2021 State of the Fishery: Snapper Fishery. National level with a focus on WPPs 713, 718 & 573

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Snapper Fishery National Level including a focus on Fisheries Management Areas (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

Indonesia Snapper Consortium

2021 State of the Fishery

2021 State of the Fishery

Snapper Fishery NATIONAL LEVEL INCLUDING A FOCUS ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

produced by:

Stuart J. Green, BGA UK Ltd., Katherina Tjandra Graphics & layout: SSIC Copy editing:

Cristina Nitafan

contact:

stuart@bluegreenadvisors.com

production date:

March 2022

cover photo:

Local fisherman in NTB. ©WCS

supported by:

Grant #2020-70441 from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and Application #00102001 of the Walton Family Foundation.

Feedback

The author takes responsibility for all errors herein, and warmly welcomes feedback from all stakeholders to help us enhance this report.

Contents Ringkasan Eksekutif

ii

Executive Summary

vi

About This Report

1

Snapper Fishery Indicators

2

Sites and Responsible Organizations

3

Fishery Health

4

Institutions, Management, Governance, and Policy

12

Industry Initiatives

20

Communications

24

Looking Ahead in 2022

25

Stock Monitoring

25

Fisheries Management

26

Industry Initiatives

27

Final Thoughts

28

Annex 1: Consortium Members’ Highlights

29

Annex 2: Accepted International Reference Levels of SPR for Fish Species (snapper / grouper)

33

Annex 3: Definition of a Harvest Strategy

33

Acronyms and Abbreviations

34

Resources

35

List of Tables and Figures

36

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SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Ringkasan Eksekutif

Ini adalah laporan ‘Status Perikanan’ tahunan yang ketiga (2021) dari Konsorsium Kakap yang mencakup tahun 2019-2021, didukung oleh David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Packard Foundation) dan Walton Family Foundation (WFF).1,2 Perikanan kakap3 merupakan salah satu dari tiga pola dasar perikanan Indonesia yang mendapatkan dukungan pendanaan dari Packard Foundation dan WFF melalui Konsorsium Kakap yang terdiri dari The Nature Conservancy-Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara (TNC-YKAN); Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS); Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP); dan Ocean Conservancy dan Tropical Landscapes Finance Facility (TLFF) yang bergabung pada tahun 2021. Konsorsium bekerja di tingkat nasional dan di lokasi yang ditetapkan di tiga Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (WPP) di bagian selatan dan barat daya Indonesia (713, 718, dan 573). Kemajuan diukur dengan menggunakan 18 indikator berdasarkan Teori Perubahan (TOC) dan rencana kerja bersama yang disepakati oleh para anggota Konsorsium. Indikator-indikator tersebut terbagi dalam empat kategori: Kondisi Kesehatan Perikanan

Prakarsa Industri

Lembaga, Tata Kelola, Pengelolaan, dan Kebijakan

Komunikasi

Kondisi Kesehatan Perikanan – Indikator A, B, C, D Hasil dari masing-masing empat indikator yang mengukur status kesehatan perikanan kakap pada tahun 2021 dijelaskan di bawah ini: Indikator A: Rasio potensi pemihajan (SPR) menggambarkan status kesehatan tiga spesies kakap dan satu spesies kerapu di tiga WPP yang dipilih oleh Konsorsium untuk mewakili perikanan ini. Dengan menggunakan SPR yang dipakai oleh TNC-YKAN sebagai salah satu dari 4 indikator proksi untuk memperkirakan kesehatan stok, SPR 2021 (dinyatakan sebagai % SPR) untuk WPP 713, 718, dan 573, adalah sebagai berikut: Pristipomoides multidens – 11%, 17%, dan 7%; Lutjanus Malabaricus – 8%, 14%, dan 5%; Aphaerus rutilans – 7%, tidak ada tangkapan yang dilaporkan, dan 2%; dan Ephinephelus areolatus – 10%, 18%, dan 14%. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa angka-angka ini merupakan perkiraan dan tidak termasuk bilah kesalahan (error bars).

SPR yang stabil adalah minimal 30% dan 40%, yang menunjukkan status kesehatan stok yang cukup baik. Namun idealnya diperlukan target SPR yang lebih tinggi untuk spesies kakap yang berumur lebih panjang. Dengan sebagian besar stok berada di bawah titik rekrutmen yang terganggu, menunjukkan bahwa perikanan ini ditangkap secara berlebihan. Masih belum ada pengelolaan atau pembatasan yang efektif terhadap perikanan ini sehingga tren penurunan terus berlanjut.

Indikator B: Catch per unit effort (CPUE) atau tangkapan per unit usaha diperkirakan untuk subset alat tangkap prioritas di daerah penangkapan tertentu, yang menunjukkan variabilitas yang cukup besar di seluruh perikanan. Saat ini data yang tersedia tidak dapat menyimpulkan tren apa pun sampai metode tersebut dapat distandarisasi dan setidaknya tersedia data 4 hingga 5 tahun.

Indikator C: Sesuai rencana, kapasitas penangkapan ikan kakap merupakan indikator dua tahunan, dan tidak ada data yang dikumpulkan pada tahun 2020, sehingga untuk indikator ini, digunakan data tahun 2019 dan 2021. Pada tahun 2021, perikanan masih didominasi oleh kapalkapal kecil di bawah 5 GT (kategori nano) sebanyak 8.167 unit. Selain itu, ada 2.075 kapal 5–10 GT (kecil), 1.007 kapal > 10–30 GT (sedang), dan 287 kapal > 30 GT (besar). Ada variabilitas yang cukup besar di seluruh WPP, di mana WPP 713 terutama didominasi oleh kapal berkategori ‘nano’, sementara WPP 718 dan 573 didominasi oleh kapal yang lebih besar.

Data juga menunjukkan pengurangan yang nyata dalam kapasitas penangkapan ikan, di mana banyak kapal besar tidak lagi menangkap kakap (kapal besar dengan pancing vertikal). Secara keseluruhan jumlahnya berkurang sebesar 19%, dan pada kapal musiman, terjadi pengurangan sebesar 14%. Sebagai perbandingan, kapal kecil dan menengah telah bergeser ke WPP 573 dan 713, yang menunjukkan peningkatan kapasitas penangkapan masing-masing sebesar 145% dan 63%.

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1 Untuk perincian lebih lanjut tentang sejarah publikasi ini dan untuk meninjau data 2019, lihat 2019 Baseline State of the Fishery:Snapper Fishery Fisheries Management Areas (WPP) 713, 718 & 573.

2 Untuk Status Perikanan Kakap 2020, lihat 2020 State of the Fishery: Snapper Fishery National Level Including a Focus on Fisheries Management Areas (WPP) 713, 718 & 573 3 Seperti yang digunakan dalam laporan ini, istilah ‘perikanan kakap’ berlaku luas untuk mencakup Lutjanidae (kakap), Epinephelidae (kerapu), Sciaenidae (croaker atau gulama), Lethrinidae (emperor atau lencam), Carangidae (jack dan trevallies atau kuwe), dan Hemulidae (grunts atau gerot-gerot).

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573 iii

Lembaga, Tata Kelola, Pengelolaan, dan Kebijakan – Indikator E hingga M Ada sembilan indikator untuk kategori tersebut, dengan hasil tahun 2021 sebagai berikut:

Indikator D: Ketersediaan real time dan penggunaan data pemantauan ikan tingkat nasional dan WPP untuk menginformasikan pengelolaan perikanan kakap harvest strategy menunjukkan keberhasilan, di mana Crew-Operated Data Recording System (CODRS) dari TNC-YKAN dan data tangkapan kakap dari WCS digunakan oleh Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP) untuk melacak status stok di seluruh armada.

Semua basis data (database) CODRS TNC-YKAN dan WCS tersebut dapat diakses dan terhubung langsung ke Balai Riset Perikanan Laut (BRPL) KKP. Konsorsium ini secara kolektif memiliki salah satu kumpulan data paling komprehensif tentang perikanan kakap Indonesia, yang merupakan perikanan yang kompleks dengan banyak spesies dan banyak alat tangkap yang dapat berfungsi sebagai proksi untuk banyak perikanan lainnya di negara ini. Pencapaian ini merupakan yang pertama bagi perikanan Indonesia dan merupakan tonggak sejarah yang signifikan.

Indikator E: Kemajuan dalam mengadopsi Rencana Pengelolaan Perikanan Kakap Nasional (RPP) oleh pemerintah. RPP tersebut telah dikonsultasikan kepada publik dan ditetapkan melalui Keputusan Dirjen Perikanan Tangkap No. 123/2021. RPP meletakkan dasar bagi Harvest Strategy (di bawah), yang merupakan tonggak kemajuan yang baik yang didukung oleh semua anggota Konsorsium.

Indikator F: Kemajuan penerapan Harvest Strategy Kakap dan Harvest Strategy Kerapu oleh pemerintah untuk setiap WPP Prioritas. Harvest Strategy Kakap (3 spesies) dan Kerapu (4 spesies) untuk WPP 713 telah diselesaikan dan sedang menunggu penetapan dokumen Harvest Strategy melalui SK Dirjen Perikanan Tangkap. Konsorsium telah mendukung pekerjaan ini sampai sekarang, dan para anggota menunggu KKP untuk memprioritaskan lokasi tambahan, di mana proses yang sama direplikasi untuk WPP 573 dan 718 dan spesies lainnya.

Mitra Konsorsium bekerja sama dengan KKP mengusulkan titik acuan target (target reference point - TRP) sebesar 40% dan titik acuan batas (limit reference point LRP) sebesar 20%. Spesies target utama yang dilacak di sini secara signifikan berada di bawah TRP, dan sebagian berada jauh di bawah LRP. Bahkan dengan memperhitungkan fluktuasi kumpulan data, terlihat jelas bahwa sebagian besar stok kakap dan kerapu secara signifikan berada di bawah TRP, dan sebagian besar jauh lebih rendah dari level kritis (20%). Ada kebutuhan yang mendesak untuk membuat

RPP

program pemulihan stok secara ilmiah.

Waktu pemulihan untuk kakap dan kerapu berkisar antara 5 hingga 50 tahun, sehingga semakin lama penundaan kebijakan dan pengelolaannya, maka semakin sulit pemulihan spesies tersebut. Indikator C menyoroti bahwa pengelolaan bersama perlu dilakukan secara simultan dan paralel di tingkat nasional dan lokal. Distribusi ekstensif nelayan penuh waktu dan musiman di kapal < 5 GT menekankan perlunya kebijakan perizinan nasional yang berkelanjutan.

Indikator G: Kemajuan menuju integrasi sains dan pengetahuan lokal ke dalam Harvest Strategy tingkat WPP. Kegiatan yang relevan dengan indikator ini dimulai tahun lalu. Ada satu pertemuan nasional pada bulan September 2021 tentang Koordinasi Nasional Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (WPP).

Indikator H: Sumber daya dialokasikan untuk kepatuhan dalam WPP 713, 718, dan 573. Tidak ada rencana kepatuhan yang disusun, dan oleh karena itu tidak ada anggaran yang dialokasikan.

Indikator I: Buku putih kebijakan yang didukung oleh pemangku kepentingan.

Anggota Konsorsium telah menyusun dua buku putih dan mempresentasikannya di berbagai forum dan KKP. Buku putih masa depan yang ditulis bersama dan disetujui oleh Konsorsium dalam kemitraan dengan Asosiasi Demersal Indonesia (ADI) kemungkinan akan lebih efektif. Makalah tersebut membutuhkan koordinasi yang cermat antara pengelola dan peneliti di dalam KKP. Pada tahun 2021, kedua buku putih ini diadopsi untuk mendukung Dokumen Harvest Strategy Kakap dan Kerapu di WPP 713.

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Prakarsa Industri – Indikator N, O, P, Q

Indikator J: Panel Konsultatif dan Ilmiah Dewan WPP berfungsi dan mencapai milestone. Tidak ada kegiatan rutin pada tahun 2021 karena pandemi COVID19 dan interpretasi yang berbeda di dalam KKP tentang peran panel-panel ini. Satu pertemuan dilakukan tentang review ilmiah untuk kakap dan kerapu di WPP 713. Penundaan yang lama dalam pembentukan Dewan WPP membuat peran mereka mulai dipertanyakan, dan perlu dicari pendekatan-pendekatan alternatif untuk pengelolaan, seperti pendekatan yang diadopsi oleh WCS (dijelaskan lebih detail dalam teks utama).

Indikator K: Peningkatan alokasi sumberdaya untuk pengelolaan kakap di Teluk Saleh. Alokasi dana dari pemerintah provinsi berkurang untuk pengelolaan perikanan di Teluk Saleh karena dialokasikan untuk penanganan COVID19. Anggaran yang ketat pada tahun 2021 dapat dimengerti, tetapi alokasi sumberdaya merupakan indikator kuat keberhasilan jangka panjang, dan semoga anggaran tahun 2022 dapat meningkat.

Indikator L: Peningkatan manajemen pemangku kepentingan lokal dalam pengelolaan perikanan kakap di lokasi WCS. Hasilnya menunjukkan kemajuan tiga organisasi di Teluk Saleh untuk tahun 2021.

Untuk Selat Alas, tiga organisasi menunjukkan keterlibatan dalam mengelola perikanan mereka. Pada tahun 2021 tidak ada organisasi baru yang dibentuk untuk Teluk Cempi, Teluk Waworada, dan Selat Sape. Ketiga daerah ini menunjukkan tingkat keterlibatan yang sama seperti pada tahun 2020. Ini merupakan hasil yang baik mengingat terbatasnya interaksi dan pertemuan tatap muka akibat pembatasan COVID19. Secara keseluruhan, anggota kelompok beralih ke pertemuan virtual tetapi perlahan-lahan kembali ke pertemuan tatap muka pada tahun 2022.

Indikator M: Kelompok pengelolaan perikanan provinsi menunjukkan kemajuan menuju pengelolaan adaptif di lima lokasi fokus. Satuan tugas (satgas) provinsi yang dilacak pada tahun 2019 tetap di Tahap 6 (berfungsi dengan baik), dan satgas Selat Alas stabil di Tahap 2 (rencana pengelolaan perikanan diadopsi oleh pemerintah provinsi).

