Volume 3, Issue 45

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MILITARY WORDS

LA

Come along with Tidbits as we discover the military origins of common words!

WORDS OF WAR • An A-team is an advance team, and the term is short for the full name of Operational Detachment Alpha, a set of U.S. Special Forces operatives deployed behind enemy lines. The A-team would consist of 12 men: two officers, two experts in weapons, two skilled in engineering and demolition, two in intelligence and operations, two in communications, and two in medicine.

• When British army officers were calling troops for a short day trip, soldiers would be asked to carry a bag with them containing what they would need for the day. If the encampment was to be moved entirely, they’d be asked to carry “bag and baggage.”

• The Turkish word “baliklava” means “fishing ground” and is the origin of the name of the city Balaklava located on the Crimean peninsula.

During the Crimean War, British troops stationed there suffered from the cold. Their wives and girlfriends knitted caps that covered the entire head. The troops called this cap a balaclava, and their popularity was ensured following the disastrous Charge of the Light Brigade during the war.

• During the Spanish-American War, American marines fighting Filipino guerrillas heard them (continued on nerxt page)

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To the ancient Greeks, it was the concept of hospitality, generosity, and courtesy shown to those far from home. To the botanist, it’s the effect of pollen on a seed. And to those in Ohio, Page 2 it’s the county seat of Greene County, a community about 21 miles (34 km) from Dayton.

• Xystus is an architectural term, referring to a long, covered portico, or main entrance, of ancient Greek gymnasiums. Here, athletes would exercise during inclement weather.

To the Romans, the xystus was the garden walkway in front of the porticoes, where they planted flower beds.

• Physicians are familiar with two unusual “X” words, xyster and xiphisterna. The xyster is a surgical instrument used for scraping bones, while the xiphisterna refers to the cartilage at the lower end of the body’s sternum, that long flat bone located at the center of the chest.

• The Greek word xanthos translates “yellow,” and several of our words use it for a prefix.

Xanthophyll is a yellow pigment found along with cholorophyll in green plants. Plants with yellow stems are xanthopous. To those suffering from the abnormal vision condition known as xanthopsia, everything they see seems to have a yellow hue.

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MILITARY WORDS (cont’d) talking about being in the “bundok” meaning a hill or mountain, and also denoting any remote location. We now call it “the boondocks” or “the boonies.”

• In the 1400s in Hungary, army generals realized that soldiers who got a ride to the front lines would arrive fresher and fight harder than soldiers who had to march to the front lines. They commissioned the construction of many wagons to carry soldiers. Carpenters in the town of Kocs near Budapest built a fleet, calling them “kocszekkers” meaning “Kocs wagon.” After the wars ended, the wagons were used by the citizens for transport. The English started using similar wagons, shortening the name to “kocs” and pronouncing it “kotch” which then became “coach” denoting not only a vehicle that could carry you, but also a tutor who could “transport” you to a sure win.

• Trench foot is caused by standing in cold wet conditions for too long. It first became common during World War I when soldiers were inhabiting trenches for long periods of time with inadequate footwear. Anyone who came down with trench foot was immediately excused from warfare and sent to the hospital to heal. Thus, soldiers who wanted a ticket out of battle would do whatever they could to get trench foot, and then hide the condition until just before a battle started, when they would report to the medical officer and be sent away to heal. This became known as getting “cold feet.”

• In the military, a “field day” is a day set aside for field maneuvers and review, entailing equal amounts of pomposity and celebration. Today a field day is any event when too much fuss is made over a minor thing • When armies were preparing for battle, they would dig a series of ditches where they could retreat if they needed to regroup. If they found themselves in the final trench, then they needed to make “a last ditch effort” to stand and fight, or die.

• During World War I, to go “over the top” meant to scale the sides of a trench and commence an attack, an ordeal accompanied by (continued on next page)

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DEAR GARY: While there is no solid scientific proof indicating that CBD (cannabinoid), a nonintoxicating part of the marijuana plant, has an effect on pets, you can find quite a bit of anecdotal evidence from pet owners. Most are very confident that the supplement helps calm their dog or cat.

I’ve spoken with a few pet owners who have had positive experiences supplementing their pet’s diet with CDB, which can be obtained legally over the counter in several states. For example, a friend was struggling with anxiety-induced aggression in one of her dogs –- during thunderstorms, he would begin snarling and snapping at her other male dog. Daily supplementation with CBD oil has reduced the aggression, she says.

Now, CBD oil isn’t a cure-all to treat every health or behavioral issue affecting a pet. It can help with anxiety. Its effects seem to be very subtle, on par with Bach’s Rescue Remedy, a daily homeopathic supplement. But it’s not a substitute for behavioral training and regular outdoor exercise -- both of which can have a profound effect on a dog’s behavior.

