP (Rencana Pengelolaan Perikanan/Fisheries Management Plan), Harvest Strategy, Harvest Control Rule, and Quota Management. The LPP-WPP system in Indonesia remains nonoperational and therefore the Lampug DKP has no formal role as an advisor/member for LPP-WPP 712. Indicator G: Progress towards ministerial decree of blue swimming crab Harvest Strategy. The Harvest Strategy document defining the limit and target reference points remains at Level 1. In 2021, Consortium members actively provided input and feedback on the Harvest Strategy implementation, however, the harvest strategy has no effort and catch control mechanisms (lacks harvest control rules), it therefore remains an incomplete harvest strategy. Indicator J: Fishery Improvement Project (FIP) achieving positive performance. The Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab Association (Asosiasi Pengelolaan Rajungan Indonesia, APRI) Gillnet/Fish Trap Fishery is being tracked against the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) benchmarks as laid out at FisheryProgress.org. Although the FIP now focuses on sites at Madura Island off the northeast coast of Java, this indicator still tracks the entire Java Sea as the unit of assessment. For 2021, 32% of the FIP’s performance scores were green (pass without conditions), down from 36% last year. On the other hand, a 68% for yellow (pass with conditions) shows an increase from the 46% last year and the 0% in red (fail) indicated a better status than last year’s 18%.

There are four indicators for this aspect of the blue swimming crab work as described below, with the 2021 results for each:

WPP

WPP 712

KepMen

Indicator C: Blue swimming crab committees (supported) demonstrating progress towards adaptive management. This indicator looks at each site (province, district, and village) and rates it on a progress scale from 0 (committee not formed) to 5 (committee practicing adaptive management). 2021 data were updated at the provincial level only. Central Java has maintained the Stage 5 rating from 2019 and Lampung has retained the Stage 4 rating in 2021. West Java progressed from Stage 0 to Stage 1 while East Java progressed from Stage 0 to Stage 3. Indicator E: Local stakeholder group engagement and empowerment for blue swimming crab fishery management. This indicator rates village-level institutions and middle-persons/mini-plant associations on a progress scale from 0 (loosely organized) to 4 (making fishery management recommendations). In West Java, 11 new organizations have established with support from Starling Resources (SR). Lampung has 17 groups in total, one group less than last year as one group no longer exists due to internal conflict. Central Java and East Java were unable to provide updated data.

Indicator H: Villages implementing blue swimming crab measures. The baseline report highlighted two sites in Central Java (Betahwalang and Gedongmulyo) as having some form of stock data collection and fisher registration; neither has updated information for 2021, and East Java also has no updated data for 2021. Meanwhile, five Lampung villages continue to implement blue swimming crab measures that started in 2019 and have also initiated juvenile closed areas and detection of destructive fishing gears as part of the provincial plan. In West Java, there were 10 newly identified villages in 2021.

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712 ix

Indicator I: Mini-plants in compliance with industry control document. This indicator monitors compliance with minimum landing sizes, correct catch documentation, and no illegal catch (berried and undersized crab <10 cm). The initiative is steered and funded by APRI with support from the National Fisheries Institute (NFI)‘s Crab Council to ensure fishers can keep public statements on their product’s legal and traceable source. 75% of Java-based mini-plants completed audits in 2019, with no audits completed in 2020. In 2021, SFP funded APRI to conduct 49 mini-plant audits covering West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Banten. The 2021 compliance data shows that 60-65% of APRI and NFI-CC supply adheres to national illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing laws. Conversely, this means that, for 2021, 35-39% of catch supplied to APRI from those mini-plants that were assessed (18% of all mini-plants) is IUU, significantly higher than the US International Trade Congress (ITC) estimates of 22.8%.

APRI

A limitation of this report is that some data sets remain incomplete for 2021, and the data requires the appropriate science advisory committee and government validation. Unfortunately, this has a knock-on effect for Indicators A (SPR), M (crab meat), and B (CPUE tracking). Government statistics for export prices in 2021 have also not been released as of the publication of this report. Only Lampung shows an increase in prices that is likely representative of the increasing prices for blue swimming crab across Indonesia. Despite this, progress across the indicators during a global pandemic remains impressive. Moving forward, publication of reports should be delayed until the middle of the year to allow all data sets from the previous year to be consolidated and approved by the Science Advisory Groups (SAGs) and Government bodies. Working with local CSOs, village-based enumerators, local community-based organizations and universities has enabled most Consortium members to continue data collection and work during the pandemic. Overall, the indicative results show the blue swimming crab’s stock health continues in a pattern of slow decline across the Java Sea and will continue that way until there is systematic management that restricts fishing effort. Fishing effort appears to have increased above 2020 levels in line with increased export volumes.

Overall, there is progress in developing institutions to support enabling conditions for governance in the fishery. A mix of the village, district, and provincial-level organizations across Central Java, East Java, and Lampung sustained and, in some cases, improved. In 2022, West Java shall begin to catch up with the other provinces. One weakness, however, is that Government allocations to support the work in each of the provinces remain small, likely due to COVID-19 reallocations. Hopefully, in 2022, counterparts and local buy-in will increase. In March 2020, the Blue Swimming Crab Harvest Strategy for WPP 712 was approved, clarifying the fishery’s target and limit reference points. This strategy adopts SPR as the primary method for assessing stocks, thus systematizing data collection and monitoring. The harvest strategy is ineffective as it does not yet outline the essential pre-determined management interventions that are triggered when the stock health reaches the lower reference point. Blue swimming crab is a species that spends its entire life within provincial waters, so the best model for managing it is to enable the provincial governments to plan and provide support for district and village-level management. The Ministry is proposing a series of harvest control tests sites in 2022 and Lampung would be an excellent site for testing and collaboration. Consortium partners have integrated their stock health data collection and enumerator system to provide standardized, regular data directly to the MMAF Stock Assessment Team. Hopefully, APRI can follow this example and share their data sets with the Government to allow proper vetting and independent scientific analysis to substantiate their publicly disseminated data analyses. Unfortunately, in 2021, the Industry association, APRI, decided to close the door on their partnership in the Consortium. However, members maintain an open-door policy should the association and the National Fisheries Institute Crab Council reengage. Non-APRI processors remain engaged in the field sites. On the other hand, the compelling development of 2021 was a push towards recognizing the inclusivity of fishers’ and women’s voice in management, from the villages to the provinces, and the National Blue Swimming Crab Fishers Network’s (Rajungan Forkom Nelangsa) formation which brings a vital stakeholder more into the management of the fishery.

About This Report This is the third ‘State of the Fishery’ report on the Indonesian blue swimming crab (BSC, locally referred to as rajungan) fishery covering the years 2019-2021, produced as part of the Indonesia Blue Swimming Crab Initiative of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Packard Foundation) and Walton Family Foundation (WFF) for 2020-2023. It presents a summary of data covering January-December 2021, collected from secondary sources (government statistics and interviews) and provided by the following Indonesia Blue Swimming Crab Consortium partners: Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP), Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), Marine Change, Starling Resources (SR), and Coral Triangle Center (CTC). It is primarily aimed as a discussion piece for a complex fishery to provide opportunities for learning for donors and implementers. Partners were provided with the full set of indicators, and group feedback sessions were conducted in March 2022 to validate and discuss the initial findings in this report. We would like to thank the partners who shared data and provided generous feedback. The author takes responsibility for all errors herein, and warmly welcomes constructive feedback from all stakeholders to help us enhance the findings of the report.

Dr. Jeremy Prince, Biospherics Inc, Dr. Hawis H. Madduppa, Executive Director of APRI and Stuart J. Green, BGA Ltd reviewing IUU crab, Madura (2019)

BSC CONSORTIUM

BSC Fishery Indicators

kg / hr

WPP

$ APRI

KepMen

WPP 712

$/ yr $ / kg

Total

Both the Packard Foundation and WFF had close to 20 years of investments in Indonesia before shifting their focus towards capture fisheries. Recognizing the complexity of Indonesia’s fisheries, they have opted to prioritize archetypal fisheries of particular economic and social significance. These fisheries include the blue swimming crab fishery, which is of primary importance to many fishers, pickers, and processors that rely on it for livelihood, social, cultural, and economic benefits. In 2018, the blue swimming crab was Indonesia’s third biggest export commodity after tuna and shrimp. That year, the Indonesian BSC Consortium’s data showed that the fisheries provided livelihood for around 90,000 fishers and employed at least 185,000 women in fisheries processing units and mini-plants across the country. Fourteen indicators, developed by the Consortium partners over the course of close to 12 months from 2019-2020 are used to measure key economic, social and environmental performance of the fishery and to track, over time, how the fishery is progressing towards sustainability1,2. The indicators A through to N fall within four key categories: 1. Fishery Health – A, B

3. National Governance – F, J, G

2. Fishery Economic Status – D, K, L, M, N

4. Local Governance – C, E, H, I

The intent of these indicators is: • To develop annual proxies to track progress, evaluate effectiveness, and capture learnings from work across four provinces within WPP 712 (Figure 1 and Figure 2); • To align on methods used for monitoring and evaluation, and to capture and integrate learnings into strategies of both implementers and the donors; and • To track outputs from grants made in 2019 through to the end of 2023.

Berried female BSC catch for sale. Source: Adobe Stock under Standard Licence

The tracking of these indicators is not meant to ‘audit’ the Consortium’s work, but is a genuine attempt to identify proxies to track its impact and integrate that back into the TOC.

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Sites and Responsible Organizations The indicators track changes at the village level (Table 1), and at the sub-district, district, provincial, WPP 712 and National levels. EDF and SR assisted with providing data for Lampung and West Java; APRI, SFP and UNDIP provided data on Central and East Java3. Table 1. Sites and Consortium partners providing primary data

SITES Provinces Central Java

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATIONS SFP/UNDIP/APRI APRI/SFP APRI/SFP

▶ ▶

Villages 1. Betahwalang Village, Bonang Sub-regency, Demak Regency 2. Gedongmulyo Village, Lasem Sub-regency, Rembang Regency East Java 3. Pagagan Village, Pamekasan Regency, Madura Island Lampung (Sumatra) 4. Margasari Village East Lampung Regency 5. Muara Gading Mas Village Central Lampung 6. Cabang-Seputih Village Regency 7. Kuala Teladas Village Tulang Bawang Regency 8. Sungai Burung Village

EDF/SR

9. Gebang Mekar Village 10. Waru Duwur Village 11. Pabean Udik Village

Indramayu District

12. Sukahaji Village

Karawang District

13. Sukajaya Village

Bekasi district

14. Pantai Bahagia Village

1 2 3

Figure 2. Geographical location of provinces and villages in WPP 712

KALIMANTAN

SUMATRA

Kuala Teladas Sungai Burung Central Lampung Cabang-Seputih East Margasari Lampung Java Sea Muara Bahagia Gading Mas Pantai Bekasi Sukajaya Karawang Gedongmulyo Madura Sukahaji Pabeanudik Waru Duwur Island Indramayu Cirebon Gebang Betahwalang Mekar Pagagan JAVA Tulang Bawang

West Java Cirebon District

Figure 1. Geographical location of WPP 712

SR/EDF

For more details on the history of this publication and to review the 2019 data, see 2019 State of the Blue Swimming Crab Fishery Baseline Report. 2020 State of the Blue Swimming Crab Fishery. To access the full indicators reporting sheet and document articulating the indicators please go to BSC Indicators Data 2021.

Village (area of work) WPP area Indian Ocean Administrative boundary

WPP 712

Ocean

BALI 0

100

200 km

Sources: Land – Natural Earth Data. Consulted on 2020-06-25; Fisheries Management Units – SSIC (2018). Fisheries management area – Republic of Indonesia; Administrative boundaries and villages – GADM database, version 3.4, April 2018; EEZ – Flanders Marine Institute (2016). Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, version 1.

