2
Issue Specific Housing
2.1
Inclusive Housing
Inclusiveness can be better defined by first defining exclusiveness.
exclude 1. To prevent from entering; keep
out; bar 2.To prevent from being included, considered, or accepted; reject. 3. To put out; expel.
exclusive 1. Excluding or tending to exclude.
2. Not allowing something else;
incompatible. 3. Not divided or shared with others. 4. Not accompanied by others; single or sole. 5. Complete; undivided. 6. Not including specified extremes or limits, but only area between them.
7. Excluding some or most, as from membership or participation. 8. Catering to a wealthy clientele; expensive.
Exclusive Housing is housing which is
inclusive to only one (or some) particular social or economic groups. It thus excludes everyone else not belonging to these groups.
In today‘s scenario the criteria is generally the spending power, though there are many cases of housing being exclusive to a particular class or religion, for example, Jain only buildings in Mumbai. There have also rare instances of extraordinarily exclusive housing, such as vegetarian-only in Soami Ngar, New Delhi.
Most current housing is geared towards exclusivity. Amrapali SkyBungalows (bottom right) offer private lifts and separate staff and guest lifts. Unitech (bottom left) has a range of ‘luxury’ homes to choose from.
inclusive
1.including (almost) everything within its scope 2.including the extremes as well as the area between inclusiveness (uncountable) 1. The property of being inclusive.
inclusivity
1.the fact or policy of not excluding members or participants on the grounds of gender, race, class, sexuality, disability, etc.
There are different
interpretations of inclusivity.
Household structure
• Including future residents in the entire design process • Including different groups of people:
Sexual orientation Level of education Age
Economic status and occupation
1. Including all social groups: socially inclusive, but not necessarily economically 2. Including all economic groups: economically inclusive, but not necessarily socially 3. What we term super-inclusivity, or including all different social and economic groups In the western context inclusivity has generally come to mean inclusion of the aged and the disabled, while in most of the developing world it implies economic, religious and cultural integration.
Cultural, religious or ethnic differences
The level of inclusivity can be measured by: 1. The physical proximity between different groups 2. The level of social interaction between the different social or economic groups
Inclusive Housing
is thus housing which is
not exclusive to any particular social or economic group. Inclusive housing does not try to equalize everyone and bring them to the same socio-economic level, but rather accepts and respects their differences. Super-inclusive housing would include all groups of people, whether of different economic strata, religious beliefs, sex, familial and household structure, jobs or professions, disabilities, age, or even sexual preference.
Leading from the different Interpretations of inclusivity, there are also different interpretations of inclusive housing:
Socially inclusive, economically inclusive or both? This report shall focus on economic inclusivity, which the designer can somewhat ensure. The level of Spatial Integration The proximity between different economic groups can range from adjacent apartments on the same floor or adjacent plots to nearby sectors or zones exclusive to one income level.
The level of Social Interaction There is debate regarding the extent of social interaction required. Some sources consider the existence of a ‗community‘ paramount (and so only living next door is not inclusive), while others say that just spatial proximity is sufficient. One might claim that spatial proximity would automatically result in social interaction, but present examples of apartment buildings leave this open to argument. Inter-inclusivity and Intra-inclusivity Another interpretation of inclusive housing is to integrate the surrounding site conditions and residents with the designed housing.
Historical Overview - Global Western The sense and extent of social stratification was never too strong. However racial and economic segregation have been the major problems.
Islamic Religiously speaking, Islamic society has no social/caste distinction. However, islamic cities have a strong sense of neighbourhood, often gated. These are based on lineage – Tribals, Sayyids and the artisans/farmers.
Indian Due to the caste system, as well as the diverse range of cultures and religions, Indian cities and housing have been socially exclusive, but economically codependent, hence inclusive.
Citadel
Market place
Roman Insula , an apartment house having an area of 73sqm, located in occupationally divided sectors.
Kshatriya/ Brahmin
Vaishya
Plan of a Vedic village – division based on caste and occupation Figure ground – Istanbul Tight, organic neighborhoods, with cul-de-sacs
Today’s Exclusive City FIRST WORLD and developed cities Suburbanization and commute heavily dependent on transport infrastructure and an extensive public transit system.
