FISH&FUTURE AALU TERM2 2018 by Raul Bielsa

FISH&FUTURE coastal communities & beach-launched fishermen in the UK

20172018

RaĂşl Bielsa

AALU

community-led projects

Initial research about community-led projects in the UK. The research is focus on Community Land Trusts & Neighborhood Planning as well as structures of mediator projects.

fish industry

How the fish industry works in the UK? From boat to place, research about the agents involve in the process, fish value chain and focus on under 10 m fishermen.

community supported fisheries Alternative ways for a sustainable fish industry based on local economies and under 10m fishermen. Mapping of different initiatives along coastal communities in the UK.

cases studies

Field Trip to the UK south coast. Dungeness, Hastings, Eastbourne and Worthing. The real world.

beach-launched sites

Port infrastructure in coastal communities in the UK. Ports&Harbours and working beaches.

proposal

Help small fishermen coastal communities to survive. Connect them to develop projects and initiatives together. Bottom-up strategies but at a large scale.

***bonustract*** BOAT2PLATE WORK BEACH

AALU LANDSCAPE URBANISM

FISH&FUTURE coastal communities & beach-launched fishermen in the UK

coastal communities

< 10 m vessels inshore fishermen

beach-launched fleets

auction market

processing

consumer

fish chain value issues long supply chain prices market-based no traceability

issues coastal tourism marinas & harbours coastal erosion

community-led projects

fishermen communities

community supported fisheries (CSF) Soleshare Sole of Discretion Creel Club Faircatch Catchbox

Dungeness Hastings Eastbourne Worthing interactive tool + put together small beach-launched fleets for spatial/infrastructure reason for local fish chain networks + traceability for consumer

COMMUNITY-LED PROJECTS This is a research about ways of citizen empowering. It is about taking advantage of the system, from a bottom-up perspective, to solve problems within a community. Community-led projects are about the people getting in control of the development of projects happening in their areas of influence. This kind of initiatives can be apply in a lot of different fields from buying houses to an alternative sustainable fish industry. The research have two parts. The first one is about the mechanisms that are available for people to set up a community-let project to improve their living conditions. It is focus on two mechanisms: Community Land Trusts and Neighbourhood Planning. The second part is about organizations that put together different community-led projects based on their topics, and how these organization works as a mediators between communities and government or consumers. It is focus on food networks. There are two main mechanisms which can be used by communities in order to have a legal effect in a local plan (defined by the local planning authority). The neighbourhood planning is a way for communities to get involve in urban planning by creating a neighbourhood forum. They can produce neighbourhood plans and development orders. These are approved by a referendum and after they are included in the local plan. The Community Land Trust is way for communities to develop housing projects or manage them, as well as other community assets. Food networks are about reducing the food chain and put together producers with consumers, creating strong communities. The understanding of the structures of these networks, how they are created and maintained means to unveils the links between the networks, the institutional powers and the producers/consumers. In relation with coastal communities, there are these fish food networks named Community Supported Fisheries that works with fishermen and consumers.

Community Land Trust Neighbourhood Planing

Cohousing Self-help housing

Community land trusts

A form of community-led housing, set up and run by ordinary people to develop and manage homes as well as other assets. CLTs act as long-term stewards of housing, ensuring that it remains genuinely affordable.

neighbourhood forum

+set up to benefit a defined community; +must be not-for-private-profit. +Local people living and working in the community can join the CLT +Those members control the CLT

designate a neighbourhood area and produce + neighbourhood plans > set planning policies + development orders > grant planning permission for their local areas, putting in place a vision and policies for the future development of the area. Community Right to Bid

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;pauseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the sale of a building or land , develop a bid to buy it.

neighbourhood plans About the use and development of land and may contain a vision, aims, planning policies, proposals for improving the area or providing new facilities, or allocation of key sites for specific kinds of development.

actions

planning

developers

Co-operative housing

Community Right to Challenge

taking over a local service they can do it differently and better.