BSC CONSORTIUM

Fishery Health

Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR) indicating stock status (Indicator A)

% SPR

The metric SPR provides an index of the risk of recruitment to the BSC fishery declining. It represents the percentage of unfished spawning potential retained under the BSC Harvest Strategy, i.e., the proportion of unfished reproductive potential left in the BSC stock at any given level of fishing pressure. It is assessed using the methodology called Length-Based SPR assessment (LBSPR: Hordyk et al. 2015)4, which compares the length composition of the catch of adults to local estimates of size of maturity (L50) using estimates of the life history ratios (LHR): L50/L-infinity and M/k; where L50 is the size that 50% maturity is reached, L-infinity is the asymptotic size as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation, M is the rate of natural mortality and k is the Brody growth efficient as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation (Prince et al. in press)5.

2021 Status The SPR data for 2021 is still being analyzed and finalized by SAG and therefore not yet available. Final data will be provided once officially endorsed by SAG/KPPRB and the Marine Fisheries Research Center (Balai Riset Perikanan Laut, BRPL).

Enumerator-collected data per landing site using BRPL protocol (LBSPR methodology) as stipulated in the BSC Harvest Strategy

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year Figure 3. Indicator A – 2020 BSC Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR) compared to 2019 baseline and 2023 target (30% SPR) 4 5

Hordyk, A., Ono, K., Valencia, S., Loneragan, N.R., and Prince, J. 2014. A novel length-based empirical estimation method of spawning potential ratio (SPR), and tests of its performance, for small-scale, data-poor fisheries https://doi.org/10.1093/ icesjms/fsu004 Prince J., Hordyk A., Valencia S. R., Loneragan N., Sainsbury K. Revisiting the concept of Beverton–Holt life-history invariants with the aim of informing data-poor fisheries assessment, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2015, vol. 72 (pg. 194-203). https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu011

Notes:

(a) Discussions with MMAF’s Marine Fisheries Research Center (BRPL) and APRI have integrated and standardized their analysis (b) The 2019 data are from the period February 2019 to January 2020

(c) The 2020 data for Central Pemalang 34% Java is the average Pati 28% SPR from three areas Rembang 37% (Pemalang, Pati and Avg: 33% Rembang): (d) Following a meeting with SAG-KPPRB, SAG agreed to update the life history using Lampung’s 2019–2020 data and to use it for analyzing SPR 2019 and 2020. The sequence of the data was also revised: SPR 2019 to use Feb–Dec 2019 (previously Feb 2019–Jan 2020) and SPR 2020 to use Jan–Dec 2020 (previously Feb 2020–Jan 2021). So, as agreed by SAG and presented during the KPPRB meeting, the SPR numbers are 27% for SPR 2019 and 25% for SPR 2020. SPR (Jan-Dec 2020)_APRI Stock Assesment.pdf

(e) No results yet; West Java data collection only started in 2021

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Fishery Health

Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) stable within ±20% of median on a year-toyear basis (Indicator B)

Primary data collected by enumerators on catch and effort data, specified by species and gear type. Electronic tracking devices such as global positioning systems (GPS) support collected data on fishing activity (time gear deployed) and number of fishing gears used

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

CENTRAL JAVA (f)

CPUE for a subset of priority fishing gears in selected fishing grounds show considerable variability across the fishery. The data are also quite noisy, so it is easy to over-read them and see a trend that does not exist. They can serve to understand what gear types are being used in each location, but little else can be deduced until multiple years of data and a standardized collection methodology across the various fisheries become available. CPUE 2021 data for Lampung is still in progress to be calculated by EDF and finalized by SAG/KPPRB. For Central and East Java, no data have been provided for 2021.

Muara Gading Mas

N/A

Margasari

EAST JAVA (f)

MD Missing Data – no data provided

MD CabangSeputih

2.85 kg/hr

Gillnet (c) 2.89 kg/hr

6.34kg/hr

5.41 kg/hr

3.24 kg/hr

1.50 kg/hr

6.18 kg/hr

3.38 kg/hr

3.71 kg/hr

1.72 kg/hr

1.70 kg/hr

1.30 kg/hr

15.70 kg/hr

N/A

Pagagan

2021 Status

Fish trap (a,b)

0.50 kg/hr

0.30 kg/hr

2.45 kg/hr

0.1 kg/hr

8.01 kg/hr

Betahwalang Gedongmulyo

0.06 kg/hr

0.32 kg/hr

0.26 kg/hr

0.14 kg/hr

0.10 kg/hr

2019 baseline 2020

0.49 kg/hr

kg per hour (gillnet, mini trawl, fish traps) reported annually using a standard method as defined in the BSC Harvest Strategy. Numerator: Catch (kg); Denominator: Gear soak time per hour depending on gear type for the whole fishing year. For trawl (if tracked), CPUE is expressed as kg per hour per trawl

CPUE is the rate at which blue swimming crabs are caught and is used to provide an index of stock abundance. It is calculated using the catch (kg) of blue swimming crab taken by the number of traps set per hour of fishing, length of gillnet set per hour, or number of hours spent trawling. To determine the CPUE, the catch is divided by the level of effort expended. Representative subsampling of the main fishing gears in each village (e.g., gillnet and fish traps) provides an estimate of the level of effort applied to the fishery.

Kuala Teladas

Sungai Burung

LAMPUNG (d,e,g)

Site 1

Site 2

WEST JAVA

Figure 4. Indicator B – CPUE estimates in 2020 for BSC (kg/hour) using fish traps and gillnets, compared to 2019 baseline

Notes:

(a) We will be asking for a copy of the raw data and design an automation process in coming months, noting that CPUE needs very long-term data and a very standardized methodology for tracking and making meaningful sense of the data (b) CPUE gear, seasons and data collection methodology needs much longer-term data and further standardizing to be conducted for all data presented here (c) CPUE is calculated, first, on an individual observation basis; total crab catch/total effort. Total effort is the net length and soak time, meaning CPUE is kg/total effort. The numbers represent average daily CPUE across all observations, which is why it is important to show CPUE infomration as a trend, not an absolute number. We are also concerned about using the CPUE information because we are assuming that the gillnet lengths are the same, which we know is not the case

(d) The 2019 gillnet data are from the period Feb 2019 - Jan 2020 (e) The 2019 trap data are from Feb-Dec 2019 (f) The 2020 data are from APRI, 2021. Report on stock assessment of Indonesian blue swimming crab in 2020 (to be published) (g) The 2020 CPUE data for Lampung are preliminary data for Feb 2020 - Jan 2021 (provided by EDF: Copy of Preliminary Result BSC Lampung 2020.pdf)

BSC CONSORTIUM

Fishery Economic Status

Government budget allocations for BSC fisheries management (Indicator D)

This indicator measures annual increases (expressed as percentage increases from baseline) in resource allocations for blue swimming crab fisheries management in WPP 712 from government budgets (national, provincial, and district). Allocations may include staff time, purchase of equipment, meeting and other relevant costs (e.g., patrolling costs) that can be itemized.

Amount (USD) allocated annually to support BSC management and % increase from baseline

2021 Status There have been massive budget cuts across the three provinces primarily due to the reallocation of funds to COVID-19 relief in 2021. Note that the baseline (2019) data for Central Java and East Java have been reviewed based on annual provincial workplans (Dokumen Rencana Kerja Provinsi) – which are more specific – rather than the estimates from the five-year provincial development plans (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menegah Daerah, RPJMD). Baseline data for Lampung were reviewed through subjective interviews of government staff by Consortium partners and corrected to be the actual funds allocated to BSC fisheries. Data for West Java is available for this year. Although the West Java Provincial Government allocated some budget for the fisheries program, due to COVID-19 pandemic reallocations, the budget was reduced.

Annual published government budgets and staff interviews. Table of time and resources allocated to BSC

Collected annually with previous year’s data aggregated annually and submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Figure 5. Indicator D – 2019, 2020 and 2021 resource allocation for fisheries management in WPP 712 by province Notes:

(a) Source documents: RENJA Central Java (b) Source documents: RENJA East Java (c) 2019 baseline collected full fisheries allocation for all fisheries. 2020 data shows budget allocated for blue swimming crab fisheries alone (however provincial governments do not allocate, so the data is taken from interviews with Consortium members and their interpretation of allocations) (d) Provincial-level budget allocation was for fisher programs, such as infrastructure provision (environmental fishing gear and aids), insurance, license booth and center, facilitating recommended licenses,

port operationalization, development and empowerment (Maringgai and Teladas), surveillance operation and POKMASWAS empowerment, and provision of cool chain infrastructure in Lampung Tengah and Tulang Bawang. DKP Central Lampung allocated the budget specifically for surveillance of fisheries business in marine and inland waters (e) Indicator D source documents (f) This was the amount allocated by the DKP West Java for the public consultation of the BSC management action plan in 4 regencies, however it was refocused to the COVID-19 emergency. The realized budget was IDR 0 (none)

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Fishery Economic Status

Value of blue swimming crab exports per province (Indicator K) This indicator tracks the USD value of exports per province. Through this indicator, the BSC Consortium aims to inform and engage provincial- and regency-level governments in valuing the economic gains of management and in prioritizing the cost of the blue swimming crab fishery management. Number of provinces reporting value generated from BSC exports

2021 Status In 2021, the only data available is from Lampung. Total blue swimming crab export receipts from Lampung (in USD) increased 58% from the 2020 value. This suggests a significant expansion in export demand and, as a corollary, increased crab production volume. Imports of raw unprocessed crab into Indonesia during 2021 continued.

Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency (BKIPM) Central office / Provincial offices

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Figure 6. Indicator K – Values of blue swimming crab exports from the four WPP 712 provinces (USD / province) in 2021 compared to baseline (2019) and 2020

Notes:

(a) Data extracted by SR from BKIPM export data (export volume in metric tons) and converted to USD/kg based on export price/kg provided in Indicator L; crab export value data extracted by SR (b) Lampung data extracted by SR from BKIPM export data (export volume in metric tons) and converted to USD/kg based on export price/kg provided in Indicator L. Data source: Indicator K; Lampung crab export value data extracted by SR

BSC CONSORTIUM

Fishery Economic Status

$ / kg

USD per kg

Changes in the export price of blue swimming crab in each province (Indicator L) This indicator represents the percentage change from baseline in the export price of BSC in each of the four priority provinces (expressed in USD/kg and adjusted for inflation). The availability of price data from each province will allow for the data to be aggregated and analyzed on a WPP-wide basis against market trends to serve as an indicator of changes in the value of the BSC fishery over time and under various market conditions.

2021 Status In Lampung Province, the average export price (adjusted for inflation based on 2019 prices) in 2021 is USD 22.96 per kg, a 4% increase from last year. Official government data from BKIPM was not yet released at time of press.

Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency (BKIPM) Central office / Provincial offices

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Figure 7. Indicator L – Change in blue swimming crab export prices (USD/kg) by province from 2019 baseline to 2021 (Lampung only) Notes:

(a) Prices expressed in 2019 (base year) terms. Data are from January to June 2020. Source document: Data Ekspor Rajungan - BKIPM- Agustus 2020.pdf (b) 2021 source document: Nilai ekspor crab_lampung.jpeg (c) This indicator is vulnerable to external influences

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Fishery Economic Status

Total

% change from baseline in the proportion of jumbo lump crab meat exports relative to total BSC meat exports

Increase in percentage of jumbo crab meat in total blue swimming crab meat exports (Indicator M) This indicator measures changes (from baseline) in the amount of Jumbo lump crab meat exports as a percentage of total blue swimming crab meat exported per province. It will serve as a proxy for the value and sustainability of the blue swimming crab stock. By tracking the percentage of jumbo crab meat (which demands a higher price) in the total blue swimming crab meat exports, it will be possible to track whether the economic value is maximized.

