Volume 3, Issue 43 by Tidbits of Niagara Region

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BLOOD TRANSFUSION by Janet Spencer

The average human has about 5 quarts of blood, and 60,000 miles of blood vessels. A single blood cell completes a circuit of the circulatory system in about 30 seconds. Come along with Tidbits as we get a blood transfusion! TO THE RESCUE • For centuries, doctors tried to heal illnesses through blood-letting, feeling that sickness was caused by an imbalance of the body’s fluids and that draining blood would help. Blood-letting didn’t fall out of favor until Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, and Robert Koch proved that disease comes from microbes. Now physicians began studying what happened when you added blood to a sick or injured person instead of subtracting it. • In the early 1800s, London obstetrician James Bundell worried about the number of women who died of blood loss after giving birth. He experimented with blood transfusions and made several discoveries: First, that only human blood should be transfused into other humans, and not animal blood; second, that blood transfusions did not cure any illness aside from blood loss; third, that transfusing blood into someone who was dead would not revive them. However, Blundell never understood why some transfusions were successful and others a failure, often ending in death. • Austrian pathologist Karl Landsteiner re (continued on next page)

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Volume 3, Issue #43

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To the ancient Greeks, it was the concept of hospitality, generosity, and courtesy shown to those far from home. To the botanist, it’s the effect of pollen on a seed. And to those in Ohio, Page 2 it’s the county seat of Greene County, a community about 21 miles (34 km) from Dayton. • Xystus is an architectural term, referring to a long, covered portico, or main entrance, of ancient Greek gymnasiums. Here, athletes would exercise during inclement weather. To the Romans, the xystus was the garden walkway in front of the porticoes, where they planted flower beds. • Physicians are familiar with two unusual “X” words, xyster and xiphisterna. The xyster is a surgical instrument used for scraping bones, while the xiphisterna refers to the cartilage at the lower end of the body’s sternum, that long flat bone located at the center of the chest. • The Greek word xanthos translates “yellow,” and several of our words use it for a prefix. Xanthophyll is a yellow pigment found along with cholorophyll in green plants. Plants with yellow stems are xanthopous. To those suffering from the abnormal vision condition known as xanthopsia, everything they see seems to have a yellow hue.

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BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS (cont’d) searched why blood transfusions would sometimes kill the recipient, and other times would save them. In 1901 he took blood samples from various people and added them to blood samples drawn from other people. Sometimes the red cells clumped up, sometimes they burst, and sometimes nothing happened. Landsteiner first thought that some blood was “sick” and other blood was “healthy” but further research showed that there were different types of blood, which he labeled type A, type B, and type C. He then studied the different blood types, laying the groundwork for much that was to come. • A red blood cell is shaped like a flattened donut without the hole. A protein inside the red blood cell called hemoglobin collects oxygen in the lungs, delivers it to the body’s cells, and then carries carbon dioxide away, to be exhaled through the lungs. But there are different types of red blood cells, determined by different types of proteins that adhere to the outer surface of the flattened donut, like different types of sprinkles: Type A blood has a certain kind of protein that sticks to the outside of the red blood cells, and Type B blood has a different kind of protein sticking to the cells. If a person with Type A blood receives Type B blood in a transfusion, or vice-versa, it triggers an immune response. • Landsteiner thought Type C blood had a third kind of protein sticking to the red blood cells, but later found it has no proteins sticking to it at all—it’s a flattened donut without any sprinkles. Then he found a fourth kind of blood, which had both Type A protein and Type B protein adhering to it. He called this Type AB blood. Landsteiner realized he needed to rename his Type C blood in order to indicate that this type of blood has no proteins sticking to it at all. He re-named it Type O. • Since Type O blood has no proteins, it can be given to people of all blood types without triggering an immune response, since it’s the proteins that act as the allergen. Type O blood is called the “universal donor.” People with Type AB blood do not suffer ill effects when they receive Type A blood, or Type B blood, or (continued on next page)