Community Right to Reclaim Land

to challenge local councils to release their unused and underused land.

Community Right to Build

build without going through the normal planning process.

affordable housing

referendum

local planning authority LOCAL PLAN

Food networks >> Sustain

registered charity & company limited by guarantee

United Kingdom

London This is the umbrella for all of Sustain’s initiatives in London.

London

volunteers

A campaign to protect precious marine environments and fishing livelihoods, and call for fish to be bought from sustainable sources. members

since 2008

gardens Supporters

London’s Food Growing Network

Economic & Business policy unit

funding

London Food Board (LFB) grant-making branch BRIDGE HOUSE ESTATES charitable trust Improving London’s environments

Community-led housing/neighbourhood precedents

Fish network structure

Example of how a Community Supported Fishery works. From the fishermen to the consumer. In this case, Soleshare deliver fresh fish to East London. It is supported by government funding and food networks.

Granby Four Streets CTL, Liverpool They teamed up with Londonbased collective Assemble to create a sustainable development for the area. They refurbished some derelict terraced houses in Toxteth. The project is the result of a 20 year battle by local residents to save the houses from demolition. But it was not only about the houses, it was about create a thriving, vibrant mixed community, where people from all walks of life can live, work and play The project won the prestigious Turner prize in 2015.

4 ports

Community Supported Fishery

St Ives Area Neighbourhood Plan net distribution of sustainable fish in London

In St Ives, the housing market is out of control, and second-home owners have pushed the prices up to a level that is unaffordable for locals. The community created a neighbourhood forum in order to develop a neighbourhood plan to fight second-home housing. The measure can be controversial, but it shows that communities can be involve in local planning and try to solve their problems.

Support

150 pp

FISH INDUSTRY Alternative projects about the fish industry seems like a possibility for a better future for small fishermen. But is necessary to understand how the fish market works at a national/global scale, to see all the agents involve in the process and how the value chain is distributed along them. This would give us an inside about where the money is going, and where we can hack the system in order to propose alternative markets. The first diagram shows the cod value chain in UK from boat to plate and an example of the economic value change in a product like fish fingers. The second one show the specific agents involve in the fish chain from Plymouth market to the consumer in the UK.

COD VALUE CHAIN

PLYMOUTH FISH CHAIN

The fish (cod in this case) that enter in the UK chain is coming from UK vessels landings and imports (this is the main source). The fish is now going to be processing (primary or secondary processors) or to a wholesale/ trade agent. After this, the cod will end up in a fishmonger /retail-chain or groceries store, in a restaurant or catering or it will be export. Fishmonger / Retail-chain / Groceries store

Plymouth Fisheries at Sutton Harbour in Plymouth is one of the most important fish market in the UK (600 direct /indirect jobs & 6,000 tonnes of fish sell per year). 75% arrives by road from fishermen across Wales and the South West for the best price. Plymouth Trawler Agents, is fresh fish auctioneer and fishing boat agents company that manages Plymouth Fisheries auction market. The company is own by the fishermen. In Plymouth the fish can go to wholesalers like Moby Nicks or Rex Down or just being distributed around UK to processors and buyers until it reach the consumer.