2021 Status There is no data that directly measures the proportion of jumbo lump meat in total blue swimming crab meat exports from Indonesia. In their place, an equivalent metric based on Indicator A (SPR) is used to approximate the percentage of jumbo lump meat (Annex 4). Since the SPR data for 2021 is not yet available, we have not calculated data for Indicator M.

Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency (BKIPM) Central office / Provincial offices

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Figure 8. Indicator M –Change in the approximate amount of jumbo lump BSC meat exports as a percentage of total BSC meat exported per province from 2019 to 2020

Notes:

(a) Data are based on the proxy that is described in Annex 4

BSC CONSORTIUM

Fishery Economic Status

Changes in fishers’ and collectors’ income from blue swimming crab fishery (Indicator N) (2019 data only) This indicator tracks variations year over year in fishers’ and collectors’ annual net income (ANI) from blue swimming crab fishery. It provides a measure of the stability of the ANI made by a subsample of blue swimming crab fishers and collectors at the village (community) level. Income is considered stable if it does not suffer serious variations (over 25%) year over year.

Rating numbers 1-5 indicating progress on milestones

Minutes of board meetings, business plan, code of conduct, and member audit plan

Annual

2021 Status No data have been collected on this indicator in 2021. Available (2019) data show trap and gillnet fishers in two sites in Central Java earning an average ANI of about USD 1,250 in 2019, while trap fishers in Pagagan Village in Pamekasan Regency, East Java earned about USD 1,227. These are not far below the 2019 minimum annualized (gross) wages of USD 1,386 and USD 1,407 in Central Java and East Java, respectively6. However, incomes differed widely between trap and gillnet fishers in Central Java. As shown in Table 5, in Demak Regency’s Betahwalang Village, trap fishers earned USD 1,411, slightly above minimum wage, while gillnet fishers made only about USD 972. On the other hand, in Gedongmulyo Village in Rembang Regency, trap fishers earned only about one-third (USD 643) of the above-minimum-wage income of USD 1,973 earned by gillnet fishers. This can be explained by differences in fishing grounds and gear: In Demak, trap fishers operate in the high seas, while gillnet fishers – most of them over 50 years old – fish only in coastal areas and rivers using small boats. The reverse is true in Rembang, where trap fishers use fishing grounds close to shore (producing more clam bycatch than target fish) than the gillnet fishers who fish farther out to sea. Collectors had an average income of at least twice the average fisher’s income. It must be noted that the sampling methodology is still being reviewed and tested and the subsample size was small (n=10-15).

Based on USD 1:IDR 13,901 and minimum wages in IDR: The Minimum Wage in Indonesia: Increased by 8.5% for 2020

Notes:

(a) All income values are in USD (converted from IDR based on the average exchange rate for the reporting year

Figure 9. Indicator N – Baseline fish trap and gillnet fishers’ and collectors’ annual net income from BSC fishing

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

National Governance WPP

WPP 712

Rating 1-3 per province based on the defined categories of harmonization between provincial-level and WPP-level BSC fishery management

Public minutes and action points from BSC Management Council Chairperson (translated into English)

Progress towards harmonizing WPP-level and provincial-level blue swimming crab fishery management (Indicator F) This indicator tracks the progress made by each province and by WPP 712 (as a single fisheries management unit) towards harmonization between provincial-level and WPP-level blue swimming crab fishery management. Progress is rated using three harmonization categories: Category 1. Provincial-level blue swimming crab fishery management plan recognized at the WPP level Category 2. Management committees and management interventions formally deliberated regularly, at least 2 times a year, at WPP-level planning, with provincial-level blue swimming crab fishery managers from marine and fisheries offices (DKPs) participating as WPP committee advisors/members

2021 Status Central Java, East Java, West Java and Lampung have participated actively in LPP-WPP meetings to give inputs and advice. But since the LPP-WPP 712 system is not yet operational, provincial DKPs have not had a formal role as advisor or member. The committee has not formally deliberated regularly and formally delivered intervention to LPP-WPP (one of the indicators to progress to Category 2). As such, all provinces remain at Category 1. Despite the implementation mechanism of the LPP-WPP not yet being operational and therefore not having a formal role as advisor/member, a Stage 1+ rating is justified for Lampung because the provincial DKP and KPPRB regularly participated in and provided essential inputs at WPP or MMAF meetings (developing the RPP, Harvest Strategy, Harvest Control Rules, quota management).

Category 3. At least 10 blue swimming crab management interventions adopted by the WPP 712 Management Council as evidenced by Council meeting outputs

Notes: Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

(a) 2020 data for Central and East Java need to be verified. Source documents: for Central Java; East Java. (b) Rating rules 1. Each province is given a Category 1 rating when its blue swimming crab fishery management plan is recognized by the WPP Council. On the other hand, the Category 1 rating is given to the WPP only when the management plans of all provinces are recognized by the WPP Council (i.e., when all provinces achieve Category 1). 2. Each province is given a Category 2 rating when it participates in WPP-level planning at least twice during a given year to formally deliberate “management committees and management interventions.” The WPP, on the other hand, receives this category rating only when all four provinces reach Category 2. 3. WPP 712 can be rated at Category 3 without any of the provinces achieving Category 3. This top category rating is given when at least 10 blue swimming crab management interventions are adopted at the WPP level, regardless of whether such interventions were initiated and put forward for WPP adoption by one or more of the provinces, or by the WPP Council in consultation with the provinces.

Figure 10. Indicator F – Progress towards harmonization between provincial and WPPlevel blue swimming crab fishery management (b)

BSC CONSORTIUM

National Governance

KepMen

Progress towards ministerial decree of blue swimming crab Harvest Strategy (Indicator G) This indicator is based on a qualitative assessment of a Blue Swimming Crab Harvest Strategy’s progress towards a ministerial decree as measured by the following Milestones:

1-4 rating indicating progress towards Harvest Strategy decree (based on Milestones)

MMAF ministerial decree

Milestone 0.

No Harvest Strategy drafted

Milestone 1.

Draft Harvest Strategy released specifying limit and target reference points and identifying management measures (fishing rules to control effort and catch)

Milestone 2.

Draft Harvest Strategy reviewed annually, with the Blue Swimming Crab Consortium providing MMAF with verbal and written (where appropriate) feedback on implementation

Milestone 3.

National Harvest Strategy with functioning Harvest Control Rule in place officially adopted by ministerial decree

Milestone 4. Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Annual verbal and written advice provided by the Consortium to MMAF on the implementation of the Harvest Strategy

2021 Status The Directorate General of Capture Fisheries has issued an order containing the Blue Swimming Crab Harvest Strategy (Milestone 1), which defines the limit and target reference points for the fishery. In 2021, the BSC Consortium members actively provided input and feedback on the Harvest Strategy implementation.

Figure 11. Indicator G – Milestone rating on progress made from 2019 baseline of Blue Swimming Crab Harvest Strategy towards a ministerial decree in 2023

Notes:

(a) Source document: HS Rajungan (PERDIRJEN) 2020.pdf (b) Harvest strategy document has been established through an order by the Directorate General of Capture Fisheries and will not progress to adoption by a ministry decree (Milestone 3)

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

National Governance

Fishery Improvement Project (FIP) achieving positive performance (Indicator J) This indicator tracks the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) scores of pre-selected Indonesia blue swimming crab FIPs as publicly reported on FisheryProgress.org, a web portal that provides information on the progress of FIPs on industry standards. These FIPs are deemed to represent the blue swimming crab work in Indonesia. No. of FIPs achieving a positive performance (green) score of at least 80% on FisheryProgress.org

The MSC Fisheries Standard uses 28 performance indicators (PIs) against which FIP progress is measured. These PIs sit under three benchmarking principles: Principle 1 – Sustainable fish stocks (P1), Principle 2 – Minimizing environmental impact (P2), and Principle 3 – Effective fisheries management (P3).

2021 Status The APRI Gillnet/Fish Trap Fishery FIP now focuses on sites at Madura Island, off the northeast coast of Java, but the whole Java Sea continues to be tracked as the unit of assessment. For 2021, FIP scores are weaker compared to the 36% green scores achieved last year. But for red scores, it showed better results from last year’s 18% to 0% in 2021.

fisheryprogress.org

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Notes:

(a) Q = Qualified count, i.e., FIP meets criteria of a Green Score of at least 80 (enter the value “1” if Green Score is at least 80 so the FIP is counted). Based on the target indicator, the Green Score is actually the only information needed, the rest remain in the table as it is good to also track the yellow and red indicator scores (b) Progress ratings used by FisheryProgress.org: A – Advanced Progress Reserved for comprehensive FIPs that have a Stage 4 or 5 result within the past 12 months B – Good Progress An FIP that has acheived a Stage 4 or 5 in more than 12 months AND Stage 3 activity in the last year; OR a basic FIP that has achieved Stage 4 or 5 achievements within the past 12 months

Figure 12. Indicator J – 2021 performance score of FIP being monitored compared to 2019 baseline and 2023 target

C – Some Recent Progress A FIP that has achieved a Stage 4 or 5 result in more than 12 (but less than 24) months but has not generated a Stage 3 result within the past 12 months OR a FIP younger than a year that has never achieved a Stage 4 or 5 result but has completed a Stage 3 activity D – Some Past Progress An FIP for which the most recent publicly reported Stage 4 or 5 result is more than 24 (but less than 30) months E – Negligible Progress An FIP older than a year that has not reported a Stage 4 or 5 result in more than 30 month (but less than 36) months; OR a FIP younger than 1 year that has not reported a Stage 3 activity (c) Data source for 2020 (d) Data source for 2021

BSC CONSORTIUM

Local Governance

Blue swimming crab committees (supported) demonstrating progress towards adaptive management (Indicator C) This indicator provides a qualitative performance measure of each site (province, district, or village) based on the ‘progress towards adaptive management’ made by its BSC committee, benchmarked as follows: Stage 0. No BSC management committee formed. Number of BSC management committees achieving Stage 5

Annual assessment by BSC Consortium partners

Stage 1. BSC management committee legally established by appropriate policy document, such as Regent’s or Governor’s Decree (SK Bupati or Gubernur), with representation from various stakeholders, including but not limited to fishers, first-buyers, processors, district and provincial government officials, and industry partners, and inclusive of women and youth

2021 Status Data was provided for Lampung and West Java sites; Central Java and East Java were only updated at the provincial level (district and village levels are assumed to be at the same Stage as 2020). Overall, the number of committees formed has increased to seven (7) from four (4) last year. Central Java has maintained its Stage 5 rating and Lampung, where the focus is on provincial-level management only, remains at Stage 4. East Java is at Stage 3 (needs follow-up verification), while West Java progressed to Stage 1 from Stage 0 last year.

Stage 2. BSC management committee given mandate to make management decisions towards identified fishery goals in the form of an action plan (Rencana Aksi) decreed through an SK Gubernor or equivalent at the village or Regency level Stage 3. BSC management committee meeting at least twice annually with representation from all relevant stakeholders to track and assess progress against stated fishery objectives

Collected annually with previous year’s data aggregated annually and submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Notes:

Stage 4. BSC management committee making fisheries management decisions based on consensus and recorded through a decree, resolution, working group (Pokja) presentation, and/ or meeting notes Stage 5. BSC management committee practicing adaptive management through the issuance and incorporation of fishery management decisions that are based on best available science and responsive to evolving management needs.

