Bisinfotech Magazine February Issue 2020 by Bis Infotech

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Editorial India having become the fifth largest economy in the world in 2019 and aspiring to be the third largest by 2025 The Survey identifies several levers for furthering wealth creation: entrepreneurship at the grassroots as reflected in new firm creation in India’s districts; promote “pro-business” policies that unleash the power of competitive markets to generate wealth as against “pro-crony” policies that may favour incumbent private interests. Explaining the intent behind this year's survey, Chief Economic Advisor Krishnamurthy V Subramanian said the choice symbolizes the blending of the old and the new. Subramanian picked wealth creation as the broad theme. "Wealth is both a cause and effect of investment. That is why it is important for us to focus on wealth creation." Here are some key highlights from this year's survey: i nadequate transport and poor connectivity affects 1. India's economic growth is expected to "strongly overall growth performance, and to achieve a GDP of rebound" to 6-6.5 per cent in 2020-21. $5 trillion by 2024-25. 2. Urgent priority of the government to revive growth in the 8. F unding of the Rs 102 lakh crore National infrastructure economy, the fiscal deficit target may have to be relaxed pipeline recently unveiled by the Indian government for the current year. “would be a challenge”. 3. India can create well-paid four crore jobs by 2025 and 9. S ervices exports have outperformed goods exports in the eight crore by 2030 by integrating “assemble in India for recent years, due to which India's share in the world's the world” into government’s Make in India initiative and commercial services exports has risen steadily over the exporting network products that can give substantial push past decade to reach 3.5 per cent in 2018, twice the to India’s target of becoming a $5 trillion economy. share in world's merchandise exports at 1.7 per cent. 4. India's GDP growth is neither overestimated nor 10. I ndian companies garnered nearly Rs 74,000 crore underestimated and the concerns on data are through public issuance of equity and debt during Aprilunfounded. December this fiscal, a 66 per cent jump. 5. Government interventions like debt waiver or food subsidies end up creating distortions in the functioning of the free market. 6. The Survey says that debt waiver scehems disrupt credit culture and disrupt formal credit flow to the very farmers it MANAS NANDI aims to benefit. EDITOR 7. The country needed to spend $1.4 trillion on infrastructure manas@bisinfotech.com to remove the constraints in growth, as power shortages,

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Contents 16 ROBOTICS

28 AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGY

INTERNET OF ROBOTIC THINGS

THE ETHERNET IS A CRITICAL ENABLER OF MODERN AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGY

08 MULTILAYER CERAMIC CAPACITORSRIDE THROUGH THE MLCC SHORTAGE BY REDUCING CAPACITANCE REQUIREMENTS IN YOUR POWER SUPPLIES

18 WIRELESS POWER SOLUTIONS- SAFE AND SECURE WIRELESS POWER SOLUTIONS

26 ULTRA-WIDE DC-DC CONVERTERBUILDING A SMARTER ULTRA-WIDE DC-DC CONVERTER SOLUTION WITH MULTIPLE PARTS

32 LINUX FOR IIOT APPLICATIONS-

HOW INDUSTRIAL LINUX ENABLES DISTRIBUTED IIOT APPLICATIONS

39 INDIAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP- TOP 5 TRENDS IN THE INDIAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP SECTOR FOR 2020 43 OEM IOT SOLUTIONS- KEY

CHALLENGES IN SELECTING THE RIGHT IOT CLOUD SOLUTION FOR OEM IOT SOLUTION NEEDS

47 TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE-

TECHNOLOGY IN INFRASTRUCTURE TRENDS 2020

50 T&M FOR CONNECTED CARS- DOWN THE ROAD: TEST & MEASUREMENT IS KEY FOR CONNECTED CARS

54 NEW LAUNCH- ELECTROLUBE AT INDIA ELECTRONICS WEEK

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17 REPORT- 5 PREDICTIONS FOR HOW

TECHNOLOGY WILL IMPACT SOCIETY IN 2020: IEEE

22 TESTING RADAR SYSTEM- RELIABLE

TESTING OF RADAR SYSTEM - A MUST TO ENABLE AUTONOMOUS DRIVING

31 INDUSTRY KART- MOUSER RELEASES ITS THIRD EBOOK

36 ELECTRIC VEHICLES- HOLTEK EV CHARGER SOLUTION

40 TEST & MEASUREMENT- IMPORTANCE & ROLE OF T&M IN CONNECTED CARS

44 INDUSTRY UPDATES- INFINEON STARTS FIRST FLIP-CHIP PRODUCTION

48 5G- THE 5G MOMENTUM AND ENDLESS OPPORTUNITIES

52 SECURITY TRENDS- TOP 10 SECURITY TRENDS TO WATCH OUT FOR IN 2020: JUNIPER NETWORKS

56 TRENDS 2020- TRENDS IMPACTING

INDIAN BUSINESSES: HERE’S WHAT IN STORE FOR 2020

23|24|25 SEP 2020

Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (BIEC), Bengaluru / INDIA

Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

Ride Through the MLCC Shortage by Reducing Capacitance Requirements in Your Power Supplies ATSUHIKO FURUKAWA

Field Applications Engineer Analog Devices India The worldwide supply of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) is not keeping up with demand. This is due in no small part to increased electronic complexity of cell phones, increased sales of electric cars, and a worldwide expansion of electronic content across industries. Some smartphones have doubled MLCC usage over a few years; an electric vehicle can quadruple usage over a typical modern internal combustion engine (Figure 1). The supply shortage of MLCCs, appearing near the end of 2016, has made it especially difficult to obtain large-capacity products (several tens of μF or more) necessary for the operation of prolific power supplies used in the latest electronics. Manufacturers looking to reduce their MLCC requirements inevitably look to the capacitor requirements of power supplies—in particular, switching regulators. This places power supply designers on the front lines of mitigating the cap shortage.

large capacitor measuring several tens of μF to 100 μF is used. X Input capacitor: In addition to stabilizing the input voltage, it plays the role of instantaneously supplying the input current. In general, several μF to several tens of μF are used. X Bypass capacitor: Absorbs noise generated by switching operation and noise from other circuits. 0.01 μF to 0.1 μF are generally used. X Compensation capacitor: It secures the phase margin in the feedback loop and prevents oscillation. Several hundreds of pF or several tens of nF are often used. Some switching regulator ICs incorporate the compensation capacitor. The best way to reduce capacitance is to focus on minimizing the output capacitors. A strategy for reducing output capacitance is explored next, followed by solutions to reducing bypass capacitor requirements and, to some extent, input capacitors. Increase Switching Frequency to Reduce Output Capacitance

Power Circuits Use Capacitors, A Lot of Capacitors A typical dc-to-dc buck converter uses the following capacitors (see Figure 2):

X Output capacitor: Smooths out both output voltage ripple and supply load current during load transients. Generally, a

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Figure 3a shows a typical current-mode buck converter block diagram, with the shaded area denoting the feedback

loop and the compensation circuit. The characteristic of the feedback loop is shown in Figure 3b. The frequency at which the loop gain is 0 dB (gain = 1) is called the crossover frequency (fC). The higher the crossover frequency, the better the load step response of the regulator. For example, Figure 4 shows the load step response for a regulator supporting a rapid load current increase from 1 A to 5 A. The results are shown for crossover frequencies of 20 kHz and 50 kHz, resulting in 60 mV and 32 mV dropouts, respectively.

On the surface, increasing the crossover frequency looks like an easy choice: load step response is improved by minimizing the output voltage drop, so the output capacitor can be reduced. Raising the crossover frequency, though, brings up two issues. First, it is necessary to secure a sufficient phase

margin of the feedback loop to prevent oscillation. Generally, a phase margin of 45° or more (preferably 60° or more) is required at the crossover frequency. The other issue is the relationship between switching frequency (fSW) and fc. If they are similar in magnitude, negative feedback can respond to the output voltage ripple, threatening stable operation. As a guideline, set the crossover frequency to one-fifth (or less) of the switching frequency, as shown in Figure 5. To increase the crossover frequency, you must also raise the switching frequency, which in turn results in higher switching losses via the top and bottom FETs, reducing conversion efficiency and generating additional heat. Any savings in capacitance is offset by the complexity of additional heat mitigation components: fins, fans, or additional board space. Is it possible to maintain high efficiency at high frequency operation? The answer is yes. A number of Power by Linear™ regulator ICs from Analog Devices do just that by incorporating a unique FET control that keeps efficiency high even at higher switching frequencies (Figure 6). For example, the LT8640S 6 A output buck regulator maintains greater than 90% efficiency over its full load range (0.5 A to 6 A) while operating at a frequency of 2 MHz (12 V input and 5 V output). This regulator also lowers the capacitance requirements by reducing inductor current ripple (ΔIL), which in turn reduces the output ripple voltage (ΔVOUT) as shown in Figure 7. Likewise, a much smaller inductor can be used.

With a higher switching frequency, the crossover frequency can be increased, improving load step response and load regulation, as shown in Figure 8.

Silent Switcher Regulators Significantly Reduce Bypass Capacitance How about reducing bypass capacitance? The main role of the bypass capacitor is to absorb the noise generated by switching operation itself. If switching noise is reduced in other BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors ways, the number of bypass capacitors can be reduced. A particularly easy way to achieve this is through the use of a Silent Switcher® regulator. How does a Silent Switcher regulator reduce switching noise? A switching regulator has two current loops: when the top FET is on and the bottom FET is off (red loop) and when the top FET is off and the bottom FET is on (blue loop) as shown in Figure 9. The hot loop carries a fully switched ac current— that is, switched from zero to IPEAK and back to zero. It has the highest ac and EMI energy, as it produces the strongest changing magnetic field.

Slew-rate control can be used to suppress switching noise by slowing the rate of change of the gate signals (lowering di/dt). While effective in suppressing the noise, this increases switching losses, producing additional heat, especially at high switching frequencies as previously described. Slewrate control is effective under certain conditions and Analog Devices also offers solutions with this feature.

Silent Switcher regulators suppress electromagnetic noise generated from the hot loop without slew-rate control. Rather it splits the VIN pin in two, allowing the hot loop to be split into two symmetrical hot loops. The resulting magnetic field is confined to the area near the IC, and significantly reduced elsewhere, thus minimizing radiated switching noise (Figure 10). The LT8640S, the second generation of this technology—Silent Switcher 2 (Figure 11)—incorporates the input capacitors in the IC. This ensures maximum noise suppression, eliminating the need to carefully position the input caps in the layout. This feature, of course, also reduces the MLCC requirements. Another feature, spread spectrum frequency modulation, lowers noise peaks by dynamically changing the switching frequency. The combination of these features enables the LT8640S to clear CISPR 25 Class 5 EMC standards for automobiles with ease (Figure 12).

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Conclusion Power by Linear devices from ADI can help reduce MLCC requirements, helping designers ride through the MLCC shortage. Output capacitance requirements are reduced by using high frequency operation while maintaining uncommonly high efficiency. Devices that feature Silent Switcher architecture significantly suppress EMI noise, reducing bypass capacitor requirements. Silent Switcher 2 devices further reduce MLCC needs. References 1 Robin Blackwell. “Investor Presentation February 2018.” KEMET, February 2018. LT8640S Data Sheet. Analog Devices, Inc., June 2017. Seago, John. “OPTI-LOOP Architecture Reduces Output Capacitance and Improves Transient Response.” Analog Devices, Inc., August 2007. Zhang, Henry J. “Modeling and Loop Compensation Design of Switching Mode Power Supplies.” Analog Devices, Inc., February 2016. About the Author Atsuhiko Furukawa joined Linear Technology (now part of Analog Devices) in 2006. He has provided technical support for various applications to small and mid-size customers for over 10 years. He transitioned to the automotive segment in 2017 and is now designing huge (several kW) as well as small safety automotive applications. Atsuhiko is a marathon runner with his best record being 3 hours and 3 minutes. He can be reached at atsuhiko.furukawa@analog.com.

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Robotics

Internet of Robotic Things ANKUR TOMAR

Technical Marketing Manager element14 India Pvt Ltd

If you watch too many films like I, Robot, Blade Runner or the Terminator series, you might imagine an apocalyptic future in which humanity is pitted against robots in a struggle for supremacy or even existence. Alternatively, you may decide that in reality, AI is a very long way from an ability to fulfil the SF writers’ dreams or nightmares. However human-robot co-existence pans out, one thing’s for sure – the ‘future’ that’s already with us is more startling and exotic than many people realise. This is true of both robotic development, and of the relationships between people and robots. For example, some oil rigs or pipelines are benefitting from robotic snakes capable of wriggling through the depths of the sea to perform underwater inspection, maintenance and repairs. Back on land, Boston Dynamics is demonstrating a humanoid robot that can perform incredible feats of strength and agility, with both jumps and backflips. The company has produced many robots that act eerily, and sometimes frighteningly, like humans or animals. In Dubai, there are major

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ambitions to become a smart city, with drones and robots central to local development plans. The city has already trialled a drone that it hopes will facilitate a viable airborne transportation system, possibly within five years. Robotic-human relationships are developing as well. After becoming tired of the pressure to marry, Zheng Jiajia’s solution was to wed Yingying, a robot he built himself – but only after two months of ‘dating’. And at a tech summit, Saudi Arabia decided to award citizenship to Sophia, a robot built by Hanson Robotics. While this was a publicity stunt, the question of whether we should be giving robots rights is a big one. This article looks at where we are with robots today, and where we may be headed. It starts by reviewing robot types of widely varying sizes - from those as tall as a house to devices that can manipulate molecular cargoes – to show the ubiquitous extent of today’s robotic landscape, and its themes for ongoing development. This review includes the special case of humanoid robots and androids; it also considers drones as a type of robot.

Fig.1: Megabot – Image via Wikimedia Commons

An innovative approach to building - the Digital Construction Platform: In just half a day, a new type of robot built an iglooshaped building half the diameter of the U.S. Capitol dome— all by itself. In the future, such autonomous machines could assemble entire towns, create wacky Dr. Seuss–like structures, and even prepare the moon for its first human colony. Developed by a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT’s) materials science and design focused Mediated Matter lab in Cambridge, the Digital Construction Platform consists of a large hydraulic arm on motorized tanklike treads. At the end of this robotic arm is a smaller electric arm for finer movements, complete with a suite of sensors for positioning and stability control, along with swappable tools for welding, digging, and printing. The combined reach of the arms is more than 10 meters. The robot also carries solar panels and batteries, and an electronic tip which sprays a line of expanding foam to print the structure.

Next, we extrapolate this robotics landscape by considering the new opportunities offered by integrating robots with the IoT to create an Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT), the realities of artificial intelligence (AI), and the possible impacts - adverse or beneficial - on the future of jobs. Finally, we provide a bridge between these ‘big picture’ considerations and today’s immediate environment by offering some examples of off-the-shelf kits available today; these allow engineers to explore robotic possibilities without requiring a corporate-sized budget.

Robot Types Robotic wars and competitions: Some of the largest robots today are the giant piloted fighting robots produced by MegaBots, Inc. to fight in stadium-sized arenas. These 15-foottall humanoid robots fire cannonball sized paintballs at one another at speeds of over 120 mph. The last robot left standing is the winner.

Factory robots: Statistics from the International Federation of Robotics show that 253,748 robots were sold in 2015. Onethird of these went into the automotive sector, 25 percent to electrical and electronics companies, and 12 percent to the metal and machinery industry. The remainder ended up in industries as diverse as aerospace, food packaging and pharmaceuticals. Large robots are finding their way into smaller enterprises as advances in robotic technologies and lower costs are removing barriers to implementation for control and automation applications. In assembly, components are increasingly presented to the robot through vision systems, while force sensing lets it adjust and adapt to tight fits just as a human worker would - in essence, robots are becoming more dexterous. Increasingly, robots’ flexibility and ease of reprogramming for new designs or production lines makes them a low-risk investment for SMEs. A new wave of robots, far more adept than those now commonly used by automakers and other heavy manufacturers, are replacing workers around the world in both manufacturing automation and distribution. BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Robotics For example, in Philips Electronics’ factory in Drachten, the Netherlands, 128 robots, guided by video cameras, perform feats well beyond the capability of the most dexterous humans. One robot arm endlessly forms three perfect bends in two connector wires and slips them into holes almost too small for the eye to see. The arms work so fast that they must be enclosed in glass cages to prevent the people supervising them from being injured. And they do it all without a coffee break — three shifts a day, 365 days a year.

exterior that in no way mimics human appearance. Motors and hydraulic lines may be visible. Examples of this type of android include Aldebaran Robotics’ Nao and Google-owned Boston Dynamics’ Atlas robot.

Drones: Most people imagine a drone as a solitary, remotecontrolled toy with propellers, or perhaps a large, unmanned military aircraft. The future’s reality, though, could be strikingly different. According to a BBC ‘Futurenow’ report, drones are becoming smaller, cheaper to make, and will start swarming in groups of hundreds or even thousands, to fly like a flock of birds. On the battlefield, such swarms could outperform weapons and technology that militaries have used for decades. In a congested city, teams of tiny quadrotors could buzz around to gather intelligence. Tank battalions could be overrun by miniature attack drones diving in from all directions at once. Many might be shot down, but others might make it through to destroy the tanks. Swarms have already been deployed: 300 drones assembled into an American flag in Lady Gaga’s Super Bowl halftime show, illuminating the night sky. In the future, swarms could also check pipelines, chimneys, power lines and industrial plants cheaply and easily. On the farm, they can spot plant disease and help manage water use, or spray pesticides and herbicides only in the exact spot needed, all working cooperatively to cover the area and fill in gaps. At an even smaller scale, Harvard’s Wyss Institute’s RoboBee project is developing tiny drones smaller than a paper clip and weighing a tenth of a gram. Thousands of RoboBees could be used for weather monitoring, surveillance, or even crop pollination as honey bee numbers decline. DNA Robots: While RoboBee may sound like a tiny implementation of a robot, it’s by no means the smallest. Researchers from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena have found that miniature robots with arms and legs made of DNA can sort and deliver molecular cargo. These DNA robots could shuffle nanoparticles around on circuits, assemble therapeutic compounds, separate molecular components into trash for recycling, or deliver medicines where needed in the body. Humanoid robots and androids: Some definitions differentiate these two types by saying that a humanoid robot merely approximates to human form, while an android is designed to mimic a human as closely as possible. According to this view, humanoids are built with the same basic physical structure and kinetic capabilities as humans but are not intended to really resemble people. They may have jointed arms and legs, for example, which can move in the same ways that human limbs do, but have a plastic or metal

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Fig.2: Boston Dynamics’ ATLAS humanoid robot – Image via Wikimedia Commons

Atlas is the latest in a line of advanced humanoid robots that Boston Dynamics is developing. Atlas' control system coordinates motions of the arms, torso and legs to achieve whole-body mobile manipulation, greatly expanding its reach and workspace. Atlas' ability to balance while performing tasks allows it to work in a large volume while occupying only a small footprint. By contrast, androids resemble humans so closely that they could be mistaken for living people; this type of android is often modeled on live humans. Eve-R, from the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) and Geminoid DK are two examples of this. The University of Pisa’s International Research Center ‘E.Piaggio’ is researching ‘Emotional Human Robot Interaction’ using human-like robots which embody emotional states, empathy and non-verbal communication. The research group is using a life-like android called FACE (Facial Automation for Conveying Emotions), developed in collaboration with Hanson Robotic, which presents emotional information through facial expressions to study the human-robot empathic link. FACE is

part of a complex Human Interaction Persuasive Observation Platform (HIPOP) able to collect synchronized information acquired from physiological, psychological and behavioral data sensors. Thanks to its modularity, HIPOP allows scientists to configure different experiments selecting the number and the type of available modules to follow protocol requirements.