Poorer
Richer
Poorer Richer Richer
Affluent CBD [city center]
Affluent CBD [city center]
HIG housing
HIG housing
HIG and MIG housing (commute to CBD) LIG and EWS housing (commute to CBD)
MIG, LIG and EWS housing (commute to CBD) MIG and HIG suburbs (commute to CBD)
Today’s Exclusive City THIRD WORLD cities are considerably different.
There is constant migration into the city and also pressure on the LIG and EWS groups within the city to move out to the periphery due to gentrification. The financial worth of the land is measured in terms of distance from CBD, and thus rising land costs, rents and taxes force people out. Even the new housing they find on the outskirts is generally less affordable and still lower in quality than the original settlements inside because of increased demand for housing and inadequate supply.
These peripheral settlements are also not well connected to the inside- there is lack of adequate infrastructure and transport linkages. New migrants and those who can not afford housing on the outskirts, but who still need to work in or near the city centre, congregate in slum or squatter settlements closer to places of work.
slums
Affluent CBD [city center] HIG and MIG
Affluent CBD [city center]
Affluent CBD [city center]
HIG and MIG
HIG and MIG
LIG and EWS
LIG and EWS
LIG and EWS
Inequity in the Indian City
The population of today’s Indian cities is a microcosm of the nation as a whole — a rich mix of communities, cultures, professions, and income classes from the most deprived sections of society to a middle-class majority. Some 75 percent of urban citizens are in the bottom income segments, earning an average of 80 rupees a day.
Source India‘s Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities, Sustaining Economic Growth McKinsey Global Institute, 2010
Why do we need more affordable housing ?
Affordable housing is a particularly critical concern for low-income groups: in the absence of a viable model that caters to their needs, India will see the continued proliferation of slums across the country.
There is urgent need for provision of affordable urban housing across all income groups.
Source India‘s Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities, Sustaining Economic Growth McKinsey Global Institute, 2010
Approximately 42.8 million people or about 15.2 percent of India’s urban population live in slum settlements. According to the Census of India, 35 percent of urban households live in single room dwelling units and 68 percent of such households have four members or more. Approximately 81 million persons or 25.7 percent of the total urban population are below the official poverty line.
Source: Report of the Government of India High Level Task Force on Affordable Housing For All, 2008
The Eleventh Five Year Plan estimates the urban housing shortage of 24.7 million units, with 99 percent of this shortage pertaining to the economically weaker sections (EWS) and lower income groups (LIG).
Affordable housing for low-income groups is an important consideration in most cities. Planning mandates in the United Kingdom have generated 20 to 25 percent of all affordable units built
over the last decade. South Africa provides free land for houses for its poorest income groups. Singapore provides public housing for more than 80 percent of its population through a dedicated Housing Development Board, using land monetization and interest- rate subsidies to make affordability work.
The Case for a More Inclusive City THUS 1. There will always be different economic groups within the city. All of these need adequate, affordable housing. 2. These groups are equally dependent on each other: the rich on the poor for services and goods, and the poor on the rich for livelihood. 3. Large pockets of poorer areas leads to the creation of ghettos, increase in crime and other social issues, and the poverty cycle. 4. Such areas also generally remain ignored and underdeveloped in terms of city services and infrastructure. 5. When these different groups live closer together, the commuting time, expense and effort gets reduced. 6. The pressure on transport infrastructure also gets reduced.
The Elusive, Inclusive City As such, some basic characteristics of a more inclusive city –a prerequisite for inclusive housing- are:
1. Higher density, especially around the city centres. 2. A land use pattern which is more mixed, that is, where the place of work and residence are closer together.
As such, inclusive cities can ―mitigate the strains and maximize the opportunities‖ of urban living.
3. Better public transit and transport infrastructure, which can support those who still need to commute for work. Quoted from India‘s Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities, Sustaining Economic Growth McKinsey Global Institute, 2010
The Elusive, Inclusive City
Source: Mumbai FSI/FAR conundrum The perfect storm: the four factors restricting the construction of new floor space in Mumbai Alain Bertaud, 2004
This establishes the need for a more mixed land use/development plan where the place of work is closer to the place of residence, and consequently there is lesser pressure on public transit. Here we are mostly talking about the One of the main reasons EWS, LIG and MIG for the sprawl-leading-togroups. Most HIG workers slums-leading-to-sprawl already live close to their cycle is the low FSI or FAR workplaces, or can easily limits, which mean that the afford to commute from their residence to their built up area is spread over a larger region and work place. that the density of people living in close range of the A more inclusive city, CBD is very less. with people of different economic levels and This situation automatically occupations living closer implies that people have together in generally to travel further away from higher densities, would their home for work. This thus result in the also puts a huge amount increased proximity of of pressure on the already service providers inadequate city-scale (workers) and service transport system. consumers (work place).