Ini adalah hasil yang baik mengingat interaksi dan pertemuan tatap muka yang terbatas karena pandemi COVID19. Secara keseluruhan, anggota kelompok beralih ke pertemuan virtual tetapi perlahan-lahan kembali ke pertemuan tatap muka pada tahun 2022.

WPP

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Ada empat indikator untuk kategori tersebut, dengan hasil tahun 2021 sebagai berikut: Indikator N: ADI mengadopsi rencana bisnis dan secara aktif mematuhi kode etik. ADI telah mengalami kemajuan yang signifikan pada tahun 2021. Mereka telah menyelesaikan rencana bisnis dan mengidentifikasi peluang untuk memperoleh pendapatan untuk membayar Proyek Perbaikan Perikanan (FIP) (USD0,01 per kg). Grup ini juga menawarkan tingkat kedua kepada pengolah eksportir non-AS (lebih dari 200 perusahaan) untuk membayar biaya yang lebih kecil untuk menjadi bagian dari asosiasi dan mengembangkan mekanisme untuk memastikan kepatuhan anggota industri terhadap kode etiknya.

Indikator O: Kinerja positif dicapai untuk dua Proyek Perbaikan Perikanan (FIP) yang komprehensif. Kinerja dua FIP komprehensif menunjukkan status yang relatif sama seperti tahun 2020. Indikator ini awalnya mencakup empat FIP dasar dan FIP ADI Komprehensif, dan tiga FIP dasar telah dikonsolidasikan ke dalam FIP ADI Komprehensif. Satu FIP dasar lainnya, yaitu FIP Deepwater Groundfish Dropline Trap and Gillnet Comprehensive FIP yang dipimpin oleh TNC-YKAN, yang dipimpin oleh TNC-YKAN, mendapat peringkat “B” untuk kemajuan di FisheryProgress. org, dengan skor hijaunya (lulus tanpa syarat) yang stabil sebesar 54%; dan skor kuningnya (lulus dengan syarat) menurun sebesar 3%, dari 14% menjadi 11%; namun, skor merahnya (gagal) meningkat dari 32% menjadi 36%. Sementara itu, ADI FIP Komprehensif telah menerima peringkat “C” (Beberapa Kemajuan Baru-Baru ini) di FisheryProgress.org dan skor tolok ukur MSC hijau 54%, kuning 14%, dan merah 32%.

Indikator P: Pemetaan rantai pasok perikanan kakap. Pemetaan rantai pasok yang dilakukan oleh TNC-YKAN telah melacak 78% pasokan kakap ke pasar/pengolahan lokal. Sekarang menjadi jelas bahwa mayoritas pasar untuk kakap adalah Asia.

Indikator Q: Penerapan ketertelusuran yang efektif oleh perusahaan anggota FIP. Tiga perusahaan telah berkembang dengan baik dalam tolok ukur ketertelusuran mereka, kecuali untuk memastikan bahwa ikan yang mereka beli tidak berasal dari sumber ilegal, tidak dilaporkan, dan tidak diatur (IUU). Karena perusahaan-perusahaan ini tidak memiliki armada sendiri, mereka sangat bergantung pada pasokan dari pengumpul dan pedagang, yang tidak mudah ditelusuri sampai ke kapal, armada, atau lokasi tangkapan ikan. Saat ini belum ada kebijakan di Indonesia yang mewajibkan ketertelusuran, sehingga sangat kecil kemungkinan tolok ukur ini dapat tercapai.

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2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

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Komunikasi – Indikator R Ada satu indikator untuk kategori ini: Indikator R: Referensi media Indonesia tentang perikanan kakap berkelanjutan. Jumlah artikel tentang perikanan kakap mengalami penurunan hingga 30%, dari 40 artikel pada tahun 2019 menjadi 30 artikel pada tahun 2021. Namun angka ini lebih tinggi dibandingkan data tahun 2020 (17 artikel pada tahun 2020 menjadi 30 artikel pada tahun 2021). Peran media, baik cetak, penyiaran, maupun internet, sangat penting dalam mengedukasi dan mencerahkan masyarakat tentang kerja Konsorsium. Konsorsium perlu melakukan proses komunikasi yang lebih strategis dan agresif untuk meningkatkan kesadaran dan pemahaman masyarakat tentang manfaat, tantangan, tren, dan tindakan kebijakan yang diperlukan untuk membangun perikanan kakap lebih lanjut.

News

Meskipun COVID19 membatasi perjalanan dan interaksi antara mitra Konsorsium, staf pemerintah, dan masyarakat, tetap ada kemajuan dalam pekerjaan Konsorsium Kakap pada tahun 2021. Kemajuan yang paling penting adalah kestabilan dan peningkatan status kelembagaan di lokasi-lokasi kerja WCS, yaitu di Teluk Saleh, Teluk Waworada, Selat Alas, Selat Sape, dan Teluk Cempi. Selain itu, pemerintah provinsi mempertahankan anggaran untuk pengelolaan perikanan di Teluk Saleh, walaupun mengalami pengurangan karena pandemi COVID19.

Kemajuan lain yang mengesankan adalah kemampuan Konsorsium untuk mengumpulkan data pada tahun 2021 ketika begitu banyak kelompok lain tidak dapat mengumpulkan data. Pengadopsian kumpulan data CODRS dan WCS merupakan tonggak penting dalam pekerjaan ini. Kumpulan data ini menyediakan beberapa data kualitatif dan kuantitatif terbaik tentang perikanan demersal multispesies/multi-alat tangkap di Indonesia. Selain berkontribusi pada perikanan kakap, data tersebut berpotensi digunakan sebagai data proksi untuk mengukur kesehatan perikanan lainnya di Indonesia. Kumpulan data tersebut sekarang dapat diakses oleh KKP dalam format yang telah distandarisasi, di mana hal ini belum terjadi untukperikanan lainnya.

Pembentukan Dewan Pengelolaan WPP masih belum jelas dan tidak mampu menyediakan penghubung yang kritis antara pemangku kepentingan, peneliti, dan pengelola. Pemerintah pusat saat ini tidak mengalokasikan sumberdaya untuk pembentukan tersebut, di mana sumberdaya dan kapasitas mereka akan membutuhkan banyak usaha. Tanpa adanya struktur WPP, masih belum jelas bagaimana provinsi-provinsi tersebut dapat berperan aktif dalam pengelolaan perikanan stok antar-zona seperti perikanan kakap yang melewati batas provinsi (sampai 12 nm) dan bahkan lebih jauh.

Singkatnya, sebagian besar tantangan pekerjaan berasal dari kesehatan stok yang menurun ditambah kurangnya harvest strategy dengan strategi pengelolaan yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Ada kebutuhan mendesak untuk mengadopsi hasil CODRS dan mengintegrasikannya ke dalam intervensi pengelolaan. Semakin lama penundaan dalam usaha ini, semakin menantang dan semakin ketat intervensi pengelolaan yang dibutuhkan. Selain itu, dengan dibentuknya Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), kemungkinan besar para peneliti stok ikan dalam negeri akan berpindah dari Pusriskan di KKP ke BRIN. Perpindahan ke BRIN ini berarti bahwa Komnas Kajiskan (Komisi Nasional Pengkajian Sumber Daya Ikan) perlu memainkan peran yang lebih penting dalam mengintegrasikan status stok ke dalam program kuota baru yang direncanakan oleh KKP.

Snapper fishery catch. © YKAN

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SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Executive Summary

This is the third annual ‘State of the Fishery’ report of the Snapper Consortium covering 2019-2021, supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Packard Foundation) and Walton Family Foundation (WFF).1,2 The snapper fishery3 is one of three archetypal Indonesian fisheries supported by the Packard Foundation and WFF investments through the Snapper Consortium. Members include The Nature Conservancy-Nusantara Nature Conservation Foundation (TNC-YKAN); Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS); Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP); Ocean Conservancy; and the Tropical Landscapes Finance Facility (TLFF) who joined in 2021. The Consortium works at the national level and in three Fisheries Management Areas (WPP) in southern and southwestern Indonesia (713, 718, and 573). Progress is measured using 18 indicators related to a Theory of Change and a joint work plan mutually agreed upon by Consortium members. The indicators fall under four categories: Fishery Health

Industry Initiatives

Institutions, Governance, Management, and Policy

Communications

Fishery Health – Indicators A, B, C, D There are four indicators used to measure the health status of the snapper fishery, as described below, with the 2021 results for each: Indicator A: Spawning potential ratio (SPR) represents the health status of three species of snapper and one species of grouper across three focal WPPs chosen by the Consortium to somewhat represent the fishery. Employing TNC-YKAN’s use of SPRs as one of four proxy indicators for estimating stock health, the 2021 SPRs (expressed as % SPR) are as follows for WPP 713, 718, and 573, respectively: Pristipomoides multidens – 11%, 17%, and 7%; Lutjanus malabaricus – 8%, 14%, and 5%; Aphaerus rutilans – 7%, no catch reported, and 2%; and Epinephelus areolatus – 10%, 18%, and 14%. Note that these figures are approximate and do not include error bars.

A stable SPR of at least 30% to 40% indicates a fair stock health status, but ideally, higher SPR targets are set for the longer-living species of snappers. With most stocks below the point of impaired recruitment, this fishery is overfished. Currently, there is still no effective management or restrictions on the fishery, so overfishing continues unabated.

Indicator B: Catch per unit effort (CPUE) was estimated for a subset of priority fishing gears in selected fishing grounds, showing considerable variability across the fishery. The data remains noisy; more years of data are needed to reveal trends.

Indicator C: As snapper fishing capacity is a biennial indicator; with no data collected in 2020, this indicator is currently based on 2019 and 2021 data. In 2021, the fishery is still dominated by small boats of less than 5GT (nano category), which numbered 8,167 units. In addition, there were 2,075 boats of 5-10GT (small), 1,007 boats of >10-30GT (medium), and another 287 boats of >30GT (large). There is considerable variability across the WPPs, with WPP 713 primarily dominated by boats in the ‘nano’ category while WPP 718 and 573 have a bigger proportion of larger boats. The data also shows a marked reduction in fishing capacity, with many large boats moving out of the fishery (large vertical drop line fleet), reducing by 19% overall, with a 14% reduction in the seasonal fleet. In comparison, the small and medium-sized boats have shifted their fishing pressure to WPPs 573 and 713, which shows an increase in fishing capacity by 145% and 63%, respectively.

1 For more details on the history of this publication and to review the 2019 data, see Snapper Coalition Baseline Report 2019.pdf - Google Drive.

2 For the 2020 State of the Snapper Fishery, see https://bit.ly/snapperfisheryreport2020 3 As used in this report, the term ‘snapper fishery’ applies broadly to include Lutjanidae (snappers), Epinephelidae (groupers), Sciaenidae (croakers), Lethrinidae (emperors), Carangidae (jacks and trevallies), and Hemulidae (grunts).

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2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

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Institutions, Governance, Management, and Policy – Indicators E through to M There are nine indicators described below with the 2021 results for each:

Snapper catch in NTB. © WCS

Indicator D: Real-time availability and use of national- and WPP-level fish monitoring data to inform snapper fishery management and harvest strategy demonstrates the success by which TNC-YKAN’s Crew-Operated Data Recording System (CODRS) and the WCS snapper catch data are being utilized by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF). The TNC-YKAN CODRS and WCS databases are all accessible and interface directly into the MMAF’s Marine Fisheries Research Center (BRPL).

The Consortium collectively has one of the most comprehensive datasets on the Indonesian snapper fishery that can serve as a proxy for many of the country’s other fisheries. This level of transparency is a significant achievement as streamlined data is an important step towards sustainable fisheries for human consumption and environmental protection.

Indicator E: Progress towards government adoption of a National Snapper Fishery Management Plan (RPP). The RPP has been publicly consulted and established by the Directorate General of Capture Fisheries Decree No. 123/2021. The RPP lays the groundwork for the Harvest Strategies (below), a good milestone of progress that all Consortium members supported.

Indicator F: Progress towards government adoption of a Snapper Harvest Strategy and a Grouper Harvest Strategy for each Priority WPP. The Snapper (3 species) and Grouper (4 species) Harvest Strategies have been consulted and finalized for WPP 713. Consortium members are now waiting for MMAF to release the Fisheries Decree and prioritize additional sites and species.

MMAF proposes a target reference point (TRP) of 40% and a limit reference point (LRP) of 20%. Even accounting for fluctuations in the dataset, it is clear that the vast majority of snapper and grouper stocks are significantly below the TRP, and most are much lower than the critical LRP (20%).

Given the stock’s state and the need for more biologically resilient stocks, an LRP of 30% may be more applicable to most snapper species. There is a need for a management plan and a systematic scientific stock rebuilding program. In coordination with the Harvest Strategies, Indicator C highlights that co-management needs to happen simultaneously and in parallel at the national and local levels.

RPP

The extensive distribution of full-time and seasonal fishers in boats of <5 GT without licenses underscores the need for a national licensing policy.

Indicator G: Progress towards the integration of science and local knowledge into the WPP-level Harvest Strategies.

Activities relevant to this indicator began last year. There was one national meeting in September 2021 on the National Coordination of Fisheries Management Area (FMA/WPP).

Indicator H: Resources allocated to compliance in WPP 713, 718, and 573.

No compliance plan has been drafted, and therefore no budget is allocated.

Indicator I: Policy white papers endorsed by stakeholders. Consortium members have drafted two white papers and presented these in various forums. Future white papers co-written and endorsed with the Indonesian Demersal Association (ADI) are likely to be more effective. The papers require careful coordination between managers and research scientists within MMAF. In 2021, these two white papers were adopted to support the Harvest Strategies Document for Snapper and Grouper in WPP 713.

viii

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Indicator J: WPP Council Consultative and Scientific Panels functional and achieving milestones. No regular activities occurred in 2021 because of COVID-19 restrictions and different interpretations within MMAF of the role of these panels. One meeting was conducted for WPP 713 on scientific review for snapper and grouper. The long delay in establishing the WPPs is beginning to question their role. There is a need to look for alternative approaches to management, such as the jurisdictional approach adopted by WCS (more details in the main text).