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Differences on page 7

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DEAR PAW’S CORNER: Settle a bet for me. Can dogs really understand human speech? Or are they reacting to other signals when we give them commands (like a hand signal that’s repeated at the same time as the sound we make)? -- Jerry in Seattle DEAR JERRY: You may have lost that bet. A study in 2016 found that dogs do indeed understand human speech, and that their brains process language in very much the same way that human brains do. The left side of a dog’s brain processes the meaning of the words being spoken, while the right side of the brain processes the emotional intent. Of course, this understanding worked mainly when words were used that the dogs were familiar with, like “good boy” and “well done.” And dogs responded most strongly when a familiar word was matched with equal intent: for example, saying “good boy” in a way that clearly praises the dog. They also responded much better to praise than to criticism (and honestly, who wouldn’t)? If they didn’t understand the word being used, but the intent was clear, they responded -though not as enthusiastically. So yes, as any dog owner who has ever had to spell out the word W-A-L-K to keep their pet from dashing toward the leash will tell you, dogs do understand us. How can pet owners use this information to better relate to their dogs? It certainly can help when training a pet. Using positive praise, consistent words and keeping that training fun and happy will ensure that dogs learn faster and respond positively to commands. Try it out. Send your comments, tips and questions to ask@ pawscorner.com.

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BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS (cont’d)

Type O blood, and they are known as “universal receivers.” • Landsteiner was studying the blood of rhesus monkeys when he found that some of them had another type of protein adhering to their red blood cells, while others did not. He then found that humans also either did, or did not, have that identical protein. He called this new protein “the Rh factor” after “rhesus.” • People who are Rh positive cannot receive blood from donors who have Rh negative blood, and the other way around as well. In fact, women who were Rh negative often had trouble when they were pregnant with Rh positive babies until it was discovered that an injection of a blood product called Rh immune globulin would prevent problems. The discovery of the Rh factor brought the number of blood types to eight. • The most common blood type in humans is O-positive (37.4%) and the rarest blood type is AB-negative (0.6%). • Landsteiner also discovered that he could find out a person’s blood type from a single drop of dried blood, laying the groundwork for forensic science. Later it was found that blood types are OFF inherited from parents in predictable patterns, leading to the ability to find out who the father of a child was likely to be. Landsteiner won the Nobel Prize for his work. • Dr. Reuben Ottenberg at Mount Sinai Hospital discovered how to easily cross match a patient’s (continued on the next page)

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BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS (cont’d)

2020 CENSUS OFFERS TEMPORARY JOBS IDEALLY SUITED FOR RETUREES Dear Savvy Senior, The U.S. Census Bureau is in the process of recruiting thousands of workers for temporary jobs to help collect valuable data for the 2020 Census, and retirees are ideal candidates. Can you write a column to get the word out? Thanks for your help! Census Recruiter Dear Recruiter, I’m happy to oblige, and I agree. This once-a-decade job opportunity is a great fit for retirees that have some free time on their hands who wouldn’t mind earning some extra income while helping the community. Attention Retirees! The United States Census Bureau is currently in the process of recruiting over 500,000 temporary workers to help carry out the upcoming 2020 Census national head count of every person living in the U.S. The U.S Census helps determines each state’s representation in Congress, how funds are spent for schools, hospitals, roads, and provides information to guide many decisions made by government agencies, private businesses and institutions. Jobs within the census vary from working in the field canvassing, updating maps, doing follow up interviews with citizens in your community, or working in the office as a clerk doing administrative tasks or office operation supervisor, who oversees the field staff. Some jobs will begin this summer, but the majority of positions will begin in late April 2020 and last a month or two. These temporary part-time positions are located in every county throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. Some positions require evening and/or weekend shifts because you must be available to interview members of the public when they’re at home. And all positions require several days of online and classroom training. The pay ranges between $13.50 and $30 per hour depending on position and location. To find the pay rates in your area, see 2020census.gov/en/jobs/ locations.html. Job Qualifications To be able to work for the 2020 census you must be: • Be at least 18 years old. • Have a valid Social Security number. • Be a U.S. citizen. • Have a valid email address. • Complete an application and answer assessment questions. • Be registered with the Selective Service System or have a qualifying exemption, if you are a male born after Dec. 31, 1959. • Pass a Census-performed criminal background check and a review of criminal records, including fingerprinting. • Commit to completing training. • Be available to work flexible hours, which can include days, evenings, and/or weekends. In addition, most census jobs require employees to have access to a vehicle and a valid driver’s license, unless public transportation is readily available. And have access to a computer with internet and an email account to complete training. How to Apply The first step is to complete the online job application at 2020census.gov/en/jobs. The process takes about 30 minutes and will include some assessment questions about your education, work, and other experience. If you’re a veteran who would like to claim veterans’ preference, which provides preference over nonveteran applicants, you’ll need supporting documentation. (continued in next column)