The Internet of Robotic Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is bringing us unprecedented insight into and control over the world about us; in our homes, factories, offices, city infrastructures, farms and more. It does so by connecting large numbers of smart edge devices to powerful, cloud-based computing and analytics resources. Meanwhile, Telefonica has described robots as machines that exhibit intelligent behaviour as they sense and interact with their environment. What if we combined these entities – the IoT and robots – into a new ecosphere? Giving robots an internet connection adds an enormous source of information to support robot decision-making and interaction. The next logical step is for this ubiquitous connectivity to improve smart devices that not only get the job done, but also mesh to create a combined intelligence and determine a best course of action for the devices involved. The concept of integrating teams of robots and the IoT has been named as ‘the Internet of Robotic Things’, or IoRT. ABI Research defines the IoRT as “intelligent devices that can monitor events, fuse sensor data from a variety of sources and use local and distributed ‘intelligence’ to determine a best course of action’. Robotic principles of sensing, movement, mobility, manipulation, autonomy and intelligence are enhanced by The Internet of Things. Robotics scientists no longer have to invest huge amounts of time, energy and money in recognition capabilities for robots, as the IoT provides reusable and open information that robots can access to carry out their tasks. These connected IoRT robots are just the logical evolution of robotics. Transforming the machine-to-machine concept into robotto-robot seems a natural evolution as robots are expected to perform jobs in a more effective, accurate and reliable way the same way we expect m2m technologies to provide superior results over traditional industrial control and automation processes. Amazon fulfilment warehouses – a practical application of the IoRT: As an article in Information Week points out – “While Amazon’s drone delivery program and its future potential receives plenty of coverage, the real magic of robots and the IoT is happening in their vast fulfilment warehouses”. Instead of running an endlessly repetitive production line, Amazon, like other retail fulfilment operations, has a business model where every order is unique. They are handling thousands if not millions of products, all with varying sizes, weights and shapes. Previously, to fulfil an order, warehouse workers had to roam the floor, scanning racks of merchandise to locate each specific product. This activity has been replaced by robots that move the racks, or ‘pods’ that store the products, to where the workers need them. The robots are controlled by a central processor using a secure WiFi communication network. They have two powered wheels

that allow them to rotate in place, IR for obstacle detection, and floor cameras to read QR codes in the ground. These QR codes inform the robot of their location and direction. The robotic warehouse owes its success not to the robots, but the intelligence behind the system. Amazon processes hundreds of orders per second, and when the customer clicks the ‘buy’ button, the order enters a sophisticated fulfilment system, which locates the products in different Amazon delivery centres. Once the order is organised, the robots locate and move pods to assigned packing stations to allow preparation for shipment.

Towards truly intelligent robots: the progress of artificial intelligence Everyone knows that robots are providing powerful and flexible solutions to an ever-increasing range of applications – but how truly intelligent, in a human sense, are they, or could they become? This depends on the artificial intelligence, or AI, that drives them. As an article by ‘Howstuffworks’ points out, ultimately AI would recreate the human thought process. This would include the ability to learn just about anything, reason, use language and formulate original ideas. Roboticists are nowhere near achieving this level of artificial intelligence, but they have made a lot of progress with more limited AI. Today's AI machines can replicate some specific elements of intellectual ability

Fig.3: What will the benefits of artificial intelligence be?

For example, a computer can solve problems by gathering facts through sensors or human input. It then compares this information to stored data and evaluates its meaning. Next, it runs through various possible scenarios and predicts which action will be most successful. It can only apply this to problems it’s programmed to solve – playing chess, for example. A robot can learn, for instance, by recognising if a certain action like moving its legs in a certain way achieves desired results in navigating obstacles. The robot stores this information BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Robotics and attempts the successful action the next time it encounters the same situation. However, this ability is limited; they can’t absorb any type of information as a human can. Some robots can interact socially. Kismet, a robot at M.I.T.’s AI Lab recognises human body language and voice inflection and responds appropriately. Kismet's creators are interested in how humans and babies interact, based only on tone of speech and visual cue. This low-level interaction could be the foundation of a human-like learning system. Because natural intelligence is still so little-understood, AI research is largely theoretical. Scientists hypothesize on how and why we learn and think, and they experiment with their ideas using robots. The M.I.T team focus on humanoid robots because they feel that being able to experience the world like a human is essential to developing human-like intelligence. It also makes it easier for people to interact with the robots, which potentially makes it easier for the robot to learn. See our article “AI’s place in the IoT infrastructure” for more discussion on AI developments.

The rise of the robots – a benefit or blight?

Will the rise of robots and AI ultimately bring benefits to society, improving quality of life – or will the result be misery as vast numbers of jobs disappear? According to the IET’s Engineering & Technology magazine, the issue is deeply concerning to governments, workers and even industry leaders. There have been some truly dire warnings; Analyst group PwC estimates automation will take 40 per cent of US and 30 per cent of UK jobs by 2030, for example. Bank of England chief economist Andy Haldane has said that up to 15 million jobs in Britain could go to robots. It’s being taken seriously, too, by industry leaders from Bill Gates (robots should pay taxes) to Elon Musk (AI will lead to world war three). Governments have started to seriously think about industrial and fiscal policies to slow down the march of the robots, as well as position nations to take advantage of what could be the next big industrial revolution. However, there’s optimism as well. In a survey by consultancy Capgemini, AI created new roles in 75 per cent of large companies implementing it and nearly as many can attribute a 10 per cent rise in sales to AI. A consumer survey sponsored by microelectronics design company ARM found 61 per cent thought AI and more automation will improve society rather than destroy it.

Entering the world of robotics

Robots clearly offer exciting possibilities, and in any case, they’re here to stay – but how can an engineer get to grips with this technology? An initial entry into the robotics world could be made using kits such as NXP’s FSLBOT easy-to-use mechatronics development and demonstration platform or the RP6v2 economical autonomous mobile robot system. Both will provide experience with mechatronics development, programming and processors. The RB6v2 provides opportunities to measure light intensity, detect collisions and low battery, measure and control rotational speed of motors via highresolution encoders, and exchange data with other robots or devices.

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Fig.4: FSLBOT Robot Development Kit

Fig.5: RP6v2 Robotic vehicle with ATMEGA32 MCU

Conclusions

Although the speed, direction and impact of their development are hotly debated, there’s no doubt that robotics and AI are here to stay. We’ve seen the richness, innovation and variety of robotic technologies that already exist, and the above examples offer simple entry levels to engineers and enthusiasts wishing to explore this developing world. Given the extent of the technologies’ conceivable consequences, for good or ill, it’s important that the debate is expanded by as many opinions and viewpoints as possible. After all, some commentators with concerns about accelerating AI-driven capabilities fear that it’s an option that may not always be available for us to exercise.

Report

5 Predictions for How Technology will Impact Society in 2020: IEEE Over the last decade, new technological advancements have impacted our industries, economies and lifestyles. Now as we prepare to enter a new decade, we pondered how engineers will build upon those technologies and improve our society for the better. IEEE Impact Creators share their predictions for what this year might hold. 1. Blockchain Will Become Commercialized Blockchain has impacted how we bank and share currency globally. But IEEE Senior Member Shawn Chandler predicts that blockchain will seep into other industries and become more commercialized with the help of IoT. “Blockchain is gaining a new foothold in industry and IoT thanks to the efforts of entrepreneurs and business innovators envisioning its use far beyond its beginnings as a ledger for virtual currency,” says Chandler. “We’ll see new uses for blockchain as it’s leveraged to provide a basis for secure, transparent and redundant business finance, government, healthcare, energy and many other industry computing solutions.” 2. A New Frontier: Asteroid Mining in Space “Asteroid mining will advance our space exploration and harvest new resources,” says IEEE fellow Karen Panetta. “This includes building space depots on the moon and asteroids that can refuel or manufacture parts right in space via robotics that operate autonomously and can repair each other without any human operators.” 3. 5G Will Become More Widespread 5G will bring faster data speeds, quicker response times and connect to more devices. “We will be witnessing a more

widespread commercial deployment of 5G in 2020,” says IEEE Senior member Babak Beheshti. “With the implementation of the standalone 5G devices based on the 3gpp release 16, we should be seeing more robust mobile broadband deployment of 5G, wider availability of 5G smartphones and a push towards all 5G networking in select urban areas around the world.” 4. Voice AI Conversations Will Be More Authentic If you’ve ever tried to enter a dialogue with Siri or Alexa, you probably realized their ability to respond to commands, but not so much in the way of great conversation. “Natural Language Processing algorithms will become more sophisticated while also broadening their training data set, improving human to AI exchanges and making them less disjointed and more realistic,” says IEEE member Carmen Fontana. “With more authentic AI conversations, we provide opportunities to better the human experience by ministering to senior citizens, the mentally ill and other groups that traditionally benefit from increased interaction.” 5. Cities Will Invest in Technology for More Efficiency Smart cities are only as smart as the citizens who live there, and 2020 will see a greater trend for better urban planning from their inhabitants. “Cities can work to implement things like bike lanes, community spaces and even things like e-scooters, but without public buy- in, these investments will become more of a hassle than a step forward on the road towards smart cities,” says IEEE Graduate Student Member Paige Kassalen. “In 2020, people will start to realize their role in creating smart cities of the future.” BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Wireless Power Solutions

Safe and Secure Wireless Power Solutions Complete wireless charging solutions for cordless user experiences for consumer, industrial, and automotive markets without compromising on high performance and reliability

RALF KÖDEL

Director Product Marketing Management Automotive & Industrial MicroController Infineon Technologies

KEN MOORE

Chief Executive Officer Spark Connected

However, with optimized components and sufficient attention to alignment of charger and device, size of coils and distance between coils, then a good coupling factor can be achieved, and power can be transferred with high efficiency. In addition, metallic foreign objects (such as coins and keys) can be a safety hazard during charging and must be reliably detected through a process called Foreign Object Detection (FOD).

Fig 1: Various wireless charging applications offer more convenience to the users

The various benefits of wireless charging like convenience, integration with multiple devices, mobility and flexibility drive the market (figure 1). Based on this the overall wireless charging market is growing at a rapid pace. It is expected to have a CAGR about 30 percent during the period 2019 - 2025, reaching 27 billion USD in 2025. Infineon, partnering with Spark Connected, offers complete solutions for wireless charging with dedicated wireless power controller incl. software IP, MOSFETs, drivers, security ICs and application optimized reference designs. There are a number of challenges for designers of wireless charging products, requiring a deep level of system knowledge and expertise. In addition to issues associated with the charging coils and their interaction with surrounding structures, designers must address efficiency, mechanical packaging and electromagnetic interference (EMI).

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How wireless charging works Wireless charging uses a changing magnetic field to transfer energy between two objects via coils. The effectiveness of the energy transfer between coils is referred to as “coupling”, and depends on multiple parameters, including coil mechanical design, spacing and alignment. When the coils are aligned and in close proximity, wireless power transmission is nearly as efficient as wired charging. Wireless charging solutions have two key elements; the transmitter and the receiver. The transmitter contains a MOSFET-based inverter to convert the DC power into an AC waveform to drive the coil and create the alternating magnetic field. In order to provide the flexibility and functionality required, the inverter is controlled by a wireless power controller in real time through the associated MOSFET driver components. The receiver contains a rectifier to convert the incoming AC waveform into DC power and a regulation stage to provide a conditioned supply to the load. Most receivers also contain a wireless power controller which is responsible for overall system management and communication.

Fig 2: Wireless charger transmitter topologies are based on two dominating standards (WPC and Airfuel Alliance) with tightly coupled (inductive) and loosely coupled (resonant) architectures

Two types of technology are commonly used to transfer power wirelessly through alternating magnetic fields inductive and resonant. Reflecting the different benefits of these two technologies, there are two standards bodies active in the wireless charging market: the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) and the AirFuel Alliance. The main differences between the two standards are shown in figure 2 at a glance. The Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) supports the Qi standard for wireless charging, which is the leading standard in the market. Qi uses inductive technology that supports efficient and tightly coupled charging. In addition, the upcoming version of the WPC Qi standard contains provisions that create a certified authentication standard. OPTIGA Trust Qi is Infineon's turnkey IoT security solution, designed to meet the challenges of secured wireless charging required by the Qi standard. The single coil inductive approach is the most prevalent solution on the market and consists of a single transmitter coil operating between 80 - 205kHz. This approach requires centering the device to be charged in relation to the transmitter coil and is only able to charge a single receiver device at a time. With good design and high-quality power conversion electronics the efficiency of this type of charging can match wired charging. Extending this approach to a charger with a multi-coil array brings an additional benefit. The positioning of the device is much less precise and smart systems can detect which coil is closest to the device being charged and direct the power accordingly. The AirFuel Alliance (AirFuel) has a broad technology platform encompassing resonant and uncoupled technologies. With resonant chargers, the 6.78MHz frequency of magnetic resonance can achieve a much larger vertical range of 50mm or more. Multiple devices can be charged using a single larger transmitter coil, which also provides a larger active charging area or “sweet spot”. AirFuel's resonant technology allows for a more flexible near-field charging experience and offers more positioning freedom over inductive solutions. This technology is suitable for devices that have high metallic content, have compound shapes (unlike a smartphone), or can benefit from multi-device charging. But there are some challenges with resonant charging. The power has to be switched very fast. This means that

Fig 3: Infineon/Spark Connected product roadmap with reference designs to address both consumer/industrial (3a) and automotive (3b) wireless charging solutions

the MOSFET’s gate characteristics have to fit in the 150ns cycle requirement. On the other hand, minimum parasitic capacitances have to be reached, while efficient voltage conditioning to control the output power is needed. Infineon, through the partnership with Spark, is the only company that offers both inductive and resonant technologies, allowing a custom-tailored solution that uniquely meets all application’s requirements (figure 3a and 3b). Both inductive and resonant solutions can conform to a standard or be proprietary to the application, depending on the market needs. Robust and reliable FOD Standard Foreign Object Detection (FOD) methods rely on the large primary coil winding for detecting foreign objects, which reduces sensitivity and signal to noise ratio. Smaller objects are difficult to detect, due to the small impact on the magnetic field of the much larger primary coil. Existing transmitter solutions measure the parameters needed for the power loss calculation (voltage and current) at the DC supply of the inverter. This distorts the measurement when compared with the actual values at the coil, causing an inaccurate transmitter loss calculation. The Infineon/Spark solution is Qi certified and fully meets Qi FOD functionality and performance. The solution employs more accurate measurement techniques, which improve the performance of the standard Qi FOD method: actual voltage and current are used in the calculation and not the BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Wireless Power Solutions inverter DC power. The solution is more accurate and can detect smaller foreign objects. It prevents overestimation of losses (Foreign Object not detected), or underestimation of losses (FOD fail with no object present). The transmitter employs AI and machine learning to determine if the charging environment is safe when metallic objects are present. Flexible software-based architecture Rather than rely on an application specific IC for protocol and power delivery, the strength of the Infineon/Spark wireless charging solution lies in its modular software-based architecture. Wireless power is continually evolving, as standards mature, and new products and applications are introduced to the market. The high software content of the solution allows a common hardware architecture to be used across several reference designs, with each reference design flexible enough to support several types of applications. In addition, future changes to the wireless charging standards can be supported by a software upgrade. Dedicated wireless power controller based on AURIX and XMC There are dedicated wireless power controllers for wireless charging based on AURIX and XMC families. The AURIX wireless power ASIC like the SAK-TC212S-8F133SC help the next-generation in-cabin wireless charging systems meet strict automotive safety, security, environmental and regulatory requirements, while still enabling industry-leading charging performance and efficiency. This controller works seamlessly with Infineon’s power and interface devices to provide a complete charging solution for smartphones and other connected devices. The controller supports 15W charging for today’s standard Qi and fast charge smartphones and supports future standards with a software update. Other key features of the solution are: Special power drive stage with improved EMI performance of 10 - 15dB over existing solutions; flexible FOD with improved accuracy that can detect smaller objects; support of custom coils and multi-coils; charging two devices using a single controller; full power charging with a 6 - 19V input supply; and built-in security functionality meeting latest automotive requirements.  The wireless power controller XMC6521SC-Q040X and the other members of this series based on the ARM® Cortex®-M0 core work seamlessly with Infineon’s power devices in a scalable and cost-effective architecture to provide a complete charging solution for everything from a fast charge smartphone, to a 45W laptop computer, to a 80W drone and beyond. Other key features are the support of existing standards and fast-charge devices; full power charging without exotic thermal management; high efficiency charging rates equivalent to wired charging; support of custom charging profiles and industry standards on the same hardware; flexible FOD with improved accuracy; and support of custom coils and multi-coil architectures.  Reference designs for next generation applications Working with Spark Connected Infineon provides complete reference design roadmap for both inductive and resonant

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wireless power solutions (see figure 2) that support many of the current and next-generation wireless power applications: for on-the-go charging, whether in the car, at home or in public places. These reference designs include the hardware design, bill of materials, example PCB layout and all the documentation and support required to integrate wireless charging into the customer’s product. “The Pegasus” is a low-power inductive transmitter and receiver solution that supports single device charging up to 2W with an input power supply of 5V. Main applications are low-powered products such as wearables, toothbrushes, headphones, hearing aids, smart glasses, smartwatches, fitness bands, smart clothing, smart sports equipment, smart stylus, and IoT. An XMC based 2.5W low-power solution, called “The Hydra”, is the industry's lowest cost resonant wireless charger. By using a frequency of 6.78MHz, very small coils can be employed in a variety of form factors, with no regard to nearby metallic objects. These benefits make the technology ideal for charging wearables, headphones, smart clothing and other connected IoT applications. The transmitter and receiver solution use resonant technology and supports one-to-one and multi-device charging. The input power supply is 5V - 19V.