Restaurants / Fish&Chips / Catering

4.3£/kg Frozen fish fingers

£765m 45000 t

£354m

£29m

14300 t

63700 t

Supermarket

Exports

Retail sector

Processors / buyers

47% added value

Foodservice sector

OUTGOING PRODUCTS

£416m 110500 t

3.2£/kg 6000 t

Frozen fish fingers

Secondary/mix Processors

£36m 8700 t

£345m 120800 t

WHOLESALE TRADER

PROCESSING Processo

53% added value

Rex Down Fish Merchants

Distribution UK

£22m

5000 t

Fish Wholesalers

£27m

Cornwall Transport

£19m

15200 t

£27m

Auction Market + Direct Purchase + Merchants

7000 t

Primary Processors

2.8£/kg

! (

rozen F cod block import from China

Imports

SUPPLY RAW MATERIAL

Fish Market / Auction site

£320m 120700 t

Auction management Private limited company

Import Agent

£35m 22000 t

UK vessel landings

Ports Auction Markets Wholesale markets Processing Industry Buyers/Sellers

Auction Markets Wholesale markets Processing Industry Buyers/Sellers

Wholesale markets Processing Industry Buyers/Sellers Consumer

PLYMOUTH FISH CHAIN

individual fishermen+ Cornwall Transport+

Samways Fish Merchants Bridport

PTA transport Padstow

PTA transport Looe & Polperro PTA transport Mevagissey LT D ING IPP SH SE

R HE

AF AL KE

YS CR

IN 10 TER ves FIS sel H L s TD

EL W NO E els TH vess 3

L TA

D LT m G IN l 20 SH se FI ves A 1 E

Macduff Exeter PTA transport Torquay

PORTS <10 m vessels D

0 - 83

D 83 - 274

by tons of landings

274 - 643

D 643 - 1271

Fish Industry

! (

auctionsites

wholesalemarkets

ÂŁ

processing industry

buy/sell fish

routes networks

fishermen tracks

0 50 100 200 Km

COMMUNITY SUPPORTED FISHERIES There are alternatives to the stablish fish industry trying to put closer fishermen and consumers in a more sustainable way. One of those is the CSF (Community supported fisheries) model, for selling fresh, locally-sourced seafood. Based on community supported agriculture (CSA) programs (think veg box), CSFs aim to encourage sustainable fishing practices and strengthen relationships between small-scale fishermen and communities. part of a bigger project UK funding

+ community seafood hub

CREEL FISH CLUB The Creel Fish Club is a fish box scheme where you can access quality, fresh, locally sourced, seasonal fish and seafood. The idea is to introduce customers to new types of fish and seafood and help support our inshore fishing fleet. This initiative is part of the Northumberland Seafood Centre, a fishing hub in Amble, part of the Amble Harbour Village development. They deliver fresh fish in different pick-up points in the Northumberland area.

vessels < 10 m / local

collection points

whole catch / low-impact methods

building community seafood savvy

fair price / stable income

fresh fish / fish box subscription

13£/kg < 48h

~Amble~

? members Northumberland County

Private limited Company

different geographical conditions ports

+ stable to weather conditions

SOLESHARE Soleshare is a “Community Supported Fishery” (CSF), an alternative model for selling fresh, locally-sourced seafood based in London. They work directly with inshore fishermen from Newlyn, Newhaven and Dungeness and distribute the fish in London by collection points. They also organize workshops to learn how to cook fish and have a selection of receipts specifics for the different fishes.

Private limited Company

vessels < 10 m / local

collection points

whole catch / low-impact methods

building community seafood savvy

fair price / stable income

fresh fish / fish box subscription

15£/kg < 48h

~Newlyn~

London

~Newhaven~ ~Dungeness~

150 members

simple logistics

+ fresh fish

FAIRCATCH Faircatch is a “Community Supported Fishery” (CSF), or fish box scheme, for local distribution of fresh, seasonal, sustainable, local fish, while paying local fishermen a fair price and helping to protect our coastal cultural heritage and the marine environment. It is based in south-west London. They work with fishermen in Emsworth, Hampshire and deliver the fish in south-west London.

