Volume 3, Issue 41

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Come along with Tidbits as we punctuate!

LITTLE DOTS • Aristophanes of Byzantium was a librarian at the Egyptian library of Alexandria in the third century B.C. when he noticed a problem with the current method of writing. At the time, writing was done on scrolls. The characters would run left to right on one line, then right to left on the next line, continuing in this zigzag pattern to the end. There were no spaces or breaks in between the words or separating the sentences.

People trying to read these scrolls out loud had a hard time. Aristophanes invented a simple system of dots to indicate pauses and phrases in order to make scrolls easier to read aloud.

• A dot in the middle of the line indicated a place where someone reading out loud should pause to take a breath, and it was called a “komma,” the Greek word meaning “clause.”

A dot at the bottom of the line indicated where a reader should take a longer pause. It was called a “kolon” meaning “verse” and indicated a break in between two clauses. A dot at the top of the line was called a “periodos” meaning “segment” and indicated a full-stop pause at the conclusion of the written sentence. This system of dots became our comma, colon, and period.

It was the first punctuation.

• In the years before there were spaces placed between letters, a small curved mark would (continued on next page)

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To the ancient Greeks, it was the concept of hospitality, generosity, and courtesy shown to those far from home. To the botanist, it’s the effect of pollen on a seed. And to those in Ohio, Page 2 it’s the county seat of Greene County, a community about 21 miles (34 km) from Dayton.

Queen Elizabeth 4/21/26to • Xystus is an architectural term, referring Jack Nicholson 4/22/37 a long, covered portico, or main entrance, of George Lopez ancient Greek gymnasiums.

Here, 4/23/61 athletes Clarkson would exercise Kelly during inclement 4/24/82 weather.

Pacino To the Romans, Althe xystus was the4/25/40 garden 4/26/1564 walkway in frontWilliam of theShakespeare porticoes, where they Samuel Morse 4/27/1791 planted flower beds.

• Physicians are familiar with two unusual “X” words, xyster and xiphisterna. The xyster is a surgical instrument used for scraping bones, while the xiphisterna refers to the cartilage at the lower end of the body’s sternum, that long flat bone located at the center of the chest.

• The Greek word xanthos translates “yellow,” and several of our words use it for a prefix.

Xanthophyll is a yellow pigment found along with cholorophyll in green plants. Plants with yellow stems are xanthopous. To those suffering from the abnormal vision condition known as xanthopsia, everything they see seems to have a yellow hue.

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DOTS AND DASHES (cont’d) often be placed underneath letters to indicate which word they belonged to where it would otherwise cause confusion. For example, “susanalbumparty” is confusing until marks are added to indicate which letters belong to which words: “susan‿album‿party.” The Greek word “hypo” means “under” (as in “hypodermic” meaning “under the skin”) and “hen” means “one.” This is the origin of the hyphen, a mark originally underneath a word, now located right in-between words.

• It wasn’t until the 8th century that writers began adding spaces in between words, largely in response to the difficulty that Irish and Scottish monks had when they were copying Bibles written in Latin without knowing Latin themselves.

• Charlemagne commissioned scholars to make reading and writing easier for the proletariat, and that’s when upper case and lower case letters were invented.

• A particular typeface is called a “font” from the French word “fonte” meaning “to melt” or “to pour out.” This is the same root word for “fountain,” “foundry,” and “fondue.”

In the early days of printing, and later when typewriters were invented, the letters were made of metal, with molten metal being poured into molds to create individual letters in an entire collection of moveable type.

• Printers kept their different fonts inside cases.

Capital letters were put in the top part of the case, leading to the terms “upper case” and “lower case.”

• The exclamation point comes from the Latin word “io,” meaning “an exclamation of joy.”

It was written vertically within a single space, with a lowercase I over a lowercase O. Eventually the O was abbreviated to a dot and the exclamation point was born!

SQUIGGLES and TITLES • In Latin, when they wrote a query, they’d finish it with the word “questio” which was abbreviated “qo.” Eventually, they put the abbreviation into a single space, with the lowercase “q” on top of the lowercase “O.” As time went (continued on next page)

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By Sam Mazzotta Does My Cat Need Himalayan Salt?