“The Valkyrie” is a certified Qi transmitter that supports the latest 15W power transfer specification for all fast charge smart phones. The solution provides an easy-to-use wireless power design kit and enables high efficiency (>80% tested) combined with class leading FOD. In addition, the solution’s low component count enables designs with reduced system costs (figure 4). It achieves charging rates nearly equivalent to wired charging and supports custom charging profiles and industry standards on the same hardware.

Fig 4: Compact reference design of a 15W Qi transmitter (The Valkyrie) with low component count based on an XMC microcontroller (source: Spark Connected)

Fig 5: Block diagram of an in-car wireless charging solution based on the powerful AURIX microcontroller

Infineon also provides a 15W 3-coil reference design for automotive in-cabin wireless charging (figure 5), called “The Beast”, which is both Qi certified and automotive qualified. In an industry first, the reference design has also been certified CISPR-25 Class 4, for EMI performance unmatched in the market. The AURIX-based design supports wireless charging, CAN and external NFC-interface with a single CPU. Built-in security functionality (HSM) meets latest automotive requirements. The solution is highly scalable and flexible and provides a very robust FOD. The AURIX can also support the charging of two devices using a single controller, thereby reducing system cost and size. For applications such as 5G Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), outdoor security cameras, telecom infrastructure and factory automation, a solution called “The Gorgon” provides high efficiency wireless power transmission. A proprietary inductive transmitter and receiver solution, the system can continuously power a device up to 30W through 30mm of glass (including low-E coated glass) or other non-metallic building material. “The Minotaur” is the only 45W complete wireless charging system for next-generation tablets and laptop computers. The solution provides high efficiency (95% tested) charging that is easy to integrate with a reduced thermal impact (figure 6). The solution extends the existing smartphone charging ecosystem, allowing true backward and forward interoperability for users to take advantage of the growing Qi infrastructure. Infineon and Spark Connected are driving this next generation wireless charging standard with key OEM market makers in this space as part of the Wireless Power Consortium. At 80W, “The Ogre” is a high-power inductive wireless charging solution that provides high efficiency charging on compact coils without special thermal management. Typical applications are power tools, robots, small appliances, drones, handheld terminals, medical instruments and industrial automation. Further reference designs will be available on demand. Further Information on Infineon wireless charging solutions is available at www.infineon.com/wirelesscharging. To learn more about how Spark Connected is transforming wireless power delivery with innovative platforms and disruptive technology that benefit a wide variety of applications,

Fig 6: High peak efficiency (95% tested) of the 45W laptop transmitter and receiver solution

please visit www.sparkconnected.com What`s coming next As wireless power becomes more integral to our mobile and connected lives, Infineon and Spark Connected continue to drive next generation technologies and standards that allow readily available charging without the limitation of wires. What started out with phones will quickly be taken over by applications such as tablets, laptops, handheld gaming, medical devices, automotive, infrastructure and industry 4.0. Given the breadth and different types of wireless power technologies in their arsenal, Infineon and Spark Connected are in a strong position to provide the solutions that allow users to cut that last cord. In the future, some applications will require very high-power levels or higher frequencies for specific user charging experiences. These applications will benefit from solutions that have improved power/performance capability, such as GaN. In many of these situations, efficiency is the critical metric, and GaN e-mode HEMTs provide a high-power charging solution with a manageable thermal impact. Because of its better high frequency performance, GaN also provides an optimal solution for class E amplifiers in resonant wireless charging. Infineon Technologies and Spark Connected will present their wireless power solutions at the Embedded World trade fair in Nuremberg, Germany (February 25-27, hall 3A) and at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain (February 24-27, hall 6). Further information is available at www.infineon.com/embeddedworld and www.infineon. com/mwc.

n BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Testing Radar System

Reliable Testing Of Radar System - A Must To Enable Autonomous Driving

PAVAN VARANAS

Manager & Team Lead- Applications Rohde & Schwarz India

Autonomous vehicles see the world through sensors. The entire concept rests on their reliability. But the ability of a radar sensor to deliver the required performance greatly depends on its installation situation. An appropriate tester provides the necessary insight. 22

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object, and the elevation (angle in the vertical plane) between one vehicle and other objects. It is important that automotive radar systems work accurately and reliably, since the data they provide is used by a vehicle’s control systems to understand its environment and make real-time decisions about how it should manoeuvre. Inaccurate data may lead to improper decisions. For example, if a radar system mis-reports the angle between two vehicles by one degree when they are 100 m apart, when they converge their paths could be 1.5 m, or a car’s width, closer to each other than expected. That distance makes the difference between two vehicles passing safely in their lanes and a head-on crash.

Reliable sensors are essential for autonomous driving

The automotive industry is in a race to bring ever more advanced driver assistance systems, such as adaptive cruise control, emergency braking and lane keeping, to its vehicles. Advance driver assistance systems that assist the driver and increase road safety are readily available even in entry-level vehicles and commonplace in the automotive world. Fully autonomous vehicles (including test vehicles) regularly make the headlines. These complex systems still have far to go before they are ready for series production, but it is certain that they will become reality in the near future. The increasing sophistication of these

systems has, in turn, driven increasing demand for on-vehicle radar systems, to provide the information they need to make sense of their environment. How do they do this? An automotive radar system works by transmitting a continuous, high-frequency signal, and then measuring the propagation delay and Doppler frequency shifts of its reflection. This allows the calculation of distances to other objects and other vehicles, and their radial velocities. Advanced radar systems with array antennas can also measure the azimuth (angle in the horizontal plane) between one vehicle’s path and a detected

Sensors that detect nearby objects are key components for autonomous vehicles. These include cameras and lidar sensors, but especially radar sensors. Millions of automotive radars are produced every year. They are standard equipment in high-end vehicles. Today, automotive radar sensors are mainly used to increase driving comfort and prevent accidents. Most radar sensors that enable adaptive cruise control operate in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz frequency range (1 GHz bandwidth) to sense other vehicles and objects far ahead. Advanced functions, especially those that sense nearby objects – such as lane change assistance and blind spot detection – require larger bandwidths to achieve the necessary high range resolution. This is available in the 77 GHz to 81 GHz frequency range. Additionally, the extended automotive frequency band up to 81 GHz helps mitigate radio interference. Radar sensors are usually hidden behind the emblems on a vehicle’s radiator grill, or in its bumpers. This improves vehicle aesthetics, at the cost of introducing attenuating materials into the path of the radar signals. These ‘radar domes’, or radomes, become part of the RF system of the radar sensor, altering the transmitted signal in a way that can affect its detection performance and accuracy. For reasons having more to do with appearance than functionality, BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Testing Radar System automotive radars are covered by a radar dome (radome) constructed from a material transparent to RF signals. The emblem on the grill is often used for this purpose, but plastic bumpers are also good hiding places for radars. In the past, emblems mainly promoted the brand and had no other significant role. However, their use as radomes now makes them more like RF components. If that is not taken into account in their design, it can have a very adverse impact on the detection performance and accuracy of the radars behind the emblems. In particular, the three-dimensional shape of brand emblems with locally varying material thickness can cause RF performance problems for operation in the millimeter wave band. Bumpers are typically coated with metallic paint, which attenuates high frequencies. What impact does this have? The inverse square law tells us that the power of the reflected signal received by a radar sensor will be 1/r4 of its transmitted power. If, for example, a 77 GHz radar with a 3 W output power and a 25 dBi antenna gain must detect a target of 10 m² and a minimum detectable signal of –90 dBm, its maximum radar range will be 109.4 m. If adding a radome causes a two-way attenuation of a further 3 dB, the radar’s detection range will be cut by 16 %, to 92.1 m – in practical terms, a difference of several car-lengths.

Radomes can significantly degrade radar performance

Radomes can create performance related challenges. There may be an RF mismatch between the base material and the radar signal. Plastic mouldings often have non-uniform material properties, which can cause unpredictable signal distortions. The same is true of RF scattering caused by metallic surface finishes. The resultant interference reduces the detection sensitivity of the radar receiver. One way of fixing this is to mount the radome so that the emitted radar signal is not reflected directly back into the receiver. However, this can limit the vehicle designer’s options and does not overcome the issue of parasitic reflections. Automotive radar sensors mainly use frequency-modulated CW (FMCW) signals. Due to the propagation delay and the Doppler frequency shift, the

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sensors can measure and resolve the range and radial velocity of multiple targets. Depending on the antenna array properties, it is also possible to measure and resolve the azimuth and even the elevation angle. After detection and tracking, the sensor electronics processes the signal to generate a target list that contains the measured positions and velocities of the objects and also type information (pedestrian, car, etc.). This list is sent to the vehicle’s electronic control unit where it is used to make real time decisions for vehicle manoeuvres. The accuracy and reliability of this data is extremely important for the safety of the vehicle and its passengers. The accuracy of a radar depends on many factors, such as hardware components, software processing and the radar echo itself. The parameters of signal echoes with a low signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) cannot be measured as accurately as those with a high SNR. In addition, effects such as multipath propagation and distortion due to radomes greatly impact measurement accuracy. Inaccuracies in the azimuth measurement cause the target to appear misplaced from its actual position.

Achieving systemic performance through systemic calibration

The challenge for radar system designers is that they need to achieve a certain level of performance, despite the multiple uncertainties inherent in their systems. Anything that reduces systemic uncertainties makes achieving that performance easier. For example, radar sensor makers can calibrate their products. RF system designers know, however, that manufacturers can’t predict what kind of radome their sensors will be mounted under, how it will be painted, the variability of the material it is made of, and so on. And so calibrated sensors can only be a part of the solution to achieving the necessary systemic performance. Another step towards greater certainty is for radome makers to test and validate the properties of their offerings, so that radar system designers know what they are working with. The alternative of testing and adjusting each radome’s performance on the vehicle production line, is too costly.

Radome makers therefore need access to detailed, reliable production-level testing. To date, this has has often involved testing a reference radar system in a static environment that includes a number of radar reflectors. Measurements are taken at various distances and angles from the source to create a reference specification, after which each radome is measured in the same way. A radome passes the test when its measurements are within specified tolerances of the reference measurements. A more detailed version of this test involves mounting the radar and radome on a turntable, facing a single reflector. Measurements are then taken at various angles as it rotates. This can create a more detailed set of reference measurements, but is too slow for use in production tests.

Assuring the accuracy and reliability of safety-critical data

Autonomous driving assistance systems need access to high quality and reliable data from the multiple radar systems they use to sense their environments. The quality and reliability of this data can be undermined by the introduction of radomes of variable properties in the RF signal path. Since it is too complex, costly and time consuming to check and adjust the properties of radomes on the vehicle production line, manufacturers will have to test and validate the RF performance of their radomes as standalone parts. A quality automotive radome tester should offer a tailored approach to achieving such validation, Using the tester, more detailed results can be gathered in considerably less time than is possible with other approaches, for both spatially resolved RF reflectivity and transmission measurements. To ensure radar reliability, it is therefore essential to validate the material properties of radomes and examine their influence on radar signals. Uncertainties and risks in automotive sensors are unacceptable for autonomous driving because any errors originating here cannot be adequately corrected by postprocessing. Consequently, vehicle manufacturers and their suppliers need new measurement capabilities to be able to evaluate the radar conformity of radomes. n

Data Protection

Data Protection in India: Building a Fort Knox for Your Digital Gold Ever since privacy was declared a fundamental right in 2017, the demand for data security has been gathering momentum. Affordable data plans, smart devices, and social media have also increased the generation of personal data and the need for personal data security.The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe put a spotlight on the need for comprehensive legislation to protect personal data, and increased scrutiny in democracies across the world on each country’s privacy regulations (or lack thereof). This has culminated in the Personal Data Protection Act, 2019, which lays down a framework of regulations and penalties for safeguarding personal data. Any organisation, including social media platforms that process personal data has to become familiar with the upcoming law. The protection of privacy has to be ensured throughout the data lifecycle, from collection to deletion. This includes the security of personal data, keeping it safe from breaches or leaks caused by cyber-attacks. Firms will need to prepare a privacy-by-design policy. Some firms will need to undertake a data protection impact assessment before they can begin to process personal data. The penalties for non-compliance can be severe; upto Rs. 15 crores or 4% of total worldwide turnover for the previous financial year, whichever is higher, and the affected party can also seek compensation for harm suffered. Breaches of personal data may have to be reported to the affected parties, disclosed on the organisation’s website, and even reported on the data protecting authority’s website, leading to further costs from loss of reputation. Under the similar GDPR in Europe, a leading airline company was fined €183.5 million for losing customer data through a cyber attack on a poorly secured web application, and an international hospitality group was fined €99 million for a breach in an acquired company that was compromised even before the acquisition. Neither loss of personal data was intentional, but steep fines have been levied. Given the heavy penalties involved, a cyber-security event can constitute an existential threat to an organisation. Indian companies, unfortunately, are increasingly the target of successful cyber attacks as our nation embraces rapid digitisation of services. The average cost of a data breach in India now stands at Rs. 119 million, up 7.9% from 2017. The attackers may either aim to procure valuable personal

J KESAVARDHANAN Founder & CTO | K7 Computing

data to be sold on the Dark Web to cyber criminals, or to extort payment from the victim by threatening to release the personal data. How vulnerable are Indian organisations in 2020? Companies that don’t emphasise cyber hygiene are very vulnerable. We still see successful attacks on corporate networks that use older, unpatched systems that are vulnerable to exploits for which patches were available long ago but were not applied to these systems for whatever reason. Such organisations can, and do, easily fall prey to a variety of threats including Ransomware, Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), Phishing, and Crypto-jacking. Mobile platforms, both Android and iOS, could be another point of entry for many attacks, especially in organisations that allow employees to use their personal devices for work but don’t have an effective, or any, Bring Your Own Device(BYOD) policy. IoT devices that are not secure-by-design and don’t have powerful hardware to run cyber defences will emerge as a popular conduit for malware as we increase our dependence on smart gadgets, drones and industrial IoT. We anticipate that data protection legislation will trigger greater adoption of data encryption methods (both in motion and at rest, on devices and in the cloud). 2020 will see greater concern and action over data privacy and protection. Data is the new gold; we are bound to see a surge in the gold rush and new or resurgent gold thieves. The digital Fort Knox that will keep this gold safe is built with cyber-security skills, technology, and tools, fortified with a Cyber-safety First attitude. About The Author: Kesavardhanan Jayaraman is a recognised worldwide authority on security research, especially on antimalware. He developed India’s first antivirus in 1991. He founded and has led the company from its humble beginning to its current international repute, focused on innovation and security research for more than 27 years. He has personally authored and supervised many product versions and continues to contribute technically in product design and R&D. His innovative and technological contributions are continually being recognised by the many accolades he receives. Entrepreneur of the year, Pathfinder award, AV-Comparatives Gold award are some of the recent awards. BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Ultra-Wide DC-DC Converter

Building a smarter ultra-wide DC-DC converter solution with multiple parts Joe Ares Finding DC-DC converters with Typical Downsides of ultra-wide voltage inputs (>5:1 Ultra-Wide Input Voltage VIN to VOUT ratio) can present Range DC-DC Converters: a challenge. Some applications, particularly railway and hold-up • Lower efficiency power supplies, require input • Lower power density voltage ranges that extend • Higher cost well beyond what most DC-DC converters can accept. DC-DC converters that can cover the ultra-wide input range often have several significant drawbacks. Ultra-wide input DC-DC converters require MOSFETs rated for higher voltages, which have inherently higher resistance and will dissipate much more power when the converter is running at low input voltages and higher input currents. The result is a lower current rating for the DC-DC converter which results in lower power density and ultimately a higher cost per watt.

Why use two converters to span the input voltage range?

When a single wide-input-range DC-DC converter results in unacceptable performance and cost, a combination of two or more DC-DC converters with overlapping input voltage ranges may be an effective alternative. Combinations of DC-DC converters with narrower but complementary input voltage ranges will typically operate at higher efficiencies and higher power densities allowing the total design to be smaller, more efficient and less costly than a single-converter solution. “Combinations of DC-DC converters will typically operate at higher efficiencies and higher power densities allowing the total design to be smaller, more efficient and less costly than a single‑converter solution.” Figure 1 is an example block diagram of a Vicor 9 – 50VIN DCM™ converter paired with a 43 – 154VIN DCM converter to create an ultra-wide-input DC1.524 x 0.898 x 0.284in DC converter with an [38.72 x 22.8 x 7.21mm] input voltage range of 9 – 154V. Because both the 9 – 50VIN and the 43 – 154VIN DCM converters are extremely power dense, a combination of the two provides a solution that has a smaller footprint than a single half-brick converter with a similar input voltage range.

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Figure 1 Block diagram of ultra-wide-input power supply

In addition to the advantage of board space savings, consider the power and efficiency improvements of using two complementary DCM™ products. A competing off-theshelf half-brick solution with a 12 – 155VIN range is capable of providing only 100W at 12V with peak efficiency of 85%. In contrast, the two-DCM converter solution delivers a 9 – 154VIN range and is capable of providing 160W at 12V with peak efficiency of 91.5%.

Table 1 Comparing one vs. two DC-DC Converters

Using three converters in applications that require hold-up power Another application that can benefit from using overlapping DCMs is an ultra-wide-range power supply requiring hold up. Instead of a single wide-input-range discrete-converter approach, which is bulky and low-efficiency (70 – 75%), a three-DCM solution offers significantly better efficiency and a small form-factor. Take, for example, a 400V input with a large hold-up capacitor and a 48V output. Three converters (a 16 – 50VIN,

Figure 2 Three Vicor DC-DC Converters

a 43 – 150VIN, and a 120 – 420VIN DCM) will allow the hold-up capacitor to discharge down as far as 16V and still provide 48V to the load. During normal operation, the 120 – 420VIN DCM will supply the load current while the 16 – 50VIN and 43 – 154VIN DCMs will be disabled. But during loss of input power, the hold-up capacitor will supply power to each of the high-efficiency (85 – 90%) DCMs in succession as it discharges.

is above 46.5V. In designing the system ensure that the disable voltage level is not set higher than the voltage clamp level, after accounting for component tolerances. In addition, the MOSFET in the clamp circuit should be adequately sized to handle the voltage drop across the MOSFET (VIN_MAX – VCLAMP), the current through the MOSFET, and the quiescent current of the disabled 9 – 50VIN DCM.