CBD supplements like oil or chews can be given daily at feeding time. Be sure to follow the dosage instructions on the package. The key seems to be making the supplements a daily routine, and increasing the dose may not work. But for owners trying to improve their dog’s well-being, it may be a supplement worth trying.

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MILITARY WORDS (cont’d)

much shouting. Today anything that is “over the top” is an over-reaction.

• The word “harbor” is Olde English and means “shelter” or “refuge.” The word “harbinger” springs from that, and denotes someone in the army whose job it was to proceed in advance of an army to secure shelter and supplies for the troops. Upon seeing the harbinger in their town, residents would be filled with dread, knowing that the coming horde of troops were about to eat them out of house and home without leaving anything in return.

• In the 1700s, the quartermaster in the French army was in charge of finding lodging for soldiers on the move. The French word “loger” meaning “lodge” is the root of the term “logistiques” describing the duties of the position, and we now spell it “logistics.”

• In 1811, Colonel Inglis was leading the British at the battle of Albuera in Spain. They were pinned down by heavy French fire and their position was tenuous at best. Inglis shouted to his men, “Stand your ground and die hard! Die hard and make the enemy pay dear for each of us!” During the battle, 438 out of 579 men died, and the regiment was thereafter called “The OFF Diehards.” The term now denotes anyone who refuses to yield despite the odds.

• There was a certain protocol involved in delivering a dishonorable discharge to an officer: He was ordered to face the drum squad while the charges against him were read out loud. (continued on next page)

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MILITARY WORDS (cont’d)

UNDERSTANDING MEDICARE’S ENROLLMENT PERIODS Dear Savvy Senior, What can you tell me about the different enrollment periods for Medicare? I’m planning to work past age 65 and understand Medicare offers Initial, Special and General periods in which I can enroll. How does this work?

Medicare Illiterate Dear Medicare, The rules for signing up for Medicare can be quite confusing, especially if you plan to work past age 65. But it’s critical to understand the ins and outs of enrolling because the consequences of missing a deadline can be costly and last a lifetime. Here’s what you should know about Medicare’s three different enrollment periods.

Initial Enrollment Period At age 65, the Initial Enrollment Period is the first opportunity that most people are eligible to enroll in Medicare.

If you’re already claiming Social Security benefits at least 4 months before age 65, you are automatically enrolled in Medicare, with coverage starting the first day of month you turn 65. If you’re not receiving Social Security benefits, it’s up to you to enroll in Medicare either online at SSA.gov/Medicare, over the phone at 800-772-1213 or through your local Social Security office.

You can enroll any time during the Initial Enrollment Period, which is a seven-month period that includes the three months before, the month of, and the three months after your 65th birthday.

It’s best to enroll three months before your birth month to ensure your coverage starts when you turn 65.

If, however, you plan to keep working and have health coverage from your employer, or from a spouse’s employer, you may want to delay Medicare Part B, which covers outpatient services, and Part D, which covers prescription drugs. But first check with the human resources department to see how your employer insurance works with Medicare.

While the drums beat, his sword would be broken and the buttons ripped from his uniform.

Then the musicians would play a song called “The Rogue’s March” as the disgraced officer was forced to walk the length of the parade ground with his head hung in shame in front of the assembled troops. This is the origin of two phrases: “Face the music” and “being drummed out.”

• Many people assume that the abbreviation “G.I.” stands for “government issue” but it’s actually an abbreviation for “galvanized iron.”

This is because things like trash cans and buckets distributed widely throughout military camps were stamped with the identifying mark “Bucket, G.I.” to indicate they were constructed of “galvanized iron.” Afterwards, “G.I.” came to mean anything or anyone that was solid and reliable.

• In the days of large horse-drawn artillery, the “limber” referred to the part of the gun carriage that included the wheels, the ammunition chests, and the part that attached to the horses.

This limber needed to be removed to use the guns, and attached to move the guns. The call to “limber up” meant to prepare the guns to be moved to the next location. The more quickly a battery could limber up, the better.

• The English slang word for Prussia was “Pruce” or “Spruce.” The Prussian army was noted for its spit-and-polish approach to every detail of army life, after which “spruce” came to mean anything that was particularly tidy. A type of tree that grows straight and tall while being uniform in appearance was subsequently named spruce.

MEDICARE’S ENROLLMENT PERIODS (continued)

The window for Part D is shorter. You must sign up for Part D within two months of losing drug coverage. If you go 63 days or more without drug coverage, you’ll pay a lifetime late-enrollment penalty that equals 1 percent of the monthly base premium (about $33 in 2019) times the number of months you don’t have Part D of other creditable coverage.

General Enrollment Period If you miss either of these first two enrollment period (continued in next column)

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you’ll have to wait until the General Enrollment Period, which is January 1 through March 31 of each year, but your Part B and Part D coverage will not begin until July 1. And you’ll be subject to late-enrollment penalties.