The Elusive, Inclusive City
What we want: a completely inclusive mesh of the rich and the poor.
But: there are CBDs and central commercial areas
These areas and their surroundings should be high density.
To resolve this issue, we need to zoom in to
the neighbourhood or local level. But: owing to market forces, these area become populated by mostly the rich.
Inclusivity on the local level Inclusivity needs to be achieved on the local level amongst HIG, MIG, LIG and EWS neighbourhoods. Employment and Commute Having these different residential areas close-by reduces commuting time to employment destination and market areas, and thus expense and effort for all economic groups. Infrastructure and development for all Achieving inclusivity on the local level, that is, having neighbourhoods comprising of different economic backgrounds next to each other ensures that development benefits are equally distributed and shared by all communities and not accrued to only one.
Inclusivity on the local level Buffer Spaces When different economic groups live close together, the characteristic and design of the buffer space or neutral zone separating them become of paramount importance. These spaces, both ‗no –man‘s land‘ and so ‗everyone‘s land‘ should be areas where all economic groups can interact. Examples are: •Parks and green spaces, which offer equal recreational opportunities for all economic groups •Markets and commercial areas, which also directly offer employment to LIG and EWS groups •Shared facilities like places of worship, hospitals, etc. •Transport nodes like metro stations, roads and paths
market
Bus depot Malviya Nagar
Press Enclave Rd.
Hauz Rani Saket
Spatial proximity
Inclusivity on the local level
Shivalik
Jal Board open Police station Metro
Hauz Rani and Saket
The importance of buffer spaces can be understood by considering the case of Hauz Rani in South Delhi. Early1980s | DDA appropriated historical Hauz land | Saket Sports Complex | Mid-development stage, constituted large fields without any barriers | Saket and Hauz Rani residents moved | Children from both areas played football every evening | 1990 interim sports complex was razed
Social interaction
Other examples
Yusuf Sarai and Green Park:
market, services, daily goods, availability of household help, Proximity, commute and expense
Affordability
Inclusive Complexes Large housing complexes can be inclusive not only with their surroundings, but also within themselves. Here‘s how…
Social Interaction and/or dependency Groups of people to want to live in such close proximity if there is a desire for social engagement and shared community spaces (such a mix of housing is possible with variation in plot or apartment size) or if both groups are dependent on each other, usually through some economic activity (separate buildings but in the same complex/vicinity)
A housing complex can only be considered inclusive if atleast some of its units are affordable by a range of economic groups. • • • • • •
Cross Subsidy Loan/Credit assistance Variation in unit/plot size ‘Self help’ model ‘Site + Services’ model Low rise High Density development
Affordability on the face of it is one thing. The unit should be affordable in the long term as well. In short, housing will only be inclusive if the poor see it as a long term investment. • Incremental Development:
o Additive Housing o Flexible spaces
Aranya Community Housing Indore, India
Source: Aga Khan Award for architecture, Aranya Community housing www.akdn.org/architecture
Architect Vaastu Shilpa Foundation (B.V. Doshi, Ahmedabad)
No. of Dwellings Population 6500 Plots (6 sectors)
60,000 (EWS-65%; LIG-11%; MIG-14%; HIG-9%)
Client Indore Development Authority Year 1989
Economic zoning •HIG groups have been placed near the highway •MIG groups are near the arterial road •EWS and LIG are in the middle
Type Site + Services (Plotted Housing) Site Area 85 sqkm (8.5 HA) Ground 58% Residential Coverage 6.73% Commercial 23.5% Road space 8.15% Open spaces
Social engagement and dependency • ‘Spine and cluster’ settlement: There is a main
arterial road which is a very important economic stimulus, for vendors etc. which binds the colony together. Also, clusters tend to provide middle spaces which are a great for community activities.
•
Most houses have the ‘otta’ (outdoor platform) in front, which becomes a place for social interaction and enlivens the street.
•
There are commercial establishments within the complex too, which are also a source of employment for the poorer residents. This forms a certain dependency between the groups.
Affordability • Only services
(connections + core) have been
provided on site. The actual building is left upto the buyer, for more flexibility in terms of budgets and materials. Doshi built some houses just as guidelines which may or may not be followed for future development.