Private limited Company

vessels < 10 m / local

collection points

whole catch / low-impact methods

building community seafood savvy

fair price / stable income

fresh fish / fish box subscription

14£/kg < 48h

~Emsworth~

London 65 members

SOLE OF DISCRETION

existing logistic infrastructure

CIC fisherman owners

+ UK delivery

+ Profits to community

Community Interest Company

Sole of Discretion is “a collective of small-scale fishers fishing out of Plymouth harbour”.They sell fish online through food network around the UK. They really believe in traceability, so all the fish is packed in a way that you can know how, when, where and who catch it. The company is a CIC own by the fishermen, with the profits going back into the fishing community.

vessels < 10 m / local

food network / online / delivery

whole catch / low-impact methods

scientific research marine environment

fair price / stable income / owners

blast chilled & freezing / fresh fish

Bath London

~Plymouth~

Bristol

Community Supported Fisheries route

CSF port

PORTS <10 m vessels D

0 - 83

D 83 - 274

by tons of landings

274 - 643

D 643 - 1271

Fish Industry

! (

auctionsites

wholesalemarkets

ÂŁ

processing industry

buy/sell fish

routes networks

fishermen tracks

~Amble~

0 50 100 200 Km

~Dungeness~ ~Emsworth~

~Plymouth~ ~Newlyn~

~Newhaven~

Dungeness is a headland on the coast of Kent, England, formed largely of a shingle beach in the form of a cuspate foreland. It shelters a large area of low-lying land, Romney Marsh. Dungeness is also the name of the power station, of the hamlet within the location, and of an important ecological site at the same location. It lies within the civil parish of Lydd.

DUNG

Dungeness is defined by + The nuclear power station, who owns the beach and moves shingle in front of the station because of the erosion. + The shingle beach. Is one of the biggest shingle accumulation in Europe. There are still 10 under 10 m vessels mooring on the beach. + Cottages tourism. Popular tourism destination cause of the landscape. It has been used in films, videos and adverts.

50°55’07.7”N 0°58’54.6”E

Dungeness Nuclear Power Station EDF Energy 1983

LEN is a retired local fishermen. He says that there is still 4 or 5 fishermen boats on a full time basis. Sea bass is really trendy since 10 years ago. There are a lot of Whelks, they are exported to Spain. A van comes to pick them. There are also a lot of Skate. They are ugly, but you only eat the wings. Every year there are less and less fish. Big vessels take all of them. The boats on the beach pay rent to the nuclear power station, the owner of the land. A lot of fishermen left their boat and went to work to the power station. The local restaurant takes fish from other places in order to have fish everyday.

ENESS

Problems that Dungeness fishermen are facing + Fishermen do not own the beach. EDF energy is the landlord and they can end the right to berth on the beach or move the shingle away. + There is not fishermen organization. They are unprotected in order to upgrade the infrastructure needed for beach-launching or share it between them. + There is not local fish industry. The most of the fish is exported internationally. There are just a few wholesale/restaurants which rely on other places for buying fish.

Hastings is a town and borough in the county of East Sussex, on the south coast of England (90000 pp). Hastings was, for centuries, an important fishing port; although nowadays less important, it still has the largest beach-based fishing fleet in Europe. The fleet has been based on the same beach, below the cliffs at Hastings, for at least 400.

Hastings is defined by + The Stade, a shingle working beach with the biggest beachlaunching vessel fleet in the UK, with around 25 vessels. + The Hastings Fishermenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Protection Society (HFPS) owns the beach and keep it free of charge. They also work with the Hastings FLAG in order to get European Funding for improving the facilities. + Fishing Heritage. The net shops, the museum, the fish market, the fish&chips shops, etc. The town and the fishing activity is really interrelated.

HAST

50°51’18.6”N 0°35’36.6”E

INGS

“We are also a FLAG, we have strong relationships with NGOs like Greenpeace. The legal rights belongs to the fishermen and since 1947 the ownership of the grounds belongs to the borough and the foreshore trust. In 1936 they wanted to move the boats. The corporation claim the rights of the land. Irrevocable licenses to the land. We don’t own the ground. The council can exercise their rights if the fishermen are not exercising their rights. We built up an infrastructure around the fishing fleet, because of the rights of the ground. The car park gives us money. We built an infrastructure around the fishing industry to supported us financially. No mooring fees, no water charges, fishermen don’t pay any fees. Everything is supply by the protection society, which is the parent company which owns the rights to the ground. The market company, the cooperative, the social club and rented accommodations generate money also Without this, the fleet would be gone years ago.” Paul Joy, Hastings Fishermen’s Protection Society