Indicator K: Increase in resource allocation for Saleh Bay snapper management. Allocations from the Provincial Government decreased for managing the fishery in Saleh Bay due to reallocations for COVID-19. Tight budgets in 2021 are understandable, but resource allocation is a strong indicator of long-term success, and hopefully, 2022 budgets can rebound.

Indicator L: Improved local stakeholder management in snapper fishery management in WCS sites. The results show the progress of three organizations in Saleh Bay for 2021.

However, for Alas Strait, three organizations are showing engagement in managing their fishery. There are no new organizations in Cempi Bay, Waworada Bay, and Sape Strait.

These three areas showed the same level of engagement in 2020.

Indicator M: Provincial fisheries management groups demonstrating progress towards adaptive management in the five focal sites.

The provincial task force tracked in 2019 remains at Stage 6 (well-functioning), and the Alas Strait task force is stable at Stage 2 (fishery management plan adopted by Provincial Government). Group members have, on the whole, shifted to virtual engagements but are slowly returning to formal meetings in 2022.

Industry – Indicators N through to Q

WPP

There are four indicators for this aspect of the snapper work as described below, with the 2021 results for each: Indicator N: ADI adopting a business plan and actively complying with a code of conduct. ADI has made significant progress in 2021. They have finalized their business plan and identified opportunities to create revenue to pay for the Fishery Improvement Projects (FIPs) (USD 0.01 per kg). The group has also offered a second tier to non-US exporter processors (over 200 companies) to pay a smaller fee to become part of the association. ADI has recently adopted a code of conduct and compliance system for all members.

$

Indicator O: Positive performance achieved for the two comprehensive Fishery Improvement Projects (FIPs). The two comprehensive FIPs showed similar status as 2020. This indicator originally covered four basic FIPs and the Comprehensive ADI FIP, and three basic FIPs consolidated into the Comprehensive ADI FIP. The remaining basic FIP, the Deepwater Groundfish Dropline Trap and Gillnet Comprehensive FIP led by TNCYKAN, rated “B” for progress at FisheryProgress.org, and remained at 54% in its green score (pass with no condition) on Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) benchmarks. However, there was a 3-percenatge point decrease in its yellow score (pass with conditions) from 14% last year to 11% this year and its red score (fail) increased from 32% to 36%. Meanwhile, the Comprehensive ADI FIP has received a FisheryProgress.org rating of “C” (Some Recent Progress) and MSC benchmark scores of 54% green, 14% yellow, and 32% red.

Indicator P: Mapping of snapper supply chains. The supply chain mapping work conducted by TNC-YKAN has tracked 78% of the supply of snapper to processing / local markets. It is clear that the majority (>70%) of the snapper market is local and Asian.

Indicator Q: Effective application of traceability by FIP member companies. Three companies have progressed well on their traceability benchmarks, except for ensuring that the fish they buy is not coming from illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) sources. As these companies do not own a fleet, they rely on fish supply from aggregators and traders, which is rarely traceable to the boat, fleet, or fish catch location.

There is currently no policy in Indonesia that requires traceability, so it is improbable that this benchmark is achievable.

✓ ✓ ✓

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573 ix

Communications – Indicator R There is one indicator for this aspect of the snapper work: Indicator R: Indonesian media reference to sustainable snapper fisheries. The number of articles on the snapper fishery has decreased to 30%, from 40 articles in 2019 to 30 in 2021. But this number is higher compared to the 2020 data (17 articles in 2020 to 30 articles in 2021). The role of media, may it be print, broadcast, or internet, is crucial in educating and enlightening the public about the Consortium’s work. There is a need for the Consortium to come up with a more strategic and aggressive communications process to promote awareness of the public’s understanding regarding the benefits, challenges, trends, and policy actions needed to further build on the snapper work.

News

Despite COVID-19 cutting travel and interactions between the Consortium partners, government staff, and communities for the majority of last year, progress on elements of the snapper Consortium’s work in 2021 has been sound. Particularly notable is the maintenance and improvement of the institutional status of the WCS provincial sites of Saleh Bay, Waworada Bay, Alas Strait, Sape Strait, Cempi Bay, and the Provincial Government sustaining a reduced budget for the management of the fishery in Saleh Bay. The Consortium’s ability to collect data in 2021 when so many other groups were unable to do so is impressive. Adopting the CODRS dataset and WCS is a significant milestone in this work. These datasets provide some of the best qualitative and quantitative data on multi-species/multi-gear demersal fisheries in Indonesia, if not the whole region. Beyond just contributing to the snapper fishery, they can potentially be used as proxy data to measure the health of many other fisheries in Indonesia. The data sets are now accessible to the Ministry in a standardized format, something that few, if any, other fisheries can state. The only nuance is that they tell a story of significant overfishing across the country and little or no further productivity or economic upside for demersal fisheries.

The establishment of the WPP Management Councils remains unclear, and there remains no critical interface between stakeholders, scientists, and managers. The Central Government is currently allocating no resources for the WPP establishment.

Without the WPP structure in place, it remains unclear how the provinces can take an active role in fishery management of straggling stocks like snapper that criss-cross provincial (up to 12 nm) and WPP boundaries.

In summary, most work challenges emanate from the stock’s declining health plus the lack of harvest strategies with clear targets and predetermined management strategies. There is a dire need to adopt the CODRS results and integrate them into management interventions. The longer the delay on this undertaking, the more challenging and more stringent the management interventions required. Another significant concern will be that the Ministry’s fish stock researchers are likely to move from the Research Center for Capture Fisheries (Pusat Riset Perikanan, Puriskan) within MMAF to the National Research and Innovation Agency (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, BRIN). The shift to BRIN means that the National Commission on Fish Resource Assessment (Komnas Kajiskan) needs to play an even more pivotal role in integrating stock status into the Ministry’s new planned quota program that aims to bring foreign investments into the country’s fisheries.

Media articles referencing best practices in snapper fishery management ▲

1

About This Report This is the third annual ‘State of the Fishery’ report on the Indonesian snapper fishery4 covering the years 2019-2021. This report is an initiative of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Packard Foundation) and Walton Family Foundation (WFF) for 2020-2023. It presents a summary of data from January to December 2021, provided by members of the Snapper Consortium, notably the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Ocean Conservancy, The Nature Conservancy-Nusantara Nature Conservation Foundation (TNC-YKAN), and the Tropical Landscapes Finance Facility (TLFF), and collected from other secondary sources (government statistics).

It aims primarily as a discussion piece to help explain the snapper fishery and provide us with opportunities to learn from and give feedback to donors and implementers. Partners were provided with the complete set of indicators and consulted in February and March 2022 to validate and discuss the initial findings in this report.

We want to thank all the partners who shared the data and provided feedback and insights.

The author takes responsibility for all errors herein, and warmly welcomes constructive feedback from all stakeholders to help us enhance the findings of the report.

4

Any references to “snapper fishery” in this document include species of Lutjanidae (snappers), Epinephelidae (groupers), Sciaenidae (croakers), Lethrinidae (emperors), Carangidae (jacks and trevallies), and Haemulidae (grunts).

Nano boat catch. Source: Trip Report SNAPPER USAID-Packard, June 2019

2

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

GT

kg

RPP

24 hr

Snapper Fishery Indicators

WPP

$

News

✓ ✓ ✓ The indicators5 presented below result from extensive research and a series of consultations held in 2022 among the Indonesia Snapper Consortium. Consortium members include TNC-YKAN, SFP, TLFF, Ocean Conservancy, and WCS, collaborating with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Packard Foundation, and WFF. TLFF joined in 2021 through a grant to support TNC-YKAN with their policy engagements.

1. Fishery Health

3. Industry Initiatives

2. Institutions, Governance, Management, and Policy

4. Communications

These indicators intend to: • Track progress, evaluate effectiveness, and showcase lessons from the implementation of the Snapper Initiative across the Consortium; • Align methods used for monitoring and evaluation; • Capture and integrate learnings into the strategies of both implementers and donors; • Assist with monitoring, evaluation, and learning for implementing partners and the donors (USAID, WFF, and Packard Foundation); and • Provide proxies that allow tracking and adaptive learning for the Consortium’s Theory of Change (TOC) for the fishery.

While there is much historical data, an objective of this report is to collate all the Consortium members’ data to provide a snapshot of the fishery that allows for a thorough review of the dataset against the backdrop of the Consortium’s TOC and joint work plan.

Snapper catch. Source: Trip Report SNAPPER USAID-Packard, June 2019

5

Taken from latest Theory of Change and meetings conducted in July and October 2019, and January 2020.

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

Sites and Responsible Organizations

3

Sites

The indicators track outputs from grants made in 2019 through the end of 2023.

The snapper fishery covers most of Indonesia’s immense exclusive economic zone (EEZ). These indicators focus on a subset of the Indonesian EEZ surrounding the provinces of West Nusa Tenggara and North Maluku (Table 1)6.

South China Sea

Makassar Strait SULAWESI

SUMATRA Java Sea

Table 1. Sites and Consortium partners providing primary data

SITES National EEZ WPP 713 (geographic locations in West Nusa Tenggara – Saleh Bay, Alas Strait) WPP 718

EEZ WPP area Ocean Land (Indonesia)

TNC-YKAN/WCS/SFP TNC-YKAN TNC-YKAN/WCS/SFP

0

▶ ▶

WPP 573 (geographic locations in West Nusa Tenggara - Alas Strait, Cempi Bay, Waworada Bay and Sape Strait)

JAVA

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATIONS7 TNC-YKAN/TLFF/WCS /SFP

500

Molucca Sea

KALIMANTAN

1000 km

713

Ceram Sea Banda Sea

MALUKU ISLANDS

WEST PAPUA

BALI

573 Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

HALMAHERA

718 TIMOR

Timor Sea

Arafura Sea 571

INDONESIA

716

711 572

715 712

713

573

714

717 718

Figure 1. Geographical location of WPP 573, 713 and 718 Figure 2. Geographical location of sites in WPP 573 and 713, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB)

▶▶ Note: The data covers all indicators spread across the three WPPs (713, 718 and 573)

6 7

To access the full indicators reporting sheet and document articulating the indicators please go to Snapper Indicators 2021.

TNC-YKAN is undertaking comprehensive data collection in all of Indonesia’s WPPs across different fishing gears (e.g., drop lines, longlines, traps, gillnets) and gear sizes, and across four vessel size categories: (1) nano (<5 GT), (2) small (5-10GT), (3) medium (>10-30GT) and (4) large (>30 GT). WCS focuses on three geographies in West Nusa Tenggara Province: (1) Saleh Bay, (2) Cempi Bay, Waworada Bay, and Sape Strait, and (3) Alas Strait. Fish stock data collection directly interfaces with the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) Center for Fisheries Research Pusriskan (Pusat Riset Perikanan) through its Marine Fisheries Research Center BRPL (Balai Riset Perikanan Laut).

Sources: Land – Natural Earth Data. Consulted on 2020-06-25; Fisheries Management Units – SSIC (2018). Fisheries Management Areas – Republic of Indonesia; Administrative boundaries and villages – GADM database, version 3.4, April 2018; EEZ – Flanders Marine Institute (2016). Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, version 1.

4

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Fishery Health

Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR) indicating stock status (Indicator A)

% SPR

Data from TNC-YKAN CrewOperated Data Recording System (CODRS) and WCS integrated into the MMAFBRPL portal system

The metric SPR provides an index of the risk of recruitment to the declining snapper fishery, representing the unfished spawning potential retained under the Snapper Harvest Strategy. This indicator of stock status is calculated differently by TNC-YKAN and WCS. TNC-YKAN uses its bespoke method, based on the Indonesian Fisheries Information System (I-Fish) community automatic length-frequency distribution reporting system for length-based assessment of the fishery by species, and takes elements from the catch-length frequencies around a concept similar to that of Length-Based SPR (LBSPR), including (a) minimum size as traded, (b) proportion of immature fish in the catch, (c) current exploitation level, (d) proportion of mega-spawners in the catch, and (e) SPR. WCS uses the LBSPR assessment method by Hordyk et al. (2015) that compares the length composition of the catch of adults to local estimates of the size of maturity (L50) using estimates of life history ratios (LHR): L50/L-infinity and M/k; where L50 is the size that 50% maturity is reached, L-infinity is the asymptotic size as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation, M is the rate of natural mortality and k is the Brody growth coefficient as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation8.

2021 Status

Three snapper species (Pristipomoides multidens, Lutjanus malabaricus, and Aphareus rutilans) and one grouper species (Epinephelus areolatus) in the priority WPPs were chosen by the Consortium to be somewhat representative of the fishery. Based on the health rating system by Prince et al. (2015) described in Annex 2, these species are in a poor state in all WPPs, with most stocks below the point of impaired recruitment. In WPP 713, the chances of implementing a recovery program are limited by the large number of smaller vessels operating in the area, and the declines in WPP 573 are concerning.

Overall, stocks remain recoverable, but these species are slow-growing and late-maturing and take decades to recover. Although an SPR between 30 and 40 percent generally indicates fair stock health, higher SPR targets are better for the longer-living snapper species. None of the species in this report are close to fair stock health. With no effective management or restrictions, stock health will be downward.

Coordination has continued with MMAF’s Fisheries Research Center (BRPL), which conducts the analysis.