• Low rise high density development model has been adopted with tallest buildings being commercial centers at the ends of the spine, which are 5 storeys high. • Cross subsidy has been provided for EWS and LIG groups by selling HIG plots on market value and auctioning the land for commercial purposes. • A variety of plot sizes have been provided, from 35.32 sqm for EWS to 613.94 sqm for HIG
Incremental Development • The architect designed a large number of combinations for the dwellings
(80 prototypes)
• Extremely diverse • The possibility of vertical expansion and peripheral additions was kept in mind
Linkages, Connectivity and Hierarchy Hierarchy of Open Spaces
Vehicular Road Network
Major commercial centers/ nodes
Artists‘ Colony Belapur, India ―One is an example, two is a pattern!‖
Sources: • www.urbz.net •The new landscape by Charles Correa
No. of Dwellings Population Architect Charles Correa
5500 Plots
25000 (500 per HA)
Client Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Year 1983-86
Economic zoning •Large and small plots in a mixed, cluster style housing •Incremental model so that people expand their dwellings as incomes increase
Type Incremental (Plotted Housing) Site Area 55 HA (100 plots/HA) Ground Approx. 50% Coverage
Affordability • Cost cutting in terms of materials used. Also, toilets have been kept detached to reduce plumbing costs • Slight variation in plot size from45 to 75 sq mt
Social Interaction • Fractal based courtyard clusters, which promote social gatherings • Pedestrian only zone, which encourages children to play and people to mingle • Heirarchy of open spaces from small to large
Incremental • Incremental modules have been adopted so that people can expand their dwellings in the same site with increase in family size and/or income. • Basic additions prescribed by architect – easily replicable by local mistri.
What doesn’t…
What works…
•No common walls, less conflicts – respect for private property, with provision of public space • Pedestrian zones and courtyard typology promote community interaction •Additive development manual ensures that the architectural character remains same, but diversity exists
•Does not look like a designed intervention as it is very organic, almost dilapidated today • Toilets are detached from the house to save plumbing costs
The fact that it is termed ‗Artist‘s colony‘ means that it has been typecast that way, and most residents would belong to creative fields, which takes away from the diversity.
Inclusive cluster housing; trying something new‌
J-K Block Housing Source: Delhi and livability – Dissertation by Ananta Ganjoo
Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
Architect Ram Sharma Client Delhi Development Authority Year 1975-80 (?)
Economic zoning •HIG housing on ground floor, MIG in the middle, LIG on top •Staggered apartments for variation in built-up area for each section
Type Low rise High Density Cluster Group Housing
Site Area ? Ground ? Coverage
Affordability • Cost variation by staggering apartments and reducing sizes • Hierarchy of economic groups from ground floor upwards, automatically decreases prices of the higher apartments.
Social Interaction/Dependancy • Neighborhood parks provide the oppurtunity for interaction
Encroachments are a big issue with this housing
What works…
•Hierarchy of apartments in terms of variation and prices • Ample light and ventilation due to staggering
What doesn’t…
• The uneasiness between people from the different groups, due to such close proximity • Encroachment of balconies/ terraces as built-up area is not favorable, as this is not supposed to be an incremental model.
Due to inherent social stigmas as well as a massive difference in lifestyles, the proximity of lower income groups with higher income ones works better when a certain distance is maintained.
Woodwords Redevelopment Vancouver, Canada High-rise inclusivity; A social experiment
Source: www.woodwardsdistrict.com
Architect Gregory Henriquez Partners Client Government of British Columbia Year 2010
No. of Dwellings 536 market housing units+ 10 units for people with physical Disabilities + 200 non-market housing units + 75 family Occupancy + 125 single occupancy
Economic zoning •Variety of apartment sizes in the same building and floor • Flats subsidized for the poor in close vicinity as well as in the same building
Type Redevelopment – High Rise Built up 11 HA Area Ground ? Coverage
Affordability • Subsidy for poorer populations
Social Interaction/ Dependency • Tying up the economic zones with common facilities like markets, gyms etc. • Extremely close proximity – aimed at promoting social interaction across groups
What works…
• The intention of alleviating poverty and crime from poor pockets of the city through ‗positive gentrification‘ • Tying up the economic zones with common facilities like markets, gyms etc. could work well
What doesn’t…
•A social experiment, which could backfire. • Such close proximity between economically diverse groups might actually harbour hostility
It has been seen earlier how it is not only the rich who might feel uncomfortable living in an economically diverse neighborhood, but also the poor who feel threatened, and prefer their ghettos. Also, inclusivity demands a lifestyle change. Hence, it is important to avoid potential conflicts, and not force such drastic changes.