Design considerations Voltage clamp circuit In order to prevent the input voltage from damaging the low-voltage DCM™, a voltage-clamping circuit is required (reference Figure 3). [More information about this circuit can be found in application note AN:214 Meeting Transient Specifications for Electrical Systems in Military Vehicles]. This reference circuit will clamp the voltage to a level below the maximum operating voltage of the low-voltage DCM and above the minimum operating voltage of the highvoltage DCM. Figure 4 Example of an enable logic circuit

Figure 3 Example of a voltage‑clamping circuit

In the case of the hold-up power application, the two lower input voltage DCMs will each require their own voltage clamp circuit and the enable circuit will require three comparators instead of two. Enable the correct converter for the input voltage To reduce no-load power consumption and power dissipation in the voltage-clamp circuit MOSFET it is necessary to use circuitry to enable the DCMs separately based on the input voltage. This circuitry can be as simple as comparators with internal references (see Figure 4), or as complex as a circuit with a microcontroller. Enabling and disabling of the DCMs must be accomplished in the overlap range, which is 43 – 50V (Figure 1). The 43 – 154VIN DCM is enabled when the input voltage is above 44V and the 9 – 50VIN DCM must be disabled before the voltage clamp circuit is active. In this example the clamp voltage is 49V; as a result, the 9 – 50VIN DCM should be disabled when the input voltage

Switching between converters as the input voltage range changes There are a few more considerations when using this approach. Depending on the input voltage slew rate and the enable control method used, there may be a short period of time between disable of the low-voltage DCM™ and enable of the high-voltage DCM. The output capacitors of both the 9 – 50VIN and the 43 – 154VIN DCMs must be sized correctly in order to supply the appropriate load current during this brief period. In addition, it is important to have 100ms between disabling a DCM and re-enabling the same DCM to guarantee a predictable soft start. To optimize performance, the input voltage should monotonically rise or decay through the overlap region. Finally, if there is a voltage range where both DCMs are enabled, trim the voltage higher on whichever of the DCMs will be providing the load current during this region of operation. Don’t settle for average performance In applications that require ultra-wide-voltage input ranges, using a single DC-DC converter often forces a power system designer to accept significant reductions in available power, power density and system efficiency, while increasing overall system cost. Leveraging the efficiency, power density, ease-of-use and wide variety of Vicor DCM DC-DC converters, it is possible to create a smaller, more efficient and potentially less costly solutions. References AN:214 Meeting Transient Specifications for Electrical Systems in Military Vehicles http://www.vicorpower.com/documents/application_notes/ milvehicle_appnote.pdf n BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Automobile Technology

The Ethernet is a Critical Enabler of Modern Automobile Technology

FRED WEILLER Senior Director of Solutions Marketing Keysight Technologies Executive Summary Vehicle manufacturers are increasingly using sophisticated electronic systems to deliver enhanced driver safety and convenience and the modern car can contain anywhere between 30 and 100 electronic control units, (ECUs), supporting functions such as safety, engine management, navigation and infotainment. Advanced driver-assistance systems, (ADAS) are one of the fastest-growing segments in automotive electronics and, as their use grows, the large amount of data generated and shared by them is putting pressure on in-car connectivity systems. Existing automotive serial bus technologies are unable to support ADAS data rates and bandwidth requirements and are unable to scale to provide the future proof platform required by car manufacturers. As with the office and, more recently, the factory, the ubiquitous Ethernet protocol offers a potential solution but has drawbacks

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in terms of real-time capability and also its ability to handle automotive EMI and environmental conditions. Recognizing the need for faster on-board communication networks, the OPEN Alliance, adopted a concept originally developed by BMW and Broadcom to release the BroadR-Reach or Automotive Ethernet protocol. As well as supporting the higher data volumes and rates generated by ADAS, replacement of traditional wiring harnesses with Automotive Ethernet brings a number of benefits, including up to 80 percent reduction in connectivity costs and up to 30 percent in cable-weight saving. This new Ethernet standard changes established testing procedures and suppliers, system developers and manufacturers in the automotive eco-system must ensure that comprehensive physical layer, protocol, conformance testing, security and harness testing are in place. A wide range of modern testing

These applications rely on advanced sensing technology, including radar, cameras, LiDAR and ultrasonics, figure 1, which provide the respective ECU with accurate and timely information on the car’s environment and surroundings, enabling preventative or corrective actions to be taken.

Figure 1: Modern Car systems depend upon a variety of sensors

At the same time, the evolution of wireless network technologies has enabled the concept of the connected car and, with the arrival of 5G, V2X technology will enable the car to share data with its surroundings, including other vehicles, pedestrians, roadside infrastructure and remote monitoring centres. These systems collect, process, generate and share vast amounts of data – as much as 4 TB per day according to some analysts – putting pressure on existing on-board wiring systems and communication protocols. Emergence of the Automotive Ethernet This evolution in automotive technology has driven the development of a number of serial bus systems, (Table 1), each with their own characteristics and aimed at supporting different applications. The growth in new applications, each with specific communications requirements, quickly led to a situation where the car wiring harness had become the third heaviest and third most costly component of the average car, accounting for as much as 50% of assembly costs. solutions are available to the systems developer to simplify and speed up testing and reduce time to market. Evolution of In-Car Technology Adoption of in-car technology continues apace with automotive electrical systems becoming more and more complex, enabling applications such as infotainment, ADAS, power trains and body electronics, such as entry systems. In the last decade, the amount of electronic control units, (ECUs), contained in the average new car has more than doubled, both in complexity and volume. Safety is a key driver of this technology with a range of applications emerging over time, including adaptive cruise control (ACC), followed by automatic emergency braking (AEB), blind-spot detection, (BSD) and lane-change assist (LCA), vehicle-exit assist (VEA) and pre-crash warning (PCW).

Table 1: Common Automotive Serial Bus technologies

This cost and complexity of the in-vehicle network was beginning to have an impact on the time taken to get new cars to market. Additionally, the legacy serial bus systems were struggling to support the rapidly growing data throughput and BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Automobile Technology capacity needs of the emerging applications. Having identified the requirement for a high-bandwidth, scalable network, based on a future-proof, open architecture, BMW collaborated with Broadcom, developing a customized variant of Ethernet technology, BroadR-Reach. This new Ethernet PHY solution met automotive EMC requirements while saving weight by using a single twisted pair. The initial BMW/ Broadcom collaboration led to the formation of the OPEN (One Pair Ethernet) alliance, an ecosystem of vendors and partners which adopted and promoted the BroadR-Reach technology and now works to encourage further development of Ethernet PHY solutions for automotive applications. Recognizing the growing need for an Ethernet solution adapted to the specific requirements of the automotive industry, the IEEE released the 802.3bw-2015 Ethernet standard, also known as 100Base-T1, which is based upon and interoperable with BroadR-Reach. BroadR-Reach is a hybrid of the 100Base-T and 1000Base-T protocols, adopting the best aspects of each one, while stressing the characteristics which are best suited for automotive applications. By reducing the data rate from 125 MHz to 66.67 MHz BroadR-Reach is able to run over lower quality (and hence lower cost) cabling and can also meet the stringent automotive signal-integrity requirements. OPEN and IEEE continue to work together on activities to develop the Automotive Ethernet, including a new standard for 1 Gbps over a single twisted pair, 1000Base-T1, and also the incorporation of Ethernet deterministic capabilities, such as time synchronization, (IEEE 802.1AS) and time-triggered Ethernet, (IEEE 802.3br). Initially limited to diagnostic testing and firmware updates, the growing capabilities of Automotive Ethernet have driven an expansion of its use within the modern vehicle, from peripheral functionality such as diagnostics and firmware upgrades towards becoming the in-vehicle backbone network.

At the physical layer, figure 3, three points must be tested to validate compliance - the transmitter, the receiver, (integrated into the Ethernet PHY), and the link itself, which includes the wire harness and any connectors.

Testing of Advanced automobile systems Successful implementation of any system using Automotive Ethernet requires a comprehensive test plan, supported by an appropriate testing solution. Figure 2 shows the complete Automotive Ethernet stack.

Conclusion The modern car is packed with electronics supporting driver safety and convenience and, as autonomous driving technology and connected car systems continue to evolve, the Automotive Ethernet promises to hold the key to in-car networking challenges. While Automotive Ethernet addresses the high data rates, bandwidth and EMI requirements of in-car electronic systems, it also brings new challenges for testing and implementation. Effective testing at each layer of the Automotive Ethernet stack is essential to support rapid diagnostics and establish confidence in the system or subsystem. Organizations such as Keysight Technologies provide a range of innovative test solutions and support to the system designer, developer and integrator. Product examples include the Keysight AE6900T Automotive Ethernet Tx compliance solution and the Keysight E6962A Automotive Ethernet Rx compliance solutions. Together, these software solutions provide a comprehensive set of Ethernet compliance software to test the four different automotive Ethernet standards; BroadR-Reach, IEEE 100BASE-T1, IEEE1000BASE-T1 and the One-pair-Ether-Net (OPEN) Alliance ECU. n

Source: Keysight Technologies

Figure 2: The Automotive Ethernet stack

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Figure 3: The Physical Link

Test solutions are available for each point, which minimize test complexity and testing time. Transceiver testing solutions are available which enable automatic configuration and pre-packaged set-up of compliance tests. Modern test equipment also provides graphical output displays, showing connections to the device under test as well as printable pass/fail HTML reports. Complete testing at the link level must cover cable continuity, connector integrity and must also validate crosstalk levels across the entire communication channel. At the higher levels of the stack, solution testing methodologies must validate the automotive TCP/IP stack as well as functionality such as time synchronization, (IEEE 802.1AS), audio video bridging transport, (802.1 Qav) and scheduled traffic transmission, (IEEE 802.1 Qbv)

Industry Kart

Mouser Releases its Third eBook Mouser Electronics has recently released Designing for Manufacturability the third eBook in the Engineering Big Ideas series, part of Mouser’s awardwinning Empowering Innovation Together program. In the new eBook, technical experts from Mouser and the electronics industry highlight the challenges facing the design for manufacture (DFM) phase, where engineers begin refining a prototype to be suitable for mass replication. “The design for manufacture phase can often be the most challenging point in product development, requiring designers to meet the physical, functional, and budgetary demands for mass production,” said Kevin Hess, Senior Vice President, Marketing at Mouser Electronics. “This latest Engineering Big Ideas eBook provides useful information on the steps necessary to prepare prototypes for replication.” The new Designing for Manufacturability eBook features

in-depth articles from industry experts including John Teel, founder of Predictable Designs, a company dedicated to helping companies and inventors develop and launch new electronic products. Teel’s article offers valuable advice on preparing products for regulatory requirements and certifications, while other articles provide information on choosing a manufacturing partner, selecting the best components, and refining designs through continuous innovation. The Engineering Big Ideas series is supported by Mouser's valued suppliers Analog Devices, Intel, Microchip Technology and Molex . The Empowering Innovation Together program has been one of the most recognized and notable electronic component marketing programs since 2015, highlighting a range of innovative developments from IoT and smart cities of the future to robotics technologies.

Avnet Launches New IoT Partner Program at CES 2020

Digi-Key to Participate at Embedded World 2020

At CES 2020, Avnet has launched a new Partner Program designed to provide developers with a place to build complete IoT solutions, enabling them to scale their business in a quick and cost-effective manner. Using Avnet’s IoTConnect platform, powered by Microsoft’s Azure IoT Suite, developers can seamlessly connect devices that address both the software and hardware needs of IoT solutions. This spring, it’s offering will expand to include a comprehensive Marketplace, which will allow any developer to write IoT applications to our platform and offer them for sale to a much broader audience. The combination of this IoTConnect platform, Partner Program and Marketplace will simplify the complexities of IoT and enable businesses to more rapidly deploy secure and complete solutions. “IoT is complex, with unique hardware, software and security requirements at every stage of the development cycle,” said Pete Bartolotta, president of business transformation for Avnet. “With our Partner Program and the upcoming Marketplace, we are putting proven IoT solutions in the hands of partners and systems integrators so they can scale their own businesses and accelerate the adoption of IoT.”

Digi-Key Electronics is participating at Embedded World 2020, the trade fair for embedded-system technologies, February 25-27, 2020, in Nuremberg, Germany. Digi-Key plans to have interactive and unique technical demonstrations in their booth area, as well as more traditional games and giveaways. The company is also an official sponsor of Student Day on Feb. 27, when 1,000 final-year engineering students from around the world gather to meet potential employers. Digi-Key’s demonstrations will feature Digi-Key’s IoT Studio, IoT sensor technology, infrared devices, board level solutions, value-added design tools and augmented reality. Some of the themes will include: • Systems and solutions created by the Digi-Key applications engineering team to demonstrate the latest trends in IoTbased design • Project-based solutions that highlight how using the DK IoT Studio has evolved rapid prototyping with both ease and speed of design • How to leverage free, world-class design tools to reduce design time and accelerate time to revenue. This will include all types of solutions, from Scheme-it – Digi-Key’s back-of-the-napkin design editor – to leveraging the Digi-Key product portfolio in KiCad – the leading open source EDA design environment. BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Linux

For IIoT Applications

How Industrial Linux Enables Distributed IIoT Applications RYAN TENG Project Manager Moxa Executive Summary Distributed applications are on the cutting-edge of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). By leveraging the latest advances in edge computing, that is, deploying edge gateways to collect and preprocess data from numerous sensors and other devices spread across many different field locations before transmitting mission-critical information to the cloud, distributed IIoT applications bring the benefits of IoT to the remotest regions on Earth. Besides satisfying industrial-grade hardware specifications, edge gateways used in distributed IIoT applications also demand a robust yet lightweight and highly customizable operating system for bespoke IIoT application development. This white paper discusses the role of edge computing in distributed IIoT applications, identifies the major challenges to implementing distributed IIoT applications, and explains how adopting an industrial Linux operating system can overcome these issues. On the Edge of the Industrial Internet of Things In recent years, growing investments in industrial markets have spurred rapid expansion in “Internet of Things” (IoT) application development. In fact, two-thirds of developers surveyed in a 2019 Eclipse Foundation study1 revealed that their organizations already develop and deploy IoT solutions or plan to do so within the next 18 months. Even though IoT

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developers work in many different focus areas, industrial automation remains one of the top three2 industries in 2019. More specifically, the global market for IoT gateways, which are placed between edge systems and the cloud, is expected to be worth as much as US$1.4 billion in 20213, and may even reach US$11.1 trillion by 20254. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) promises to revolutionize global manufacturing by leveraging data from interconnected smart sensors, industrial equipment, and analysis tools to improve production processes. Although many IIoT applications adopt a centralized architecture where communication devices connect to a central node (for example, smart factories that connect all the PLCs, actuators, and other industrial equipment to a central SCADA system through communication gateways and industrial Ethernet switches), distributed IIoT applications are on the rise5. In a distributed IIoT application, sensors and equipment deployed across a wide area connect to one of many edge gateways located throughout the entire network. Each edge gateway acts as a data concentrator, protocol converter, and data preprocessing device for all the sensors and equipment that connect to it. The edge gateway then transmits all of the preprocessed information from the edge system (comprised of the gateway and connected sensors and equipment) to a

faced by a typical distributed IIoT application and how the edge gateway OS can help. Challenges of a Distributed IIoT Application Distributed IIoT applications face unique challenges that need to be considered when choosing the development platform for the edge gateway. Consider the classic example of a digital oil field, which is usually located far from civilization and includes many oil wells scattered over thousands of acres8 to pump underground petroleum to the surface. In order to provide predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, alarm notifications, and other add-on value in a digital oil field application, all the information from numerous oil wells, pipelines, and other processing facilities need to be collected and transferred to a public or private cloud server for big data analysis. Due to the highly remote and distributed nature of oil field applications, wired communication is often difficult to deploy and maintain. Instead, digital oil fields often use cellular communications, or another wireless technology, by installing an edge gateway—along with I/O, PLC, and other devices—in an explosion-proof cabinet at each remote site. To ensure reliability in harsh oil field environments, the gateway should also have a wide operating temperature range and explosionproof certification9.

public or private cloud for big data analysis. Typical distributed IIoT applications include smart cities (such as smart meters and street lighting management), renewable energy (such as solar or wind farm monitoring), and oil and gas. The critical role served by edge gateways in distributed IIoT applications also illustrates the importance of edge computing, which essentially moves IoT data processing and actuation from the cloud to the edge of the network. By introducing a layer of gateways between the IoT devices (edge systems) and the cloud to preprocess the data, edge computing reduces latency for real-time applications, efficiently utilizes bandwidth and storage resources, enhances scalability, reduces costs and energy consumption, and improves privacy control6. Besides sufficient processing power and industrial-grade hardware requirements, edge gateways in distributed IIoT applications also need a robust and secure operation system. IoT developers particularly value operating systems that include common features and enable them to concentrate on business outcomes. In 2019, the most popular OS for IoT gateways was clearly Linux, with 76% of IoT developers using a Linux distribution for edge system development, compared to only 52% of IoT developers using a Windows platform7. To understand why Linux distributions are such a popular option for IoT edge gateways, let’s examine the specific challenges

Besides the aforementioned mission-critical hardware requirements, edge gateways in digital oil fields and other distributed IIoT applications also require an operating system that addresses the following challenges. Application Development IIoT edge gateways need to perform several different functions and process large amounts of data from many different sensors and actuators at each oil well in real time. Since most gateways are only designed to process incoming data before transmitting the information to more powerful servers in a remote data center or the cloud, a real-time operating system (RTOS) is usually embedded on the microcontroller unit (MCU). However, the traditional embedded RTOS is usually designed for a single purpose, which makes it difficult to simultaneously perform multiple functions in real time. In addition, a simple RTOS is unable to support machine learning, containers, and other new technologies. Ultimately, these limitations delay time-to-market and increase overall development costs. BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Linux

For IIoT Applications

System Stability Since edge gateways need to process mission-critical data at each remote site, the gateway operating system needs be incredibly stable because a system crash could easily endanger production or even human life. In general, there should be zero tolerance for system crashes or damages resulting from adding, modifying, or deleting files on the gateway. If an exception occurs or a software application freezes the system, maintenance engineers should be able to roll back the operating system to the last working version. Remote Maintenance All operating systems require periodic firmware updates and vulnerability patches. However, updating the firmware on so many gateways in such a remote and highly distributed application presents another challenge for digital oil fields. How is a maintenance engineer supposed to update the firmware on so many different devices in so many different locations? Physically travelling to each remote site is incredibly time-consuming and costly given the size of most oil fields. Moreover, how does a maintenance engineer ensure that the entire digital oil field system remains online and running if a single firmware update fails at one remote site? Data Protection All the oil well data stored on each gateway also need to be protected because the information is highly sensitive and confidential. Even if an intruder is able to steal the storage media, such as a flash drive or SD card, from the gateway, the data should be protected from unauthorized access through reverse engineering. Furthermore, the gateway operating system software should be protected and validated for the integrity. For example, if it is possible to bypass the normal boot-up process and replace the operating software, the gateway can be commandeered by unauthorized personnel and compromise the entire oil field system. Future Support Most operating systems are only supported by vendors for several years. However, unlike commercial applications in office environments that can upgrade to a new version of an operating system every couple of years, industrial applications like digital oil fields generally need to use the same platform for 10 years or possibly longer. After all, industrial applications run highly specialized programs for complex processes that require a great deal of time to implement and deploy. What’s more, these programs may not even be fully compatible with new operating system versions. Industrial Linux Distributions for Distributed Applications Fortunately, new industrial Linux platforms can address the previously discussed challenges plaguing distributed IIoT applications by providing an open software platform specifically designed for industrial automation. However, as open-source initiatives supported by many different vendors and contributors including Moxa10, industrial Linux distributions also vary substantially. As a result, it is important to choose an industrial Linux distribution that genuinely satisfies the following requirements for edge gateways in distributed IIoT applications.