blood type to the blood type of the blood donor. Blood typing became common in the 1920s. • Why are there four different blood types? It’s because of genetic mutation and evolution. Type A blood is the most ancient, and all humanoids had Type A blood as the species began to evolve. Around 3.5 million years ago, Type B blood was a genetic mutation, followed a million years later by Type O. The reason these mutations flourished and were passed down through successive generations has to do with disease resistance. • Cells infected with malaria don’t stick well to Type O red blood cells, so people who have Type O blood are less affected by malaria and have better odds of surviving in order to pass on their blood type to their children. Similarly, people with Type AB blood are more resistant to cholera. Gradually entire populations where cholera was common began to have largely Type AB blood, while people who lived in malaria-prone areas had mainly Type O blood. FURTHER ADVANCES • The advent of World War II prompted the invention of blood banks. Doctors in Russia pioneered the practice of shipping stored blood to the battle front so that blood would be taken to the wounded soldier instead of the wounded soldier being taken to the hospital in order to receive blood. • Plasma is the amber liquid component of blood that transports red blood cells. Plasma can be easily freeze-dried, shipped long distances, stored for long periods at room temperature, and reconstituted with sterile water. Plasma can be transfused into any human regardless of their blood type. Red blood cells must be handled gently and kept either refrigerated or frozen. Therefore plasma is commonly used for transfusions involving cases of trauma, hemophilia, and burns, while whole blood is transfused only in cases of excessive blood loss.

2020 CENSUS (cont’d)

Answers on page 7

WNY S H O T S

Page 5

! l a i c Spe

ng i r Sp raits rt o P

today and receive $10 off any Session of $75 value when either shot or booked by the end of April 2019. Brian wants us to also throw in a free 5x7 print and an 8x10 print with this offer. Wait, I just heard if you mention this "Tidbits" ad he is going to Sweeten the Deal even more. Brian, ... "What a Guy"! Model Credit: Sydney Khreis

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After you apply, an interviewer will reach out to potential hires to conduct a phone interview, but not all applicants will be interviewed. Job offers are made verbally, but candidates will also receive a letter by email. Answers on Page 7

• In 1906, the Universal Postal Union invented the International Reply Coupon, or IRC. This allowed someone in one country to pay for return postage from a different country, regardless of the difference in prices in postage. If it cost 3 cents to send a first class letter in Italy, but the U.S. charged 5 cents to return an identical letter to Italy, the IRC covered the cost. • In 1919, Charles Ponzi decided this would be a good way to turn a profit: buy IRCs (continued in next column)

Facebook: WNY SHOTS Email: wnyshots@gmail.com

low, sell high. Explaining this to friends, he received small investments, and doubled those investments in 90 days. Word spread. • In 1920, Ponzi set up his own company and sold stock. Within the first months, 18 people invested $1800 and he paid them their dividends the following month, without mentioning that they were being paid from the monies of the next group of investors. A frenzy began. In March of 1920, his investments had risen to $25,000. By the end of July, he was taking in over a million dollars a day, worth over $12.5 million in today’s dollars. He deposited the (continued in next column)

money in Hanover Trust Bank of Boston, and then bought controlling interest in the bank. People mortgaged their homes in order to invest in his company. • During all of this, Charles Ponzi still had not figured out a way to actually monetize the International Reply Coupons in order to turn a profit. He continued to pay the old investors out of the funds coming in from the new investors. Meanwhile he bought himself mansions, cars, and other luxuries of the high life. Then he bought a pasta company and a wine company, hoping to turn enough of a profit to get him out of the hole he was digging for himself. • When a Boston financial writer wrote an article stating that Ponzi’s scheme was impossible, Ponzi sued for libel and won a $500,000 settlement, squashing further attempts to expose (continued on next page)

Two vampires walked into a bar and called for the bartender. “I’ll have a glass of blood,” said one. “I’ll have a glass of plasma,” said the other. “Okay,” replied the bartender, “That’ll be one blood and one blood lite.”