Government Mandates In a bid to increase the available These dwelling units are then handed over affordable housing stock for the urban to the government which sells or allots them poor, the government mandates that all to eligible low income beneficiaries. private group housing should incorporate a minimum percentage of EWS or community service personnel or LIG category housing. The United Kingdom has also used planning mandates, termed Section 106, since 1981 which require all new housing developments of more than 25 units to build a pre-agreed number of affordable units. While the proportion of affordable units built is projectspecific, 15 to 25 percent on average fall into the affordable category.
Source India‘s Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities, Sustaining Economic Growth McKinsey Global Institute, 2010
Government Mandates According to the Report of the High Level Task Force on Affordable Housing For All, 2008:
Affordable Housing for EWS/LIG categories: A unit with a carpet area most likely between 300 and 600 sq ft, with (i) the cost not exceeding four times the household gross annual income (ii) EMI/rent not exceeding 30 percent of the household's gross monthly income.
Affordable Housing for MIG categories: A unit with a carpet area not exceeding 1,200 sq ft, with (i) the cost not exceeding five times the household gross annual income (ii) EMI/rent not exceeding 40 percent of the household's gross monthly income.
Defining EWS and LIG Housing
According to the Guidelines For Affordable Housing In Partnership, Government of India, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, JNNURM Mission Directorate:
• Dwelling units should be a mix of EWS/LIG/MIG categories with the maximum size of a dwelling unit being at 1200 square feet super area, with at least 25% of them for EWS of about 300 square feet. In terms of carpet area, the minimum carpet area for EWS category shall be 25 square metres and maximum carpet area for MIG category shall be 80 square metres. • The sale price of dwelling units should have an upper ceiling in terms of Rupees per square metre of carpet area. The price ceiling would be settled in consultation with the States/UTs for different classes of cities.
According to the Masterplan Delhi 2021: • New housing for the urban poor should be in the form of one or two room units. • The developers of group housing shall ensure that minimum 15% of FAR or 35% of the dwelling units, whichever is more, are constructed for CommunityService Personnel / EWS and lower income category.
We argue that affordable housing should provide for a range of size options catering to the needs of households of different sizes and incomes, rather than being limited to a single size. This is especially important when considering the fact that it is the poorer families which generally have larger households.
Developed by Digvijay Real Estate Developers Pvt Ltd 2007
Doon Trafalgar Dehradun, Uttaranchal Housing complex with EWS reservation.
• Physical proximity between MIG and EWS housing at least results in added interaction.
Site Area: 3.5 hectares
• The design makes no attempt to create a sense of community between the 2 groups.
Building Structure: G+4
• Even advertisements do not promote the EWS part.
Number of Dwellings: 128 (MIG) + certain %age EWS (as per state laws) Social Structure: 2 stark groups- MIG and EWS
• Many private developments‘ EWS housing is sub-standard.
Source: http://doonhousing.com/doon_trafalgar
• Part of the EWS/LIG dwelling units are sometimes wrongfully sold off as servants quarters to the MIG or HIG buyers.
Pros
• Inclusive housing = inclusive cities • Boosts localized economies • Encourages social development
Limitations
So, is inclusive housing
feasible? Is it desirable?
• A community is based on trust and shared interests, which inherently makes it exclusive to a group. • Inclusivity is easier to achieve over smaller ‗bandwidths‘ • The feasibility of inclusive housing depends on the scale on which it is achieved- the city, the neighborhood, the zonal or the complex level. • It mustn‘t be forced and should avoid potential conflicts
Cons
• Safety issues, petty crimes may crop up due to the differences between co-residents • Possibility of a split community - as living together inclusively, at the end of the day, is the individual‘s choice.