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Fast Time-to-market Due to the drastic drop in silicon costs in recent years and technological advancements enabling smaller chips to perform increasingly powerful computations, embedded operating systems for gateways are no longer limited to a single purpose or a simple RTOS. In fact, modern embedded systems are capable of running multipurpose Linux operating systems on edge devices, including IIoT gateways. The ability to support multipurpose functions enables IoT developers to focus on business outcomes and bring applications to the market even faster. In addition, choosing an industrial Linux operating system based on Debian, the most popular Linux distribution for IoT developers11, can also speed up time-tomarket by providing a familiar platform for developers to start adding on value.

Robust File System and Dual System Design Industrial Linux platforms have three system layers: the bootloader, kernel, and file system. The most frequently changed layer during application development and operation is the file system. To prevent system crashes, the industrial Linux OS should provide a mechanism to prevent the file system from crashing and allow administrators to roll back the system to a previous version. More specifically, the robust file system should support the following: • Firmware downgrades, in addition to upgrades • Overlay File System (OverlayFS) to prevent system crashes caused by unexpected power loss during firmware upgrades/ downgrades, or when restoring the system to default settings • File system recovery if firmware upgrades/downgrades fail

The industrial Linux OS should also incorporate a dual system design that retains the last working version of the bootloader or kernel if a bootloader/kernel upgrade fails. For example, administrators may need to upgrade the bootloader or kernel to patch a security issue or fix a bug. However, if the bootloader or kernel upgrade fails, the entire system will not be able to boot up, bringing the entire industrial system to a halt. Over-the-air Software Updates Because edge gateways are located at remote sites, it is difficult for administrators to upgrade the application and system software in the field. Remote firmware upgrades over cellular, Wi-Fi, or another type of wireless network provide the most practical way to overcome this issue. Debian systems in particular support a simple software upgrade mechanism called APT. APT, which stands for Advanced Package Tool, has a central repository of over 25,000 software packages ready for remote download and installation. Developers can even package their own security patches, bug fixes, or new application software in the APT format and provide the APT package to a central server, such as the device management server, to perform firmware upgrades over the air. To ensure that the APT package is genuine and comes from the original vendor, the device should also have a mechanism for validating and authorizing the APT server. Built-in Industrial-grade Cybersecurity The industrial Linux platform should have a built-in secure boot process to protect mission-critical data. By anchoring each boot process to the hardware root of trust (RoT), industrial Linux platforms can prevent the trusted computing base (TCB)—that is, the bootloader or kernel—from unauthorized access, thereby protecting the gateway from data theft or brute force attacks. Secure boot requires a CPU that supports either IBM eFuse or Intel Boot Guard technology. Both of these technologies essentially hard-code critical programming logic onto a chip that cannot be modified after manufacturing. Generally speaking, the following OS boot processes are anchored to the hardware:

1. The CPU loads the bootloader12 2. The bootloader loads the kernel13 3. The kernel loads the mini root file system (initrd/intramfs) 4. The mini root file system mounts rootFS (ext4/raid disk) In order to protect each thread from unauthorized code injections or sniffing, asymmetric cryptography and signature verification should also take place as each process is executed. The following figure shows a thread model for a typical secure boot process. Besides storage protection during the OS boot process, secure boot should also include library protection for application software and binary data. For example, if an attacker physically steals the gateway from a remote site, he or she should still be unable to access mission-critical information because all the data and libraries have also been asymmetrically encrypted. Long-term Linux Support One of biggest concerns developers have about using a Linux distribution is the maintenance and support period. As with standard Linux operating systems, industrial Linux platforms are also open-source and may only be maintained by the original developers for about two years. For industrial applications, however, upgrading or migrating platforms after two years is unacceptable. Ideally, IIoT applications should work with a software vendor that provides long-term support for their industrial Linux platform, such as the 10-year support offered by Moxa Industrial Linux, to extend the period of software maintenance and adjust the type and frequency of software updates (patches) to reduce risk, expense, and disruption to software deployment. Conclusion Distributed IIoT applications, such as digital oil fields, require robust and secure operating systems for edge gateways to preprocess mission-critical information before transmitting data to the cloud. Capable of addressing the application development, remote maintenance, data protection, and future support challenges affecting distributed IIoT environments, it is no wonder industrial Linux distributions have become the most popular edge gateway operating systems among IoT developers. For example, Moxa Industrial Linux (MIL) is a small footprint, highperformance, industrial-grade Linux distribution that accelerates the development of embedded and IoT applications, and comes with 10-year Linux support that includes security patches and bug fixes, making industrial projects secure and sustainable. In addition, Moxa is a member of The Linux Foundation® and is part of its Civil Infrastructure Platform (CIP) project that aims to create an open-source platform for managing and monitoring smart cities, civil infrastructure, and factories. Whether you choose MIL or another industrial Linux distribution, it is important that your edge gateway operating system enables fast time-to-market, includes robust file systems and dual system design, supports simple and secure updates over the air, has built-in industrial-grade cybersecurity, and provides long-term support. n BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Electric Vehicles

HOLTEK EV CHARGER SOLUTION KRISHNA CHAITANYA KAMASANI Director (India operations) Holtek Semiconductor India Pvt. Ltd.

The popularity of Electric vehicles (EV’s) is increasing at a rapid rate in India. According to a survey, the electric vehicles market in India is estimated to increase from 3 million units in 2019 to 29 million units by 2027 with a CAGR of 21.1%. As a result, demand for AC/DC chargers, smart chargers for EV’s will also increase. In order to charge the batteries more efficiently and to ensure its long life, we need a smart battery management or charging system. To realize such a EV charging system and to contribute to the EV market, Holtek has come up with smart EV charger solutions based on its low cost, ASSP flash MCU’s “HT45F5Q-X” for charging batteries in Electric Vehicles. At present, three EV charger designs suitable for Indian market with specifications of 48V/4A, 48V/12A and 48V/15A are available for user’s reference to achieve faster development of the product. This semiconductor based smart charging system is an ideal solution for charging EV batteries which can support both Li-ion and Lead acid battery types. The Block diagram of EV charger solution is shown in figure 1. Holtek’s Battery Charger ASSP Flash MCU HT45F5Q-X is the heart of EV charger circuitry with inbuilt Operational amplifiers and DAC’s necessary for battery charging function.

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Figure 1: EV Charger Block diagram

The Battery Charger Flash MCU HT45F5Q-X series specifications are shown in figure 2. Users can choose appropriate MCU from HT45F5Q-X series according to their application requirement.

Figure 2: HT45F5Q-X specifications

Figure 3: Block diagram of HT45F5Q-2

EMI filter to eliminate high frequency noise from input power source. A PWM controller IC like UC3525 or similar IC can be used for driving the MOSFETs of Half Bridge LLC converter. The battery charging process is supervised by the MCU HT45F5Q-2. It monitors the Battery voltage and charging current levels and gives feedback to the PWM controller IC. Based on the feedback, the PWM controller varies the duty cycle of its PWM signal and drives the MOSFET circuit to obtain variable output voltage and current for charging the battery. For better protection, HT45F5Q-2 is isolated from rest of the circuit (i.e., high voltage components) using a photo coupler. Battery level LED indicators are also provided for knowing the charging status.

Battery Charging process The features and working of EV Charger solution for 48V/12A specification is briefly explained below. This EV Charger design utilizes HT45F5Q-2 MCU for implementing Battery Charging Control function. HT45F5Q-2 MCU when used in application, has many advantages. It incorporates a battery charging module, which can be utilized for closed loop charging control with constant voltage and constant current for efficiently charging the battery. Internal block diagram of HT45F5Q-2 is shown in figure 3. The Battery charging module in HT45F5Q-2 has built-in OPA’s and DAC’s which are needed for charging process. Therefore, the design reduces the need for external components like shunt regulators, operational amplifiers and DAC’s which are commonly used in conventional battery charging circuits. As a result, the peripheral circuit is more reduced and simplified, resulting in a smaller PCB area and low cost overall.

The change in charging voltage and current during the charging process is graphically illustrated in figure 4. If the battery voltage is too low when connected for charging, low charging current (i.e., Trickle Charge (TC)) will be set initially and charging process will start. When the battery voltage increases to a pre-defined level (Vu), constant voltage (CV) and constant current (CC) is applied for charging and continued until battery is fully charged. Battery is considered to be fully charged when voltage reaches VOFF and when charging current drops to Iu, Final Voltage (FV) is set. The voltage, current and temperature control process in this EV charger solution are explained below.

Working of EV Charger

The Input power to the EV charger is AC voltage in the range of 170V to 300V and the EV charger uses a Half Bridge LLC resonant converter design because of its high power and high efficiencycharacteristics to obtain DC power for charging the battery. The design utilizes a rectifier circuit for converting input AC voltage to high voltage DC output and also has an

Figure 4: Battery Charging Curve BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Electric Vehicles a. Voltage Control The charging voltage is decided based on the initial voltage of battery when connected for charging. As the charging progresses, charging voltage will change accordingly and finally when battery is fully charged, final voltage will be set.

The schematic of Holtek EV charger design for 48V/12A type is shown in figure 5 for reference and PCBA is shown in figure 6.

The charging voltage decision levels for 48V/12A battery charger solution is explained below.  if Battery Voltage < 36V, TC(0.6A) Charging, Voltage Setting FV(56V).  if Battery Voltage < 40V, TC(0.6A) Charging, Voltage Setting CV(58V).  if Battery Voltage > 40V, CC(12.0A) Charging, Voltage Setting CV(58V).  When fully charged, voltage is set to FV(56V), if Battery Voltage is lower than FV, the charging current will be reset to CC (12.0A). b. Current Control Charging current is set depending on the battery voltage. Initially, if the battery voltage is too less, trickle-charge current would be set for charging the battery and once battery voltage reaches certain level, constant current is supplied for charging until battery is charged fully.

Figure 5: EV Charger Schematic for 48V/12A

The charging current decision levels for 48V/12A battery charger solution is explained below.  Recharging Current <1.2A, determine the end of charging.  Recharging Current >0.2A, determine the start of charging. c. Over temperature protection The EV charger solution has an NTC to monitor the temperature and a fan to regulate the heat. When temperature increases, fan is automatically switched on to dissipate the heat and switched off when the temperature is reduced to lower set threshold. Also, fan is turned on when charging current is high and turned off when charging current is low.  When NTC temperature > 110 °C, the charging current will be reduced to 50% of charging current and will be monitored periodically. d. LED indications for charging status  TC charge, red light flashes slowly (0.3 sec On, 0.3 sec Off).  C C, CV charge, red light flashes quickly (0.1 sec On, 0.1 sec Off).  When not charging, green light is always on.  W hen charging time exceeds 8 Hours, red light and green light are always bright. e. Charging Duration When charging duration is exceeded (duration depends on battery capacity), the voltage is dropped to FV, the current is reduced to TC, and charger will repeatedly monitor the battery voltage.

EV Charger Schematic and PCBA

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Figure 6: EV Charger PCBA

The ASSP flash MCU HT45F5Q-2 can also be used for designing higher wattage solution. It offers a programmable option for setting parameter thresholds, which makes it very convenient for the users to utilize in the EV charger designs. This microcontroller based EV charger solution from Holtek is a simple, cost effective design which can be adopted by users when designing EV chargers. Holtek provides technical resources such as block diagram, application circuits, PCB files, source code etc., to help users in rapid product development and speed up time to market. EV charger development platform for HT45F5Q-X series will also be available soon. Using this software tool, users can easily select the charging voltage/current and other parameters to create a program. This application will also be able to generate a program containing a standard charging process thereby significantly simplifying the development process. Hence, Holtek’s semiconductor based smart charging system can be a perfect solution for developing EV charger products. For Further Info.: https://www.holtek.com/productdetail/-/vg/ HT45F5Q-3

Indian Entrepreneurship

Top 5 trends in the Indian Entrepreneurship sector for 2020 ROHIT RAUL

Founder & CEO Business Opportunities Club The Indian entrepreneurship segment, comprising of SME’s, Start-up’s, first generation entrepreneurs and those looking to expand their family business, is a thriving and dynamic part of the Indian economy. Over the past decade, these have been major transformations, both favourable and otherwise, that have impacted the segment. Be it the rise of technology enables systems and services or innovative consumer engagement and millennial friendly business approach, to the government and taxation policies, GST, improved access to FDI and ease of getting investments etc., have all brought about unprecedented changes to the sector, at an accelerated speed. As we embark into the next decade, here are top 5 trends that will drive the sector: 1. Digitisation & Automation: Even as technology is making its presence felt across sectors, digitisation and automation of business processes will be adapted faster, even by smaller start-ups and entrepreneurs. Adaption of latest technology driven processes was considered as a fancy investment afforded only by bigger players, until a few years ago. However, going forward, digitisation and automation is going to become an indispensable part of business operations. Even smaller players and boot-strapped entrepreneurs will be embracing modern technologies in the coming year. 2. Business Collaborations: In this era, the consumer is spoilt for choice between Indian and international brands. With the flexibility to access similar products and services on the online and traditional platforms, entrepreneurs and start-up founders have been devising methods to combat competition and thrive. This has led to a stronger focus on business collaborations. By adding relevant expertise to the portfolio through collaborations, there is a greater business opportunity for entrepreneurs. This also helps create a structured service model for the consumers, resulting in a win-win situation that is bound to drive the sector. 3. Customer Service focus: Again, driven by competition, modern entrepreneurs and businesses today are waking up to the need of engaging with

their customers, and building a loyal base. While products and services do matter, customer service approach to business has become vital to flourish and expand – a trend that is again set to change the consumer buying patterns and drive growth 4. Diversification: From focusing on niche product and service offerings to collaborations and outsourcing the non-core areas of business, entrepreneurs have adopted varied means to remain relevant to their millennial consumer base. This decade is going to see a new trend of diversification, where entrepreneurs are increasingly opting for multiple businesses that are not only diversified in nature but are also independent and even drastically separate from the main business. Apart from honing their business skills, this trend is set to also enrich and offer greater business opportunity to entrepreneurs. From helping them to tide over a slowdown at an industry or economy level, diversification also helps gain greater returns, during prosperous times. 5. Focus on R&D/ Innovation: With access to the latest know-how using digital learning and global knowledge exchange platforms, increasing number of businesses are waking up to the need of continuous learning and innovation. This trend is set to rise, with more and more businesses investing time and resources to study, implement, and improve their product and service offerings, thereby enhancing their growth potential and possibilities for international expansion. Way Forward: India has already demonstrated immense entrepreneurial potential in the past few decades, than most countries. What started with a wave of IT offshoring in the 1990s and early 2000s, quickly moved to become the land of some of the most interesting unicorn tech start-ups in the world, including Freshworks, Paytm, Oyo and Flipkart (which sold to Walmart in 2018 for $16 billion). From being a Start-up hub to a breeding ground of innovative entrepreneurs, India is now ready to leap into the future as a strong global economy with an entrepreneurial streak, effectively battling internal challenges. BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Test & Measurement

Importance & Role Of T&M in Connected Cars

MADHUKAR TRIPATHI

Head- MARCOM & OPTICAL PRODUCTS Anritsu India Pvt. Ltd Today’s automotive industry is focused on safety and security through widespread adoption of self-driving vehicles and connected cars. The key to success is practical commercialization of advanced technologies, such as communications and artificial intelligence (AI), which requires cooperation with a variety of industry organizations. Anritsu is a leader in test and measurement to support these automotive advances based on the following: • Comprehensive experience in leading-edge wired-to-wireless measurement technologies including the evolution and implementation of 5G; • More than 120-year history in radio applications with a wide product line covering optical, transmission, wireless, and protocol fields; • Good reputation for providing flexible and responsive service and support to global

The Revolution of CASE and Safety Assurance

The automobile industry is entering a new paradigm with rapidly advancing technologies where vehicles of the future will incorporate mobile communications technologies and AI implemented as the CASE (Connected, Autonomous, Shared and Electric) revolution. Making CASE a reality will not only solve social issues, such as traffic congestion, energy consumption, and environmental pollution but will also lead to creation of new mobility services contributing to industrial and regional revitalization.

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To bring self-driving vehicles and connected cars to market, automobile makers must accurately and reliably test the safety of mission-critical advanced technologies supporting CASE.

Importance of Industry Standards

Development of next-generation vehicles covers a wide range of fields of which communications technologies are just one key aspect. For example, extremely large data volumes must be handled in real-time with no latency when driving at high speed on expressways and the ability of next-generation 5G mobile to handle multiple simultaneous communications with almost no latency is a key part of the technology solution. In addition to cellular communications, in-cabin communications via DSRC, WLAN, and/or Bluetooth® must also blend into a seamless wireless communications environment making efficient use of the various technology features. Moreover, Ethernet technology is being adopted widely for the in-vehicle networks. Assuring the safety of complex car communications using technologies ranging from 5G wireless to legacy wired requires the rich experience and know-how in test and measurement that Anritsu offers.