Problems that Hastings fishermen are facing + Even with a strong organization, they are still facing the quota system. Diversification towards tourism or fish industry. + The most of the fish is exported internationally. The local fish&chips rely on other places for buying fish. An alternative fish chain could improve local economy. + A new marina proposal. There are plans for building a big marina right close to the Stade. Marinas are good for yacht, but for fishermen, they can not sell the fish there, leave their stuff or be there for free. (as it happened in Brigthon). 17

Eastbourne is a large town and borough in East Sussex, on the south coast of England. (99000) As a seaside resort, Eastbourne derives a large and increasing income from tourism, with revenue from traditional seaside attractions augmented by conferences, public events and cultural sightseeing.

Eastbourne is defined by + Beach-launching under 10 m vessels and a Marina. There is not space for the fishermen stuff in the marina. There are still some warehouses that the fishermen still use. + The Eastbourne Fishermen CIC was created in order to fight for a place in the marina for the fishermen. There is a proposal to be build for a place for them. + The relationship between fishermen and Eastbourne is not clear. Eastbourne is focus in tourism. Fishermen have a second role here.

EASTB

Joe, under 10 m fishermen, Eastbourne +Do you have a boat in the harbour In the harbour you can get more days than in the beach +How many boats are still in the beach? I think there are two, maybe four boats. +These white boxes are pots? These pots are for whelks. You can buy the proper ones, but these are better and cheaper. There is not quota for the whelks. +Do you have to pay a rent to be on the beach? You pay for the sheds, for the boat its not too much, the council pay for the fishermen. The harbour is not own by the council, is private. We have this for storage but the bigger boat is in the harbour. +Where do you usually sell your catch? There are a few places, salmon to France, to the fish market. For the whelks, the go to for processing here in the UK. 50°55’07.7”N 0°58’54.6”E

+What are the main species of your catch? Dover sole, plaice and skate.

Eastbourne Marina

OURNE Problems that Eastbourne fishermen are facing + Moving to the Marina. The new space proposal will have to relocate of the fishermen stuff. The beach warehouses will have to find a new use. + The most of the fish is exported internationally. There is not local fish economy. + Tourism. Eastbourn is focus on tourism, mostly in its seafront. The fishermen that do not move to the marina, will end up disappearing.

Worthing is a large seaside town in West Sussex, England (105000 pp). It is situated at the foot of the South Downs National Park, west of Brighton. For many centuries Worthing was a small mackerel fishing hamlet until in the late 18th century it developed into an elegant seaside resort and attracted the well-known and wealthy of the day. Modern Worthing now has a large service industry, particularly in financial services.

50°48’56.2”N 0°20’21.3”W

Worthing is defined by + Beach-launching under 10 m vessels. There is just a few full time fishermen still on the beach. The tide is really variable, a factor for launching the boats. + The relation between the beach and the town seems pretty easy and balance between the fishermen and tourism. + There is a CSF based here, Catchbox Worthing, that works locally, providing fresh sustainable untargeted fish.

WORT

HING

Problems that Worthing fishermen are facing + They is not a strong fishermen organization. This would help the fishermen to apply for funding for upgrade the beach infrastructure. + Even with a local CSF seems like its not enough for keep an active local fish industry. Zoom it out or collaborate with other local towns may help. 21

BEACH-LAUNCHING The physical place of the fishermen plays an important role from them. There are basically two types of moorings: in a port or a harbour and on the beach. In both cases small fishermen always have to fight tourism or developments to keep their space, that most of the time, is not enough or not working for them. This cartography unveils the ports that have a harbour infrastructure and the ones that does not have it, having working beaches instead. These are usually small fleets of inshore fishermen. It also shows if the ports are doing well or not. This is measured by different criteria like the growing/ decreasing fleet, the organizations involve (FLAG), and the EU funding. Some of the ports are picked as examples of good/bad practices.