3.2 A 3.2 B 3.2 C 3.2 D 3.2 E
14 | Inclusive Housing 2.1
3.2 F
Parameters
Aranya
Artist‘s Colony
Auroville
Doon Trafalgar
Location
Indore, India
(Belapur) Navimumbai, India
(Pondicherry) Tamil Nadu, India
Dehradun, India
Architect(s)
Vastu-Shilpa Foundation, B.V. Doshi
Charles Correa
Roger Ander
Gairola Developers
Strategy for inclusivity
Incremental + sites and services development
Incremental + Social interaction
Semi - Urban scale (belief bound)
Housing complex with EWS reservation (employment based inclusivity)
Site Area
85 HA
55 HA (with a density of 100 dwellings per HA)
2000 HA (projected) Currently, 650 under Auro trust
~15HA
Ground Coverage
65%
Approx. 50% (in terms of plotted area out of total site area)
Approx. 25%
-
No. of Dwellings
6500 Plots
Approx. 5500 Plots
767
150 (MIG) + certain %age EWS (as per laws)
Population
60000
Approx. 500 people per HA i.e. ~25000 people
2300 (planned for 50000)
-
Social Structure
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Economic diversity
Mixed (large diversity)
Spread over a small bandwidth
Mixed
2 stark groups: MIG and EWS
Pros
• Affordable and socially inclusive • Buzzing with economic activity along spine • Flexible planning, hence a long term investment which can absorb increase in population
• No common walls, less conflicts – respect for private property, with provision of public space • Pedestrian zones and courtyard typology promote community interaction • Additive development manual ensures that the architectural character remains same, but diversity exists •Plots size variation ensures a slight mix in occupants (financially)
• Community living, in its true sense • Rich subsidize the poor willingly. This automatically makes the community more inclusive
• Physical proximity between MIG and EWS housing atleast results in added interaction.
Cons
• A ‗Sites + services‘ project , hence only basic core is designed • No building laws enforced, hence it does not look designed.
• Does not look like a designed intervention as it is very organic, almost dilapidated today
• A cult of sorts, which is exclusive to non believers • No private ownership at all, everything is community owned and works on the system of charity
• The design makes no attempt to create a sense of community between the 2 groups. • Even advertisements do not promote the EWS part
Analysis + Inference
• This example comes very close to achieving social as well as economic inclusivity. Almost 2 decades after its construction, there still exist a mix of groups who reside there and are very happy.
• The fact that it is termed ‗Artist‘s colony‘ means that it has been typecast that way, and most residents would belong to creative fields, which takes away from the diversity.
• The community is still very small, despite its 50 years of existence. • Despite its open policy, most of the people who get drawn to it tend to belong to a similar occupational or economical background
• Most such projects today make the EWS housing in a cheap way. • A lot of this housing is wrongfully sold off as servants quarters to the MIG or HIG buyers. This doesn‘t solve the housing situation for the displaced urban poor and also, the ‗inclusivity‘ of such complexes is questionable, as one party works for the other
Singapore Public Housing
Woodwords Redevelopment
Location
Singapore
Vancouver, Canada
Architect(s)
Housing and Development Board (HBD)
Strategy for inclusivity
Variation in sizes (affordability)
3.2 A 3.2 B
Variation in size (affordability) + Subsidy
3.2 C
Built up Area= 1.1 million square foot
3.2 D
Site Area
-
Ground Coverage
-
-
No. of Dwellings
85% of housing in Singapore is a public sector investment
536 market housing units+ 10 units for people with physical Disabilities + 200 non-market housing units =75 family occupancy + 125 single occupancy
Population
-
-
Social Structure
Mixed (citizenship condition)
Mixed
Economic diversity
Mixed (LIG to HIG)
Mixed
Pros
• Strict laws allow people from a particular income group to buy housing proportional to that income. For instance, An LIG household will get a single bedroom flat or higher, whereas an MIG household has to buy a minimum 2-3 bedroom flat, and not a single bedroom one.
• The intention of alleviating poverty and crime from poor pockets of the city through ‗positive gentrification‘ • Tying up the economic zones with common facilities like markets, gyms etc.
Cons
• High density high rise towers tend to be less community oriented, even if they are in a diverse complex. •This housing is only sold to citizens of Singapore, which makes it nationally exclusive.
• A social experiment, which could backfire.
Analysis + Inference
• Housing is provided for people regardless of their economic stature, and quality of construction does not differ. The only difference is the dwelling size, which in a way, reduces societal prejudices
• It has been seen earlier how it is not only the rich who might feel uncomfortable living in an economically diverse neighborhood, but also the poor who feel threatened, and prefer their ghettos. •Also, inclusivity demands a lifestyle change.Hence, it is important to avoid potential conflicts, and not force such drastic changes.
3.2 E 3.2 F
15 | Inclusive Housing 2.1
Parameters