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SQUIGGLES and TITTLES (cont’d)

on, people made the “q” a tailed loop, and the O turned into a dot. This turned into the question DEAR JIM: I feel your pain. The internet has given us access to all the information we’re looking for -mark. and all the information we weren’t. Companies have • The tilde is a squiggly line ~ whose name sprung up left and right, peddling the latest supplecomes from the Latin “titulus” meaning “title.” ment or dietary recommendation to keep our pets The tilde means “approximately”: ~42 means totally healthy, guaranteed. “approximately 42.”

Fad diets can sometimes do harm to pets because key nutrients may be left out. Feeding dogs and cats only • In the Roman language, “libra pondo” meant meat, and nothing else, can be as bad as feeding them one pound in weight, where “libra” meant no meat. And while most supplements are safe, you “scales” and “pondo” came from “pendere” have to read up on what they actually do and know meaning “to weigh.” The Romans abbreviated what a safe dose is. “libra pondo” as “lb” with a line drawn horiYour first and best resource is your pet’s veterinarian, who has years of advanced education in animal zontally through the two letters at the top. The care and stays abreast of the latest developments in little line is called a “tittle,” which indicates an pet health and wellness. He or she can tell you the abbreviation. Eventually, it became easier just best diet or supplements to give your cats, and which to write the symbol “#” instead of spelling out info on the internet to pay attention to and which to the two letters lb and drawing a line through disregard.

Talk to the vet at your cats’ next checkup, and you’ll them. Today we still abbreviate pound as “lb” get a much clearer picture of the best way to keep and the hashtag # originally designated weight them healthy and well fed. No trendy salts needed. in pounds.

• The term “libra pondo” expanded into other Send your questions or pet care tips to ask@pawscornlanguages, becoming the French “livre,” the er.com.

Italian “lira,” the British “pound,” and the (c) 2019 King Features Synd., Inc. German “pfund.” Charlemagne decreed that a single pound of silver should be minted into 240 coins, and today Britain still counts its OFF money in pounds sterling, abbreviated as the stylized L that hearkens back to libra pondo: £ with the “L” standing for “libra” and the tittle indicating an abbreviation.

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Tidbits® of Niagara Region

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SQUGGLES and TITLES (cont’d)

SAFE WAYS TO GET RID OF EXPIRED, UNUSED MEDICINE Dear Savvy Senior, What’s the best, environmentally safe way to dispose of old and unused medications? My mother has a medicine cabinet chocked-full of pills, some of which haven’t been touched in 25 years, and I’d like to clean it out for her.

Protective Daughter Dear Protective, Cleaning out the medicine cabinet is a chore that most people don’t think about, but it’s an important task that can help prevent medication problems, and protect children who may have access to these old, unused drugs. Here’s how you can clean out your mother’s medicine cabinet so it’s safe and useful.

Return Them Your local pharmacy, as well as hospitals, clinics, long-term-care facilities, and narcotic treatment programs, might accept your mom’s unused medications, often as part of programs that collect and destroy unused drugs. Search for an authorized facility near you at DisposeMyMeds.org.

You can also drop off her unused meds at designated police departments, fire stations, and other sites on National Prescription Take Back Day, Saturday, April 27. To find a collection site near you, visit TakeBackDay.dea.gov.

Use a Disposal Kiosk Many Walgreens and CVS stores have free, anonymous, and secure kiosks where you can dispose of any medication. Remove your personal information from the packaging and drop unwanted medication, including opioids, in the slot.

Mail Them Costco, Rite Aid and CVS pharmacies sell postagepaid envelopes for customers to mail any prescription, including opioids and over-the-counter medications, to a disposal facility.

Throw Them Out If mailing them in or getting to one of the drop-off sites is not an option, you can dispose of them yourself, but do so carefully. The Food and Drug Administration recommends taking the medications out of their original bottles and putting them in a sealable plastic bag with an undesirable substance like coffee grounds, dirt or kitty litter. Then seal the plastic bag and throw it in the trash. This will make the medication less appealing to children, pets or other people who may fish through your trash.

But don’t do this with dangerous drugs, such as opioids, which can be abused. For these, the FDA says flushing them down the toilet is OK. But trace amounts of drugs can end up in the water supply so this should be done only as a last resort. To see the FDA list of medications that should be flushed when they are no longer needed, go to FDA.gov and type “flush list” into the search box.