Annual (quarterly full trend data consolidated annually in the 1st quarter of the succeeding year) Figure 3. Indicator A – 2021 SPR for snapper compared to 2019 baseline, 2020 and 2023 target 8 Hordyk, A., Ono, K., Valencia, S., Loneragan, N.R., and Prince, J. 2014. A novel length-based empirical estimation method of spawning potential ratio (SPR), and tests of its performance, for small-scale, data-poor fisheries

Notes:

(a) YKAN changed its formula for calculating SPR at the end of 2020 based on updated life history parameters of the species. The 2020 SPRs were calculated using the new formula. Accordingly, the baseline SPRs (2019) were recalculated and updated to account for this change (i.e., the 2019 values shown here were revised from those presented in the 2019 State of the Fishery Report). (See YKAN Snapper Technical Report, Section 2.3, 23 February 2021). All values are approximate and do not include error bars. (b) The target is stated as “SPR … stabilized by 2023 and moving towards 40%” (c) Mous, IGede & Pet. 2020. Assessment of Snapper Fishery in WPP 713 (Draft). TNC-IFPC (d) Mous, IGede & Pet. 2020. Assessment of Snapper Fishery in WPP 718 (Draft). TNC-IFPC

(e) Mous, IGede & Pet. 2020. Assessment of Snapper Fishery in WPP 573 (Draft). TNC-IFPC (f) Trends are not interpretable for data from 2020 to 2021 as the 2021 data do not represent all fleet segments (YKAN have been winding down the monitoring program) and differences may be caused by sampling technicalities. 2021 data source reports: WPP 713: Kajian Stok Berbasis Panjang dari Kumpulan Spesies yang Tertangkap di Laut Dalam pada Perikanan Demersal dengan Target Ikan Kakap pada WPPNRI 713 di Perairan Selat Makasar; WPP 718: Kajian Stok Berbasis Panjang dari Kumpulan Spesies yang Tertangkap di Laut Dalam pada Perikanan Demersal dengan Target Ikan Kakap pada WPPNRI 718 di Perairan Laut Arafura; and WPP 573: Kajian Stok Berbasis Panjang dari Kumpulan Spesies yang Tertangkap di Laut Dalam pada Perikanan Demersal dengan Target Ikan Kakap pada WPPNRI 573 di Perairan Laut Timor (g) Species A. rutilens and P. multidens are caught by all types of boat and all kinds of fishing gears. But for fishing gear, A. rutilens is caught mostly by dropline.

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

5

Fishery Health

kg 24 hr

kg/per GT/per day by species for a representative subsample presented in time chart per gear showing trends

Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) for a subset of priority fishing gears in selected fishing grounds (Indicator B) CPUE9 is the rate at which snappers are caught and is used to provide an index of stock abundance. It can be calculated using the catch (kg) of snappers taken by the number of hooks set per day of fishing, or per gross ton (GT) of vessel capacity per day. Representative sub-sampling of the main fishing gears10 in each WPP (713, 718, and 573) provides an estimate of the level of effort applied to the fishery. For future iterations of this report, collective pooling of the raw data and the application of a single analysis method will be done to ensure standardization of the results across the different fleets and allow for cross-site comparisons.

2021 Status Currently available data are too noisy to infer any trends. At least 4-5 years of data are needed before a statistically significant trend analysis can be undertaken. The calculation parameters and method also need to be standardized to ensure a viable comparison.

TNC-YKAN CODRS and WCS data

Annual (quarterly full trend data consolidated annually in the last quarter of the year)

Figure 4. Indicator B – 2021 CPUE for snapper (kg per GT per day) using vertical drop line (VDL) in Saleh Bay and WPP 713, 718 and 573 compared to 2019 baseline and 2020 Notes:

9

Unlike SPR, CPUE does not provide an entire picture of a fishery. CPUE data is generally used to index trends in biomass over long periods. As a stand-alone metric, CPUE has little meaning and cannot be compared across sites. The metric relies on a lot of contextual details about the species being targeted, the techniques used to catch the fish, local conditions and fishing pressure. CPUE data trendlines over substantial timelines are needed before conclusions can be drawn (usually a minimum of 5-10 years). The value of presenting and tracking the CPUE lies in the discussions around the factors that are influencing the trend, including pricing, price incentives, fishing behavior, gears, technology creep, and other modifications to boats and fishing activity. Such discussions will make CPUE a valuable indicator.

10 While not reported here, CPUE data for trap, bottomset line, gillnet and mixed gears were also collected and are available in the full indicator dataset.

(a) This is using average method / nominal CPUE. For snapper only. (b) 2019 and 2020 data for Saleh Bay was adjusted by WCS using the Fishing Power Index for speargun as a standard (c) IFishSnapperWPP713_data 2020.pdf (d) IFishSnapperWPP718_data 2020.pdf (e) IFishSnapperWPP573_data 2020.pdf c)

Trends are not interpretable for data from 2020 to 2021 as the 2021 data do not represent all fleet segments (YKAN have been winding down the monitoring program) and differences may be caused by sampling technicalities.

6

GT

Fishery Health

Fishing capacity for snapper (Indicator C) This indicator tracks the estimated total capacity in gross tonnage of snapper fishing vessels. It is based on a biennial Indonesia-wide survey of the snapper fishery fleet.

Total fishing capacity (gross tonnage) for snapper, calculated as follows: No. of boats by size category x median GT (MGT) (a)

TNC-YKAN data with Saleh Bay data from WCS

Biennial with a report in the first quarter of the next year

Indicator C – Total fishing capacity and percentage of change from 2019 baseline to 2021 across all gear types in the snapper fishery (all-year and seasonal) of WPP 573, 718 & 713, and eight other WPPs ▶

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

2021 Status The graphs below show the difference between 2019 and 2021. As shown, there is wide variability across the WPPs in terms of boat size, but the fishery overall is characterized by a predominance of small boats of less than 5GT. Note also the significant presence of seasonal fishing boats: These boats make estimating and reducing snapper fishing effort challenging, not only because of their seasonal operations but also because they do not exclusively fish the snapper fishery. Overall fishing capacity in the fleet has reduced by 19% with a reduction of fishing in WPP 713, while this fleet has not been decommissioned, it alongside the seasonal fleet, appears to have shifted its fishing into WPP 573 and WPP 718, which correlates with the fish health reductions found under Indicator A.

Total fishing capacity in the snapper fishery (all-year and seasonal) in WPP 573, 718 and 713, and eight other WPPs (all gear types)

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

GT

Fishing capacity in the seasonal snapper fishery of WPP 573, 718 and 713, and eight other WPPs (all gear types)

Total fishing capacity (gross tonnage) for snapper, calculated as follows: No. of boats by size category x median GT (MGT) (a)

TNC-YKAN data with Saleh Bay data from WCS

Figure 5. Fishing capacity and percentage change from 2019 baseline to 2021 across all gear types in the seasonal snapper fishery of WPP 573, 718 and 713, and eight other WPPs(c)

Vertical drop line (VDL) fishing capacity in the snapper fishery of WPP 573, 718 and 713, and eight other WPPs

Biennial with a report in the first quarter of the next year

Figure 6. Number of VDL fishing boats (left) and fishing capacity by boat size category in the snapper fishery across all WPPs (d) ▶

7

8

GT

Total fishing capacity (gross tonnage) for snapper, calculated as follows: No. of boats by size category x median GT (MGT) (a)

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Fishing capacity for snapper WPP 713

WPP 718

TNC-YKAN data with Saleh Bay data from WCS

Biennial with a report in the first quarter of the next year

WPP 573

Figure 7. 2019 baseline and 2021 number of VDL fishing boats and fishing capacity, and proportion of 2021 seasonal VDL to total VDL capacity of each boat size category, and percentage change over 2019–2021 in the snapper fishery of WPP 713 (top), 718 (middle), and 573 (bottom) (e)

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

GT

Total fishing capacity (gross tonnage) for snapper, calculated as follows: No. of boats by size category x median GT (MGT) (a)

9

Other WPPs

Figure 8. 2019 baseline and 2021 number of VDL fishing boats and fishing capacity, proportion of 2021 seasonal VDL to total VDL capacity of each boat size category, and percentage change over 2019–2021 in the snapper fishery of the eight WPPs outside the consortium’s priority areas (e)

Fishing capacity in the snapper fishery of Saleh Bay

TNC-YKAN data with Saleh Bay data from WCS

Biennial with a report in the first quarter of the next year Figure 9. Baseline number of fishing boats and fishing capacity, and gear composition of the snapper fishery in Saleh Bay (f) Notes:

(a) Due to a lack of actual tonnage data, the 2019 (base Fishing Capacity (FC) values are estimated from the “midrange GT” (rather than “median GT”) of the minimum and maximum size limits of the different vessel size categories (see boat size categories table below). Midrange is a very non-robust statistic, so these values are by no means an accurate measure of FC. But they are the only metrics currently available for this purpose across the geographies and will have to suffice until more precise data can be obtained. (b) Indicator C 2021 data (c) The fishery has a lot of unlicensed boats that are fishing seasonally, which makes management even more complicated.

(d)

Boat size: Definition Nano <5GT Small 5-10GT Medium >10-30GT Large >30GT

min GT 0 5 10.01 30.01

max GT 5 10 30 70

MGT 2.5 7.5 20 50

(e) VDL is presented here as it is the most common gear in use by the larger fleet (medium and large boats). For future reports, there is an opportunity to present more details around the other gears being used. Some fishers (especially small-scale fishers) regularly change gear, making gear use difficult to track and manage. (f) Saleh Bay serves as a model for localized fishery management.

10

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Fishery Health

Real-time availability and use of national- and WPP-level fish monitoring data to inform snapper fishery management and harvest strategy (Indicator D) This indicator shows MMAF and WPP Council adoption, for sciencebased adaptive management and decision-making, of WCS and TNC-YKAN CODRS data on snapper species representing 90% of the total volume of catch recorded by fishing vessels monitored by TNCYKAN, as evidenced by MMAF and the WPP Councils achieving three milestones: Level of adoption (1-3) of data from e-BRPL portal for snapper fishery management

Annual assessment

by Snapper Consortium partners

Collected annually with previous year’s data aggregated annually and submitted in the first quarter of the next year

2021 Status TNC-YKAN’s CODRS and WCS snapper databases are directly interfaced into MMAFBRPL and are being used successfully by MMAF to track the status of stocks across the fleet.

Milestone 1. Submission of the data to e-BRPL (Balai Riset Perikanan Laut/Marine Fisheries Research Center) Milestone 2. Real-time analysis and publication of the data by MMAF-BRPL Milestone 3. Revised harvest strategy with adjusted limit and target reference points and management interventions for WPPs 713, 718, and 573, based on the data and analysis of the real-time dataset.

Figure 10. Indicator D – Milestone stage achieved from baseline (2019) to 2021 by each WPP towards 2022 target on level of adoption of data from the e-BRPL portal for snapper fishery management

Notes:

(a) Analysis and publication can be accessed in e-BRPL (b) Harvest Strategy documents for Snapper and Grouper

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

RPP

Institutions, Management, Governance, and Policy

Progress towards government adoption of National Snapper Fishery Management Plan (RPP) (Indicator E) The National Snapper Fishery Management Plan (RPP) describes risks, actions, and measurable outcomes (harvest strategy, harvest control rules and tools, monitoring system, and capacity building to be applied across all WPPs). This indicator measures progress towards government adoption of the RPP using a four-stage rating system: :

Rating numbers 1-4 indicating stages (milestones) of RPP development

RPP as published by the MMAF Directorate of Fisheries Resources (Sumber Daya Ikan, SDI); minutes of meetings

11

Stage 1.

RPP drafted – 2019

Stage 2.

Draft RPP consulted to priority WPPs (713, 718, and 573) and respective Provincial Governments – 2020

Stage 3.

Draft RPP finalized, incorporating feedback from the consultations – 2021

Stage 4.

RPP legally adopted by the MMAF Directorate General of Capture Fisheries (Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Tangkap, DJPT) – 2022

2021 Status The RPP document has been legalized with Directorate General of Capture Fisheries Decree Number 123/2021.

Figure 11. Indicator E – Four-stage rating system showing progress from baseline (2019) compared to targets towards government adoption of the RPP by 2022

Annual

Notes:

(a) Stage 1 started; RPP in initial drafting process (b Final draft RPP consulted to the public in September 2020 and reviewed by the MMAF Legal Bureau (c) RPP has been established with DG of Capture Fisheries Decree No. 123/2021

12

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Institutions, Management, Governance, and Policy

Progress towards government adoption of Snapper Harvest Strategy and Grouper Harvest Strategy for each priority WPP (Indicator F)

Rating numbers 1-3 indicating stages (milestones) of Harvest Strategy Development per species group (snapper or grouper) per WPP

A Harvest Strategy11 defines harvest control rules, management interventions, target (40% SPR) and limit reference points (20% SPR) for the most abundant species in the catch (90% of volume). This indicator measures progress towards government adoption of a Snapper Harvest Strategy and a Grouper Harvest Strategy each for WPP 713, 718 and 573 using a three-stage rating system: Stage 1.

Harvest Strategy drafted for each priority WPP – 2019

Stage 2.

Draft Harvest Strategy consulted with respective priority WPP and Provincial Governments – 2020

Stage 3.

Harvest Strategy issued through a decree by the MMAF DJPT – 2022

2021 Status The WPP 713 interim Snapper and Grouper Harvest Strategies were launched in March 2020. Replication for WPP 718 and 573 awaits MMAF’s prioritization.

DJPT Harvest Strategy Decree; minutes of meetings

Figure 12. Indicator F – Milestone stage achieved from 2019 (baseline) to 2021 by each WPP towards government adoption of Snapper and Grouper Harvest Strategies by 2022

Annual

Notes:

11

See Annex 3 for more information on harvest strategies

(a) Interim snapper harvest strategy launched in March 2020 (Stage 2 rating) (b) Recommendation and informal meeting held to refine WPP 718 Harvest Strategy but no further update reporting from the site (c) Rating cannot be determined due to lack of progress reporting from the site

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

13

Institutions, Management, Governance, and Policy

Progress towards integration of science and local knowledge into the WPPlevel Harvest Strategies (Indicator G)

Rating numbers 1-3 indicating stages (milestones) of integration of science and local knowledge in Harvest Strategy development

Minutes of meetings of the Consultative and Scientific Panels of the WPP 713, 718 and 573 Councils

This indicator involves a consultative process that includes MMAF, members of the WPP Council Consultative and Scientific Panels, and stakeholders for WPP 713, 718 and 573 to facilitate the integration of science and local knowledge in the drafting of the Snapper and Grouper Harvest Strategies, and adoption at the WPP level of each Harvest Strategy. It is measured using a 3-stage rating system: Stage 1.