(a) The different partner organizations work at different governance levels for the fishery, except for EDF-SR, which is only working at the provincial level in Lampung (b) Stage 0 values represent the remaining number of committees that could be formed (c) The annual BSC Committee meeting was not conducted due to COVID-19 and is planned for early 2022; a small team of the Committee held an online discussion about the data, coordination and to conduct Management Organization and Communication training facilitated by CTC, October 4–8 2021, in Semarang, Central Java

(d) The East Java Province Blue Swimming Crab Fishery Resources and Data Management Team was established through the Head of East Java DKP Decree No. 188.4/864/120.3/2021, 08 June, 2021. Three (3) online meetings were held with BSC stakeholders to discuss the formation of the Team; around ten (10) people attended each meeting, on 03 June 2021, 18 September 2021, and 21 September 2021. (e) Lampung source documents: Pelatihan Pengelolaan Perikanan Adaptif bagi anggota Pokja 1-5 KPPRB; Pelatihan Pengelolaan Perikanan Adaptif bagi komite pelaksana KPPRB (f) West Java source documents: Indicator C

Figure 13. Indicator C – Committee stage ratings from 2019 (baseline) to 2021

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Local Governance

Local stakeholder group engagement and empowerment in blue swimming crab fishery management (Indicator E)

Number of stakeholder groups (n); 0-4 rating indicating level of group development and engagement in BSC fishery management

Summary of meetings, policies and action points from the chairperson of each of the local stakeholder groups tracked

Collected annually with previous year’s data aggregated annually and submitted in the first quarter of the next year

This indicator tracks the number of local stakeholder groups demonstrating improved engagement and empowerment to participate in and improve management of the BSC fishery. Local stakeholder groups include fisher groups, community-based organizations, and mini-plant or first-receiver/ collector associations. Each group’s development and engagement in BSC fishery management is benchmarked as follows: Stage 0:

Local stakeholder group loosely organized

Stage 1:

Group formally established with registration, constitution, and bylaws

Stage 2:

Group holding regular (at least biannual) meetings with at least 50% of members in attendance

Stage 3:

Members disseminating and reinforcing management and supply chain interventions in their communities to increase awareness and compliance by stakeholders

Stage 4:

Group making recommendations to management committee on fishery improvements

2021 Status Eleven new organizations were formed in 2021, all in West Java, bringing the total to 35. Lampung accounts for 17 groups, one group less than last year, as one group no longer exists due to internal conflict. Central Java and East Java have no updated data available and used the same rating as last year. There are now seven groups at Stage 3 (up from 4 in 2020); however, there are no groups at Stage 4. Figure 14. Indicator E –Total number of groups at each developmental stage compared across baseline (2019) to 2021 (top), and 2021 number of local stakeholder groups and benchmarked level of engagement and empowerment in management of the blue swimming crab fishery by province ▶ Notes:

(a) 2019 results do not include West Java (b) 2021 data are from Lampung and West Java (11 new groups identified). (c) Results are the same as 2020. Central and East Java groups have been handed over from SFP to APRI

Local Governance

Villages implementing blue swimming crab management measures (Indicator H)

% of villages, number of management measures implemented, 0-3 rating indicating implementation level of management measures

This indicator tracks joint participation, coordination, and enforcement (effectiveness) of prevailing management measures (such as area closures, gear regulations, and size limits) between MMAF, enforcement agencies, fishers, the province, and industry (supported by control document). Each focal site is targeted to have at least five management measures implemented, and to rate these using the following four-point scale: 0 – No plan 1 – Planned 2 – Implementation begun 3 – Fully implemented

Management plan, annual review of management intervention status conducted by relevant management authority identified in Indicator E

Management measures are input and output controls that will manage the fishing effort and catch, such as: limiting access through vessel registration and licensing, limiting andon (migratory) fishing, gear restrictions, size limits, catch limits, and area closures (permanent or seasonal). Other management measures may be focused on the supply chain to reduce quantity and waste, and to improve quality (to get more for less).

2021 Status

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Notes:

(a) Excluding West Java (implementation will commence in 2021). (b) This assumes all villages in Lampung are implementing the KPPRB Action Plan (Rencana Aksi) (c) Partial result from Lampung only (to be updated)

The baseline report highlighted two sites in Central Java (Betahwalang and Gedongmulyo) as having some form of stock data collection and fisher registration; neither has updated information in 2021. East Java also has no updated data provided for 2021. Meanwhile, five Lampung villages continue to implement BSC measures that started in 2019 and have also initiated juvenile closed areas and detection of destructive fishing gears as part of the provincial plan. In West Java, there were 10 newly identified villages in 2021, a significant improvement from last year. Figure 15. Indicator H – 2020 rating of management measures along the fourpoint scale (top) and the number of measures implemented per village (bottom) compared to 2019 baseline ▶

BSC CONSORTIUM

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Local Governance

Mini-plants in compliance with industry control document (Indicator I)

Percentage of miniplants evaluated to be in compliance with the ICD

This indicator tracks mini-plants within the APRI supply chain for compliance with catch documentation (CD) requirements and rules prohibiting the harvest of undersized BSC (below 10cm) and berried female BSC, as specified in the industry control document (ICD). The indicator represents the percentage of the mini-plants that are audited and the rate of compliance with regulations on CD, minimum landing size (MLS) and egg-bearing female BSC (EBF). For the purpose of reporting against this indicator, audit reports/ data are used to evaluate compliance with the rules specified in the ICD. Figure 16. Indicator I – Percentage of mini-plants audited (left) and compliance with regulations on CD, MLS, and EBF BSC (right) in each province and WPP 712 in 2019 (baseline) and 2021 ▼

Raw audit data from the Ministry steering committee for traceability and CD sourced from APRI showing mini-plant compliance with ICD for WPP 712

Annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the first quarter of the next year

Notes:

(a) Mini-plant audits were not conducted in Lampung in 2021 (b) This assumes all villages in Lampung are implementing the KPPRB Action Plan (Rencana Aksi) (c) New villages identified in 2021

2021 Status In 2019, the control document audits (led by APRI auditors and funded by NFI’s Crab Council in partnership with SFP) were conducted in 178 miniplants (47 in Central Java, 53 in East Java, 29 in Lampung and 49 in West Java) representing about 75% of the estimated total number of mini-plants (239) in the WPP. Mini-plants audits in 2021 were conducted by APRI with support by SFP. Total mini-plants audited were 49 in four provinces in Java Island, which are West Java (10 mini-plants), Central Java (21 mini-plants), East Java (12 mini-plants) and Banten (6 mini-plants). Banten was not included in the data collection and APRI did not conduct a mini-plant audit in Lampung.

BSC CONSORTIUM

Looking Ahead in 2022 Blue swimming crab catch. Source: Adobe Stock

Fishery Health Blue swimming crab is a robust and fecund crustacean; however, the SPR estimates for 2019 (baseline) and 2020 show that the longer-term health trend is slowly declining with fluctuations due to changing environmental and seasonal influences. This decline will continue until fishing effort restrictions are effectively in place. The increased export value of blue swimming crab recorded in 2020, amid a global pandemic suggests that supply is diminishing. Although we cannot yet share the SPR data for 2021, we expect stock health to continue its decline. In Lampung, the University of Lampung and Mitra Bintala have devised a simplified data collection form that integrates into the e-logbook system of MMAF. Local fisher associations are trained as enumerators to collect data in an app that integrtes with MMAF-SDI’s e-logbook and biological data forms. A transparent data collection, sharing, and analysis system is a significant building block for improved management. In the BSC 2020 report, there was a suggestion that the different fishing grounds had different sizes of maturity across the Java Sea. After a deeper analysis of the available data, it appears much more plausible that the excessive fishing pressure on the stocks over the last 15 years has reduced the size at maturity across the Java Sea. Excess fishing pressure on the stocks leads to the smaller maturing crabs dominating the spawning biomass, effectively termed “growth overfishing” as each new generation becomes smaller and smaller. This growth overfishing has a negative impact on the overall health of the crab population and at the same time means that livelihood dependent fishers will need to land more crabs to obtain the same value in weight for the market. Because the market value depends on weight (and thus size) of crabs landed, growth overfishing provides an incentive for fishers to land more crabs which further exacerbates overfishing.

There is a need for a stock rebuilding strategy for the Java Sea. Rebuilding does not suggest restocking that some groups are proposing (which remains scientifically unproven and expensive). However, stock rebuilding is achievable through the intentional restriction on fishing effort by limiting the size and number of gears targeting the crab fishery. This must be done in tandem with the enforcement of the size limits and the ban on harvesting gravid females for the stock to recover.

Fishery Economic and Industry Status Economic data shows that blue swimming crab remains a lucrative export commodity. In 2020, imports of BSC into the US (the primary market for BSC) were the highest in the last decade, despite the US food service sector being affected by the pandemic and US imports in general decreasing. In fact, by early 2021, it had become difficult for many buyers to source BSC in Indonesia, as prices and demand had rebounded to previous high levels above USD 70 per kg in the US and at least USD 20 per kg export price from Indonesia. With over 3,864 tons exported in 2021, Indonesian-based exports earned APRI and the handful of non-APRI exporters in excess of USD 77 million. In December 2019, the US Congress formally requested the US International Trade Commission (US ITC) to investigate how IUU products enter the United States. The US ITC concluded that IUU seafood makes up 11% of the seafood imported into the United States. Blue swimming crab from Indonesia accounted for over 40% of BSC imported into the US. The report identified Indonesian BSC as being up to 22.8% from IUU sources.

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

The NFI Crab Council (NFI-CC) responded by hiring a fisheries expert from a reputable academic institution, noting that most BSC imported into the US from Indonesia was part of their fisheries improvement project (FIP) and that IUU levels were inflated. But since the FIP evidence is from a plan without means of proof of sustainability; only a third-party certified system such as the MSC can independently verify the traceability of imports and a lack of IUU in the product. In addition, the BSC FIP progress across Southeast Asia lags considerably behind many other global FIPs and the APRI FIP is 15 years old, one of the world’s oldest FIPs, but has not been able to achieve certification, even though other fisheries in Indonesia with much younger FIPs have already achieved the third-party verified certification7. Despite limited progress over 15 years, the FIP continues to receive an ‘A’ rating from the Fisheryprogress.org rating system but without full certification, this needs to be more carefully analyzed and verified. The NFI-CC review found that the ITC had used a trade lens to assess the level impact of value and fisheries. As the fishery expert suggested, a more appropriate lens considers the health and sustainability of the populations and the communities dependent on them. Given the concerns around methodology, the estimate of 22.8% is in question. Under Indonesian law, it is illegal to capture and keep gravid female and undersized crabs (<10 cm). Indicator I captures results from the independent audits of mini-plants on how well they are deterring this illegal crab from entering the supply chain and the 2021 results show 61% to 65% compliance with IUU fishing regulations. This means that 35%-39% of crab supply is potentially comprised of IUU crabs, which strongly suggests the ITC estimate of 22.8% IUU crabs entering the US is quite low. A rarely discussed but typical food safety and labeling problem is the unintentional inclusion of species that are not Portunus pelagicus in picked crab meat. It seems that bycatch species such as Myomeippe hardwicki, Charybdis affinis, and Charybdis natator are accidentally (or purposely) mixed, sometimes in large portions, into the meat, mainly when there is high demand for crab meat (as seen in late 2020 and 2021). The Indonesian government cannot check all exports, but APRI is working hard to disseminate the information about the species allowed. Still, as prices rise, mixing remains. A combination of a clear guidance control document and DNA checking is urgently needed to minimize this practice.

Poster distributed to APRI suppliers warning them not to mix different crab species “what types of crab are allowed and not allowed.”

A secondary problem for labeling arises when frozen crab imported from the Mediterranean, Bahrain, Oman, and Tunisia is picked, processed, and sold as a product of Indonesia. The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is cracking down on US crab importers engaged in seafood fraud, specifically, mislabeling imported crab meat as ‘Product of USA’.8,9,10 The raw product must be traceable back to its source in all food products. While NFI-CC and APRI have made progress on their FIP, there remains an opportunity to engage the US food service industries and consumers about where their food comes from, the catching methods, and ensuring working conditions and wages are in line with international standards. Organizations like the Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative (GSSI), Seafood Watch, and the SFP are well positioned to guide these sectors that remain beyond the controls of the NFI-CC supply chain.