Anritsu Reliability for 5G Automotive Testing

Anritsu measurement solutions have been used by customers’ worldwide from the early dawn of mobile phones and optical and digital networks, to support development and progress

in data communications technologies. Anritsu’s strength is the company’s ability to forge strong partnerships with worldleading technology customers, evaluating products and accumulating knowledge on various technologies. Anritsu is a world leader in 5G measurement and supplies solutions supporting every stage of development, manufacturing, installation, and maintenance of smart devices for 5G, mobile networks, fixed networks, Cloud applications, and data centers. The company’s solutions assure compliance with international standards to ensure communications quality. Moreover, Anritsu is now leveraging its wealth of experience to offer measurement solutions for the rapidly expanding automobile and IoT markets using 5G and other communications.

Solutions for Automotive Testing

Anritsu has automotive measurement solutions for deploying CASE and improving safety in the fields of cybersecurity, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), eCall/ERA-GLONASS, OTA measurement, eSIM measurement, automobile radar, Remote Keyless Entry (RKE), IEEE802.11p and more. If you are an automobile manufacturer (OEM), chip/TCU/IVS supplier, or test house, you can contact Anritsu to learn their solutions can improve your business efficiency. Wireless Connectivity • 5G Connections • NG-eCall/eCall/ERA-GLONASS • eSIM OTA Solutions • Cybersecurity Assessment

Advantages of Using MD8475A/B The MD8475A/B offers the following advantages at acoustics evaluation. Reduces burden of operating simulator and eliminates need for detailed understanding of wireless layer The MD8475A/B uses an easyto-understand interactive GUI for 2G, 3G, and 4G settings, eliminating the need to make complex settings requiring detailed knowledge of wireless protocols. Reduces burden of configuring measurement environment and unnecessary conversion processing Since the same measurement system can be used for 2G, 3G, and 4G communications methods there is no need to reconfigure the measurement setup when the communications method changes. Moreover, noise in the measurement system is minimized due to the digital interface with the Head acoustics equipment when using the MD8475A/B

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) • V2X (V2V, V2I, V2P, V2N) • C2C • M2M Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) • Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) Transmitter Tests • Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) • Radar, FMCW Infotainment • C ellular–Acoustics Evaluation Solution for Wireless Communications Environment • C ellular–Dynamic Maps Communications Evaluation Environment • WLAN – OTA Evaluation of RF Characteristics • Bluetooth®– Bluetooth SIG RF Verification Test Increasing Importance of Acoustics Evaluation in Connected Car Market The number of vehicles with built-in communications functions is increasing rapidly as IT revolutionizes the automobile market and almost all vehicles in the future are expected to have built-in communications functions. In this so-called “connected car” market, acoustics quality evaluation will be extremely important for the following reasons. • Hands-free telephone functions will become common, requiring the same audio quality as mobile telephones. • Complex communications paths between peripheral equipment and IVS mediated by Bluetooth and various applications will cause delay-related problems.

Ethernet/Controller Area Network (CAN) • Ethernet • Cabin Network (CAN) • Optical fiber & RF cables • Connectors EMC/EMI • EMC • EMI • Interference Hunting

Issues in Connected Car Wireless Communications Tests

Telematics service technologies using the latest advances in cellular communications are being developed worldwide with a central focus on the 'connected car'. Telematics is based on using cellular protocols supporting data exchange and calls between in-vehicle wireless equipment and terminals, as well as IP networks offering various services. BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Test & Measurement Evaluation of telematics systems is based on laboratory simulation of actual communications networks.

communications functions for connected car function tests assures better cost performance than competing systems.

Laboratory Simulation of Cellular Protocols and IP Mandatory eCall, ERA-GLONASS Typical telematics services like eCall and ERA-GLONASS use Networks for Evaluating Telematics Systems Development and evaluation of telematics systems requires implementing every possible laboratory test prior to full-scale field testing, as well as troubleshooting issues to maximize efficiency and cut wasted time at later field testing. This helps improve the quality of telematics systems as well as reduce overall costs. These goals are achieved by configuring various cellular protocol environments in the laboratory to evaluate the telematics system at each development stage. The cellular protocol evaluation environment configuration uses a socalled signalling tester to reproduce and measure various communications conditions between the wireless base station and wireless terminal, but the following issues must be solved to implement a cellular protocol and IP network evaluation environment in the laboratory.

communications services to help protect life and property, making assured communications a key issue. These services offer rapid response assistance at auto accidents by using cellular networks; in Europe, all new vehicles sold from April 2018 will be fitted with eCall communications equipment while ERA-GLONASS will be fitted to all new vehicles sold in Russia from January 2017.

Issue 1. Creating Test Scenarios Generally, the laboratory cellular protocol evaluation environment is created using test scenarios provided by the wireless measuring instrument vendor. The scenarios are programmed manually (in a programming language) to run the tests. However, test scenario creation is difficult and requires specialist knowledge of cellular protocols.

Issue 2. Verifying Connection with Service Server using eCall, ERA-GLONASS Communications Cellular Protocol Evaluation Environment Configuration IP Network Connection Test

All-in-One In-vehicle Wireless Terminal Communications Test–Anritsu Telematics Solution–

Evaluation of eCall communications modules and vehicles with installed equipment requires testing using the ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) test case, which requires test data that can be handled by the test case. Similarly, evaluation of ERA-GLONASS communications modules and vehicle installations requires GOST R 55530 certification testing in accordance with the Russian government ERA-GLONASS standard. Evaluation and certification of eCall and ERAGLONASS communications modules and system operation requires configuration of a cellular protocol evaluation environment following these dedicated test cases and is a key part of each development stage.

The Signalling Tester MD8475A is a base station simulator for reproducing various communications conditions between a base station and in-vehicle wireless terminals. It has a built-in SmartStudio user interface for easy reproduction of these communications conditions, which eliminates the need to create test scenarios and enables inexperienced developers with only basic knowledge of wireless technologies to easily implement the optimum cellular protocol evaluation environment. Additionally, since the Signalling Tester MD8475A also supports various communications technologies, such as 2G, 3G, and LTE, it can be used for mobility testing with multiple communications technologies and base stations. And all-in-one support for VoLTE tests using a built-in IMS server plus

The Signalling Tester MD8475A supports the ETSI eCall EN 16454 conformance standard and the Russian emergency response system ERA-GLONASS GOST R 55530 standard. Measurement of both these systems can be automated, helping cut the time required for user measurement. Moreover, the MD8475A supports pre-testing according to the ERAGLONASS standard under the same test environment as used by certification standards organizations as mandated for Russian government approved testing bodies. Evaluation is implemented using these eCall and ERA-GLONASS test cases, which return OK or NG evaluation results based on the standards and helps prevent increasing evaluation costs at subsequent regression testing.

Evaluating the telematics system onboard wireless and dashboard equipment, such as the TCU, before full-scale commercial release requires a test environment as close as possible to the actual operating environment. Consequently, in addition to the cellular protocols, there is a strong requirement for quality verification tests in line with actual service and use cases, including IP network connections to test servers and actual servers.

February 2020 •Vol - 2/02 •BISINFOTECH

OEM IoT Solutions

Key challenges in selecting the right IoT cloud solution for OEM IoT solution needs KALPESH BALAR Project Manager, VOLANSYS Technologies Nowadays billions of internet-connected end devices and IoT hubs are taking place over traditional automation and playing a big role to make human life easier and more comfortable. However, in this process, these devices create tons of data and send them to the cloud for further processing. This requires an IoT cloud solution robust enough to handle all the challenges posted with the different industrial solution needs. OEMs and IoT solution providers are definitely in need of an all in one integrated solution that can satisfy all these needs. Following are some of the very dominant challenges faced while building a complete IoT solution. These challenges must be addressed at the planning stage to avoid any future roadblocks. ● Huge upfront investment in developing a solution. ● Ready to use solutions come at a premium licensing cost. ● Interoperability with proven and known platforms ● Customization for use case specific value addition ● Reliable integration with various IoT hub/gateway and edge product ● High operational expenses VOLANSYS’ IoTify framework can be a definite choice to address the above challenges and provide ready to market pre-integrated IoT cloud solution, gateway SDK framework, and mobile app SDK to build different industry solutions. IoTify solution is available under complete OEM offerings to achieve faster time to market and have lower upfront investment cost. We provide complete end to end support to our OEM customers to keep their solution up and running at a very low operating cost. IoT Solution has three major components: IoT cloud, IoT gateway and mobile app. Following sections outline details about each component. IoTify Cloud Solution: IoTify cloud provides APIs for mobile app, gateway, and other cloud connections. It has secure MQTT and HTTPSbased communication between gateway, cloud, and mobile. Cloud solution offers functionalities such as user management, device management, push notifications, and live events. It also provides a facility for device monitoring and control, secure OTA support for gateway and end devices, customized OTA jobs, inventory management, live debugging, etc. In addition, a live admin dashboard is available for back-office/admin users for managing gateways and devices. IoTify solution is flexible and can easily integrate with an existing cloud solution of OEMs and IoT solution providers. For this IoTify provides interfaces on the cloud as well as on gateway devices which enables OEMs to integrate their existing infrastructure.

Fig 1: IoT Solution Components

IoTify Device SDK framework: IoTify device/modular SDK framework takes care of integration with cloud and end devices. It offers features like device provisioning, rules, scenes, gateway and device manager, cloud agent, and library APIs for end-use case development. Moreover, it provides the facility of northbound connectivities likeWiFi, Ethernet, and LTE as well as southbound connectivities like Zigbee, Z-wave, Thread, and BLE. It also provides management services for southbound connectivities with an amenity of gateway OTA, radio firmware OTA and end device OTA.

Fig 2: Software Framework

IoTify Mobile SDK: IoTify mobile SDK is available for both Android and iOS platforms. While using this SDK, OEMs need to handle only the GUI theme, remaining control & connectivity is managed by IoTify mobile SDK. This SDK offers features like user registrations, gateway provisioning/remove, cloud registration, device inclusion/exclusion, end device monitoring and control, cloud connectivity, etc. Overall, IoTify solution addresses most challenges typically faced by OEMs and provides a cost-effective solution to address them. It is intended for use in home automation, enterprise automation, and industrial automation applications.

BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Industry Updates

Infineon Starts First Flip-chip Production Infineon Technologies has recently set up a dedicated production process for flip-chip packages that is fully aligned with the high quality requirements of the automotive market. Infineon now launches the first respective product: the linear voltage regulator OPTIREG TLS715B0NAV50. With flip-chip technology, the ICs are installed upside down in the package. With the heated part of the IC facing the bottom of the package and being closer to the PCB, thermal inductance can be improved by a factor between 2 and 3. The higher power density enables a significantly smaller footprint than conventional package technologies. The footprint of Infineon's new linear voltage regulator (TSNP-7-8 package, 2.0 mm x 2.0 mm) is more than 60 percent smaller than that of an established

reference product (TSON-10 package, 3.3 mm x 3.3 mm) while the thermal resistance stays the same. This makes the new device particularly suitable for applications with very limited board space, such as radar and cameras. The OPTIREG TLS715B0NAV50 provides 5 V with a maximum output current capability of 150 mA.

Flip-chip technology has been used in consumer and industrial markets for several years. Due to increasingly strict space requirements, particularly in the growing number of radar and camera systems, also automotive electronics require smaller power supply solutions – albeit with much higher quality requirements. In order to offer best-in-class flip-chip quality Infineon does not rely on a subsequent qualification of existing consumer and industrial products but rather on a dedicated production process for automotive devices. In the future, flip-chip technology will strengthen Infineon’s overall portfolio of automotive power supply products in the OPTIREG family. The chipmaker is planning to apply it also to its switch mode voltage regulators and power management ICs.

Analog Devices Collaborates ROHM Solutions for Industrial with Hyundai Motor Company and Automotive Applications Analog Devices has recently announced a strategic collaboration with Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) where Hyundai plans to launch the automotive industry’s first all-digital road noise cancellation system leveraging ADI’s Automotive Audio Bus (A2B) technology. Hyundai also intends to more broadly adopt ADI’s A2B technology for its fundamental audio connectivity and infotainment applications across its automotive fleet. “As an early A2B adopter, we realized the potential of this technology for not only our Road-noise Active Noise Control (RANC) systems but also for other vehicle applications fundamental to passenger and driver experience,” said Dr. Kang-Duck Ih, Research Fellow, Hyundai. “The low latency guaranteed by A2B enabled us to implement this groundbreaking RANC technology and accelerate its deployment to mass production.” Hyundai’s RANC system dramatically reduces noise within the cabin of a vehicle. The system can analyze various types of noise in real-time and produce inverted soundwaves. For example, there are different types of road noises that the new technology can process, such as resonant sounds created between tires and wheels or rumble sounds coming up from the road. “We have collaborated closely with Hyundai to architect its all-digital RANC system that leverages our A2B technology to reduce equipment cost, weight, and design complexity, and in turn, improve overall fuel efficiency – helping solve several challenges of the electronic RANC system,” said Patrick Morgan, Vice President, Automotive Electrification and Infotainment, Analog Devices.

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At Embedded World, ROHM Semiconductor will showcase its latest products for the industrial sector, such as PMICs, solutions for predictive maintenance, and power semiconductors in hall 3A, stand 121. The company’s focus on automotive applications will be functional safety and ADAS.

Highlights at ROHM’s booth in hall 3A, stand 121: Functional Safety in Automotive Applications ROHM's LSI products for automotive display applications combine the most innovative technology and the highest flexibility on the market. The company’s comprehensive line-up includes display controllers, video enhancement and interface LSI's. These components support ultra-high-resolution display panels, high-speed video connectivity and comply with the most challenging functional safety standards. Efficient Power Management ICs for IoT Applications With the latest Power Management ICs (PMIC), ROHM offers highly integrated, efficient ICs that reduce power dissipation in IoT applications, thereby extending operating time, optimizing BOM costs and reducing PCB size. They are latest addition to ROHM's growing portfolio of PMICs designed for NXP's i.MX application processors. The new products contain all power rails required by the processor as well as power supplies for DDR, common system IO and selected peripherals.

TASKING VX-toolset for TriCore/ Athenta's TRANSDAQ AURIX Successfully Certified Monitoring & Control System The TASKING VX-toolset for TriCore/AURIX has been certified for the development of safety critical software applications for automotive, agricultural, forestry and railway industries by the safety experts from TÜV Nord. The TriCore compiler toolset fulfilled the requirements for development tools of safety standard ISO 26262, and is certified for the development of software that must meet the highest safety integrity level (ASIL-D). The certified use cases cover tool confidence level TCL 3, which means the compiler provides the highest level of confidence/trust to maintain the safety requirements, even when advanced code optimizations are employed. This reduces the effort for TASKING customers. The certification enables customers to use the TASKING VXtoolset for the development of safety critical applications without any additional qualifications when following the recommendations described in the safety manual. This is in sharp contrast to alternative software tools that require the user to execute the tool qualification activities on their own. With this new certification, TASKING users will be able to get their products to market faster, without the costs of additional certification processes.

Athenta Technologies has released its Next-Generation TRANSDAQ Monitoring & Control System that can do deep dive integration into the Urban Transport systems and subsystems from a unified console. TRANSDAQ is a Manager of Managers (MOM) a system that can integrate with the Transport & Metro Rail systems, and one can save the cost of all EMSs and NMSs for all the subsystems for any Rail project. Gopal Joshi, Director Sales, Athenta Technologies said, “Athenta TRANSDAQ solution is designed to meet the changing demands of the Metro Rails, and enabling the collection, processing, analysis, and reporting of critical data in an actionable format with life-cycle information on assets and resources. TRANSDAQ is an application-based product that performs the Infrastructure Management for the Metro Rail and it has now become the preferred telecom-SCADA Platform for Metro Rails in India.” Athenta TRANSDAQ manages the facility equipment’s such as Radio System, Network backbone, PIDS, PAS, HVAC, Surveillance, Access Control, Fire Safety and Security equipment’s, Pumps, etc.

ATEN Collaborates with BOSCH for New-Gen Technology ATEN has recently announced its collaboration with BOSCH, to provide new-gen meeting technology with integrated control and system automation. Going forth ATEN's Pro AV and KVM products will be integrated with BOSCH's Digital Congress Network (DCN) Conference System to custom build the Meeting Technology needed for the development of modern enterprises. The ATEN Control System, incorporating the ATEN Control Box (VK2100), the ATEN Configurator (VK6000) and the ATEN Control System App, is a standard Ethernet-based management system that connects all the hardware devices in a room or large facility to provide centralized control directly and effortlessly via a mobile device or a tablet. "Enterprises depend on high-tech presentation equipments to create the perfect meeting environment. Here, the key to success would be in having a centralized control of devices for achieving accelerated decision making and increased reaction efficiency. ATEN Control System provides simple and effortless automation for any room to easily connect the hardware, design the control panel and access any device by a tablet. With ATEN Control System operators can switch the function of a room with a push of a button and have customized control of each device without limits" said Shyam Tambatkar, Product Sales

Manager - ProAV at ATEN. ATEN Control System comes with the following advantages: 1. Intelligent Control: The devices can interact and respond to each other intelligently through pre-programmed actions to perform a fully automated series of advanced operations 2. Real-time Synchronization: Actual equipment status is synchronized in realtime across all control interfaces, enabling conflict-free control among multiple users simultaneously 3. Simplified Setup: The ATEN Control System is deployed in 3 easy steps: Connect, Configure, and Control. Easily set up and customize control patterns without any programming knowledge 4. Effortless Expansion: Highly expandable with a wide range of ATEN expansion boxes, a database of 10,000+ device drivers, and support for popular control standards and protocols including KNX, HTTP(S), Telnet, TCP, UDP, and over IP 5. User-centered convenience: An advanced, single-software solution creates intuitive control interfaces for any mobile device while specific needs can be conveniently tailored by selecting from an extensive library of action options and design elements BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Industry Updates

STMicroelectronics and Fieldscale Join Forces STMicroelectronics and Fieldscale have joined forces to simplify development of touch-enabled user interfaces for smart devices containing ST’s STM32 microcontrollers (MCUs). Touch-sensitive controls are convenient and attractive for end users, and can enhance product reliability, ingress protection, and cost-effectiveness. On the other hand, development can be challenging. Using a conventional iterative design approach, optimizing to eliminate unwanted effects and ensure consistent responses for touch sensing in all operating conditions can involve building multiple prototypes. ST and Fieldscale now enable STM32 customers to take a faster and more efficient route to market by introducing support for ST’s Arm Cortex-based 32-bit MCUs to Fieldscale’s SENSE development platform. Fieldscale SENSE is an end-to-end solution for the design, schematic capture, and system-level simulation of capacitive

touch sensors. The latest version lets STM32 users quickly design the touch sensor and PCB layout for virtual system simulation purposes. The cloud-based development platform implements sophisticated electromagnetic algorithms, which drives accurate prediction of the system performance. Users can optimize the design and quickly re-simulate to fine-tune the performance before committing to hardware. With greater assurance that first prototypes will deliver close to the desired performance,

users can lower development costs and accelerate time to market. “At Fieldscale, our goal is to offer to all capacitive-touch design engineers a complete software solution supporting them end-to-end, from the early design up to the tuning of the final system. Integrating STM32 support is a major achievement towards this goal and we couldn’t be more satisfied,” said Yiorgos Bontzios, PhD, Fieldscale CEO and Co-Founder. Patrice Hamard, Microcontroller Product Marketing Manager, STMicroelectronics, added, “Customers using our STM32 microcontrollers can now take full advantage of Fieldscale SENSE to implement simple and intuitive touchbased controls for smart devices and give their products a competitive edge.” Fieldscale SENSE is available now as an online service and comes with a flexible pricing model to meet your requirements/ needs. Please contact Fieldscale for further information.