WPP consultative structure in place

Stage 2.

Consultations held to integrate local science and knowledge into each Harvest Strategy (WPP 713, 718, 573)

Stage 3.

Science- and local knowledge-based Harvest Strategy endorsed and adopted at the WPP level

2021 Status Activities to progress this indicator were initiated. MMAF had conducted one national meeting on National Coordination of Fisheries Management Area in September 2021. This meeting had been attended by WPP management including WPP 713, 718 and 573.

Figure 13. Indicator G – Milestone stage achieved from 2019 (baseline) to 2021 by each WPP towards the 2022 target of integrating science and local knowledge into harvest strategies

Annual

Notes:

(a) Minutes of meetings held in 2021

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SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Institutions, Management, Governance, and Policy

Resources allocated to compliance in WPP 713, 718 and 573 (Indicator H)

Rating numbers 1-4 indicating milestones achieved on resource allocation for compliance in WPP 713, 718, and 573

Budget documents showing amount allocated for compliance activities in WPP 713, 718 and 573

This indicator refers to resources allocated by MMAF-SDI (Directorate of Fisheries Resources) and PSDKP (Directorate General of Marine and Fisheries Resources Surveillance) to the implementation of appropriate compliance measures in WPP 713, 718, and 573. It tracks but does not report the actual amount of resources. Instead, it measures and reports resource allocation in terms of four specific milestones: Milestone 1.

MMAF develops a document each for WPP 713, 718 and 573 outlining compliance risk assessment

Milestone 2.

Each WPP Council determines compliance measures based on their respective compliance risk assessment

Milestone 3.

WPP Council adopts control system

Milestone 4.

MMAF allocates resources for compliance in WPP 713, 718 and 573

2021 Status There has still been no progress on this indicator. No budget can be allocated for compliance in the absence of a compliance plan.

Figure 14. Indicator H – Milestone stage achieved by each WPP from 2019 (baseline) to 2021 towards resource allocation by 2022 for the implementation of appropriate compliance measures

Annual (by end of the 1st quarter)

Notes:

(a) Harvest strategy has no legal document or regulation with which to determine compliance (b) Grouper and Snapper Harvest Strategy documents approved in 2021 for WPP 713

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

15

Institutions, Management, Governance, and Policy

Policy white papers endorsed by stakeholders (Indicator I) This indicator refers to policy white papers endorsed by civil society and industry stakeholders to the government (MMAF) in support of policy and management improvements for snapper fishery management.

2021 Status Two white papers drafted by the Consortium partners were presented in various forums to the MMAF. In 2021, those two white papers were finalized and then legalized by the Directorate General of Capture Fisheries No. 123/2021 as Harvest Strategies documents.

Number of policy white papers

Policy white papers produced by fishers, industry, and civil society Figure 15. Indicator I – Number of policy white papers produced by Consortium partners in 2021 compared to 2019 (baseline), 2020 and 2023 (target)

Annual

Notes:

(a) No data found (b) Finalization and legalization of Grouper and Snapper Harvest Strategy documents developed in 2021 for WPP 713

16

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Institutions, Management, Governance, and Policy

WPP

Rating numbers 1-3 indicating milestones achieved by WPP Consultative and Scientific Panels in each WPP; Number of management recommendations made by each Panel per year

WPP Council Consultative and Scientific Panels functional and achieving milestones (Indicator J) This indicator is measured in terms of the following milestones:

2021 Status

Milestone 1.

Consultative and Scientific Panels in each target WPP meet and deliberate on snapper fishery at least twice per year

Milestone 2.

Panels review fishery performance, and provide WPP-specific management recommendations released publicly and shared with MMAF-DJPT

No regular activities relevant to this indicator were conducted in 2021 because of mobility restrictions due to COVID-19 and different interpretations within MMAF of what role the Consultative and Scientific Panels are supposed to play in the WPP Council. Only one scientific meeting was held on the Scientific Review for Snapper and Grouper in WPP 713.

Milestone 3.

Each Panel’s decision-making processes are shown to respond to all issues identified in relevant research, monitoring, evaluation and consultation in a transparent, timely and adaptive manner, and to take account of the broader implications of decisions in their respective WPP

WPP Consultative and Scientific Panel meetings providing management recommendations

Annual Figure 16. Indicator J – Milestones achieved in 2021 by each WPP in the development of their respective WPP Council compared to 2019 (baseline), 2020, and 2022 (target)

Notes:

(a) 0 rating was due to the panel not being able to meet the criteria “at least 2 meetings conducted a year.” Panel reported no progress as it waited for the issuance of a DG order pursuant to MMAF Decree No. 33/2010. (b) No regular meeting was set by the Council. One meeting was held on the scientific review for Snapper and Grouper Harvest Strategies for WPP 713 (c) No progress reported from site

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

17

Institutions, Management, Governance, and Policy

$

Increase in resource allocation for Saleh Bay snapper management (Indicator K)

% increase in USD value of financial and in-kind resources allocated per year to the implementation of the Saleh Bay Management Plan, calculated based on the average USD:IDR exchange rate for the reporting year

Management plan with annual budget allocation

This indicator tracks the amount of resources allocated to the implementation of the Saleh Bay Snapper Management Plan endorsed by the West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Government, industry associations, fishers, and civil society organizations. The Plan aims to improve the management of the Saleh Bay snapper fishery from the general coastline out to 12nm offshore.

2021 Status The decrease in resource allocation (53%) recorded between 2019 and 2021 is due to the COVID-19 pandemic situation. The Provincial government takes priorities on handling COVID-19 then reduces budget allocation for other sectors including fisheries.

Figure 17. Indicator K – Resource allocation value (USD) for the implementation of the Saleh Bay Snapper Management Plan in 2021, compared to 2019 (baseline), 2020, and 2023 (target)

Annual

Notes:

(a) Allocation in 2019 does not include human resources (257 personnel) (b) The budget allocation for 2020 came from MMAF’s budget for the Provincial Marine and Fisheries Office (DKP).

WCS made best assumption for Saleh Bay (only). Budget allocation is for all fisheries activities under DKP Prov.

NTB in Saleh Bay area. c) Budget allocation for the fisheries program in Saleh Bay was reduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The budget allocation supporting the fisheries sector of Saleh Bay for 2021 came from the Provincial Marine and Fisheries Office (DKP) 2021 budget change implementation document (Dokumen Pelaksanaan Perubahan Anggaran Tahun 2021—DPPA).

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SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Institutions, Management, Governance, and Policy

Improved local stakeholder engagement in snapper fishery management (Indicator L)

Number of stakeholder groups and ratings S0-S4 indicating levels of group development and engagement in snapper fishery management

WCS Reports

This indicator tracks the number of local village management committees and fishing community co-management groups demonstrating improved engagement in the management of the snapper fishery in five geographic locations in West Nusa Tenggara (Saleh Bay, Alas Strait, Cempi Bay, Waworada Bay, and Sape Strait). The village management committee is defined as “local fishing community co-management groups such as fishers’ groups (kelompok nelayan), community enforcement groups (Pokmaswas) and women’s groups (kelompok perempuan). Their level of engagement is measured using a five-stage rating system: Stage 0.

Local stakeholder group loosely organized

Stage 1.

Group formally established with registration, constitution, and bylaws

Stage 2.

Group holding regular (at least biannual) meetings with at least 50% of members in attendance

Stage 3.

Members disseminating and reinforcing management and supply-chain interventions in their communities to increase awareness and compliance by stakeholders

Stage 4.

Group making recommendations to management committee on fishery improvements

Annual, with the previous year’s data submitted in the 1st quarter of the next year

Figure 18. Indicator L – 2021 number and level of engagement of stakeholder groups along the five-stage rating system for five geographic locations in West Nusa Tenggara (top) and number of groups at each stage in 2021, 2020 and 2019 (baseline) (bottom) ▶ Notes:

(a) Data source

2021 Status A total of 32 organizations were tracked at various stages in 2020, up from 29 organizations in 2019. Overall positive results are seen, despite COVID-19 restricting the conduct and frequency of stakeholder engagement activities. Saleh Bay again shows the largest number and most developed groups, of which 3 are fishers’ groups (2 at Stage 2 and 1 at Stage 4) and 11 are community enforcement groups (2 at Stage 3 and 9 at Stage 4). The women’s group reported for Saleh Bay in 2019 remains at Stage 0. Alas Strait has begun work with three new women’s groups – developed due to COVID-19 and focused on alternative livelihood generation – all at Stage 0, in addition to 7 other fishers’ organizations (1 at Stage 0, 4 at Stage 1, and 2 at Stage 4). For Cempi Bay, the 2 groups tracked in 2020 have grown in capacity from Stage 0 to Stage 1 and Stage 3. Waworada Bay has maintained its 4 groups from last year, with 3 community enforcement groups remaining at Stage 3 and 1 fishers’ group moving up from Stage 0 to Stage 3. Lastly, Sape Strait still has only 1 group (a community enforcement group), but it is showing great improvement from last year, rising from Stage 2 to Stage 4.

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

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Institutions, Management, Governance, and Policy

Provincial fisheries management groups demonstrating progress towards adaptive management of snapper fishery (Indicator M)

Number of Provincial Task Forces established and functional; ratings S0-S6 indicating adaptive management progress on the defined benchmarks

This indicator tracks the number of provincial fisheries management groups demonstrating progress towards adaptive management of the snapper fishery in 5 geographic locations in West Nusa Tenggara (Saleh Bay, Alas Strait, Cempi Bay, Waworada Bay, and Sape Strait). In particular, it refers to “Provincial Task Forces,” multi-stakeholder fisheries management groups recognized by the province and tasked with fisheries planning, with partners working at three scales of management (village, district, and provincial levels). Each Task Force’s progress is benchmarked against 6 stages: Stage 0.

No Provincial Task Force (PTF) formed

Stage 1.

PTF legally established by appropriate policy document, such as Regent’s or Governor’s Decree (SK Bupati or Gubernur}, with representation from various stakeholders (including but not limited to fishers, first-buyers, processors, district and provincial government officials, and industry partners) and inclusive of women and youth

Annual assessment

by WCS

Collected annually, with the previous year’s data aggregated and submitted in the 1st quarter of the next year

Stage 2.

Fisheries management plan, including harvest control rules and intervention options for the fisheries, formally adopted by Provincial Government

Stage 3.

Enabling policies to implement the fisheries management plan enacted

Stage 4.

PTF meeting held regularly (at least biennially) to track and assess progress against stated fishery objectives, with representation from all relevant stakeholders

Stage 5.

PTF making fisheries management decisions that are consensusbased and recorded through a decree, resolution, working group (Pokja) presentation, and/or meeting notes

Stage 6.

PTF practicing adaptive management through the incorporation and issuance of fishery management decisions that incorporate best available science and respond to evolving needs realized through the feedback of management interventions

2021 Status Two PTFs have been formed: one in Alas Strait, which remains at Stage 2 this year, and the other covering Saleh Bay, Sape Strait, Cempi Bay, and Waworada Bay, which has maintained its Stage 6 performance.

Figure 19. Indicator M – Number of PTFs in 2021 and progress against six benchmarked stages to adaptive management of the snapper fishery

Notes:

(a) Established in Alas Strait in 2019 (b) Established in 2016

20

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Industry

Indonesian Demersal Association (ADI) adopting a business plan and actively complying with a code of conduct (Indicator N)

✓ ✓ ✓

This indicator shows the progress achieved by ADI in adopting a business plan, code of conduct and member audit system, including allocating resources for business and member audit plan implementation to ensure code of conduct compliance. Progress is measured using a 5-stage (milestone) rating system:

Rating numbers 1-5 indicating progress on milestones

Minutes of board meetings, business plan, code of conduct, and member audit plan

Stage 1.

Business plan adopted by Association members

Stage 2.

Code of conduct adopted by Association members

Stage 3.

Audit system adopted

Stage 4.

Annual budget allocated against business plan activities

Stage 5.

Annual audits indicating compliance with the code of conduct

2021 Status A code of conduct (CoC) has been adopted by ADI’s members. Persuasive approach has been implemented to members to comply with the CoC. Moreover, a business plan has been finalized (prepared by Marine Change) and shared to ADI’s members and SR participants to get their support. The business plan was presented during the Indonesia Snapper Grouper Supply Chain Roundtable (US buyers forum) on 26 Oct 2021.

Figure 20. Indicator N – ADI milestones towards adopting a business plan and actively complying with a code of conduct

Annual

Notes:

(a) ADI Code of Conduct

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

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Industry

Fishery Improvement Projects (FIPs) achieving positive performance (Indicator O) This indicator tracks the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) scores of Indonesia Snapper FIPs as publicly reported on FisheryProgress. org, a web portal that provides information on the progress of FIPs on industry standards. The two FIPs representing the snapper work in Indonesia are as follows: No. of FIPs achieving a positive performance (green) score of at least 80% on FisheryProgress.org

FisheryProgress.org

Checked annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the 1st quarter of the next year

2021 Status

1. Comprehensive Deepwater Groundfish Dropline, Trap and Gillnet FIP (led by TNC-YKAN)12 2. Comprehensive Indonesian Demersal Association FIP (led by ADI)13 The MSC Fisheries Standard uses 28 performance indicators (PIs) against which FIP progress is measured. These PIs sit under three benchmarking principles: Principle 1 – Sustainable fish stocks (P1), Principle 2 – Minimizing environmental impact (P2), and Principle 3 – Effective fisheries management (P3).