There is, however, no penalty for late enrollment for Part A. You can sign up anytime with coverage beginning the first day of the following month.

Send your senior questions to: Savvy Senior, P.O. Box 5443, Norman, OK 73070, or visit SavvySenior.org.

Jim Miller is a contributor to the NBC Today show and author of “The Savvy Senior” book.

Typically, if your employer has fewer than 20 employees, Medicare will be your primary insurer and you should enroll. But if you work for a company that has 20 or more employees, your employer’s group health plan will be your primary insurer as long as you remain an active employee. If this is the case, you don’t need to enroll in Part B or Part D when you turn 65 if you’re satisfied with the coverage you are getting through your job. But in most cases, unless you’re contributing to a Health Savings Account, you should at least sign-up for Medicare Part A, which is free and covers hospital services.

Special Enrollment Period If you delay Part B and Part D past age 65, you can sign up for Medicare during the Special Enrollment Period. Once you (or your spouse) stop working and you no longer have group health coverage, you have eight months to enroll in Part B. But if you miss that deadline, you’ll pay a late-enrollment penalty for the rest of your life. The penalty increases your premiums by 10 percent for each 12-month period that you don’t have coverage.

Answers on page 7

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Answers on Page 7

Answers on page 7

1. Two pitchers in major-league history have compiled nine seasons of 40-plus saves. Name them.

2. When was the last time pitchers from the same team were the top two in leading a league in ERA for a season?

3. How long was the Air Force football team’s streak of consecutive games in which they scored before Army ended it during the 2017 season?

4. In 2018, DeMarcus Cousins recorded the 10th 40-point, 20-rebound, 10-assist game in NBA history.

Which player accomplished this feat the most?

5. Who played the most NHL games in New York Rangers history?

6. Joe Gibbs Racing, in 2019, finished 1-2-3 at the Daytona 500. When was the last time a NASCAR team did that at this race?

7. In 2019, tennis star Novak Djokovic broke a tie with two other players to become the winningest men’s singles champion at the Australian Open (seven times). With whom had he been tied?

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8

REMARKABLE PEOPLE

IVA TOGURI

• Iva Toguri was born in Los Angeles in 1916, the daughter of Japanese immigrants. She grew up thoroughly American, yet she was also steeped in her Japanese heritage.

• In 1941, Iva’s parents asked her to travel to Japan to care for an elderly aunt. Although the State Department issued the proper travel papers, she did not have a passport. She applied for a passport in Japan, but all efforts were foiled by the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941. (continued in next column)

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Now she was stuck in Japan.

• Japanese officials tried to convince Iva to renounce her American citizenship but she refused. She was subsequently declared to be an enemy alien and was unable to secure a war ration card for herself. She got a job as a typist at Radio Tokyo. Despite her meager salary, she risked her life to smuggle food into a nearby POW camp where soldiers were being held.

There she became acquainted with Australian Army Major Charles Cousens.

• In 1943, the Japanese government asked Radio Tokyo to begin broadcasting war pro(continued in next column)

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paganda over the airwaves. The programming was designed to demoralize enemy soldiers who might be listening to the radio. In order to accomplish this, POWs who had experience in broadcasting were coerced into helping produce the programming. Because she was a native English speaker, Iva was recruited for this position as well. This is how Iva began working side by side with Charles Cousens, who had previously worked as a radio broadcaster in his native Australia.

• Because Iva and Cousens both spoke English and were familiar with the American culture, they were able to slip inside jokes and cultural references into their broadcasts that Japanese listeners failed to understand.

• Iva’s radio name was “Orphan Annie.” There were many other female Japanese radio DJs, and collectively they became known as “Tokyo (continued on next page)

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IVA TOGURI (cont’d) Rose” among the soldiers.

• When Japan surrendered in 1945, Iva wanted to get back to the U.S. but she had no money.

Meanwhile, the Hearst media company circulated ads offering $2,000 cash for an interview with the famous “Tokyo Rose.” This was equal to a year’s wages, and Iva responded hoping the money would help her get back to the U.S. Instead, she was arrested. She spent a year in an American prison in Japan while the FBI tried to find evidence. Charles Cousens fought on her behalf.

• Released after a year, Iva petitioned to be able to return to the U.S. Her efforts were foiled by radio host Walter Winchell, who whipped up anti-Japanese sentiment against her. She was extradited to San Francisco where she became the 7th person in U.S. history to be charged with treason. The trial was the longest and most expensive in American history at the time, lasting 13 weeks and costing the equivalent of $5 million. She was found guilty of “speaking into a microphone concerning the loss of ships.” She received a $10,000 fine and a ten year prison sentence. She served six years of the sentence, and moved to Chicago when she was released.