Maxim Files Lawsuit against Monolithic Power Systems

Vishay Recieves 2019 China IoT Innovation Award

Volterra Semiconductor, a wholly owned subsidiary of Maxim Integrated Products has recently announced that it has filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Monolithic Power Systems. The complaint asserts that MPS DC-to-DC power converter products infringe multiple Volterra patents related to couple inductor technology, including U.S. patent numbers 6,362,986, 7,525,408 and 7,772,955. Volterra is seeking damages from MPS and an order prohibiting MPS from selling the infringing products. For many years, Volterra has been at the forefront in the design and development of silicon solutions for low-voltage power delivery. The company's product portfolio, both prior to acquisition and as part of Maxim, includes advanced switching regulators for the computer, datacom, storage and portable markets. Volterra has consistently focused on creating products with high intellectual property content that match specific customer needs. The company has been an industry leader in high-current, high-performance and high-density power converter solutions, and has developed highly integrated products primarily for the enterprise, cloud computing, communications and networking markets.

Vishay Intertechnology has recently announced that the Vishay Siliconix SiR626DP 60 V TrenchFET Gen IV n-channel power MOSFET has been recognized by Elecfans with a 2019 China IoT Innovation Award in the "Power Supply / Charging / Energy Collection" category. Now in its fourth year, the China IoT Innovation Awards recognize products and technologies introduced over the past year that have delivered a far-reaching impact on the IoT industry. Finalists are determined by online voting, with Elecfans editors and industry experts voting to select the winners. This year Vishay's SiR626DP MOSFET was recognized for giving designers a simple way to upgrade the efficiency of their power conversion applications. Offered in the 6.15 mm by 5.15 mm PowerPAK SO-8 single package, the SiR626DP features maximum on-resistance down to 1.7 mΩ at 10 V, which is 36 % lower than previous-generation devices. This is combined with very low gate charge (68 nC) and the lowest output charge (68 nC) in its class. The resulting gate charge times on-resistance and output charge times on-resistance — key figures of merit (FOM) for MOSFETs used in power conversion applications — are 32 % and 45 % lower, respectively, than previous-generation devices.

February 2020 •Vol - 2/02 •BISINFOTECH

Technology Infrastructure

Technology in Infrastructure Trends 2020

MAR. GLENFORD D’SOUZA Senior General Manager Lynx – Lawrence & Mayo The infrastructure sector is a key driver for the Indian economy. The sector is highly responsible for propelling India’s overall development and enjoys intense focus from the Government for initializing policies that would ensure the time bound creation of world-class infrastructure in the country. As India is progressing exponentially in terms of building smart cities, a lot of transformation is visible across the map in technology advancement and infrastructure development. According to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) received in the Construction Development sector (townships, housing, built-up infrastructure, and construction development projects) from April 2000 to March 2019 stood at US$ 25.05 billion, which further implies the immense growth of the sector. The key areas which are going to drive the infrastructure technology segment for 2020 include: 1) Public Transport: Transport infrastructure has emerged as a major challenge in modern cities and has led to various other complexities like air pollution, congestion of roads and noise pollution, apart from severely diminishing the quality of life. Switching to eco-friendly modes of transportation such as electronic vehicles and a robust public transport facility that can reduce the number of vehicles on the road etc., can help alleviate the problem. One of the crucial trends therefore is going to be focused on facilitating effective technology infrastructure that can address these issues. More electronic charging points, for example, will be an important factor. 2) AI & ML driven solution: Synthetic Intelligence and Machine learning algorithms are slowly being deployed on a vast array of sectors, including healthcare, consumer technology and entertainment etc. this year, AL and ML driven infrastructure projects and solutions will be deployed so as to accelerate the complex developmental projects. Advanced total stations for land surveying, for e.g., use advanced geo mapping and AI technology to map and plan construction of bridges and sea-links etc.

3) Resource management: With a higher concentration of population in the cities, it resource management has been another major problem. Efficient distribution and optimization of resources- such as water and electricity- is needed. Technology plays a vital role in identifying solutions that can help solve these problems. For example, effective monitoring and testing of ground water levels and soil quality etc., using modern equipment is another instance of tech enabled solutions for infrastructure. 4) Security and surveillance: Security has become a primary concern for the modern society. Modern techniques like drones that deploy AI driven surveillance methods and ML based security systems for individual safety set-ups, etc. are just a few instances of technology in fortification of urban societies. A wider, public network of CCTV’s and use of drones for monitoring city scrapes, mangroves, coastline security, and surveillance of national borders, is already gaining popularity. 2020 will witness greater advancement of these technologies, and wider deployment of across the nation. 5) Sustainable initiative: With mass scale development at an accelerated scale in the last century has led to fast-track depletion of natural resources and, in the process, has led to environmental crisis and hazards. Recycling of waste, setting up eco-friendly structure and reducing the carbon footprints etc., are primary concerns for the 2020 infrastructure development models. Development in the infrastructure sector used to take several years and consumed lots of time and effort. With the advancement of technology in the infrastructure sector, it not only made the sector more efficient but it further helped in the growth of the sector. The new decade is set to mark a giant leap in the segment, with more public-private partnerships to develop and manage projects.

BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

The 5G Momentum and Endless Opportunities

NINAD DESAI District Chair, BICSI India The desire for speed is what has driven humans to aim for higher potential. In the current scenario, this desire for speed combined with the availability of infinite storage is taking the tech world by storm. In a nutshell, the world wants to have all information in the least possible time and in the easiest available format. If you are looking at the enabling device to fulfil these expectations, it’s the one you are holding in your hand - the mobile phone. The technology that will enable the mobile phone to be armed with the invincibility of infinite data at blazing speeds in a real-time environment is 5G. It might be a little hard to believe, but mobile phones have been with us in one form or another since the 1970s; that’s when the first generation (or 1G) of mobile connectivity standards were developed. It took almost two decades before the second generation (2G) standards were ready and we could send text messages and experiment with a rudimentary mobile web. By 4G, which has been readily available for several years in much of the developed world, mobile Internet speeds were comparable with home broadband, but a major leap forward is coming soon, thanks to 5G. Advantages of 5G Technological innovation is meaningful only when it

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improves lives - it’s this social value that ultimately makes it soar higher and deliver benefits in the long run. In fact, 5G will go beyond mobile broadband and positively impact disruptive technologies such as robotics, self-driving cars and smart cities. It will foster innovation in agriculture, health care and education by highly enhancing the mobile user experience through cloud-based virtual reality, which will allow emerging and developed markets to deliver quality health care to people living in remote areas. 5G will also allow ultra-high definition video availability wherever you go and take it even further in helping open new revenue streams for telecom companies and content service providers. It will enhance the business value chain and boost the country’s IT market and economy in the long run. It will allow students from deprived areas connect with the world’s best teachers through HD video and VR, which is a challenge in today’s 4G networks. 5G will help provide a seamless learning experience, negating the distance and cost challenges faced in conventional systems. 5G will help turn ambulances into mobile clinics wherein equipment could be operated through VR and patients could be thoroughly examined. The stability that the 5G communication protocol provides is what will help make

these procedures perform as desired. This will invariably help improve the quality of health care received by millions worldwide and help change the traditional approach that is cluttered with inefficiencies of cost and technology limitations. Wearable devices connected via 5G will help medical professionals effectively screen and diagnose patients remotely and even allow surgeons to perform minor surgeries anywhere as the technology matures with time and experience. 5G will be a key enabler for the successful implementation of smart cities. Rather than its speed advantage - which most of us believe will be the primary reason for its success - it will be 5G’s capability of providing higher coverage density (50 to 100 times more) and high support to connected devices that will provide a heady mix of speed, capacity, efficiency and throughput to make it a game changer of sorts. According to the global commission on economy and climate, smart cities have the potential to save the world economy as much as $22 trillion by 2050 and 5G will be a key enabler in making it happen. With more than 3 billion devices connected, 5G’s collaboration with technologies such as RFID, Ethernet Wi-Fi and 5G enabled WANs, coupled with machine learning, artificial intelligence and data analytics will help provide huge opportunities in predictive analytics that has the potential to save precious lives and resources in case of natural as well as manmade disasters. Challenges to 5G The universal acceptance of 5G will ultimately rely on the existence of a robust ICT infrastructure. It invariably requires existing service providers to invest a sizeable amount of resources in getting the desired infrastructure in place, which includes the base stations, antennas and most importantly the fiber optic network cabling infrastructure, as the technology isn’t an upgrade over 4G but a complete overhaul. The key concern in 5G rollout is optical fiber connectivity, which is critical for supporting 5G technology. Less than 20 percent of our mobile towers are on optical fiber connections and we have a long way to go to be 100 percent 5G ready. There is also a dire need to bring in clarity on the revenue models and policies on managing data and content from the government and regulatory bodies, which needs to come at a rapid pace. Going further, there’s also a liability hurdle due to advanced automated disruptive technologies such as driverless cars and remote health care that can act as roadblocks, thereby delaying the implementation by a sizeable amount of time. Last but not least, the biggest single challenge is information security. A large number of connected devices with virtualization and edge computing make this network highly prone to cyber-attacks, thereby increasing network vulnerability and driving up implementation time and cost. As 5G paves the way for interconnectedness, it will also increase ambiguity and therefore result in more chaos if the systems are not built to standards and standard operating practices. Therefore, the adoption of 5G will require substantial investments in downstream innovation and security than

previous generations of communications systems. As per industry estimates, more than $250 billion investment in equipment and infrastructure for 5G will be required over the next 10 years. How prepared is India? India is neither alone nor the first in Asia to foster 5G dreams. South Korea is one of the prime 5G technology players in Asia and much ahead in the race. India is in talks with countries such as South Korea, seeking expertise in the sector. Despite the rush, India is not planning to be largely import-dependent; the government has given budgetary support to DoT for setting up indigenous 5G test beds in IITs to pursue research in the technology. The Broadband India Forum (BIF) has set up a 5G committee to push the momentum on the rollout of 5G trials with key industry players. The 5G committee aims to help execute the mission of the government’s high-level forum on 5G and champion large-scale trials across verticals. Spectrum, infrastructure policies, investment and other essential elements required to make India a front-runner in 5G deployments and use will be formulated by the committee, which has representatives from the government and industry. The first sets of trials are likely to be complete by mid-2019 and well ahead of the original deadline of 2020. Digital revolution Also called the third industrial revolution, the digital revolution is the change from analog, mechanical and electronic technology to digital technology in the era of digital electronic equipment that started in the 1980s and is continuing. What has changed for the better is the widespread diffusion of telecom and computer technology that is creating new ways of working and socializing, as well as challenging and even destroying many others. 5G’s potential as a positive disruptor in the digital revolution is enormous thanks to its low latency capabilities. Latency is nothing but the delay to travel across the network and with latency levels of 1 to 10 milliseconds, 5G provides a 10-fold improvement over 4G, thereby enabling real-time communication and literally no delay - a primary prerequisite for seamless digital communication. Summary There’s no doubt that sooner or later 5G will deliver economic value to telcos, industry stakeholders and consumers. It will also help improve the efficiency of spectrum use by 10 times and network capacity by at least 20-30 times, thereby allowing consumer’s experience better services at lower costs, as the technology matures with time and experience. Ensuring quality of services and higher penetration of data-led services are going to be the key for India. At present, India’s data penetration is lower than many Latin American countries and even some African nations. Focusing on just supply-side solutions such as 5G may not be enough, going ahead and building a quality, world-class infrastructure will be the right way to address the challenge as well as reap the benefits of 5G for the country’s betterment. BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

T&M for Connected Cars

Down the Road: Test & Measurement is Key for Connected Cars SHUSINA NGWA Technical Marketing Manager VIAVI Solutions Although 5G networks are still in their infancy, they are already giving birth to exciting opportunities. One of the most intriguing use cases is 5G as enabler of connected cars, which is expected to grow by 270% by 2022. And as 5G networks become increasingly robust over the next decade, the impact on this market will be massive, resulting in 700 million connected cars and 90 million autonomous vehicles by 2030. Business case opportunities are wide-ranging; from efficiencies in logistics and fleet management, to robotic taxis. Autonomous vehicles could also revolutionize search-and rescue missions, entering dangerous environments without jeopardizing the safety of a driver. But realizing that vision is fully dependent upon robust 5G networks offering low latency, high throughput and solid reliability. Autonomous vehicles, in particular, require a wide range of sensors that generate massive amounts of data, which needs to be communicated to other vehicles and surrounding infrastructure. Moreover, this data must be communicated in real-time to allow vehicles to make the split-second decisions needed to ensure safety of passengers and pedestrians alike. However, all of that data is a huge strain on networks, and some estimates suggest a minimum data throughput level of 1Gbps is needed in order for driverless cars to work seamlessly and

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safely with the world around them. By way of comparison, and to illustrate how far we need to go, some current 4G networks offer download speeds of around 20Mbps. While 4G may be fast enough to share locations or update status, it doesn’t afford driverless cars the human-like reflexes needed to react to real-time events to prevent accidents. Moreover, deployment of network functions virtualization (NFV) and software-defined networking (SDN) will strain legacy networks and inject integration challenges. Next-generation telecoms infrastructure must support technologies like millimeter wave, carrier aggregation, massive MIMO, and beamforming – with each optimized to deliver the best possible network performance and highest quality end-user experience. Doing so requires operators to test and validate a number of technologies and 5G network capabilities, including artificial intelligence (AI), network slicing and beamforming. Validate AI It’s not a coincidence that discussions about connected cars are occurring simultaneously with advancement of AI, since AI plays a crucial role in ensuring that 5G networks perform at their peak. Adopting AI for the radio access network (RAN) will

Allocating network resources in this way means that essential processes and data exchanges wouldn’t be affected by the latency and capacity demands of other ‘slices’ when an autonomous vehicle drives through a congested stretch of road. This network architecture also supports vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, allowing a driverless car to respond to things like traffic lights, while communicating its position to its surrounding environment. As a key enabler for 5G and the connected car ecosystem, operators must ensure that networks can support network slicing, while also ensuring that traffic is successfully prioritized and delivered. The complexity of network slicing depends upon virtualized testing, however, a number of factors must be considered: • Does each network slice select the correct nodes for set-up? • Does the function of the network slice work correctly? • Can the network support the volume and variety of systems and devices that characterize 5G networks? Without such testing, operators will not be able to identify gaps and inadequacies in their services, nor will drivers, governments and insurance companies be completely confident in the safety and benefits of autonomous vehicles.

be a considerable investment for operators. AI has been touted as the panacea to operators’ network complexity woes through automation and optimization of base station processes. Many operators already are investing in the technology. In fact, spending on AI-driven network management software is forecast to grow to more than $1.9 billion by 2021, while annual outlay on AI networking solutions is expected to amount to $7.4 billion by 2025. While the capabilities of AI and machine learning (ML) have been talked up in telecoms, there’s been far less noise around validating the performance of these approaches. It’s especially important for operators to validate the RAN to ensure that AI solutions are delivering what vendors are promising, referencing performance against established benchmarks. Network testing solutions should validate the performance of AI repeatedly, which is particularly important following software upgrades to the RAN, for bug fixing and maintenance. Such tools should ensure that key performance indicators (KPIs) defined for AI performances continue to be accurate and remain unchanged. Test Network Slices A fundamental step on the road to connected cars is the advancement of network slicing. Network slicing architecture facilitates provision of tailored service quality for specific 5G use cases by creating an end-to-end, customizable network of virtual ‘slices’ running on a shared infrastructure. Autonomous vehicles could be one use case, although you might have additional sub-slices dedicated to different kinds of data traffic. For example, if a car is receiving critical navigational information simultaneously to passengers streaming 4K videos, network slicing allows the critical safety data to be prioritized over the entertainment activity.