12

Fishery Progress - Indonesia deepwater groundfish - dropline, longline, trap and gillnet 2021-09-28.pdf 13 Fishery Progress - Indonesia deepwater groundfish - dropline, longline, trap and gillnet 2022-01-18.pdf

Notes:

(a) Green score – pass without conditions; Yellow score – pass with conditions; Red score – fail (b) Progress ratings used by FisheryProgress.org: A – Advanced Progress: Reserved for comprehensive FIPs that have a Stage 4 or 5 result within the past 12 months B – Good Progress: An FIP that has acheived a Stage 4 or 5 in more than 12 months AND Stage 3 activity in the last year; OR a basic FIP that has achieved Stage 4 or 5 achievements within the past 12 months C – Some Recent Progress: An FIP that has achieved a Stage 4 or 5 result in more than 12 (but less than 24) months but has not generated a Stage 3 result within the past 12 months OR an FIP younger than a year that has never achieved a Stage 4 or 5 result but has completed a Stage 3 activity

Figure 21. Indicator O – 2021 performance of Indonesia FIPs compared to 2019 (baseline), 2022, and 2023 (target) D – Some Past Progress: An FIP for which the most recent publicly reported Stage 4 or 5 result is more than 24 (but less than 30) months E – Negligible Progress: An FIP older than a year that has not reported a Stage 4 or 5 result in more than 30 (but less than 36) months; OR an FIP younger than 1 year that has not reported a Stage 3 activity (c) New FIP, incorporating three FIPs reported in 2019 baseline: the Aru-Arafura Demersal Fish Longline Basic FIP, Makassar Strait Snapper and Grouper Longline and Dropline Basic FiP, and North Java Sea Snapper and Grouper Handline and Dropline Basic FIP. d) Progress rating ‘B’ was due to finishing the ‘Plastic Waste and Abandoned / Lost Fishing Gear Assessment’ report in September 2021, earlier than the FIP action plan target date. Several categories of red scoring are now more detailed (<20; 20-39; 40-59) due to breakdown of the below 60 scoring on improvement progress. Breakdown shows the FIP does have progress on some tasks in the red scoring range. Note: Due to rounding of decimal figures, scores total 101%.

22

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Industry

Mapping of snapper supply chains (Indicator P)

Percentage by volume (vol%) of total snapper production tracked through supply chain mapping, calculated using the formula (vol ÷ Vol) x 100, where vol is the volume of snapper tracked through supply chain mapping and Vol is total volume of snapper production

BKIPM (Fish Quarantine Inspection Agency); PDSPKP (Directorate General of Fishery Product Competitiveness); and industry association, primary data collection. Data on total annual snapper production volume will be provided by TNC-YKAN

This indicator identifies the percentage (by volume) of total snapper production that is tracked through supply chain mapping.

The supply chain map describes how the Indonesian snapper supply is feeding into the different markets. Mapping includes price and species at each stage of the supply chain (catch, buyers, aggregators, processors). The supply chain map is updated annually to account for price fluctuations that occur from time to time.

2020 Status

Figure 22. Indicator P – Left: 2020 and 2021 total snapper catch volume and volume tracked through supply chain mapping (MT). Right: Percentage (by volume) of total 2020 and 2021 snapper catch tracked through supply chain mapping

Notes: Checked annually, with the previous year’s data submitted in the 1st quarter of the next year

The volume of snapper tracked from source to processing or local markets through TNC-YKAN’s supply chain mapping work currently stands at about 78% of the total snapper production recorded. To be useful, this information should ideally be correlated against international demand for snapper and actual snapper exports in 2021

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

2020 source: Snapper summary report, produced by YKAN 2020 source: Snapper supply lines report, produced by YKAN 2021 source: YKAN report 2021 source: Snapper supply lines report, produced by YKAN Percentage of production tracked/mapped cannot be determined due to lack of information on volume of production tracked/mapped Discussions need to take place to explore the link between traceability and actual compliance in the fishery

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

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Industry

Effective application of traceability by FIP member companies (Indicator Q) This indicator tracks the number of FIP member companies that are implementing effective traceability systems. A company is counted when it has a traceability system that: 1. Sources from licensed boats fishing legally Number of FIP member companies implementing traceability systems

2. Keeps records (boat logbook data) in analog and/or digital format itemizing catch, gear and fishing grounds 3. Maintains landing records

2021 Status Three companies, members of the TNC-YKAN FIP UD Damena, CV Indotropik and CV Sukses Hasil Alam Indo, have begun applying traceability and achieved all criteria for this indicator except Criteria 1 (‘sources from licensed boats fishing legally’).

At this time, it is not likely that Criteria 1 will be achieved, because (1) Indonesia currently has no policy that requires traceability, and (2) all three companies are purely buyers, i.e., they do not have their own fishing operations, relying mostly on fish supply from aggregators and traders that is not easily traceable to the boat.

4. Includes an analog and/or digital system for transferring information across the whole supply chain BKIPM processing units

Annual

5. Meets MSC Chain of Custody Standard, ensuring that products are traceable to sustainable fisheries

Figure 23. Indicator Q – Number (0) of FIP member companies implementing effective traceability systems against 2023 target (10), and percent change from 2019 baseline (0%)

Notes:

(a) Criteria 1 is not applicable since these 3 companies are buyers—they do not know (and are not required to ascertain) the legality of the fish they buy.

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News

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Communications

Indonesian media references to sustainable snapper fisheries (Indicator R) This indicator counts the number of articles containing quotes from leaders (echelon two or higher) in government, marine NGOs, and ADI referencing best practices in snapper fishery management.

2021 Status The result for this indicator is down (30%) from 40 articles in 2019 (as baseline) to 28 articles in 2021. But, if we compare 2020 data, the indicator increased from 17 articles to 28 articles

Number of articles

Articles and influential social media articles on the evolving narrative of snapper fishery management and sustainability

Figure 24. Indicator R – Number of articles in 2021 referencing best practice management in snapper fishery compared to 2019 (baseline), 2020, and 2023 (target)

Annual

Notes:

(a) 2020 data source (b) 2021 data source

25

Looking Ahead in 2022 Coastal area in NTB. © WCS

Stock Monitoring 2021 saw fishing capacity (effort) in the snapper fishery reduced by 19% overall, with a 14% reduction in the seasonal fleet. The majority of this reduction is attributed to the decrease in the larger Vertical Drop Line boats (though they have probably moved to another more lucrative fishery rather than stopping fishing altogether). The not-so-good news is that the remaining fleet (small and medium-sized boats) has moved to the previously healthy WPPs—573 and 713—and fishing effort on WPP 573 has increased 145% and WPP 713 by 63%.

The health of snapper stocks in coastal areas and offshore areas continues to decline. The average health of the species tracked for WPP 713 is 9% SPR, WPP 718 is 16% SPR, and WPP 573 is 4% SPR. The targeting of A. Brevis in 2020 (for their lucrative swim bladders) achieved 2-8 times average red snapper market prices have decimated the stock to the point where fishers are now shifting to other target species. All species tracked are significantly below the proposed lower limit (20% SPR) for the harvest strategy. Without urgent management interventions, this trend is likely to continue.

The CODRS data remains the most comprehensive dataset on demersal fisheries in Indonesia, if not the Asia-Pacific region, and contains enormous amounts of information points that track the health of a diverse set of fisheries. The CODRS system has highlighted that fishers can track their fishing activities, location, and species caught (photograph) with a small initial investment in training, incentives, and integration into the vessel workflow. This system provides an opportunity to track and capture data and management for the larger > 10 GT boats of the fleet targeting snapper. This data provides the basis for a series of scientific journal publications for all Consortium partners.

WCS has also designed a community-based monitoring tool for their fisheries, collected on the ground successfully and fed directly into the Ministry’s data system and the provincial fisheries plans in their focal geographies. All these data sets are more than sufficient to document the current size composition of the stocks and the extent of fishing grounds. TNC/YKAN has transitioned all their data over to the MMAF BRPL unit (fisheries research), and this data is available in the WPPNRIbased Fisheries Management Information Center LPP WPP dashboard for public transparency and monitoring.

With the creation of BRIN, the National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, there is some anticipation that the MMAF BRPL staff will join the new Ministry leaving the Directorate General of Capture Fisheries with a broader remit. Opportunities to review the system and look for integration points, especially with the ongoing e-logbook system designed in partnership with Consortium members, should be pursued. The question remains on how to streamline the data collection system and the costs to continue with a leaner, more cost-effective design that can be sustained and independent of philanthropic support. The use of fuel subsidies for vessels collecting data (and removing subsidies for those not submitting data) provides a potential incentive for mainstreaming the use of these e-logbooks.

The Harvest Strategy implementation relies on access to real-time data from CODRS during the lifespan of the management system. Should any modifications to data collection be considered, corresponding changes should be incorporated in the Harvest Strategy. The Snapper Consortium partners have delivered on their remit to provide up-to-date information on the resource state.

What is important now is to keep that data flowing and lead to management interventions and the appropriate policies.

The potential use of the CODRS data as a proxy measure of the health of all demersal fisheries in Indonesia and to provide a unique bird’s-eye view across all WPPs should be submitted for consideration by the newly inaugurated Indonesian Stock Assessment Forum, National Commission on Fish Resource Assessment (Komnas Kajiskan). The likely loss of the critical MMAF fisheries researchers moving to the new Research Department, BRIN, means that the Komnas Kajiskan (stock assessment council) will play an even more significant role in ensuring stock status integrated into the Ministry’s new planned quota program.

26

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Snapper fisheries have various management options from several management strategy evaluation tools. Options include seasonal closures, size limits, larger mesh nets, and hooks.

Some of these have been tested out in the WCS focal sites and explored by SFP and TNC/ YKAN. Ideally, these experiences can lead to pragmatic management options that MMAF can adopt for the > 30 GT fleet and engagement with Provincial Governments for the < 30 GT fleet fishing. Economic incentives and disincentives targeted at fishers (e.g., fuel subsidies) or within the market (eco-labels) also deserve exploring. Although the POSEIDON model is an innovative model for tracking different management scenarios, it seems to be under-utilized as a model for scenario setting and supporting the Ministry’s management options and policy directions. Snapper needs more than a management plan, it needs a systematic, scientific, stock-rebuilding program that reduces fishing capacity.

Fish market in East Java. Source: Adobe Stock under Standard Licence

Fisheries Management As noted in the previous section, the state of resources of Indonesia’s snapper fisheries health is dire, directly correlating to management. As highlighted in this report, securing an articulated harvest strategy is slow, with only interim harvest strategies produced for WPP 713 for four grouper species and three snapper species from the hundreds of fish. These two harvest strategies remain “interim” and do not have a science-based strategy for rebuilding the stocks (there is no target reference point (SPR) or lower reference point for SPR outlined in the harvest strategies). The remaining 10 WPPs have no harvest strategies. As noted earlier, snappers are a long-living species that require much more precautionary management than other species like the blue swimming crab, which proposes a lower limit of SPR at 20%. Given the stock state and the need for more biologically resilient stocks, an LRP of 30% may be more applicable to most snapper species.

The work of all the Consortium partners relies on an organizational body to serve as the critical interface between stakeholders, scientists, provincial governments, and fishers. As shown in Indicator G, the WPP Councils are not functioning, and no resources are available for compliance (Indicator H). Without a working model, it still remains unclear whether the WPP is appropriate for management decisions. Building on the lessons learned from WCS, it appears that the provincial-led management systems are much more appropriate for management.

Once management is in place, it can be scaled to WPP-level management.

Meanwhile, the grouper and snapper Harvest Strategies have been slow to adopt at the national level for each WPP (Indicator F). With the case of low levels of SPR (as shown in Indicator A), the fishery needs pre-identified management interventions. Although there is one Harvest Strategy (WPP 713), it does not have reference points, specific objectives, and does not identify the conditions for management that need to be put in place when the fishery reaches the lower limit (which has been reached for all the snapper fisheries already based on Indicator A). The MSC pre-assessments conducted on several snappers highlighted the lack of a clear policy framework.

The WCS provincial work in Saleh Bay and Alas Strait has engaged both communities and the Provincial Government to implement their snapper management plans. Sadly, nearshore stocks are in poor health, and recovery time is needed, but with MPAs and management restrictions in place, this stands out as one of the few successful management interventions. The experience in designing a citizen science system complementary to the CODRS system offers potential replication opportunities to other fisheries.

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

27

Industry Initiatives With the recovery of the disrupted supply chains under COVID-19, industry-led ADI has formed, registered, and recently hired full-time staff to support their work. ADI continues to grow its leadership, conducting research and engaging with the Government. As part of their recently drafted business plan, the ADI members have agreed on a volume-based 0.01 USD fee on all exports to the USA to cover their FIP implementation costs. ADI also identified a second membership tier that engages the 200 plus demersal processors who do not export to the USA (mainly China / SE Asia).

The TNC/YKAN FIP has impressively achieved a benchmark of six FIP companies reducing sourcing of juveniles to <5% in compliance with the FIP. For its part, ADI has successfully merged its three “basic” FIPS into one comprehensive FIP, which is already making progress (as highlighted under Indicator O).

Some initial discussions have taken place on the possibility of combining the TNC/YKAN FIP and the ADI FIP; the benefits of just one integrated and coordinated FIP is an opportunity to consider.

Having received recognition by MMAF, ADI has considerable potential to play a leading role in supporting the management of the Indonesian snapper fishery. For example, white papers on management opportunities adoption of the CODRS system co-written and endorsed to MMAF by the Consortium in partnership with ADI are likely to receive more government (and industry) attention when coordinated between managers and research scientists within MMAF. Sadly, the role of the international markets in supporting the sustainability work remains elusive, partly due to the majority of the market being in Asia, which prioritizes quality and price for the most part. However, there has been some success in reducing some purchases of more under-sized snapper, which is working under the FIP. The Ministry may like to pursue minimum size legislation, allowing exporters to push back on the market demand for plate-size snapper.

In 2021 there has also been a shift away from the FIP, focusing entirely on the environmental aspects of fisheries management (status of target stocks, ecosystem impacts, and management). WCS now brings two other pillars, the financial and social pillars, into their FIP framework. The social framework reviews the protection of human rights, dignity, and access to resources, ensures equality and equitable opportunity to benefit, and improves food, nutrition, and livelihood security. The financial framework assesses organization capacity, operational capacity, and current market position. There is a set of components, performance indicators, and scoring guideposts for each principle.