Or, another option is to purchase some medication disposal bags like the Medsaway Medication Disposal System. These are carbon pouches that are designed to neutralize all medication including narcotics, liquid medication, transdermal patches and controlled substances so you can just add water, and toss them in the trash. You can find medication disposal bags at some local pharmacies or online at Amazon.com for around $15.

You’ll also want to make sure to scratch out all your mom’s personal information on the empty medicine bottles or other packaging before throwing it away to protect her identity and privacy.

If you have other questions about proper drug disposal, talk to your pharmacist.

Send your senior questions to: Savvy Senior, P.O. Box 5443, Norman, OK 73070, or visit SavvySenior.org.

Jim Miller is a contributor to the NBC Today show and author of “The Savvy Senior” book.

official name is “octothorpe.” The “octo” denotes the eight points, and “thorpe” comes from the Old English word meaning village. This is because the symbol resembles eight villager’s fields surrounding a village square.

MORE SQUIGGLES • Greek and Roman merchants shipped goods such as grain, olives, wine, and oil in vase-like vessels called “amphora.” An amphora indicated not only the container but also the weight of the goods inside the container. The word derives from the Greek terms “amphi” meaning “on both sides,” indicating the two handles on the container, and “phoreus” meaning “carrier.”

It was customary to abbreviate any word with the first letter of that word combined with a tittle to indicate an abbreviation. So the abbreviation for how many amphorae of goods had been delivered would have looked like this: ā. Through sloppy handwriting done in a rush, it eventually started to be written as @. The @ sign became universally used by merchants meaning “at the rate of,” such as: “John bought 13 kegs of apples @ $20 per keg.”

• In 1971 when an engineer was working on developing the world’s first e-mail system, he needed a symbol to separate the name of the sender from the name of the system. He chose the “@” symbol because it was not commonly used. The symbol doesn’t have a name other than “the ‘at’ symbol” or “the commercial ‘at’” but in other languages it’s referred to as “elephant’s trunk” in Swedish; “monkey’s tail” in Dutch; “spider monkey” in German; and “strudel” in Hebrew.

• The Latin word for “and” is “et.” Scribes abbreviated “et” with a stylized rounded capital E that looked like a backwards 3, plus an overlapping small case letter “t.” This symbol eventually morphed into the ampersand symbol: “&”.

The word “ampersand” derives from the Latin phrase “per se” meaning “by itself” combined with the word “and.” Throughout the 1800s, the ampersand sign was treated as the 27th letter of the alphabet. Schoolchildren reciting the alphabet would follow “X Y Z” with “and, per se, And” denoting the symbol &.

Answers on page 7

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Answers on Page 7

Answers on page 7

1. Name the last World Series before 2017 featuring two teams that each won 100 or more games during the regular season.

2. Which Yankees player hit the most home runs in his first three full years (at least 100 games per year) in the majors: Joe DiMaggio, Lou Gehrig or Mickey Mantle?

3. In 2017, South Florida’s Quinton Flowers became the sixth player in Football Bowl Subdivision history to record 60-plus passing touchdowns and 40-plus rushing TDs during his career. Name two of the other five.

4. Name the top three coaches in terms of wins in Miami Heat history.

5. In 2019, Nikita Kucherov became the fastest Tampa Bay Lightning player to reach 100 points in a season (62 games). Who had been the fastest?

6. Who was the only Olympian to win five medals at the 2018 Winter Olympics?

7. Sergio Garcia set a Ryder Cup record in 2018 for most career points (25.5). Who had held the mark?

Answers on Page 7

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Iron Overloads Body

DEAR DR. ROACH: I was hoping that you could answer a quick question. I am a 46-year-old female and have hemochromatosis. I can’t get very good medical care where I live. It’s a small town where I can’t switch doctors, and mine is subpar. Anyway, I just had a blood test, and my ferritin is 39 and my saturation is 0.76. I don’t know if I need a phlebotomy. The doc likes to have me do it when my ferritin is in the 50-75 range. He has NEVER mentioned saturation before. Can you shed some light on this? -- A.R. ANSWER: Hemochromatosis is iron overload caused by the body being unable to reduce iron absorption even when it doesn’t need iron. The high iron saturation is a good test for diagnosing hemochromatosis.