7 8 9 10

Marine Stewardship Council (2021, January 29). Third Indonesia tuna fishery achieves MSC certified sustainable status [Press Release]. US Department of Justice (2019, July 18). Seafood Processor Pleads Guilty to Selling Foreign Crab Meat Falsely Labeled as Blue Crab from USA [Press release]. US Department of Justice (2020, January 9). Seafood Processor and Owner Sentenced for Selling Foreign Crab Meat Falsely Labeled as Product of USA [Press release]. US Department of Justice (2020, September 3). Seafood Processor Pleads Guilty to Selling Foreign Crabmeat Falsely Labeled as Blue Crab from USA [Press release].

BSC CONSORTIUM

National Governance In 2021, BSC RPP (Five-Year Management Plan 2021-2026) was revised through the facilitation of the MMAF, in partnership with FAO (under its Large Marine Ecosystem program), the United Nations Development Programme, and Consortium members. The revision included new sections on the province’s role, harvest strategy, data and information collection, and monitoring control and surveillance. These changes will bolster management potential significantly, but the plan remains a draft at the legal office of MMAF.

Blue swimming crab for sale. Source: Adobe Stock

An effort to assist in the design of an external business plan for APRI supported by several donors was largely unsuccessful. The business planning envisioned supporting APRI with a sustainable business model and opportunities to become financially independent. Despite considerable resources, field trips, and interviews, a first and second draft shared with APRI received no response. A copy of the business plan is available and still needs to be vetted and ultimately approved by APRI, if APRI is serious about improving its business operation and sources of support. APRI continues its drive for MSC certification and, in 2021, received a grant from MSC Indonesia to support its FIP work. But because MSC did not consider all the work already in progress on the fishery by Consortium members, APRI continued its work in consortium sites on its own. Based on a pre-assessment funded by MSC, certification for blue swimming crab remains difficult under the current policy framework (lack of harvest control rules) and with the stocks of the Java Sea overfished. More work on improving fishing gears’ selectivity and monitoring ETP species and transparent data sharing to allow stakeholder involvement in the data collection, validation, and decision-making is necessary. A risk assessment, enforcement, and compliance strategy are required to achieve certification benchmarks. The recent passage of the COMPETES Act (HR 4521) in the US lower house and the potential inclusion of the seafood importation to cover all species that enter US ports will eventually lead to a focus on issues around Indonesian crab. Interestingly, if passed, COMPETES also includes provisions to ensure that human and labor rights are adhered to down the fishery’s supply chain, which adds a vitally essential, yet primarily overlooked aspect, to the current trade practices11. 11

H.R.4521 - America COMPETES Act of 2022

The blue swimming crab interim harvest strategy published in 2020 remains without harvest control rules. Harvest control rules are pre-identified management responses that trigger when the stock reaches its lower stock limits (20% SPR) or reduce when target reference points are achieved (30% SPR). In 2022, MMAF is planning to pilot test harvest strategies in the Javanese villages of Rembang, Pamekasan and Konawe Selatan. As the blue swimming crab life cycle is, for the most part, within provincial-water jurisdiction, harvest control rules offer an opportunity to engage provincial, district, village institutions, industry, CSO partners, and the voice of fishers to design appropriate management interventions. Harvest control rules need to look into gear restrictions and temporal/ permanent closures of critical spawning and juvenile grounds. Gear restrictions are likely to include the need for crab pots with escape gaps, and larger mesh size gillnets to work hand-in-hand with the ban on cantrang (Danish seine/trawls). A harvest strategy fully implemented in tandem with size limits, the ban on harvesting gravid females, and enforcement of the control document would transform the fishery towards long-term sustainability. Managers continue to identify the lack of licensing and registration of fishers as a significant impediment to management success. Without a license, fishers and new entrants to the fishery are free to fish anywhere and catch anything without any perceived limits12. Registration and licensing clarify that there are responsibilities and accountability. Registration also gives managers the additional benefit of interacting with fishers regularly and access to up-to-date information on the numbers of fishers, their gears, and boats, which is a significant data gap across the whole country and severely limit the sustainable management of fisheries that mostly occur within provincial waters such as the BSC fishery. The biological rationale for the BSC legal size limit of 100 mm remains unclear. Scientific literature and experience in other countries (such as Sri Lanka) support the rationale for a more biologically appropriate size limit of up to 115 mm. An increased size limit would lead to a short period of reduced catch, but with the blue swimming crab’s fast growth and regeneration capacity, the fishery would recover, reaping long-term benefits for all stakeholders.

Halim, A., Wiryawan, B., Loneragan, N., Hordyk, A., Sondita, M.F., White, A., Koeshendrajana, S., Ruchimat, T., Pomeroy, R., Yuni,C. 2019. Developing a functional definition of small-scale fisheries in support of marine capture fisheries management in Indonesia https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.11.044

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Local Governance Despite the considerable efforts of SFP, NFI-Crab Council, and APRI to implement the control document to track compliance with the Minister of Marine Affairs Fisheries Regulation No 12/PERMEN-KP/2020 (minimum size of crab and gravid females), the scheme has not taken hold. As far back as 2016, in its Regional FIP workshops and council meetings, the NFI-CC has cited its adoption and support of the Control Document system to prove their assertion that they are working towards sustainability. The control document is not yet functioning, and sustainability assertations are unsubstantiated. For the system to work, there is a need for third-party auditors to conduct independent and unplanned assessments regularly, the results of which are published in a transparent manner. Since the formation of the Consortium, an assumption was that the WPP 712 Management Council would form. In theory, this council would provide a critical interface between stakeholders, scientists, and managers of the Java Sea. In the absence of a functional council body, a viable alternative may well be to support a community of practice that brings together managers, politicians, fishers, and scientists for an annual or bi-annual event to showcase and share management success and learning. MMAF recently announced the Kampung Nelayan Maju and identified 120 fishing villages to support socio-economic development across the country. This program would be an ideal fit for some of the Consortium member’s villages. The program provides socio-economic support, which would likely bolster and encourage fishers to engage in more aggressive management that could ultimately improve their rights and responsibilities. MMAF DG of Surveillance support for provincial-level task forces and village-level pokmaswas (community-based surveillance organizations) would strengthen enforcement capacity.

When the BSC work began, provinces and villages lacked the needed infrastructure, systems, capacity, guidance, and resources to manage their coastal waters. Consortium members continue building and establishing learning by doing approaches in partnership with local institutional partners (some built from scratch). Local institutions have continued to grow, despite the significant impacts of COVID-19 that limited travel and interactions. The Lampung Provincial KPPRB is an exemplary example of a provincial body that continues to grow as it supports the blue swimming crab fishery bodies created at the village and district organizations. Indicator E (local stakeholder engagement) has seen substantial gains over the last three years. The Consortium partners’ investments in local NGOs (e.g., the Lampung-based Mitra Bintala and the University of Lampung) with community organizers based in the villages and surrounding areas have undoubtedly contributed, as well as the COVID-19-induced shift to the use of social media and multiplatform messaging apps. In Lampung, a policy to ban andon (outside fishers) from fishing within 5 kilometers of the Lampung provincial waters is in place, which is a significant first; the implementation of the policy with enforcement support is the next critical step. In addition, 18 consultations with over 350 stakeholders have led to an agreement to expand the Way Kambas National Protected Area to include an additional 8,000 hectares of critical BSC habitat and juvenile grounds; this is awaiting final signatory from the MMAF. The Lampung site has established itself as a good BSC sentinel site for further research and exploration around gender, livelihoods, and climate change adaptation. Lampung has been exploring diversification of livelihoods and opportunities to enhance the value and use of wastes from the crab fishery. One issue that remains unresolved though is sand mining in areas that are critical juvenile and recruitment grounds of the crab. This issue highlights the need for integrated planning and management given that the BSC fishery exists in a complex coastal system of people and environment. Progress has slowed in the village, district, and provincial-level organizations in Central and Eastern Java since APRI has begun focusing its work in villages suitable for their MSC certification aspirations. SFP has shifted its focus to co-management in these sites to ensure a sustained presence. Western Java recently approved its provincial BSC plan, and site implementation is beginning. SR has partnered with the Serikat Nelayan Indonesia (SNI, Indonesian fishers union) to develop and strengthen local fisher, women’s, and miniplant/trader associations.

Final Thoughts Ultimately, overfishing plagues the Java Sea, and only a comprehensive rehabilitation plan for the fishery can ensure the livelihoods of over 90,000 fishers and 185,000 pickers. Reduction of fishing effort and strict enforcement on the ban on undersized crabs and gravid females are essential. These interventions can succeed with the right balance of science-driven management, enabling policies, recognizing all stakeholders’ voices and with appropriate incentives in place to support a sustainable fishery. APRI remains important as one of Indonesia’s oldest associations that manages the country’s longest existing FIP. While APRI is comprised of a powerful group of processors who control over 80% of Indonesia’s BSC exports, the industry has limited leverage over the lower levels of their supply chain. This lack of control over the original sources of catch is an inherent weakness in terms of being compliant with international standards. Fishers, middle persons, aggregators, and miniplants control the sourcing of the crab long before it enters the APRI supply chain. This lack of leverage in the lower levels of the supply chain is a common disadvantage to industry-led FIPs worldwide when the industry does not own the vessels catching the product.

BSC CONSORTIUM

The low leverage shows at the landing sites, where all crabs, whether small or large, gravid or not, IUU or legal, have just one price. This creates a situation whereby there are no economic or other incentives for fishers, aggregators, and mini-plant operators to stop the supply of non-IUU crab. Given this scenario, the only way to control this supply is to stop the capture of IUU fish at sea through harvest strategy rules that include mesh size, escape gaps and other options that will effectively limit and ban IUU crab from entering the supply chain. APRI has an opportunity to incentivize good behavior through price premiums, full implementation of the control document, and refusing to purchase IUU crab if appropriate harvest rules are enforced. APRI’s functions have changed, in recent years, to expand its role to include collecting and analyzing data on the state of the stocks. It also oversees the control document and compliance with national IUU laws—essential roles for the sustainability of the BSC fishery. But the weak link to implement these functions is that being transparent on data and its analysis and at the same time enforcing the law with members who are highly reliant on a lucrative export product can often lead to internal compromises. These functions appear to be incompatible within the remit of one organization without the internal and external checks and balances. Some of these functions may better fit a yayasan (Indonesian non-profit foundation), academic institution, or government department and should ideally be firewalled and separate from the work of an industry association. Fishers’ voice remains quiet but is steadily becoming louder, both at the community association (KUB) level and in engagements at the provincial and national levels. The lower end of the supply chain, mini-plant associations, aggregators, and non-APRI processors alongside fishers and village leaders is essential for successful management and decision-making. The more fishers, aggregators, and mini plants can provide their voices to management’s co-creation, the higher the likelihood of management success. Understanding this, SFP launched a national platform, Archipelago Blue Swimming Crab Fishers Communication Forum, to connect BSC fishers across Indonesia. The organization is now legally formed, financed, has elected a chairperson, and MMAF staff sit as advisors. A provincial chapter has even been formed in Lampung, and similar chapters are being explored in other provinces. The need for more voice from communities is essential. The recent formation of the CTC’s facilitated national women’s fishers network voice brings a diversity of views that promises to enhance and enrich the work in progress. Ultimately positive (or sometimes negative) incentives for compliance must be applied for the fishers and communities to support management success. The Conservation Alliance for Sustainable Seafood (CASS) defines a FIP as a “multi-stakeholder effort to address environmental challenges in a fishery.” Looking back to 2021, the critical learning for the Consortium has been that every partner has a stake, role, and a voice. The narrative that CSOs, Government, fishers or academia, or any stakeholder are “unwelcome visitors” to the fishery, flies in the face of global experiences in small-scale fisheries and development. Such a perspective hints at a group protecting its economic self-interest; it also fails to recognize the rights of the hundreds of communities reliant on the fishery. Regardless of some individuals’ misconceptions of control and power, any fishery solution entails long-term coordination amongst all stakeholders, with greater diversity and voice directly correlated to a higher potential for success. Considerable work remains before anyone can claim success towards a long-term sustainable fishery management system for the BSC fishers of the Java Sea.