The TNC/YKAN FIP has also spent considerable time documenting and assessing the impact of the use of plastics (gear and single-use plastic bags) in the fishery. On larger boats, fish are commonly placed inside single-use plastic bags before putting into the hold for freezing; these bags are then discarded (usually into the sea) at the landing sites. The use of fish aggregation devices (FADs) and nets also involves plastics. TNC/YKAN research suggests that the snapper fishery contributes less than 0.2% of plastics used in Indonesia; however, Indonesia is one of the top ocean plastics polluters. A plastics mitigation plan is now in place under the TNC/YKAN FIP, mitigating this problem as a pre-cursor for potential MSC certification.

Juvenile snapper catch. Source: Trip Report SNAPPER USAID-Packard, June 2019

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Final Thoughts Although progress continues on the snapper fishery, minor progress remains on the overall management, highlighting structural issues within the management system. Snapper is one of many fisheries with a rich data set to test the Ministry’s new “output controls” quota system. Sadly, there is no room for additional capacity given the stock status, in fact, there is a need for an urgent reduction in fishing effort if the fishery is to sustain.

When looking across the indicators, we find small bright spots of success at the local level (provincial level and below). Some of the bottom-up provincial-level work and engagement with the industry has worked. While these initiatives are context-specific and hard to scale, they offer lessons on how a jurisdictional approach to management can work. Another bright spot is the fast growth of ADI engaging both Consortium members and the Government, and their progress in 2022 looks exciting. Although the FIP is progressing, there is a need to prioritize which assessment units are for MSC certification. There is also the need to address social aspects across all fisheries globally and in Indonesia. FisheryProgress.org is calling for at least 30% of FIPs to demonstrate environmental and/or social progress by the end of 2022. Finally, there remains the need for exponentially more “voice” and recognition of all snapper fishers, big and small, nearshore and offshore, entrepreneurs, and captains in planning and ultimately adopting better management practices for the fishery.

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The Ministry’s fish stock researchers may move from Pusriskan within KKP to BRIN (National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia). The shift to BRIN means that the Komnas Kajiskan (National Commission on Fish Resource Assessment) needs to play an even more pivotal role in integrating stock status into the Ministry’s new planned quota program, and the workload and responsibilities of DGCF (Directorate General of Capture Fisheries of Indonesia) will grow significantly.

Although donors have framed snapper as an “archetypal” fishery, it is more like a subset of 300 species with thousands of fishers and many different gear types and boats that range from one crew (nano fleet) to much larger boats that go to sea for months with 20 or more crew. A significant group of fishers also choose to target snappers on a day-to-day, season-to-season basis. These fishers move around the country’s waters, crossing provincial and national jurisdictions (with no requirement for licensing). Given the vast extent of the fishery, the management approach needs a much longer timeline than two or three years. Snappers are particularly vulnerable to rapid depletion, such as targeting spawning aggregations that likely contain multiple-year classes. Enabling the recovery of this spawning biomass entails the re-accumulation of many adult year classes, which requires long lag times over multi-decadal time frames. Therefore, Indonesia’s snapper fishery management status remains de facto “open access,” and management should not delay further.

The ending of the CODRS data collection system of TNC-YKAN reduces the fisheries management opportunities for snapper. Although never planned as a long-term program, it has supplied an impressive data set. The establishment of harvest strategies and their implementation around clear reference points requires managers to access as near real-time data as possible. There is likely the need for a localized hybrid of the CODRS system with significantly reduced costs.

The snapper fishery work in 2021 has led to a sustained data set, provincial management experiences, and new initiatives (like E-logbooks), but none seem to address the priority needs of control, management, and enforcement. Some of the work challenges stem from changing focus within MMAF, such as Konsep Penangkapan Ikan Terukur that plans to reopen its capture fisheries sector to allow foreignfunded Indonesian companies to catch fish in 7 of the country’s 11 fisheries management areas for up to 15 years. This new initiative may add a significant burden to the Ministry’s regulation of catch quota, vessel size, fishing gear, landing ports, and live-fish carriers, which currently cannot maintain the fishery at the TRP or even above the LRP of 20%.

Despite the data set that tells a bleak story, new policies that are looking at expansion in the fisheries sector suggest there is the need for enhanced engagement with the Ministry to focus on the political echelon and the technical echelon in tandem while garnering united support across Consortium members, ADI, and much more fishers’ voice. Connecting the data in this document with practical, context-specific management interventions is the next step for the Consortium members while working in parallel to enhance the enabling policies that lead to successful management. There remain opportunities for success in the fishery, but the stock depletion suggests a more radical approach (than what was tried in the past) is needed if the fishery is to achieve its target of MSC certification, but more importantly continue to provide livelihood and food security for the country.

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

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Annexes

Annex 1:

Consortium Members’ Highlights ◀ Citizen Science Program Fisheries Data Monitoring. © Fish for Good, 2021

Progress was made in the different elements of our work because of the efforts by our partners in the Consortium to ensure achievement in the various management interventions that we seek.

Last year, Konservasi Alam Nusantara (YKAN) and Poseidon Aquatic Resources carried out a study in understanding plastics and gears usage behavior in the snapper industry.

A survey among fishers described and quantified plastic use and waste streams, which are categorized in terms of fishing gear, catch preservation, and other plastic waste (e.g., food packaging & consumables).

Taking opportunity from the Crew Operated Data Recording System (CODRS) network, the study has collected 384 responses of distributed questionnaires from fishers using a variety of gear types based at over 50 different landing site locations across Indonesia or around 3.5% of vessels involved in snapper fishery. The large number of respondents created a significant sample in most gear and size categories.

Key findings from the study include the estimated Abandoned, Lost and Discard Fishing Gear (ALDFG) from the snapper fishery amounts to about 127 t, out of a total of 3,000 t produced by Indonesia’s demersal capture fisheries;

and an estimated 658 t of plastic bags and plastic wrap is used in catch preservation in the snapper fisheries. In total, over 1,680 t of general plastic waste is estimated to be generated by Indonesia’s snapper fleet, consisting mostly of single-use plastic (food wrapping, drinks bottles, etc.) and some broken multi-use plastic items, including fishing gear items. Nearly 1,500 t is disposed of at sea per year, meaning that general vessel waste from the snapper fishery makes the largest direct contribution to marine litter. The small amount of gear waste generated in the fishery usually becomes part of this general waste stream.

Catch sorting at wholesaler, Kupang. © YKAN

Understanding the behavior in plastics and gears usage in the snapper industry provides a conceptual layout to achieve a holistic approach across prevention, mitigation, and remediation that would eventually contribute to protecting and conserving our marine resources.

This study is one of YKAN’s efforts to ensure that snapper fisheries in Indonesia meet the Marine Stewardship Council Principle 2 standard: minimizing environmental impact.

Rani Ekawaty conducts socio-economic surveys with fishermen from the snapper fishery. © YKAN

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In addition, the Poseidon team completed several studies aimed at supporting robust, science-based management for Indonesia’s deepwater snappers and groupers: (1) A management strategy evaluation was completed for the Arafura Sea (WPP 718), which underlined the importance of limiting new entrants to the fishery in order to promote stock recovery; (2) the team also explored the impact of decreased sampling rates in the CODRS program on the accuracy of fishery indicators; and (3) in partnership with MSC, conducted a comparison of management recommendations coming out of POSEIDON and MERA simulation tools to understand the value of model complexity (i.e., the ability to explore economic, spatial, and multispecies dynamics, as in POSEIDON), using deepwater snapper as a case study.

Another high point for 2021 is the collaboration between the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP) and the Yayasan Konservasi Laut (YKL), a Makassar-based NGO. The group conducted scoping on the small-scale snapper and grouper fisheries in Makassar waters and the adjacent South Sulawesi. The group gathered information on the small-scale snapper and grouper fisheries profile, the impacts and adaptions of small-scale fishers to the COVID-19 pandemic, and fishers’ access to capital financing and credit mechanism.

The findings of the scoping were presented during the provincial-level Stakeholder Focus Group Discussion (FGD), on 10th May 2021, held in Makassar City. The purpose of the Stakeholder FGD was to gather inputs on strengthening snapper and grouper small-scale fisheries through the co-management approach in Makassar waters and adjacent. One of the follow-ups from the FGD is the initiation of a co-management approach on the snapper-grouper fisheries in South Sulawesi, which includes organizing the small-scale fishers as an essential key player who can play a significant role in this co-management.

The FGD was attended by fisherfolks, collectors, ADI members from Makassar, government officials from the provincial and district levels, and representatives from different universities and NGOs.

SNAPPER CONSORTIUM

Another initiative by the Consortium is the Citizen Science Program led by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) in West Nusa Tenggara. As data and information are the basic needs to support sustainable fisheries, WCS has initiated fish landing monitoring activities in Saleh Bay since 2016.

WCS has also trained more than 70 stakeholders to collect fisheries data using KoBo Toolbox, a mobile data collection tool to strengthen participatory approaches.

Moreover, 52 fishers and fish collectors were actively collecting fisheries data independently in their respective villages.

The Poseidon team with fisheries researchers from IPB University © YKAN

As of December 2021, they collected fisheries data from 1,509 fishing trips, containing 73,417 individual fish (approx. 24,079.6 kg) from 32 families, including groups of demersal fish, pelagic fish, small crabs, and squids.

From the data input, the fishers collected 1,918 fish length measurements and contributes to the monitoring of Plectropomus leopardus (35%), Epinephelus coioides (9%) and Lutjanus malabaricus (3%) for the GrouperSnapper Fisheries Management Plan of Action (FMPoA) of West Nusa Tenggara.

We’re looking forward to the expansion of the Citizen Science Program to Alas Strait and its surrounding areas; and the involvement of the Scientific Forum for Sustainable Fishery Management (FIP2B) of West Nusa Tenggara for data supervision.

▲ Results from Poseidon’s management strategy evaluation.

Top: Status quo projections through 2040. Upper left: landings; upper right: earnings derived from each species; lower left: status (% of unfished carrying capacity) for the four species; lower right: total hours fishing effort Bottom: Kobe plots demonstrating the performance of alternative management measures

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

Another equally important support from the Consortium is through MSC’s Fish for Good project. A four-year project, funded by the Dutch Postcode Lottery, which aims to guide fisheries in Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa towards more sustainable fishing practices and, eventually, MSC certification. The Pathway Project approach engages with multiple fisheries in each country. Pathway Project’s impact extends beyond the immediate project, with the purpose of influencing management at a more holistic level than the immediate fisheries that may initially pursue MSC certification.

Hirmen Syofyanto, MSC’s Program Director for Indonesia, shared that the identification and mapping phase (Stage 1, 2019), analyzed fisheries by scoring essential criteria related to the species, gears, fleets, landing volumes, market demand, and government priorities. The mapping guided the selection of Indonesian priority species fisheries for Fish for Good-funded, MSC pre-assessment (Stage 2, 2019-2020), including snapper/grouper fisheries. In the last phase of the project, the Fish for Good program supported and facilitated each fishery to develop an agreed FIP Action Plan (Stage 3, 2020-2021).

Two snapper/grouper fisheries were selected for the Fish for Good program: brownstripe red snapper (Lutjanus vitta) in Banda, Maluku (WPP 714), and red snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) in Saleh Bay, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) (WPP 713).

Fish landing monitoring activities © Fish for Good, 2021

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The Banda snapper fishery was selected for its importance to local food security. Due to the lack of fisheries data at the pre-assessment, the brownstripe red snapper was selected as a proxy species to give a general MSC performance of other target snapper / grouper species in the multi-species fishery. The pre-assessment document is the first in the area. The MSC, Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi Maluku (Malaku Province Marine and Fisheries Agency—DKP), Dinas Perikanan Maluku Tengah (Central Malaku Fisheries Services), and Coral Triangle Center are currently discussing how to elevate the FIP into a bigger scope.

The Saleh Bay snapper / grouper fishery was chosen for the local stakeholders’ commitment through the Komite Bersama Pengelolaan Perikanan Kerapu dan Kakap Berkelanjutan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara Sustainable Snapper/Grouper Committee) to create sustainable snapper / grouper fishery management and to eradicate destructive fishing practices in NTB, particularly Saleh Bay. There was also a local stakeholders’ initiative for MSC certified snapper / grouper for domestic and export markets from NTB. Saleh Bay snapper/grouper fishery is currently at the implementation stage for their FIP Action Plan, led by DKP NTB through the Committee.

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Lastly, the issuance of Ministerial Decree No. 33 in 2021 concerning Fisheries Log Book, Monitoring on Board of Fishing Vessels, Inspection, Testing, and Marking of Fishing Vessels, and Governance of Fisheries Vessel Stature has strengthened the role of E-Logbook to record all fishing governance in Indonesia.

Though the features are still limited and the collection of fish catches focuses on ships over 30 GT and a small number of boats measuring 10-30 GT, continuous effort is in place for the optimization of the E-logbook that will eventually harmonize data and applications and formats from various partners.

The Tropical Landscape Finance Facility (TLFF) has started work on the roadmap optimization of the E-Logbook and is expecting the endorsement from the Government this year. In this E-Logbook optimization process, MMAF has shown a strong commitment, leadership, and intention to gradually realize data-driven fishing governance in Indonesia, not only for snapper/grouper fisheries but also for all other fishery commodities. On top of all these efforts, there are also three recent papers resulting from the Consortium’s work on Indonesia’s snapper fisheries: (1) A crew-operated data recording system for length-based stock assessment of Indonesia’s deep demersal fisheries, which provides an excellent overview of the way the Consortium applied the CODRS to assess the status of snapper fisheries in Indonesia. The lead author, Elle Wibisono, was a team member in the early days of the fisheries program, and she recently completed her PhD at the University of Rhode Island under the supervision of Austin Humphries.

(2) Exploring the status of the Indonesian deep demersal fishery using length-based stock assessments, this study used CODRS data to compare two length-based methods to assess the status of selected species caught in the snapper fisheries, and found that both methods reached the same conclusion: many, but not all, of the species in this fishery are at high risk of overfishing.

The lead author, Donna Dimarchopoulou has been working at the University of Rhode Island as a postdoc sponsored by The Nature Conservancy.