Answers on page 7

1. In 2017, Washington’s Max Scherzer became the 10th pitcher with at least three Cy Young Awards. Name two of the four pitchers to win more than three. 2. The Seattle Mariners played their first major-league season in 1977. In what year did they record their first winning season? 3. Name the last time before 2017-18 that the Army football team had back-to-back undefeated seasons at home. 4. Tim Duncan retired in 2016 as one of three players to be named college basketball player of the year, NBA Rookie of the Year and MVP of both the AllStar Game and the NBA Finals. Name one of the other two. 5. Which of these franchises was the first to win a Stanley Cup -- the Boston Bruins or the Chicago Blackhawks? 6. Name the last country before Russia in 2018 to host the men’s World Cup soccer event and score at least eight goals in the first two games. 7. Who was the first woman to earn the chess title of grandmaster in tournament play?

Tidbits® of Niagara Region

Call Brian

For more information on the 2020 Census, or if you have questions or problems with the application process call 855-562-2020.

Send your senior questions to: Savvy Senior, P.O. Box 5443, Norman, OK 73070, or visit SavvySenior.org. Jim Miller is a contributor to the NBC Today show and author of “The Savvy Senior” book.

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Answers on Page 7

1. The word scab comes from the Latin “scabere” meaning what? 2. “Artery” comes from a Greek word meaning what?

Solution on page 8

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Page 6

The Village

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CHARLES PONZI (cont’d) “What youngster has not dreamed of him. When another newspaper wrote a favorflying with Peter Pan over moonlit London, or tumbling into Alice’s able article about Ponzi’s ability to guarantee nonsensical Wonderland?” a 50% return on investment after only 45 days, 5665 South Transit Road • Lockport, NY 14094 Office: 716.434.8458 • Fax: 716.434.6589 the article appeared next to a local bank’s--adWalt Disney Tammy Lee-Kavney-ROSe Licensed Real Estate Salesperson promising a 5% return annually. Crowds of A second California Do You Know the Difference Disney theme people thronged to Ponzi’s office to invest. betweenpark, Pre-Qual and Pre Approval? California Adventure,• Still, suspicious investigative reporters David Hasselhoff 7/17/52 and Tammy Lee-Kavney-Rose Vin Diesel 7/18/67 opened 2001 had IF NOT... in CALL MEon the site that tammykavneyrose@howardhanna.com state officials started looking into the matter. HowardHanna.com Vikki Carr 7/19/41 tammykavneyrose.howardhanna.com 716.392.3520 functioned as Disneyland’s parking One of those investigators revealedCarlos that Ponzi Santana 7/20/47 lot for over 40 years. 7/21/57 was not investing his own money inJon hisLovitz own company. Somebody else calculatedSelena that Gomez in or- 7/22/92 Daniel Radcliffe 7/23/89 der to pay off all of his investors, Ponzi would have to monetize approximately 160 million IRCs, when there were only 27,000 in circulation. The District Attorney ordered an audit. A Abrasive Water Jet Cutting Specialists newspaper article revealed that whereas Ponzi claimed he was $7 in the black, he was actually 9720 Rochester Rd Jeff Ulrich, President Middleport, NY 14105 mobile phone: 716-622-9427 $7 million in the red. phone: 716-735-3370 www.hydrofabwaterjet.com • There was a run on Ponzi’s company. The fax: 866-323-7402 email: HydroFabrication@verizon.net Looking for a natural weed killer for Bank Commissioner immediately seized the July 17 Wrong Way Corrigan Day your garden? White vinegar is an Hanover Trust Bank, squashing Ponzi’s lastJuly 18 Chrysanthemum Day effective and using earth-friendly broadleaf Come seeJuly what ditch efforts to cover all his debt bank 19 we saw!” Flitch Day We Have weed killer, as is lemon juice. You can July 20 National Lollipop Day funds. Ponzi was ruined. He surrendered to WOOD July 21 Get to Know Your Customers Day CHIPS federal authorities. also apply a strong salt water solution July 22 Spoonerism Day to those pesky weeds that appear in the • Five other banks were ruined because of July 23 National Day of the Cowboy cracks of your driveway or sidewalk Ponzi’s scheme. Investors received about 30 Specializing in making bins of all sorts pavers. Where quality and value meet cents on the dollar. All in all, about $20 mil1265 Morrison Road, Lyndonville, NY 14098 lion was lost, worth over $225 million today. Phares Zimmerman - OWNER Charles Ponzi spent less than four years in slabwood • ﬁrewood • chunk wood prison on federal charges, after which he was all hardwood • saw dust • 1/2 to bushel peach crates re-tried on state charges and spent another 7 TOMORROWLAND years behind bars. He was deported upon his release in 1934, and died in poverty in Brazil in 1949 at the age of 66. Today any such impossible financial scheme is called a Ponzi scheme.