However, it’s the ferritin that best approximates total body iron stores.

A large proportion of the body’s iron is located in the red blood cells, so by removing these through phlebotomy (literally, “bloodletting” -- usually the blood is donated), iron is taken out of the body. Most experts remove iron through phlebotomy until ferritin levels are below 50. Someone with a ferritin of 39 probably doesn’t need treatment, since the total body iron is nearly normal.

Women who are still menstruating have some degree of protection against iron overload, although it certainly still is possible to develop problems if the iron intake is greater than iron output, in which case phlebotomy is necessary. *** (continued in next column)

REMARKABLE PEOPLE

NOAH WEBSTER

• Noah Webster was born in Connecticut in 1758, not long before the American Colonies started to agitate for freedom from England.

He attended an overcrowded one-room schoolhouse. It was a miserable experience for him that colored his opinion of the school system for the rest of his life. Still, he managed to graduate from Yale in 1778, after taking some time out from his studies to fight in the Revolutionary War. (continued in next column)

Tidbits® of Niagara Region

Page 5

DEAR DR. ROACH: My problem is that I am losing my hair. I am a 63-year-old gal in relatively good health who walks for exercise, eats a healthy, balanced diet and takes a pill each day to manage cholesterol and blood pressure. I do not have a thyroid problem, nor do I have diabetes. My dermatologist told me I do not have alopecia, as some of my siblings do. Instead, he suggested that my hair loss -- and specifically the thinning of the hair on top of my scalp -- is due to heredity; male pattern baldness runs through both sides of my family.

So here’s the question: Is it safe and/or effective to take 5,000 mcg of over-the-counter biotin supplements to lessen the effect of hair loss, or is this product ineffective and just being pushed on women by pharmaceutical and vitamin manufacturers to increase sales and profits, and to manipulate the consumer into believing that this expensive vitamin product is essential to our well-being? Thank you.

-- C.W.R.

(60 percent effectiveness versus 11 percent in one placebo-controlled trial). It might be worth a try, since it is very safe.

As far as expense goes, I found biotin tablets for 6 cents each at an online retailer. It certainly isn’t essential to well-being; in fact, with a healthy diet, I believe no supplement is essential. Vitamin and supplement manufacturers may try to make you think supplements are essential, but there is no good evidence for this.

Taking it to try to improve a problem like male-pattern baldness is reasonable, but if it doesn’t help significantly, save your money. *** Dr. Roach regrets that he is unable to answer individual letters, but will incorporate them in the column whenever possible. Readers may email questions to ToYourGoodHealth@med.cornell.edu. (c) 2019 North America Synd., Inc. All Rights Reserved

ANSWER: Biotin has been studied for both male pattern and female pattern baldness, and has had limited success, especially when combined with other vitamins and nutritional supplements (continued in next column)

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• Next, he became a lawyer but couldn’t find enough work. He became a school master instead. Now he was back to remembering all the problems with the American school system: crowded classes, low pay, and poor teaching materials. One of his biggest issues was that the only text books the students had access to were all published in England. They glorified English culture while ignoring all things American, and they adhered to confusing and archaic spelling rules followed by the English aristocracy.

Webster thought that American schoolchildren should learn from American (continued in next column)

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books written by American authors. Since there were none available, he set out to write them himself.• He subsequently published a three-volume set: a spelling book published in 1783, a grammar book published in 1784, and a reader published in 1785.

• Webster’s “American Spelling Book” was arranged to teach students in an easy, organized progression: it started with the alphabet; moved into the phonetics of sounding out vowels, consonants, and syllables; proceeded into a series of increasingly complex words; and concluded with simple sentences. This was a revolutionary new approach. (continued on next page)

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NOAH WEBSTER (cont’d) • For the next one hundred years, Webster’s book was the top-selling American book. It sold 15 million copies by 1837, and 60 million by 1890. Over the course of his lifetime, 385 editions were published. Webster received onehalf cent in royalties for every copy sold. This income allowed him to pursue his other passion: spelling reform.

• Webster felt that language was constantly evolving, and spelling should evolve too. He was tired of the confusing British method of spelling. He set out to standardize the American lexicon, since Americans spoke many dialects in which they spelled, pronounced, and used words differently. Webster learned to speak 28 languages so he could understand the origins of language. He then spent the next 20 years assembling the first American language dictionary, in which he instigated sweeping spelling reforms.