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Annexes

Annex 1:

Consortium Members’ Highlights ◀ Financial literacy program. © EDF

Fisheries management The BSC Consortium is driven by one common goal — to accelerate the efforts to achieve sustainability for Indonesia’s blue swimming crab fisheries. In 2020, FAO, under the ISLME project, supported the MMAF and carried out an ecosystems approach to fisheries management (EAFM) in Morodemak, Central Java as a basis for the development of Harvest Strategy, issued in 2020 and its Harvest Control Rules, regulating the input control (boat registration, use of non-harmful fishing gears and reporting) and output control (setting minimum legal size for BSC: >10-cm carapace width and banning the capture of female BSC with eggs). The target is to increase the BSC spawning potential ratio to at least 30% and to increase the percentage of wild caught BSC above the minimum legal size to 90%. The EAFM assessment findings put BSC fisheries in WPP 712 in the “restoration strategy” category, meaning it requires a systematic and comprehensive intervention to change the status from bad to moderate. The findings also indicate the need for improvements in the habitat, fish resources, social and institutional domains; while the fishing technique and economic domains show relatively good progress. In 2021, Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) and Mitra Bentala held 18 public consultations with 335 community members to determine no-take zones where fishing will be prohibited to allow juvenile BSC to spawn and mature. The local government and communities have recently agreed that migratory fishers will not be allowed to fish in Lampung’s nearshore waters (0-5 km) to reduce conflicts around gear type (i.e., gillnets vs. traps vs. trawls) and lost or damaged gear; in return, fishers will help oversee

MPA consultation. © EDF

management and enforcement of 8,000 hectares of no-take zones (referred to locally as core zones). If the MMAF approves the province’s MPA request, this provision will become law. Meanwhile in the West Java province, the blue swimming crab management planning team, a multistakeholder team established by the Governor decree in 2022, finally completed the draft of the blue swimming crab management action plan for the province. The finalization session was conducted on the 7th and 8th December 2021 in Bandung after an extensive online planning process. The meeting was also attended by MMAF representatives.

BSC CONSORTIUM

The planning process started in mid-2020, once the planning team was established in the middle of the pandemic. It began with a short training introducing the basic concept of fisheries management planning for the team members. Due to limitations of conducting planning sessions virtually, the planning sessions have to be shortened and separated into several short sessions, i.e., problem analysis, determine management goals and objectives, develop indicators and management strategy, and develop action planning and implementation plan. After these online meeting series, the team secretariat developed a draft action plan to be consulted with relevant stakeholders at the community level.

After the consultations, the secretariat team consolidated all inputs from the communities into the action plan and presented the draft to all team members in the finalization meeting from the 7th to 8th December 2021 in Bandung. After compiling all inputs and comments, the DKP West Java officially submitted the draft action plan to the Governor’s secretary for legal review.

Seven hybrid community meetings were held to discuss the draft BSC management action plan with BSC fishers, BSC pickers, BSC traders and BSC mini-plants in four regencies i.e., Cirebon, Indramayu, Karawang and Bekasi. The provincial DKP officials joined the meeting via Zoom while SNI organized a face-to-face meeting at the village level.

This online training course was jointly developed with EDF and is the Indonesian version of EDF’s Introduction to Fisheries Management module. Consisting of five units that use storylines in a fisheries hypothesis, this training takes a problem-oriented, case-based approach to learning, which allows participants to examine the challenges in fisheries and find alternative solutions to overcome these challenges.

To coincide with World Fisheries Day on November 21, 2021, CTC officially opened registration for an independent training module entitled Introduction to Fisheries Management for the public. The launch was carried out through CTC’s Instagram account (@coraltrianglecenter).

The training is self-paced, with participants being able to choose when and where to study according to their respective time commitments. To participate in the training, you can visit CTC’s Instagram page on how to create an account at the CTC Academy website. In early 2022, FAO and MMAF also facilitated boat registrations in WPP 712, in districts along northern Java Island, namely Cirebon (West Java), Demak (Central Java) and Lamongan (East Java). WPP 712 contributes 49% of total BSC national production and has the highest BSC fisheries processing units and mini-plants (65% and 57%, respectively) in Indonesia.

▼ Roadmap for the development of the West Java BSC action plan. Source: SR

West Java BSC action plan finalization meeting in Bandung © SR

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Data Collection

Data collection © EDF

EDF is starting to work on developing data collection transition schemes from the regular enumerator to the fisher cooperative groups (KUB). Some consultations with SAG-KPPRB and the Directorate of Fishery Resources of the MMAF (MMAF-SDI) related to this effort have been conducted and recommendations identified. These recommendations include the development of a simplified data collection form and methodology that is more user friendly for fishers and will connect to the e-logbook system of MMAF. The initiative of testing out the data collection activity involving fisher groups will be implemented over the next several months in 2022 to be comprehensively evaluated before the complete handover of roles and responsibilities to fisher groups in 2023.

Inclusion and diversification EDF has been working on financial literacy training targeted at fishers and fishers’ wives, gender empowerment, and exploring value added products from BSC processing waste to diversify fisher households and allow new enterprises for women. Financial literacy training for fishers and fishers’ wives will strengthen personal financial management and stability and will provide tools to help fishers manage the economic impacts of the pandemic and build economic resilience for future disruptions, including climate change. BSC product diversification © EDF

In Lampung, EDF contracted Yapeka (a local Indonesian NGO) to conduct financial literacy trainings with Lampung’s 15 fishery associations, fishers’ wives and women’s groups in five target villages (Kuala Teladas, Cabang/Sumber Agung, Sungai Burung, Muara Gading Mas, and Margasari). The trainings were conducted over several months due to national COVID-19 lockdowns and the state of emergency. Yapeka worked with EDF and Mitra Bentala to develop the training materials, which were drawn from existing financial literacy modules and tailored to local needs and characteristics. In total, 111 participants (of whom 34% were women), representing 15

KUBs and three women’s groups, took part in the trainings. Using skills acquired, the KUBs are now recording their operational costs and including debt payment transactions to better understand their total costs, which will allow them to identify ways to improve the effectiveness of the KUBs and reduce costs. On gender empowerment, EDF has been working closely with the IPB University and Dr. Ria Fitriana, a gender and livelihood consultant, to identify ways to increase women participation in BSC management and to conduct a study on the opportunities to develop value-added products from the utilization of the crab waste and their potential market for community alternative livelihood. Some potential products identified are: to use the liquid and solid waste in BSC processing to make food by-products that can be directly consumed by the household or sold in the domestic market as a source of income. Particularly, the wastewater from BSC processing can be used as a material for producing fermented paste, and flavor. The flavor can then be used for making soup, snacks, or crackers. Most importantly, the production of these food products could serve as an alternative means of livelihood especially for the women (fisher’s wife). Thus, the provisioning of food from utilizing the BSC processing waste could also empower women’s roles both in the family and community. EDF foresees that these potentials could be improved and developed in the future so it can strengthen the household economy as well as food security at the local level. Lastly, to ensure the safety work condition while improving the quality of BSC processing at the landing sites, BSC handling protocol trainings were conducted in two villages and will be replicated for the other three villages this 2022.

BSC CONSORTIUM

CTC also provided a series of training on the BSC ecology, Business Model Canvas (BMC) and basic quality and packaging of food products for women fishers in Lampung. The training took place in two different locations - Kuala Teladas Village and the Sungai Burung Village. These villages are on the east coast of the Tulang Bawang District, a four hour drive from the capital of Bandar Lampung City. Tulang Bawang is one of the best BSC producers in Lampung, aside from the Lampung Tengah and Lampung Timur Districts. CTC ran the training from 14-24 October 2021 and it was successfully attended by 27 female participants from both villages (12 participants from Kuala Teladas and 15 participants from Sungai Burung). During the training session, trainers from CTC and the Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MAF) Agency of Lampung Province presented various materials regarding the basic ecology of the BSC, including the life cycle of the species and potential threats to it, and the environmentally-friendly fishing methods to manage the sustainability of BSC stock in the wild. In addition, the training also emphasized on the importance of marine conservation to protect the BSC, as well as other marine biodiversity, from extinction due to habitat loss and population decline. For the BMC topics, CTC asked all participants to discuss and analyze the existing small enterprises in their respective village by using nine elements of BMC such as customer segments, value proposition, channels, customer relationship, revenue streams, key resource, key activities, key partnership and cost culture. In Kuala Teladas, for example, there are women groups who are already producing crackers made from leftover fish and BSC meat. However, they only sell the products inside the village due to the limited production and lack of license from related authorities.

EDF exploring value-added products from BSC processing waste to diversify fisher households and allow new enterprises for women. © EDF

Lastly, participants also learned about food hygiene and packaging, as well as improving food ingredients and nutrition. The MAF Agency of Lampung Province promised to assist these women fishers groups in accessing capital loans from local banks or other governmental bodies. Participants were also suggested to form a joint small enterprise to make it easier for the local government to help them obtain food licenses and other legal certifications. Through these initiatives, women fishers will be more empowered in improving the local economy. Most training participants felt that the training has provided new knowledge and skills in product and business development. Some participants in the Sungai Burung Village are enthusiastic to expand their products from only making fish-based crackers to creating dried BSC paste, floss and handicraft from BSC carapaces and other shells. Through the empowerment of women fishers in Lampung, it is hoped that local coastal residents will be able to generate alternative income during the low catch season of BSC, so that the species will not be overexploited.

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Capacity building From September 13 to 16, 2021, CTC successfully conducted an online capacity building training for managers of the BSC fishery and members of the KPPRB in Lampung. The overall activity covered various topics about leadership, particularly on organizational management and communication. The virtual training was attended by 20 participants (seven females and 13 males), representing the KPPRB Lampung Secretariat and its divisions, working group I, II, III, IV and V. The overall objective of the training was to deepen participants’ knowledge and understanding of the management and communication procedures in a multi-stakeholder organization like the KPPRB Lampung. The training materials consisted of two main parts, namely: 1) Organizational Management, covering envisioning (visualization of organizational goals), effective meetings, becoming a facilitative meeting leader, negotiating in meetings, managing group dynamics, making participatory decisions, planning development, introduction the fundamentals of monitoring and evaluation,and stakeholder management; and 2) Communication, consisting of non-verbal communication (listening and observing) and verbal communication (asking and digging for in-depth information). Moreover, the training also used various exciting approaches, such as adult learning, contextual learning, appreciative inquiry, asset-based learning, and rite facilitation. These approaches built the participants’ engagement by using practical topics based on personal experiences and existing knowledge. In general, the training has resulted in increasing participants’ knowledge about organizational management and communication. Some indicators that can be used as main references include: (i) an increased score of post-test results from all participants; (ii) an increased understanding of all participants in expressing various knowledge to manage meetings and communicate through several in-groups practice opportunities; and (iii) an increased confidence level of some participants who were not used to lead a meeting in the practice of leading meetings and building communication. Despite the fact that the majority of participants felt the training was very useful and all trainers were professional in delivering the training materials, the online training method had brought technical difficulties to the participants, especially about the use of devices and internet connection. However, CTC is looking forward to improving the methodology and will combine it with offline training when possible.