• Charles Cousens returned to Australia after the war, where he also faced charges of treason. Although charges were dropped, he was stripped of his commission. He made his living in broadcasting until his death in 1964.

• President Gerald Ford granted Iva an unconditional pardon on his last day in office in 1977, and restored her to full American citizenship.

Iva Toguri lived in Chicago until her death at the age of 90 in 2006.

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1.

2.

3 “Peter Pan’s Flight”

When a guided missile loses its guidance system, it person in history – 22 Awards and 59 nominations will go into free fall and follow the laws of physics and ballistics.

Today when someone explodes into a rage we call it “going ballistic.”

Tidbits® of Niagara Region

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? • Jail: short-term detention, often for people who have not yet gone to trial. Lock-up: shortterm detention in a police station. Holding cell: a jail inside a courthouse. Work house: A county jail housing inmates with short-term sentences. Prison, Penitentiary: Confinement for long-term and hard-core inmates, also referred to as penal institutions or correctional institutions.

• Coup: short for coup d’état (“blow to the state”) an unconstitutional seizure of governmental power by a small group, normally with the help of the military. Revolution: an uprising across a large swath of the population.

Junta: (Spanish for “council”) the person or group who comes into power following a coup or revolution.

• Dark Ages: Generally considered to be the 500 years following the fall of Rome in 470 A.D. Europe was overrun at various times by groups of Huns, Goths, Vandals, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. Although Romans had been fairly literate, literacy rates fell during this period and little exists in the way of written history to tell us what happened during this time, leading to the name of “Dark Ages.” Middle Ages: Encompassed the Dark Ages and included the years up to the Renaissance which began around the year 1300. The Renaissance marked the revival of classical-based art and learning in Europe. The word “medieval” comes from the Latin words meaning literally “middle age.”

The word “renaissance” comes from the French “renaistre” meaning “to be born again.”

• Donkey: a species descended from the African wild ass, having 62 chromosomes and able to reproduce normally. Mule: offspring of a (continued on next page)

ANSWERS TO PUZZLES

Page 7

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SPORTS QUIZ ANSWERS (c) 2019 King Features Syndicate, Inc.

1. Trevor Hoffman and Mariano Rivera. 2. It was 2016, when Kyle Hendricks (2.13) and Jon Lester (2.44) of the Chicago Cubs led the N.L. in ERA. 3. It was 306 games (1992-2017).

4. Wilt Chamberlain (six times). 5. Harry Howell, with 1,160 games (1952-69). 6. Hendrick Motorsports, in 1997.

7. Roger Federer and Roy Emerson.

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Page 8

Tidbits® of Niagara Region

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MOre ANSWERS

female horse and a male donkey (a “jack” if male and a “hinny” if female), having 63 chromosomes and is sterile.

• Flotsom: A ship’s cargo that floats on the water after a shipwreck, from the old French “floter” meaning “to set afloat.” Jetsam: Heavy items tossed overboard (“jettisoned”) in order to stabilize a ship in danger of sinking. Jetsam sinks. From the Old French “getaison” meaning “a throwing.”

• Gourmet: a connoisseur of fine foods. Gourmand: a glutton.

• Anti-perspirant: an astringent such as aluminum salts which blocks pores, preventing them from releasing sweat. Deodorant: kills the bacteria that feed on sweat and cause the odor, but still allows sweating to occur naturally.

• Cyclone: any storm in which winds spiral inward. Tornado: a circular storm that happens over land, usually between 30 and 300 feet in diameter. Waterspout: a tornado that passes over water. Hurricane: a tropical cyclone that happens in the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans.

Typhoon: a tropical cyclone that happens in 1. Name the most visited theme park in all of the western Pacific.

Europe.

2. What part of Disneyland contains the “Big • Asteroid: a large rocky body in space which Thunder Mountain Railroad” and “Tom Sawyer remainsIsland”? in orbit around a larger item in space.

3. What is the name of the transportation system Meteoroid: a very small rocky body in space throughout Disneyland? hat ride beings in Space Port where guests which4. W remains in orbit around another item in board a rocket? space.

Meteor: a meteoroid that enters Earth’s 5. W here would a visitor find “Mr. Toad’s Wild Ride” and “Peter Pan’s Flight”? atmosphere and burns up, also called a shooting star. Meteorite: A meteor that enters Earth’s atmosphere and lands on the ground • Steer: a castrated bull, slaughtered for beef upon maturity. Ox: a steer who is trained to work instead“What youngster has not dreamed of of being slaughtered. Bull: a mature intact flying with Peter Pan over moonlit male bovine used for breeding.

London, or tumbling into Alice’s Heifer: a young female cow that has never nonsensical Wonderland?” been bred. Calf: a baby cow, male or female, -- Walt Disney that is still reliant on its mother for milk.

• Midget: Short but normally proportioned.

Dwarf: Short but not normally proportioned.

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1.

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