• Webster changed “c” to “s” in many words like “defense”; swapped “re” for “er” in words like “center”; turned “ou” into “o” in words like “favor”; and dropped double consonants in words like “traveling”. “Plough” became “plow”; “draught” turned into “draft”; and “publick” became “public.” Other reformed words failed to catch on: “wimmen” and “tung” and “masheen.” He also added entirely new, all-American words such as skunk, hickory, and chowder.

• When his dictionary was published in 1806, it sold only 2,500 copies. He began work on a new, improved dictionary but was forced to mortgage his home to raise funds, and was thereafter plagued with debt for the rest of his life. Noah Webster died in 1843, two years after the 3rd edition of his dictionary was published.

Webster’s passion for spelling resulted in the creation of a popular new contest known as the spelling bee.

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Over the course of childhood, an American baby will use about 8,000 diapers. It’s estimated that 1.375 million diapers are used every day worldwide, and about 18 billion diapers are used in the U.S. every year. The EPA estimated that disposable diapers account for about 3.8 million tons of waste in landfills every year. 96% of babies in America wear disposable diapers.

The Greek word “strephein” means “to turn” and gives several words such as “apostrophe” meaning that several letters have been “turned away.” The word “catastrophe” indicates a situation that has been “overturned.” It’s also the root of the word “streptococcus,” a bacteria with a twisted shape that causes strep throat. And it’s the origin “strop” meaning a flexible strip of leather used to sharpen blades, as well as the word “strap.”

Tidbits® of Niagara Region

NAMES OF COUNTRIES • Simón Bolívar was a Venezuelan military leader who fought in the Spanish American wars of independence. Bolivia is now named after him.

• Colombia was named after Christopher Columbus.

• The word “America” springs from the name of Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci, the person credited with realizing that the continent the Europeans bumped into in the late 1400s was not India.

• France comes from the old Germanic word “frankon” which meant a javelin or a lance, but it’s not certain whether the weapon’s name came from the name of the people, or if the people were named for the weapon.

• The Greeks, suspecting there was a land down under, called it Terra Australis Incognita, meaning “unknown southern land” which became Australia.

• Sierra Leone means literally “lion mountains” in Spanish, named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra in 1462.

• The Tuareg tribe inhabits the regions around the Sahara Desert. Their word “aginaw” means “black people” and turned into “Guinea.” The Malaysian word “pepuah” meaning “frizzy hair” is likely to be the origin of “papua” giving us Papua New Guinea.

• The Arabic words “al-Jazair” means “the islands” referring to several small islands that were once located in the bay of what is now called Algeria.

• Although there are about 25 countries named after men, there are few named after women, one being St. Lucia, a Caribbean island named for Saint Lucy, a Christian martyr who was murdered around the year 300 A.D. (continued on next page)

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Page 7

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Tidbits® of Niagara Region

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NAMES OF COUNTRIES (cont’d)

• The Philippines are named after Spain’s 16thcentury King Philip II. • Swaziland is named for the Swazi people, who are said to get their name from the 19thcentury king Mswati II. • Tobago comes from the Carib word “tavaco” denoting the pipe in which they smoked tobacco leaves.

• While on an expedition along the coast of South America, Amerigo Vespucci saw houses built over the water, which reminded him of Venice, so he named the land Venezuela.

• The Huron-Iroquois word “kanata” meaning “village” or “settlement” gave us Canada. (continued in next column)

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• Liberia comes from the Latin word “libre” meaning “free.”

• The Indo-European word “alb” meaning “mountain” gives us Albania.

• The Spanish word “argentine” means “silvery” and resulted in Argentina, a land where Spanish explorers noted that the natives wore much silver jewelry.

• The Spanish phrase “baja mar” means “shallow sea” and may be the origin of the Bahamas.

• Barbados is a Spanish word meaning “bearded.”

• The German word “kamerun” means “shrimp” and Cameroon is a place where many shrimp were found.

• The African Kanuri tribe’s word meaning “lake” is “tsade” which became Chad.

• Costa Rica means “rich coast” in Spanish.

• Nauru, an island northeast of Australia, is reportedly named after the indigenous word “anáoero,” meaning “I go to the beach.”

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