(3) Using anti-theft tracking devices to infer fishing vessel activity at sea – describes how the Spot Trace trackers that’s used in CODRS provide insights on the spatial distribution of the snapper fishery. The authors used advanced algorithms to separate out fishing trips and spatial clustering routines to identify likely fishing positions. As you may know, fishers deploy these trackers on a voluntary basis, and they can turn the tracker off if they choose to do so. This is a feature, not a bug, in the design of CODRS. Dr. Peter Mous of YKAN has been part of this excellent collaboration between Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), two Indonesia governmental fisheries research agencies, and the Indonesian university BINUS. Together, these efforts from the government, industry, and civil society will surely contribute to a vibrant, healthy snapper fishery that maintains the livelihoods of large communities of fishers and industry.

Top: Draft E-Logbook Optimization Roadmap 2021-2024, generated through various meetings involving relevant stakeholders. The draft roadmap is expected to be finalized and endorsed by the government in 2020; Bottom: The E-logbook optimization achitecture is designed to harmonize data and applications/formats from various parties. Source: TLFF

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

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Annex 2: Accepted International Reference Levels of SPR for Fish Species (snapper / grouper)14

Annex 3: Definition of Harvest Strategy

SPR 10% - is referred to as ‘SPR-crash’ because the supply of young fish to a stock (which fisheries scientists call ‘recruitment’) is expected to be declining year on year at a rapid rate, leading to the crash of the fish stock.

Harvest strategies formalize and make explicit how a fishery will be adaptively managed, the aim being to make the process of adjusting management settings routine, disciplined, transparent, and predictable to all stakeholders, i.e., to stop it being ad hoc and made up as you go along, just responding to crises when and if they happen, and especially to keep it as free as possible from the influence of politics and vested influence (Smith et al. 2008).

SPR 20% - is referred to as the ‘replacement level’ because, around this level, the recruitment level of a fish stock is expected to be just high enough to replace the adults and keep the stock stable. It is also called by MSC as the ‘point of impaired recruitment’ (PIR) because, below this level, recruitment is expected to start to decline, leading to long-term declines in the stock. In most harvest strategies, it is used as a ‘limit reference point’ (LRP), below which all harvesting of fish must stop so that SPR can increase back to above SPR 20%.

SPR 30-40% - is used as an indication that a stock is around the level likely to produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). At this level, a stock should be able to stay abundant and have plenty of reproductive potential, allowing it to grow back after periods of poor environmental conditions or previous episodes of overfishing. This level is used as a target in many harvest strategies.

SPR 50% - is used as an indication that a fishery is around the level of maximum economic yield (MEY), which is characterized by slightly lower total catches than at MSY but much higher catch rates and more significant body size, and thus much more profitable fishing and good and sustainable levels of recruitment. This is why, in many first-world jurisdictions (e.g., Australian Commonwealth fisheries), SPR 50% is the target used in harvest strategies.

SPR 60% - is used as a recovery target reference point. In some jurisdictions, if a fishery becomes depleted below the LRP, this level of SPR must be achieved to correct the depletion and restore the stock as quickly as possible.

14 The Barefoot Ecologist’s Toolbox. 2020. Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio

The elements of a harvest strategy are: a. Explicit management objectives for the fishery translated as explicit reference points; b. Indicators of fishery status that can be monitored and assessed in the context of the fisheries’ objectives and reference points; c. An agreed assessment methodology based on the indicators being monitored; d. A framework of management regulations that can be incrementally adjusted relative to the assessed status of the fishery, and e. Harvest control rules which explicitly define how the management regulations will be incrementally adjusted in response to assessment results.

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Acronyms and Abbreviations ADI

Asosiasi Perikanan Demersal Indonesia (Indonesian Demersal Association)

KKP

Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries)

Pokmaswas Kelompok Masyarakat Pengawas (Community Surveillance Group)

BKIPM

Balai Karantina Ikan Pengendalian Mutu dan Keamanan Hasil Perikanan (Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency)

KOMNAS Kajiskan

National Commission on Fish Resource Assessment

PSDKP

Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (National Research and Innovation Agency)

L50

size of maturity

LBSPR

length-based spawning potential ratio

Pengawasan Sumber Daya Kelautan dan Perikanan (Directorate General of Marine and Fisheries Resource Surveillance)

LHR

life history ratio

PTF

Provincial Task Force

L-infinity

asymptotic size as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation

Pusriskan

Pusat Riset Perikanan (Center for Fisheries Research)

LPP

Lembaga Pengelola Perikanan (Fisheries Management Agency)

RPP

Rencana Pengelolaan Perikanan (Fisheries Management Plan)

LRP

limit reference point

SDI

M

natural mortality rate

Sumber Daya Ikan (Directorate of Fisheries Resources)

MEY

maximum economic yield

SFP

Sustainable Fisheries Partnership

MGT

median gross tonnage

SK

Surat Keputusan (decree)

MMAF

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

SPR

spawning potential ratio

MSC

Marine Stewardship Council

SSIC

Sustainable Solutions International Consulting

MSY

maximum sustainable yield

TLFF

Tropical Landscape Finance Facility

MT

metric ton

TNC

The Nature Conservancy

NGO

non-governmental organization

TOC

Theory of Change

nm

nautical mile

TRP

target reference point

NTB

Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara)

US

United States

P1

Principle 1: Sustainable fish stocks

USAID

United States Agency for International Development

P2

Principle 2: Minimizing environmental impact

USD

United States dollar

P3

Principle 3: Effective fisheries management

VDL

vertical drop line

WCS

Wildlife Conservation Society

PDSPKP

Penguatan Daya Saing Produk Kelautan dan Perikanan (Directorate General of Fishery Product Competitiveness)

WFF

Walton Family Foundation

WPP

Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (Fisheries Management Area)

YKAN

Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara (Nusantara Nature Conservation Foundation)

BRIN

BRPL

Balai Riset Perikanan Laut (Marine Fisheries Research Center)

CoC

code of conduct

CODRS

Crew-Operated Data Recording System

CPUE

catch per unit effort

CSIRO

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization

DGCF

Directorate General of Capture Fisheries of Indonesia

DJPT

Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Tangkap (Directorate-General of Capture Fisheries)

DKP

Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan (Marine and Fisheries Office)

EEZ

exclusive economic zone

FAD

fish aggregation device

FGD

focus group discussion

FIP

fishery improvement project

GT

gross ton/gross tonnage

IDR

Indonesian rupiah

I-Fish

Indonesian Fisheries Information System

IUU

illegal, unreported, and unregulated

k

Brody growth coefficient as defined for the von Bertalanffy growth equation

PI

performance indicator

kg

kilogram

PIR

point of impaired recruitment

Pokja

Kelompok kerja (working group)

2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

Resources For more background on the snapper fishery: Mous, P. 2018. Case study: Snapper and grouper fishery. Trends in Marine Resources and Fisheries Management in Indonesia: A 2018 Review, p.62. Retrieved from https://www.packard.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ Indonesia-Marine-Full-Report-08.07.2018.pdf 2019 State of the Fishery: Snapper Fishery report: https://bit.ly/2019snappercoalitionbas elinereport 2020 Snapper Fishery report: https://bit.ly/snapperfisheryreport2020 For more information on the TOC for the snapper fishery: https://bit.ly/snappertoc To access the full 2021 indicators reporting sheet and document articulating the indicators, please go to https://bit.ly/3tW93WR Hordyk, A., Ono, K., Valencia, S., Loneragan, N.R., and Prince, J.. 2014. A novel length-based empirical estimation method of spawning potential ratio (SPR), and tests of its performance, for small-scale, data-poor fisheries https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu004 ADI business plan: https://bit.ly/adibusinessplanfinal Fishery Progress - Indonesia deepwater groundfish - dropline, longline, trap and gillnet 2021-09-28.pdf: https://bit.ly/3MMl7Tb Fishery Progress - Indonesia deepwater groundfish - dropline, longline, trap and gillnet 2022-01-18.pdf: https://bit.ly/37lzihB Sari, I., Ichsan, M., White, A., Raup, S., Wisudo, S., 2021. Monitoring small-scale fisheries catches in Indonesia through a fishing logbook system: Challenges and strategies. https:// bit.ly/3u2zlGH ADI Code of Conduct is available through this link: https://demersal.or.id/code-of-conduct/ Plastic Waste and Abandoned / Lost Fishing Gear Management in the Indonesian Snapper Fishery: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1a01Z56rXyjszgAiaKPg84TlfFz9y6Tdp/view Simulation of snapper management measures in the Arafura Sea (WPP 718): https://bit. ly/3CLYpG1 Sampling rate implications for fishery indicators in the Indonesian deep slope snapper fishery: https://bit.ly/3IfKWYj

Carrella, E., Drexler, M., and Ananthanarayanan, A., 2022. Comparison of MERA and POSEIDON Model Management Recommendations for the Arafura Sea Snapper-Grouper Fishery. https://bit.ly/3q91CKD Wibisono, E., Mous, P., Firmana, E., and Humphries A., 2022. A crew-operated data recording system for length-based stock assessment of Indonesia’s deep demersal fisheries. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263646 Dimarchopoulou, D., Mous, P., Firmana, E., Wibisono, E., Coro, G., and Humphries, A., 2021.

Exploring the status of the Indonesian deep demersal fishery using length-based stock assessments. https://bit.ly/3i6vYcu Hoenner, X., Barlain, E., Ernawati, T., Hardesty, B., Kembaren, D., Mous, P., Sadiyah, L., Satria, F., and Wilcox, C., 2022. Using anti-theft tracking devices to infer fishing vessel activity at sea. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2022.106230 Accepted International Reference Levels of SPR for Fish Species (snapper / grouper): http://barefootecologist.com.au/lbspr.html

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List of Tables and Figures Table 1. Sites and Consortium partners providing primary data

3

Figure 1. Geographical location of WPP 573, 713 and 718

3

Figure 2. Geographical location of sites in WPP 573 and 713, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB)

3

Figure 3. Indicator A – 2021 SPR for snapper compared to 2019 baseline, 2020 and 2023 target

4

Figure 4. Indicator B – 2021 CPUE for snapper (kg per GT per day) using vertical drop line (VDL) in Saleh Bay and WPP 713, 718 and 573 compared to 2019 baseline and 2020

5

Figure 5. Indicator C – Total fishing capacity and percentage of change from 2019 baseline to 2021 across all gear types in the snapper fishery (all-year and seasonal) of WPP 573, 718 and 713, and eight other WPPs

Figure 13. Indicator F – Milestone stage achieved from 2019 (baseline) to 2021 by each WPP towards government adoption of Snapper and Grouper Harvest Strategies by 2022

12

Figure 14. Indicator G – Milestone stage achieved from 2019 (baseline) to 2021 by each WPP towards the 2022 target of integrating science and local knowledge into harvest strategies 13 Figure 15. Indicator H – Milestone stage achieved by each WPP from 2019 (baseline) to 2021 towards resource allocation by 2022 for the implementation of appropriate compliance measures

14

Figure 16. Indicator I – Number of policy white papers produced by Consortium partners in 2021 compared to 2019 (baseline), 2020 and 2023 (target)

15

6

Figure 17. Indicator J – Milestones achieved in 2021 by each WPP in the development of their respective WPP Council compared to 2019 (baseline), 2020, and 2022 (target)

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Figure 6. Fishing capacity and percentage change from 2019 baseline to 2021 across all gear types in the seasonal snapper fishery of WPP 573, 718 and 713, and eight other WPPs)

7

Figure 18. Indicator K – Resource allocation value (USD) for the implementation of the Saleh Bay Snapper Management Plan in 2021, compared to 2019 (baseline), 2020, and 2023 (target) 17

Figure 7. Number of VDL fishing boats and fishing capacity by boat size category in the snapper fishery across all WPPs

7

Figure 8. 2019 baseline and 2021 number of VDL fishing boats and fishing capacity, and proportion of 2021 seasonal VDL to total VDL capacity of each boat size category, and percentage change over 2019–2021 in the snapper fishery of WPP 713, 718, and 573

8

Figure 19. Indicator L – 2021 number and level of engagement of stakeholder groups along the five-stage rating system for five geographic locations in West Nusa Tenggara and number of groups at each stage in 2021, 2020 and 2019 (baseline) 18 Figure 20. Indicator M – Number of PTFs in 2021 and progress against six benchmarked stages to adaptive management of the snapper fishery

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Figure 21. Indicator N – ADI milestones towards adopting a business plan and actively complying with a code of conduct

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21

Figure 9. 2019 baseline and 2021 number of VDL fishing boats and fishing capacity, proportion of 2021 seasonal VDL to total VDL capacity of each boat size category, and percentage change over 2019–2021 in the snapper fishery of the eight WPPs outside the consortium’s priority areas

9

Figure 10. Baseline number of fishing boats and fishing capacity, and gear composition of the snapper fishery in Saleh Bay

Figure 22. Indicator O – 2021 performance of Indonesia FIPs compared to 2019 (baseline), 2022, and 2023 (target)

9

Figure 23. Indicator P – Left: 2020 and 2021 total snapper catch volume and volume tracked through supply chain mapping (MT). Right: Percentage (by volume) of total 2020 and 2021 snapper catch tracked through supply chain mapping 22

Figure 11. Indicator D – Milestone stage achieved from baseline (2019) to 2021 by each WPP towards 2022 target on level of adoption of data from the e-BRPL portal for snapper fishery management

10

Figure 12. Indicator E – Four-stage rating system showing progress from baseline (2019) compared to targets towards government adoption of the RPP by 2022

Figure 24. Indicator Q – Number (0) of FIP member companies implementing effective traceability systems against 2023 target (10), and percent change from 2019 baseline (0%)

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11

Figure 25. Indicator R – Number of articles in 2021 referencing best practice management in snapper fishery compared to 2019 (baseline), 2020, and 2023 (target)

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2021 STATE OF THE SNAPPER FISHERY IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT AREAS (WPP) 713, 718 & 573

Grouper in Saleh Bay. © WCS

Feedback

The author takes responsibility for all errors herein, and warmly welcomes constructive feedback from all stakeholders to help us enhance the findings of the report.

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2021 State of the Fishery Snapper Fishery Fisheries Management Areas (WPP) 713, 718 and 573 March 2022