Worthing

Brighton

50°48’56.2”N 0°20’21.3”W

50°48’41.1”N 0°05’49.1”W

<10 small fishing vessels

10 tons/year 16 >> 13 vessels

95 tons/year 32 >> 24 vessels

beach fishermen beach fishermen

Heritage Fund

fishermen quay

> no organization > no sell/buy space > no ownership

> no organization > no infrastructure > no ownership

beach-launched fishing inshore fleet

harbour marina + beach-launched fishing inshore fleet

beach fishermen

fish market Shoreham Harbour

235 Plymouth

191 Newlyn

9 Polperro

Sidmouth 1 Axmouth

2 Paignton 2 Torquay

22 Portland

Eastbourne

fishermen quay

50°55’07.7”N 0°58’54.6”E

Hastings

50°51’18.6”N 0°35’36.6”E

Dungeness 50°55’07.7”N 0°58’54.6”E

<10 small fishing vessels

1128 tons/year 39 >> 35 vessels

<10 small fishing vessels

groyned beach Beach tourism

proposal / own by the CIC fishermen

Marina

66 tons/year 12 >> 10 vessels

Future Marina Project will reduce fishermen right

274 tons/year 36 >> 77 vessels

shingle beach Natural Reserve Fishing Heritage Landscaping Tourism

Nuclear Plant EDF Energy

Hastings FLAG Hastings Fishermen’s Protection Society Fishing Heritage

owners of the area

CSF > 1 vessel

movement of shingle for protection

> CIC organization > facilities > ownership

> self organization > coop infrastructure > beach ownership

harbour marina + beach-launched fishing inshore fleet

beach-launched fishing inshore fleet

> no organization > no infrastructure > no ownership

Hastings 13

Worthing

Brighton

Eastbourne

Dungeness

3 14 14 Christchurch

Rochester

5 Langstone Harbour

Keyhaven

Herne Bay Broadstairs

4 Cowes

Ports & Harbours 0 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 75 75 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 600

Beach-launched

0 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 75 75 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 600

Beach

fishing tracks

subcell sediment

sediment cell

PROPOSAL This is an interactive tool for fishermen. The aim is that small fishermen share their experiences about how they manage to survive and also join together for developing large projects focus on beach-launching infrastructure or alternative fish chain networks.

Oh! I would just click here, in Dungeness. I can see the data about the vessel fleet, the funding, the kind of beach and other site specific features, like the Nuclear Power Station and its relation with the fishermen. It seems, that other beach-launching sites just appeared. Ahh, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s because they are in the same sediment cell. Erosion can be a huge problem in the future for inshore fishermen with the rise of the sea level.

Here is Worthing, seems like small fishermen are disappearing. They should get together with Brighton maybe. We need a space in the beach because of the tourism. We should trade some sediment with them.

Let’s see what is going on in Hastings, maybe they can work together with Dungeness. I can see the data about Hastings, and about the Marina development. The connections between Hastings and Dungeness just appeared. And Dungeness already have an alternative fish network. Let’s talk!

What is going on in Brighton? There is a big marina here. Let’s see with who we can collaborate. A lot of different working beach just appeared along the same sediment cell. Let’s see.