Fine-tune Beamforming Dynamic beamforming is crucial to delivering user-based coverage for 5G RAN, enabling continuous connectivity for connected cars. Beamforming is the ability to generate and shape multiple beams using a much larger antenna array by manipulating the signals and directing energy to an end-user’s specific service area. This reduces interference and optimizes the use of RF spectrum. As the industry migrates to 5G, the number of antennas – and therefore beams – involved in network architectures will multiply, creating further complexities in scheduling and configuration. Failure to optimize beamforming not only affects the quality of end-user experience, but also the safety of connected cars, so it’s little surprise that a growing number of operators are looking to implement AI solutions at base-station level, to ensure maximum throughput. Doing so requires operators to integrate beam analyzer functionality, which assesses individual beam IDs, power level, and corresponding signal-to-noise ratios. It also offers a 5G route map for coverage verification, mapping in real-time the physical cell identity and beam strength, as well as providing coverage data for post-processing. Finally, it’s important that operators understand the potentially devastating impact created by degradation in connectivity. Consider, for instance, that failure to deliver required peak data rates could result in a connected car’s safety system failing to communicate with its environment. The viability and success of connected and autonomous cars will be entirely dependent on the availability of agile, reliable and widespread connectivity. Without it, these vehicles will be unable to effectively communicate with one another and their surroundings. By implementing testing and validation of 5G networks now, operators will take the driver’s seat in deployment of 5G networks that are highly monetizable – as well as robust enough to support a fast-moving future. BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Security Trends

Top 10 Security Trends to watch out for in 2020: Juniper Networks As 2020 begins, rapid transformation of technologies will continue in order to make business practices more productive and efficient. With emerging technologies like IoT, and AI/ ML maturing in 2020, security threats are poised to increase and become even more rampant. Here are 10 security predictions for 2020 from Juniper Networks’ leading security experts including, Trevor Pott, Technical Security Lead, Mounir Hahad, Head of Juniper Threat Labs, and Laurence Pitt, Global Security Strategy Director. 1. Emerging Technologies, Tried and True Threats, As security experts roll out their predictions for 2020, we can expect to see a large focus on emerging technologies like deepfakes. The truth of the matter, however, is that new attack vectors take time to become common and will likely not be an immediate threat. The Bluekeep vulnerability, for example, is only just being weaponized in earnest, despite being revealed in May, and it is vastly less complicated to use than something like deepfakes. Instead, 2020 will likely bring steady improvements in traditional attacks that dominate the market. The most common and effective attacks are those which rely on humans to do something they shouldn't. All indications are that preying on human error will continue. 2. 2020: The Year of Cloudy Compromise As 2019 comes to a close, credential stuffing attacks are on

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the rise. This is unsurprisingly so, as the number of credentials compromised every year increases and new records are regularly set for the size and scale of various data breaches. In the new year and beyond, security professionals would be wise to pay close attention to Software as a Service (SaaS) applications and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) accounts, especially those at major cloud providers. The larger the userbase, the richer the target, and even after decades of warnings, people still reuse credentials all over the internet. Multi-factor authentication will be the best defense but remains somewhat niche in terms of real-world use.

-Trevor Pott, Technical Security Lead, Juniper Networks

3. U.S. 2020 presidential elections will incite both broad and targeted attacks The looming U.S. presidential election is too big of a target to be ignored by nation state actors. I suspect we will identify meddling attempts on social media, albeit using more sophisticated methods than four years ago. Some commercial entities have developed a business model around this kind of interference and have been honing it in various theaters around the world, so I suspect their services will be sought after by parties interested in a particular outcome of the elections or wanting to sow discord and doubt in the election process. Deep fakes may be the name of the game, in this regard.

Additionally, we will probably identify attempts at infiltrating campaign staff using phishing emails and spyware. 4. Tokyo Olympics will be targeted with a cyber attack This has become the norm. The Olympic Games have been a target of attacks aiming to sabotage the event or spy on the governing body, especially around doping investigation activities. I predict that a cyber-attack on the Olympics infrastructure will probably succeed to some extent. 5. First large scale IoT ransomware attack In 2020, the number of IoT devices plugged into the internet will reach a threshold that will present an attractive target for cyber criminals. We will probably start seeing the first ransomware attacks on a large-scale targeting IoT devices running on low power microprocessors and using the Android or Linux operating system. -Mounir Hahad, Head of Juniper Threat Labs 6. Phishing attacks will become smarter and harder to detect Cyber criminals can use publicly available information scattered across the internet to build a simple picture of someone – political beliefs, interests, pets, job, family – in order to execute a more effective attack. The internet has vast amounts of data on who we are, and it’s often in public view. On Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Twitter and other platforms, we’re sharing information, engaging and commenting about our personal and professional lives. In 2020, people should expect much more of this at a much smarter level. We will see more phishing emails using publicly available personal data in order to directly address who you are – making sure to keep it relevant while making it even harder to spot the difference between a phish and a genuine email. My advice is to stop clicking on email links. If you receive an email from your bank, an online retailer or a provider, make your first port of call their official website. Then, login and attempt to validate that the email is genuine. Additionally, use a password manager because most will not input passwords to fake sites when the website address is not recognized. This has saved me on a couple of occasions – and I consider myself to have a level of expertise! 7. Deepfakes will present a real problem in the coming years as technology continues to advance and bad actors try to sway public opinion Deepfake is one of the scariest cyber-attacks currently being advanced and exploited on the internet. It might have all started in Hollywood, but now we’re seeing politically motivated deepfakes featuring politicians making statements they’ve never actually said. In 2020, this could become even more interesting, and we may see deepfakes used in social engineering to gain access to corporate data. What if a deepfake video was created of a corporate CTO making forward statements that affected their stock-price? Or, more simply, a deepfake of the CFO on a video-conference call with his team asking them to manipulate or share data? All these present a very possible – and somewhat scary – use for this technology.

8.Cybercriminals will rely more on socially engineered attacks aimed at exploiting human psychology Generic attacks are failing. It’s not just that we are getting smarter, but also that security is smarter and will prevent many attacks from even reaching the intended recipient. For this reason, we are seeing growth in socially engineered attacks. There is enough publicly available information for any criminal to build a good profile of their targeted individual: what they look like, where they live, their job-history, pets, friends, etc. With this data it becomes much simpler to directly contact a victim and elicit response or engagement. In 2020, citizens should become more suspicious. Read any email closely, and, if an email seems out-of-character, then it may be. One tip from me, many sites ask for password recovery questions, for example, your first school, best friend or model of car. There’s nothing that says you must give the CORRECT answer to any of these questions, just that you know the answer that you gave! This way, if someone can socially engineer information from you, they still won’t have any of the answers they need. 9.The race to 5G will continue to ramp up and prompt security teams to reevaluate their internal security posture 5G is going to mean that everything about the network moves closer to the edge. The improvements in speed and reductions in latency will allow much greater flexibility for deployment of applications and data. Over the coming years, security teams will need to review their security policies and processes in order to keep up and account for moving security closer to the edge of the network. Without quick detection and containment, by the time a threat is detected in a 5G network it will have had time to traverse key areas with the potential for causing significant damage (or hiding and waiting). Organizations will need to look at how they can leverage both security and non-security devices as part of their security posture, making use of data from both to strengthen posture and speed detection and response. 10. More connected devices will give rise to new types of attacks, challenging enterprises When we talk about connected device risk, it’s no longer just about mobile phones and tablets. In the drive to be more efficient, greener and responsive to market changes, there is pressure to take advantage of IoT (and IIoT) to make this happen. The bigger challenge comes from these swathes of other IoT being connected to corporate networks, where adoption often happens at the speed of business and security struggles to keep up. Many of these devices do not have security built in at the device level and so security needs to be considered as part of the overarching network posture. Expect cybercriminals to take advantage of this. We’ve already seen success with Mirai. As new IoT is rolled out and security teams struggle to keep up with updates and patches, there will be more opportunities for criminals to abuse this vector and gain access. -Laurence Pitt, Global Security Strategy Director, Juniper Networks BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

NEW LAUNCH Electrolube at India Electronics Week Electrolube will launch their newest advancements in encapsulation resins, developed specifically for the Indian market, on stand 1-32 at India’s Electronics Week, KTPO Trade Center in Bengalaru on 13-15 February 2020. Features: • Ensure highly competitive pricing and delivery within impressive short lead times. • A series of cost-effective new resins with higher specifications than existing products on the market.

Applications: Highly suited for automotive and power supply applications.

Availability: During the upcoming India’s Electronics Week.

Smart I-Sense Senso Switch Goldmedal Electricals has recently introduced Goldmedal i- Sense Senso Switch. The smart switch is an exciting new addition to Goldmedal’s home automation category. Features: • Goldmedal Electricals’ i- Sense Senso Switch can be operated with just a simple wave or hand gesture from a distance of up to 50 mm. • It can be used as a 2-way or 3-way switch by wiring with up to five i- Sense Senso switches to control the same appliance.

Applications: Control light sources, fans and other appliances smartly.

Availability: Available Now

Microchip Industry’s First Ethernet Transceiver Microchip Technology has announced the industry’s first space-qualified Ethernet transceiver – a radiation-tolerant device based on a Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) solution widely deployed in other industries now offering reliable performance. Features: • Designed to support space industry demand for radiation tolerant devices separately or in combination.

Applications: Launch vehicles to satellite constellations and space stations.

Availability: Available for Shipping.

RCDE-48 Series LED Driver Modules RECOM has recently announced the launch of its RCDE-48 series LED driver modules with up to 60VDC input voltage and 1050mA constant current output with analog or PWM deep dimming.

Features: • RECOM has added to its offering of LED drivers with the RCDE-48 series. • The Dim pin can also be used as a remote ON/OFF control.

February 2020 •Vol - 2/02 •BISINFOTECH

Applications: LED DRIVERS

Availability: Available Now

NEW LAUNCH ST Adds Powerful Features and STM32Cube MCUs STMicroelectronics has added new features to the TouchGFX software framework for STM32 microcontrollers (MCUs).

Features: • The latest version introduces TouchGFX Generator to make setting up a project and configuring related peripherals easier than ever. • A s the main tool for developing the TouchGFX hardware abstraction layer (TouchGFXHAL).

Applications: User interfaces for domestic appliances, home automation, industrial controls, medical devices, and wearables.

Availability: STM32 users can download TouchGFX free of charge from www. st.com/x-cube-touchgfx

TDK Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors TDK Corporation has developed the new CGAE series, the world’s first flip-type MLCCs in 0510 design (EIA 0204) with capacitances of up to 1 µF.

Features: • Capacitors are designed for rated voltages of between 4 V and 50 V and they cover a capacitance range from 47 nF to 1 µF. • The connections on the flip-type capacitors are rotated through 90°.

Applications: Automotive

Availability: All types of the new series are qualified in accordance with AEC-Q200. Volume production began in January 2020.

TI New Jacinto 7 Processor Texas Instruments has recently introduced the new Jacinto 7 processor platform. Built on the foundation of TI’s decades of automotive systems and functional safety expertise. The new Jacinto processor platform brings enhanced deep learning capabilities and advanced networking to solve design challenges. Features: • TDA4VM processors for ADAS and DRA829V processors for gateway systems • Improving vehicle awareness within low power budgets • Accelerating the data highway for the software-defined car

Applications: ADAS and automotive gateway applications.

Availability: Available Now

High-Speed Communication Logic Output Photocoupler Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation launches “TLP2363.” 10Mbps high-speed communication logic output photocoupler for 24V digital input interfaces of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs).

Features: • Minimum value of threshold input current : IFHL=0.3mA (min) • Maximum value of threshold input current : IFHL=2.4mA (max)

Applications: High-speed digital interfaces (PLCs, measuring equipment and control equipment, etc.)

Availability: Shipments start today.

BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

Trends 2020

Trends impacting Indian businesses:

Here’s What in Store for 2020

MANKIRAN CHOWHAN Managing Director – Indian Subcontinent SAP Concur In today’s technology-driven and hyper-connected business world, changes in customer expectations, societal shifts, and industry disruptions rule. That’s why leaders think constantly about trends with the potential to impact customers, partners and the global community. Based on trends from economics, travel and environment, from last year and recent developments, here’s what you can expect in 2020: 1. Fears of a slowing economy in Asia-Pacific will bring pressure on businesses to do more with less As a result, more CFOs will steer their companies to calmer waters by improving visibility into corporate spend to better control budgets. By harnessing technologies like AI, machine learning and deep data analytics, automation will deliver greater productivity and intelligence to operations, without growth in headcount. In addition, more travel managers will leverage technology to help their teams achieve the same business outputs with fewer trips. Asia Pacific airline and hotel prices are also expected to climb about three percent in 2020, according to BCD Travel’s 2020 Industry Forecast, and there will be a bigger emphasis on implementing corporate travel systems to get the best deals. In India, strong demand, competitive changes and regulatory developments will lead to higher fares. As a region, with so many countries and borders, solutions that help firms manage the complexities of business T&E – such as country-specific tax regulations, traveler tax and immigration, VAT reclaim, and cashless payments – will grow in popularity.

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2. Trade tensions will create uncertainty and reshuffle global priorities A period of widening free trade and travel came to an end in recent years, replaced by rising tensions that will continue to build, at least in the early part of 2020. These tensions will shift business practices in travel, procurement, and beyond. A trend that we predicted last year, that shifting immigration and tax policies would increasingly subject multi-national companies to additional tax liabilities, will continue. In addition, in 2020, companies should no longer expect the same levels of visa and tax flexibility that they took for granted in the earlier part of the new millennium. They will need to keep a close eye on current events and adjust their travel policies accordingly. Add to these challenges, new pressures to diversify supply chains to be less dependent on Southeast Asia and South America, where trade tensions with certain super-powers grew in 2019. There may also be “wildcard” trade impacts in the coming year – or for that matter, a reduction in tensions – as we are in a period of trade uncertainty. However, it’s conceivable that mixed economic growth around the world will encourage parties to come to the table to negotiate, which would push the pendulum back in the direction of freer trade. 3. Small businesses will tighten budgets to safeguard against economic and government downturns Over the last five decades, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has emerged as a highly vibrant and dynamic sector of the Indian economy. It significantly contributes

towards socio-economic development of the country by fostering entrepreneurship and generating one of the largest employment opportunities. While small businesses are thriving in the country, they have faced major roadblocks in 2019 owing to social, political, and economic factors. Moreover, unpredictable stock markets, threat of a recession collectively has had a massive impact. With similar threats remaining a possibility in the coming year, small businesses will stay tough on budgets – they will hold on to expenditures in order to safeguard their business health from external factors that are beyond their control. While these businesses are vulnerable to the unanticipated ups and downs of economy, they will perform much better by expecting and preparing for the unexpected. 4. Organizations will treat their employees as technology customers In 2020, more organizations will endeavor to meet employee expectations about how workplace technology should evolve. The trend is related to the “consumerization” of workplace tech: having become used to great experiences with mobile phones or shopping websites, for example, employees expect their enterprise applications to work just as well. Yet it can be difficult for employers, who face cost, policy, and other roadblocks, to keep up. At the same time, it is important to make the investment because employee satisfaction and retention are critical. In the coming year, more organizations will gather data on the user-experiences of their employees, and use it to improve productivity, human resources, travel, expense and other technologies. In addition, we anticipate that organizations will increasingly bridge the gap between how their enterprise travel-booking tools are configured, relative to consumer-travel apps, without forgoing the discounts, control, and real-time visibility into the choices that employees are making. The range of possibilities is huge, but the common denominator comes down to better employee experiences with office tech. 5. Employees will travel with purpose: With bleisure trips already on the rise - Indians rank 2nd among bleisure travellers globally according to a survey conducted by Booking. com. Whether picking destinations to support a community impacted by a natural disaster or spending vacation time volunteering, people are increasingly approaching travel with a sense of purpose. They are choosing trips, activities and brands that support their values, and nearly two-thirds of consumers engage in belief-driven buying. This carries into their booking experiences, and in 2020, we predict this will influence business travel significantly. Companies will factor this into their travel policies, providing breathing room and additional programs for their employees to make a difference. 6. Safety will go hand in hand with employee satisfaction Female traveler safety will rise to the top of corporate agendas. While there has been progress, the issue of traveler safety overall – for all employees, will reach critical mass in 2020 owing to more awareness on personal safety. Workers

will increasingly demand more information and resources to stay safe during their work trips. According to a recent study by Wakefield, 87% female Indian business travelers have been harassed while on a business trip. In 2020 and beyond, companies have an opportunity to step up and enrich their traveler safety resources for employees, from introducing flexibility within travel policies to offering access to tools that keep them safe and protect their rights on the road. 7. Paper receipts decline, smart receipts rise The on-demand economy is changing the way we perceive and use technology. Today, businesses are embracing technology to adapt faster than ever. Organizations of all sizes have realized that smart technology can enable growth and ultimately help them remain relevant in an increasingly competitive environment. This is the first and foremost step of transforming themselves into an Intelligent Enterprise. In 2020, we will see a significant increase in the number of digital receipts provided by suppliers. Employees will benefit, as receipt data flows more easily into expense reports, eliminating frustrations about lost “receipts” and helping employees get reimbursed faster. 8. Hotels and other travel vendors will make wellness amenities the new norm Those of us who travel frequently for business worry about the impact it has on our health, and the evidence is more than anecdotal. Recent research from the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, investigating health outcomes of frequent business travel, found higher body mass index scores, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and trouble sleeping, among other problems in frequent travelers. Hotels and travel brands are catching on – several major hotel brands already offer healthier meals, bike-sharing programs, and in-room exercise equipment, from yoga mats to Peloton bikes. Wellness features are also increasingly found in airports, from napping pods, to nutritious food options, and even therapy dogs. This trend will continue to grow in 2020, and business travelers will have more options, in more places, and at a wider number of price-points, to help them maintain a healthy lifestyle on the road. 9. Environmental Stewardship: Environmental concerns will accelerate eco-conscious travel A recent study by Wakefield research found that one-third of business travelers have adjusted their form of travel due to environmental concerns, and we predict that number will rise. With the EU’s commitment to the Green New Deal pushing companies to reduce their carbon footprint, airlines adjusting seating options to maximize travelers per flight, and hotels rethinking the sustainability of their designs, it’s only the beginning of a shift to eco-friendly travel. As discussions around climate change intensify, travelers and companies will continue to strive for more sustainable traveling options. Whether you’re in the rural country-side or populous city, expect to see green travel alternatives in 2020. BISINFOTECH •Vol - 2/02 •February 2020

NAME, DATE &VENUE

EVENT LIST TOPIC

CONTACT DETAILS

EMBEDDED TECH EXPO FEBRUARY 19-21, 2020 DELHI

EMBEDDED TECH

Website : https://www.embeddedtechexpo. com/

ISLE FEBRUARY 24-27, 2020 CHINA

LED & ELECTRONICS

Website : http://en.isle.org.cn/

EMBEDDED WORLD FEBRUARY 25-27, 2020 NUMBERG , GERMANY

EMBEDDED TECH

Website : www.embedded-world.de

INDIA SMART UTILITY WEEK MARCH 03-07, 2020 DELHI

SMART UTILITIES FOR SMART CITIES

Website : http://www.isgw.in/

IIOT INDIA & XELERATE INDIA MARCH 05-06, 2020 GURGAON, INDIA

SMART MANUFACTURING & SMART INFRASTRUCTURE

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INDIA ENTERTAINMENT TECHNOLOGY EXPO MARCH 13-15, 2020 AHMEDABAD

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