As part of the GEF/FAO ISLME project, public awareness sessions were also held to (1) promote the use of e-logbook for real-time, accurate reporting of fishing activities and (2) strengthen compliance to regulations. Another key support is enhancing fisheries actors’ capacity for data collection to ensure availability of quality data for policy analysis and decisions. The joint BSC-related activities were conducted in close consultation and engagement of the stakeholders (central and regional government, I/NGOs, academia, etc). The activities conducted in pilot sites: including best practices and lessons learned, are to be adapted for replication across Indonesia to accelerate efforts and progress towards sustainability. On another note, as a form of CTC’s support for capacity building for blue swimming crab fishery managers in Central Java Province, CTC held a training on Organizational Management and Communication. The training aimed at the Blue Swimming Crab Committee or the Facilitation Team and the Blue Swimming Crab Fishery Management/ Conservation Team of Central Java Province is expected to strengthen and streamline the processes within the Committee so that BSC management becomes more effective. During the training, participants gained knowledge and skills in managing the organization and communication techniques, which will be valuable to help them run the Committee better in the future. In addition to the increase in the knowledge aspect, the improvement in the skills and attitudes of the participants are already evident when they carry out managing and leading meetings and other communication tasks. Another equally important support from the Consortium is through MSC’s Fish for Good project. A four-year project, funded by the Dutch Postcode Lottery, which aims to guide fisheries in Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa towards more sustainable fishing practices and, eventually, MSC certification. The Pathway Project approach engages with multiple fisheries in each country. Pathway Project’s impact extends beyond the immediate project, with the purpose of influencing management at a more holistic level than the immediate fisheries that may initially pursue MSC certification. Hirmen Syofyanto, MSC’s Program Director for Indonesia, shared that the identification and mapping phase (Stage 1, 2019) analyzed fisheries by scoring essential criteria related to the species, gears, fleets, landing volumes, market demand, and government priorities. The mapping guided the selection of Indonesian priority species fisheries for Fish for Goodfunded, MSC pre-assessment (Stage 2, 2019-2020), including blue swimming crab fisheries. In the last phase of the project, the Fish for Good program supported and facilitated each fishery to develop an agreed FIP Action Plan (Stage 3, 2020-2021).

BSC CONSORTIUM

Based on the SAG feedback and consultation with APRI, BSC caught by crab trap in Madura Island with KUB Berkah Capit Biru was selected to represent APRI’s larger FIP in WPP 712. This area entered Full Assessment, progressing further than other APRI BSC sites. The MSC funded the FIP to enter the In-Transition to MSC (ITM) and was selected to receive a substantial Ocean Stewardship Fund (OSF) in March 2021. To better understand their programs and standards, MSC also supported Indonesia’s stakeholders, including MMAF and DKP Provinsi officials, university academics, fishery scientists, NGOs, fishers groups, and the private sector in various training sessions. In late December 2020, the National Blue Swimming Crab Fishers Network (Forkom Nelangsa) was officially registered through a Notary Deed while also receiving its legal entity through the ratification of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. Sustainable Fisheries Management (SFP) then facilitated Forkom Nelangsa to have an audience with MMAF on 5th May 2021. The network has begun to receive recognition and was invited in some meetings and principal discussions of reviewing the BSC Fishery Management Plan (FMP) in June and July of 2021. Despite the challenges to provide direct assistance to Forkom Nelangsa due to the COVID19 pandemic restrictions, during October–December 2021, SFP and UNDP (GMC Project) supported Forkom Nelangsa to conduct a series of online trainings for its members. Training topics were: 1) legality of fishing vessels, 2) importance of KUSUKA card (fishers’ insurance), 3) benefits of joining a Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUB, cooperative), 4) business identification number (Nomor Induk Berusaha, NIB), 4) logbook submission, and 5) introduction and membership to Forkom Nelangsa. These online training sessions were attended by BSC fishers from Kuala Langsa City (Aceh), Bangka Belitung, Lampung, Jepara, Demak, Sumenep – Madura, and Pangkajene Islands (South Sulawesi). The average number of participants in each session was around 100 fishers. Supported by UNDP and facilitated by local NGO partners in each site, SFP also assisted about 400 Forkom Nelangsa members (from Lampung, Central Java, East Java and South Sulawesi) to process their vessel registration in November-December 2021.

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

The role of media in conservation work CTC, in collaboration with the KPPRB Lampung Province and other partners, conducted a media short course for journalists in Lampung themed “Media Contribution in Sustaining BSC Fisheries in Indonesia.” The short course is part of the Rajungan untuk Masyarakat Sejahtera (JUARA) campaign aiming to mainstream the sustainable BSC capture fishery and other general capture fishery issues to the media at local and national levels. Fourteen local journalists from print and online media attended the half-day event, ffrom News Lampung Terkini, Radar Lampung, Media Lampung, MNC Group/Sindonews, Tribun Lampung, LKBN Antara, Kupas Tuntas, Fajar Sumatera, Lampung Post, Warta Lampung, Teras Lampung, Saibumi, Suara Lampung and Lingkar Utama. The event was successful in bringing competent resource persons before the media, representing DGFC MMAF, DKP Lampung Province, NGOs, APRI and the BSC Fishers Communication Forum of Lampung Province. Through each presentation, participants were exposed to the importance of communicating the BSC fishery narratives and key messages to the public. Towards the end of the training, journalists outlined a comprehensive media coverage proposal incorporating narratives and key messages. Some crucial elements included in the proposal were the proposed theme, title, background, type of news, news angle, resource persons, questions and timeline. After assessing 14 submitted proposals thoroughly, five proposals were granted the “JUARA Awards”. CTC also created a WhatsApp communication forum between the media and BSC fisheries stakeholders in Lampung to facilitate more discussions and coordinate future media coverage. To conclude the current run of the JUARA campaign in Indonesia, CTC held an online short course for national media on November 13, 2021. The JUARA activity series have so far been of interest to both local and national media in mainstreaming the key narrative on the importance of sustainable BSC fishery practices in Indonesia to preserve its economic value and natural stock protection for the long run. National media, including Kompas, Investor Daily Indonesia and Mongabay, were enthusiastic participants in the

JUARA Media Short Course. CTC and Terra Komunika co-facilitated the event in collaboration with DGCF MMAF, DKP Lampung Province, Head of Communication Forum of BSC Fishermen in Lampung, APRI and EDF. Through various presentations and interactive discussions with the speakers, participants shared that they had received sufficient information about the current state of BSC fisheries in Indonesia, as well as key messages on collaborative efforts made by multiple stakeholders to promote and protect this valuable species. Great media exposure is intended to maintain the harmonization of BSC-related policies and regulations between central and regional governments, as well as good compliance among small-scale fishers and private sectors. While members of the Consortium work uniquely, their commitments to achieve a more sustainable BSC industry in Indonesia are evident through collaborative efforts and their individual different engagements in this arena.

BSC CONSORTIUM

Annex 2: Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LBSPR)

Annex 3: Definition of Harvest Strategy

For crustacean species, the SPR reference points have never been established and recognized in the same way they have for fish. But it is widely acknowledged that the SPR reference points should be adjusted up or down depending on the type of animal it is being used for: higher for unproductive species like sharks and lower for productive species like crustaceans. On that basis, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) has certified the Western Australian Rock Lobster Fishery, which uses a reference point of 20% as its management target and 12% as its limit reference point (LRP). For a time, the Gulf Of Maine Lobster Fishery used SPR 5% as a target, but it collapsed after a few years of poor environmental conditions, prompting the target to be increased to SPR 15%.

Harvest strategies formalize and make explicit how a fishery will be adaptively managed, the aim being to make the process of adjusting management settings routine, disciplined, transparent, and predictable to all stakeholders, i.e., to stop it being ad hoc and made up as you go along, just responding to crises when and if they happen, and especially to keep it as free as possible from the influence of politics and vested influence13. The elements of a harvest strategy are: Explicit management objectives for the fishery translated as explicit reference points; Indicators of fishery status that can be monitored and assessed in the context of the fisheries objectives and reference points; An agreed assessment methodology based on the indicators being monitored; A framework of management regulations that can be incrementally adjusted relative to the assessed status of the fishery; and Harvest control rules which explicitly define how the management regulations will be incrementally adjusted in response to assessment results.

Based on this practice, the reference points below could probably be justified to MSC: SPR 5% – is referred to as ‘SPR-crash’ because the supply of young fish to a stock (which fisheries scientists call ‘recruitment’) is expected to be declining year on year at a rapid rate, leading to the crash of the fish stock. SPR 12% – is referred to as the ‘replacement level’ because around this level, the recruitment level of a fish stock is expected to be just high enough to replace the adults and keep the stock stable. MSC is also called the ‘Point of impaired Recruitment’ (PiR) because, below this level, recruitment is expected to start to decline, leading to long-term declines in the stock. in most harvest strategies, it is used as an LRP, below which all harvesting of fish must stop so that SPR can increase back to above SPR 20%. SPR 20-30% – is used to indicate that a stock is around the level likely to produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). At this level, a stock should be able to stay abundant and have plenty of reproductive potential, allowing it to grow back after periods of poor environmental conditions or previous episodes of overfishing. This level is used as a target in many Harvest Strategies. SPR 30-40% – is used as an indication that a fishery is around the level of maximum economic yield (MEY), which is characterized by slightly lower total catches than at MSY but much higher catch rates and more significant body size, and thus much more profitable fishing and good and sustainable levels of recruitment. This is why, in many first-world jurisdictions (e.g., Australian Commonwealth fisheries), SPR 50% is the target used in harvest strategies. SPR 50% – is used as a recovery target reference point. In some jurisdictions, if a fishery becomes depleted below the LRP, this level of SPR must be achieved to correct the depletion and restore the stock as quickly as possible.

Annex 4: Converting SPR Estimates into Meat Grade Data (Indicator M) The plotted relationship below can be used to estimate the percentage of jumbo and colossal meats likely to be produced by a stock with any given level of SPR. It is used by finding the level of SPR on the x-axis and projecting that up to the red curve, then projecting from that point on the red curve across to the y-axis, and reading off the predicted proportion of jumbo and colossal meat. It can be estimated that an SPR of 33% should produce approximately 23% of jumbo and colossal meat, while 25-27% SPR will produce ~ 18% jumbo and colossal meat. The recent observation of significantly smaller blue swimming crab size of maturity in Java recognizes a slight discrepancy for the relationship between SPR and meat grades which was estimated using data derived from Sri Lankan blue swimming crab, which have a relatively large size of maturity. The implication is that this relationship is probably overestimating the proportion of jumbo and colossal meat for the regions with the smaller size of maturity; nevertheless, it gives an approximate proxy that correlates with SPR.

Anthony D.M. Smith et al., 2008. Experience in implementing harvest strategies in Australia’s southeastern fisheries https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2008.06.006

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Annex 5: Blue Swimming Crab Theory of Change

THEORY OF CHANGE FOR SUSTAINABLE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERIES SUMMARY OF THE PATHWAY FORWARD: Consortium members adopt this Theory of Change, showing commitment through resource allocation, alignment, and implementation throughout the supply chain. Thoughtful implementation and management experience and sharing in the appropriate forums allow adaptation of the Theory of Change over time from successes and failures equally across the partnership. Lessons learned from the four core provinces of WPP 712 and other Blue Swimming Crab (BSC) fisheries are leveraged by all consortium members and mainstreamed through the media.

UNDERLYING CONDITIONS STAKEHOLDER C PARTICIPATION & INCLUSIVE VOICE

STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION: INTEGRATED APPROACHES E

STAKEHOLDERS RECOGNIZE BENEFIT 2.