Bibliography Faircatch Ltd. n.d. faircatch. Accessed April 2018. http://faircatch.co.uk. Adams, Martin. 2015. Land : a new paradigm for a thriving world. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books.

credits Cover Original photograph by Raúl Bielsa Community-led projects Original drawings by Raúl Bielsa External images: 5 Soleshare diagram, soleshare.net (bottom right) 5 Granby Four Streets CTL, theguardian.com, 2015 (bottom left) 5 St Ives Area Neighbourhood Plan, theguardian.com, 2016 (bottom left) All the company logos by the own companies. Fish Industry Original drawings by Raúl Bielsa External images: 6 Plymouth Fisheries, Google Earth, 2018 (top right) All the company logos by the own companies. Community Supported Fisheries Original drawings by Raúl Bielsa Cases Studies Original drawings by Raúl Bielsa Photographs by Raúl Bielsa External images: 15, 22 Photograph by Camila Ocejo (top right) 16, 18 Photograph by Camila Ocejo (bottom right) Beach-launching sites Original drawings by Raúl Bielsa External images: Photographs by Google Earth, 2018 23 Worthing, fishingnews.co.uk, 2016 (top left) 23 Brighton, geograph.org.uk, 2007 (top right) 24 Eastbourne, eastbournefishermen.co.uk, 2017 (top left) 24 Hastings, beautifulenglandphotos.uk (top center) 24 Hastings Marina, michaeldrain.com (top center) 24 Dungeness, bestofengland.com (top right) Beach-launching sites Same as Beach-lauching sites

Amble Development Trust. n.d. Northumberland Seafood. Accessed April 2018. http:// northumberlandseafood.co.uk. Cahill, Kevin. 2002. Who owns Britain. Edinburgh: Canongate. n.d. Fishing into the future. Accessed April 2018. http://www.fishingintothefuture. co.uk/. GIFSproject. n.d. The Geography of Inshore Fishing and Sustainability. Accessed April 2018. http://www.gifsproject.eu. Hastings Fisheries Local Action Group. n.d. Hastings flag. Accessed April 2018. https://hastingsflag.org.uk. Locality. n.d. My Community. Accessed April 2018. https://mycommunity.org.uk. Marine Stewardship Council. n.d. The Marine Stewardship Council. Accessed April 2018. https://www.msc.org. National CLT Network. n.d. National Community Land Trust Network. Accessed April 2008. http://www.communitylandtrusts.org.uk. National Federation of Fishermen’s Organisations. n.d. The National Federation of Fishermen’s Organisations. Accessed April 2018. http://nffo.org.uk. Planning Aid England. n.d. Forum for neighbourhood planning. Accessed April 2018. https://www.ourneighbourhoodplanning.org.uk/. Plymouth Trawler Agents Limited. n.d. Plymouth trawler agents. Accessed April 2018. http://www.plymouthtrawleragents.com. Raworth, Kate. 2017. Doughnut economics : seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist. London: Random House Business Books. Ryan-Collins, Josh, Toby Lloyd, and Laurie Macfarlane. 2017. Rethinking the economics of land and housing. London: Zed Books. Seafish. n.d. Seafish. Accessed April 2018. http://www.seafish.org. Service, Government Digital. n.d. Find open data. Accessed April 2018. https://data. gov.uk/. Shrubsole, Guy, and Anna Powell-Smith. n.d. Who owns Engand? Accessed April 2008. http://map.whoownsengland.org/. Soleshare. n.d. Soleshare. Accessed April 2018. http://www.soleshare.net.

Typefaces Futura, Paul Renner, 1927 Bodoni, Giambattista Bodoni.

Sustain. n.d. Sustain. Accessed April 2018. https://www.sustainweb.org/. Sutton Harbour Holdings PLC. n.d. Plymouth Fisheries. Accessed April 2018. http:// www.plymouthfisheries.co.uk. Urquhart, Julie, Tim G. Acott, David Symes, and Minghu Zhao. 2014. Social issues in sustainable fisheries management. Dordrecht: Springer.

AA Landscape Urbanism 2017-2018 Directors Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico Design Tutor Clara Oloriz Sanjuan Seminar Tutors Douglas Spencer Technical Tutors Giancarlo Torpiano Gustavo Romanillos Vicenzo Reale Claudio Campanile April 2018 Raúl Bielsa Pérez Raul.Bielsa-Perez@aaschool.ac.uk IG @nwtntppls

AALU LANDSCAPE URBANISM