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3rd Quarter 2016 Week 30

Today plastic grocery bags are used at the rate of a million per minute worldwide. The average American family uses about 1,500 plastic bags every year. During a cleanup of the Los Angeles River, plastic bags and plastic films represented 43% of all plastic collected. 1. 2.

3 “Peter Pan’s Flight”

The 1950's are Mantelli TrailerWalt Disney has received more Academy Awards and nominations than any other person in history – 22 Awards and 59 nominations Sales In Germany in 1935, a Jewish doctor Back... named Hans Serelman was forced by 6865 South Transitbetween 1932 and 1969. Rd. www.mantelli.com

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circumstance to donate his own blood to his German patient in order to save the patient’s life. Because the patient was Aryan and the doctor was Jewish, Serelman was charged with defiling the blood of the German race and sent to a concentration camp for six months as punishment.

Tidbits® of Niagara Region

AMBER • When certain species of trees are damaged, they extrude a sticky yellow sap called resin to protect and seal the wound. When exposed to wind and rain, most resin breaks down over time, flaking off the tree and turning to dust. But if that resin is subjected to the right conditions such as being covered by water and buried by sediments in a bog or lagoon, it becomes fossilized over time. Fossilized resin is called amber. • Amber is a gem material, but it is not a gemstone. Gemstones are minerals; other items such as coral and pearls are gem materials. • Although amber is found all over the world, the largest concentrations of amber are found in the Baltic regions, formed by the ancient Palaeogene and Cretaceous forests that stood in what is now Northern Europe 40 to 90 million years ago. However, amber has been found dating back to 320 million years. • Around 500 B.C. a Greek philosopher found that when amber is rubbed vigorously with a cloth, it will cause a spark of static electricity, and the static electricity would also attract small items such as feathers, hairs, and dust. The Greek word for amber is “elektron,” possibly from a Phoenician word meaning “shining light,” and this yielded the words electron, electric, and electricity. • The words “amber” and “ambergris” have the same root. “Ambergris” means “grey amber” and is the waxy whale secretion used in the manufacture of perfumes. Amber and ambergris are both typically found washed up on the shore of the sea. • Ancient Egyptians tombs dating back to 3200 (continued on next page)

ANSWERS TO PUZZLES

Page 7

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1. Roger Clemens (seven Cy Youngs), Randy Johnson (five), Steve Carlton (four) and Greg Maddux (four). 2. It was 1991, when the Mariners were 83-79. 3. It was 1984-85. 4. Larry Bird and Michael Jordan. 5. The Bruins won a Stanley Cup in 1929, five seasons before the Blackhawks did it. 6. Italy, in 1934. 7. Susan Polgar, in 1991. The solution looks like this: 4/7 x 12/13 x 9/11 = 432/1001 • 432/1001 or 43.16%

Differences

1. Man’s collar is different. 2. Window is larger. 3. One boy is missing. 4. Leg on the left is missing. 5. Boy on the bottom has a hat. 6. Part of fence is missing.

Answers on Page 8

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1. The Latin “scabere” means “to scratch.” 2. “Artery” is Greek for “wind.”

Solution puzzle on page 8

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Page 8

Tidbits® of Niagara Region

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