FUNCTIONING INSTITUTIONS COLLABORATIVE COMPLIANCE, INCENTIVES, & ENFORCEMENT SYSTEMS

CONTINUED MARKET SUPPORT A ROBUST PARTNERSHIP AMONG ALL PARTIES A COMBINATION OF A BOTTOM-UP & A TOP-DOWN APPROACH

1: GOVERNANCE Demonstration of effective co-management governance supporting and promoting sustainable BSC fisheries. Sharing learnings to inform policy Empowerment and active participation of stakeholders in decision making and ongoing management F G Evidence-based decision making; biological, economic, and social information to track performance and meet fishery goals and targets A B H Strategies to improve the socioeconomic performance of the fishery Leadership, capacity development, and local organization development C Knowledge capture and communications

2: MARKET LEADERSHIP A proactive NFI Crab Council reduces their busines risks from IUU fishing by driving supply chain compliance I NFI and APRI provide a leadership voice to engage and guide the national policy development and decision making F G Consortium members support APRI to improve sustainability through the traceability system while reinforcing governance initiatives G I A communication narrative engages support from media, policymakers, markets, and consumers

ASSUMPTIONS – FIP supported by industry as a showcase for management with support from consortium members J – MSC pre-assessment documents provide a regular benchmark on the management status – Consortium members continue to coordinate and collaborate workstreams and identify alignment on critical interventions – NFI-CC and APRI continue to engage with the consortium – Donors continue to support workstreams through to the end of 2023 – Local and national media in Indonesia are aware of issues and challenges on sustainable capture fisheries to support sound local DENOTES INDICATOR and national management policies / regulations (Juara campaign)

LONG TERM VISION Improved incomes of fishers, mini plants and processors, and an increase in BSC stocks in the Java Sea (FMA 712). A B N 2024 VISION Maintain the socioeconomic situation of fishers, women, and upstream actors. On-water fisheries management to stabilize stock health and socioeconomic conditions and improve BSC fishery governance in the focal provinces in FMA 712. N

OBJECTIVES – Enhance habitat protection to protect critical habitat

and support fisheries productivity.

– Ensure fishing rules are implemented. – Empower fishers’, women’s, and other upstream

–

– –

–

actors’ participation in decision-making and ongoing management. C E Empower fishers, women, and other upstream actors in maximizing/optimizing economic benefit from the fishery. Initiate the restoration and protection of the critical habitats and portions of its lifecycle. Plan, execute, and capacitate network and co-management institutions to design, implement, and oversee adaptive management An integrated provincial-level fisheries management plan guides implementation amongst stakeholders. C F G The BSC fishery becomes a successful model for how provinces can use their legal mandate to manage fisheries. It providing insights and opportunities to replicate in other nearshore fisheries and inform national policy. E Improve the enforcement and compliance to the regulations through full implementation of the Control Document across all levels. I

BSC CONSORTIUM

Acronyms and Abbreviations ANI

annual net income

APRI

Asosiasi Pengelolaan Rajungan Indonesia (Indonesian blue swimming crab Management Association)

Brody growth coefficient as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation

Principle 3: Effective fisheries management

kilogram

performance indicator

BSC

blue swimming crab

KKP

Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries)

PIR

point of impaired recruitment

BKIPM

Balai Karantina Ikan Pengendalian Mutu dan Keamanan Hasil Perikanan (Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency)

KPPRB

Pokja

Kelompok kerja (working group)

RPJMD

BRPL

Balai Riset Perikanan Laut (Marine Fisheries Research Center)

Komite Pengelolaan Perikanan Rajungan Berkelanjutan (Sustainable Blue Swimming Crab Fisheries Management Committee)

Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (National MediumTerm Development Plan)

KUB

Kelompok Usaha Bersama (Cooperative)

RPP

CASS

Conservation Alliance for Sustainable Seafood

L50

size of maturity

Rencana Pengelolaan Perikanan (Fishery Management Plan) Scientific Advisory Group

catch documentation

length-based spawning potential ratio

SAG

LBSPR

Sustainable Fisheries Partnership

catch per unit effort

life history ratio

SFP

CPUE

LHR

surat Keputusan (decree)

Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Tangkap (Directorate-General of Capture Fisheries)

asymptotic size as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation

DJPT

L-infinity

SNI

LPP

SPR

spawning potential ratio

Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan (Marine and Fisheries Office)

Lembaga Pengelola Perikanan (Fishery Management Council)

Serikat Nelayan Indonesia (Indonesian Fishers Union)

LRP

limit reference point

Starling Resources

natural mortality rate

SSIC

egg-bearing female (blue swimming crab)

M MDPI

Masyarakat dan Perikanan Indonesia

Sustainable Solutions International Consulting

MEY

maximum economic yield

TNC

The Nature Conservancy

MLS

minimum landing size

TOC

Theory of Change

MMAF

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

United States

MSC

Marine Stewardship Council

UNDIP

Universitas Diponegoro (Diponegoro University)

MSY

maximum sustainable yield

USD

United States dollar

NFI

National Fisheries Institute

WFF

Walton Family Foundation

NGO

non-governmental organization

WPP

nautical mile

Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (Fishery Management Area)

NTB

Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara)

Principle 1: Sustainable fish stocks

Principle 2: Minimizing environmental impact

DKP EBF EDF

Environmental Defense Fund

EEZ

exclusive economic zone

European Union

FIP

fishery improvement project

FMA

fishery management areas

GPS

global positioning system

GSSI

Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative

gross ton/gross tonnage

ICD

industry control document

IDR

Indonesian rupiah

ITC

International Trade Congress

IUU

illegal, unreported and unregulated

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

Resources For more background information on the blue swimming crab fishery, please see: Green, S.J., CEA, Starling Resources, Environmental Defense Fund, & Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. 2018. Case study: Blue swimming crab fishery. Trends in Marine Resources and Fisheries Management in Indonesia: A 2018 Review, p.68. Retrieved from Trends in Marine Resources and Fisheries Management in Indonesia To access the full indicators reporting sheet and document articulating the indicators, please go to BSC Indicators Data_for 2021 Report For more details on the history of this publication and to review the 2019 data, see: https:// bit.ly/2019bscbaselinereport For the 2020 State of the Blue Swimming Crab Fishery, see https://bit.ly/BSC2020Report For more on the TOC for the blue swimming crab fishery: https://drive.google.com/drive/ folders/1bedz2ydX52r_hrgk_FkvtxvuqwfBl3vD Hordyk, A., Ono, K., Valencia, S., Loneragan, N.R., and Prince, J.. 2014. A novel length-based empirical estimation method of spawning potential ratio (SPR), and tests of its performance, for small-scale, data-poor fisheries https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu004 Prince J., Hordyk A., Valencia S. R., Loneragan N., Sainsbury K.. Revisiting the concept of Beverton–Holt life-history invariants with the aim of informing data-poor fisheries assessment, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2015, vol. 72 (pg. 194-203). https://doi.org/10.1093/ icesjms/fsu011 Based on USD 1:IDR 13,901 and minimum wages in IDR: https://www.aseanbriefing.com/ news/the-minimum-wage-in-indonesia-increased-by-8-5-for-2020/ US Department of Justice (2019, July 18). Seafood Processor Pleads Guilty to Selling Foreign Crab Meat Falsely Labeled as Blue Crab from USA [Press release]. https://www.justice. gov/opa/pr/seafood-processor-pleads-guilty-selling-foreign-crab-meat-falsely-labeledblue-crab-usa-0 US Department of Justice (2020, January 9). Seafood Processor and Owner Sentenced for Selling Foreign Crab Meat Falsely Labeled as Product of USA [Press release]. https://www. justice.gov/opa/pr/seafood-processor-and-owner-sentenced-selling-foreign-crab-meatfalsely-labeled-product-usa

US Department of Justice (2020, September 3). Seafood Processor Pleads Guilty to Selling Foreign Crabmeat Falsely Labeled as Blue Crab from USA [Press release]. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seafood-processor-pleads-guilty-selling-foreign-crabmeat-falsely-labeled-blue-crab-usa H.R.4521 - America COMPETES Act of 2022: https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/ house-bill/4521 Halim, A., Wiryawan, B., Loneragan, N., Hordyk, A., Sondita, M.F., White, A., Koeshendrajana, S., Ruchimat, T., Pomeroy, R., Yuni,C. 2019. Developing a functional definition of small-scale fisheries in support of marine capture fisheries management in Indonesia https://doi. org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.11.044 Anthony D.M. Smith et al., 2008. Experience in implementing harvest strategies in Australia’s south-eastern fisheries https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2008.06.006 Marine Stewardship Council (2021, January 29). Third Indonesia tuna fishery achieves MSC certified sustainable status [Press Release]. https://www.msc.org/media-centre/ news-opinion/news/2021/01/29/third-indonesia-tuna-fishery-achieves-msc-certifiedsustainable-status#:~:text=The%20Indonesia%20pole%2Dand%2Dline,years%20to%20 achieve%20sustainable%20status

BSC CONSORTIUM

List of Tables and Figures Table 1. Sites and Consortium partners providing primary data

Figure 1. Geographical location of WPP 712

Figure 2. Geographical location of provinces and villages in WPP 712

Figure 3. Indicator A – 2020 BSC Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR) compared to 2019 baseline and 2023 target (30% SPR)

Figure 4. Indicator B – CPUE estimates in 2020 for BSC (kg/hour) using fish traps and gillnets, compared to 2019 baseline

Figure 5. Indicator D – 2019, 2020 and 2021 resource allocation for fisheries management in WPP 712 by province

Figure 6. Indicator K – Values of blue swimming crab exports from the four WPP 712 provinces (USD / province) in 2021 compared to baseline (2019) and 2020

Figure 7. Indicator L – Change in blue swimming crab export prices (USD/kg) by province from 2019 baseline to 2021 (Lampung only)

Figure 8. Indicator M –Change in the approximate amount of jumbo lump BSC meat exports as a percentage of total BSC meat exported per province from 2019 to 2020

Figure 9. Indicator N – Baseline fish trap and gillnet fishers’ and collectors’ annual net income from BSC fishing

Figure 10. Indicator F – Progress towards harmonization between provincial and WPP-level blue swimming crab fishery management (b)

Figure 11. Indicator G – Milestone rating on progress made from 2019 baseline of Blue Swimming Crab Harvest Strategy towards a ministerial decree in 2023

Figure 12. Indicator J – 2021 performance score of FIP being monitored compared to 2019 baseline and 2023 target

Figure 13. Indicator C – Committee stage ratings from 2019 (baseline) to 2021

Figure 14. Indicator E –Total number of groups at each developmental stage compared across baseline (2019) to 2021, and 2021 number of local stakeholder groups and benchmarked level of engagement and empowerment in management of the blue swimming crab fishery by province 15 Figure 15. Indicator H – 2020 rating of management measures along the four-point scale (top) and the number of measures implemented per village (bottom) compared to 2019 baseline 16 Figure 16. Indicator I – Percentage of mini-plants audited (left) and compliance with regulations on CD, MLS, and EBF blue swimming crab (right) in each province and WPP 712 in 2019 (baseline) and 2021 17

2021 STATE OF THE BLUE SWIMMING CRAB FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREA (WPP) 712

EDF has been studying opportunities to develop value-added products by using crab waste for community alternative livelihoods. © EDF

Feedback

The author takes responsibility for all errors herein, and warmly welcomes constructive feedback from all stakeholders to help us enhance the findings of the report.

2021 State of the Fishery Blue Swimming Crab Fishery Fisheries management area (WPP) 712 March 2022

2021 State of the Blue Swimming Crab Fishery

Articles inside

Blue Swimming Crab Consortium Members' Highlights

Executive Summary: 2021 State of the Blue Swimming Crab Fishery

Ringkasan Eksekutif

Looking Ahead in 2022

About This Report