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Vol. 1 Issue 10 jim@bismarcktidbits.com www.kaitykakes.com Custom designed Cake Pops, Cupcakes and Cakes for all occasions.

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REFRIGERATOR

by Janet Spencer

Mr. Bitz Tractors & Implements

On December 7, 1926, the first U.S. patent for a household refrigerator which operated on gas was issued to The Electrolux Servel Corporation.

The new concept was far safer than older model refrigerators which used toxic gases that killed people if they leaked. Come along with Tidbits as we look at refrigerators!

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• Before the invention of refrigerators, iceboxes were common. The first models didn’t work efficiently because the designers failed to understand how ice cools. The ice, placed in an airtight container on top, took a long time to melt but failed to impart its coolness to the food kept in a storage box below. After studying the principles of ice, a new model was designed that contained the crucial element of air flow: Ice in the top part of the icebox absorbed the heat from the warm air rising from the food storage box below. The cool air, now denser and heavier than the warm air, sank to the bottom of the ice box, allowing the warmer air to flow upward in a never-ending cycle. Drip pans below the icebox had to be emptied every day, and new ice blocks had to be purchased from the iceman at frequent intervals.

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REFRIGERATOR (continued):

THE BIRTH OF THE FRIDGE • The death of the icebox began with the birth of refrigeration, and that began with a scientific principle and a bunch of feverish patients.

• If you take a gas or liquid and compress it tightly and then allow it to expand, it absorbs heat from its surroundings as it is expanding.

This is the basic principle behind refrigeration, air conditioning, and ice making. Various people experimented with the principle and managed to make small amounts of ice.

JOHN GORRIE • In 1833 Dr. John Gorrie moved to Apalachicola, Florida. One of the main illnesses afflicting his patients was yellow fever. He noted that people who slept under mosquito netting tended to stay healthier than those who did not, but never realized that mosquito netting kept out the mosquitoes who carried the germs that caused yellow fever.

• Gorrie noted that feverish patients recovered faster if they were kept cool, which was not easy to achieve in Florida. He tried hanging buckets of ice from the ceiling with fans to circulate the cool air. This helped, but ice had to be shipped from Boston and cost a lot.

• Gorrie was familiar with the fact that compressed gasses absorb heat from their surroundings when they expand. He built a steam engine that drove a piston back and forth inside an airtight cylinder which was surrounded by water. First the piston would press down, compressing the air inside. Then it would pull back, and the compressed air expanded, pulling heat from the water. Then a valve would open at the end of the cylinder and the next time the piston pumped, it would push the cool air out and pull hot air in, to repeat the cycle over and over. The surrounding air became cool and the water became ice. Fever patients recovered.

• Gorrie announced his new discovery on July 14, 1850. The New York Globe reported, “There is a Dr. Gorrie, a crank down in Apalachicola, Florida, that thinks he can make ice by his machine as good as God Almighty.”

• Gorrie quit the medical business, convinced that his fortune was made. However, he was never able to find financial backing, because investors were reluctant to back artificial ice when natural ice was delivered each year by ship.

The natural ice business had a powerful lobby and discouraged potential investors. Gorrie died in 1853, broke and broken.

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1. GEOGRAPHY: What are the names of the Great Lakes that border the U.S. and Canada?

2. ART: What was the name of the Dutch artist who painted “The Night Watch” (1642)?

3. SCIENCE: Which two radioactive elements were discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie?

4. TELEVISION: Which of the four main characters in “Seinfeld” did not appear in the original pilot?

5. MOVIES: What baseball movie introduced the character of the pitcher called “Wild Thing”?

6. HISTORY: Brazil was originally a colony of which European nation?

7. AD SLOGANS: What kind of candy “melts in your mouth, not in your hands”?

8. ANATOMY: Where is the temporal bone located in the human body?

9. MATH: How many minutes are in a day?

10. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE: What is the symbol of the zodiac sign Sagittarius? (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

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Page 3

REFRIGERATOR (continued):

FERDINAND CARRE

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• Three years later, Ferdinand Carré introduced his ice-making machine to widespread acclaim.

Carré’s model used ammonia instead of air.

Under pressure, the ammonia would be in liquid form, but when pressure was released, it would evaporate into gaseous form (thereby absorbing heat and cooling the surrounding area) and the gas would be collected and condensed into liquid once again. When the Civil War cut off the supply of ice to the southern states, Carré shipped several of his ice-making machines past the blockade and was in business. In 1877 he designed the first refrigerated ship. However, his refrigerators were bulky and heavy and tended to kill people when the ammonia leaked. Still, Carré’s design remains the fundamental system of modern refrigeration.

THE FRIDGE DEVELOPS • As electricity became common, electrical refrigerators began to rise in popularity. By 1920, there were over 200 types for the American consumer to choose from. Across the U.S., thousands cancelled their contracts with the Ice Man. FRIGIDAIRE • In June of 1918, General Motors bought out a small Detroit refrigerator company and renamed it Frigidaire. They set their engineers to work improving the fridge. One of the main problems was that the various coolants used – ammonia, methyl choloride, sulfur dioxide –killed people when the refrigerator leaked. They were also corrosive and explosive, killing people when the fridge blew up. What was needed was a coolant that was non-toxic, non-corrosive, nonexplosive, and cheap.

FREON

1. Name the only team not to win an A.L. Central Division title since 1994.

2. In 2014, the White Sox’s Jose Abreu became the third player since 1914 to have two multihomer games in his first 10 majorleague contests. Name one of the others.

3. Who was the first player in NFL history to have at least 10,000 receiving yards and 5,000 return yards for a career?

4. Since the 1978-79 season, how many times have two college men’s basketball teams from the same state made the Final Four in the same season?

5. Who holds the record for most goals by an NHL rookie?

6. Which Asian country’s men’s soccer team has made the most World Cup appearances?

7. Who was the last American before Simone Biles in 2014 to win consecutive allaround gold medals at the gymnastics world championship? (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

• Thomas Midgley was one of GM’s best researchers and he went to work on the task working under the direction of Charles Kettering.

It only took him three days of experimenting to solve the problem. As a result, on December 31, 1928, Frigidaire received the first patent for chlorofluorocarbons which they gave the trade name of Freon. To demonstrate Freon’s characteristics at the meeting of the American Chemical Society, Midgley inhaled a lung full of Freon gas, then exhaled over a lit candle. The candle was snuffed out by the gas, Midgley did not keel over, and the assembled chemists hailed Freon as the perfect non-toxic non-flammable coolant. Soon refrigerators containing Freon were standard issue. No one had even heard of the ozone layer.

MODERN FRIDGES • Today a chemical called tetrafluoroethane is used in modern refrigerators. It turns into a liquid when it is cooled to -15.9f. (-26.6 C). A motor and compressor squeezes the chemical.

When it is compressed, the gas heats up as it is pressurized. When the compressed gas passes through the coils on the back or bottom of the fridge, it expands and the heat goes into the room, leaving the interior of the fridge cool.

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Page 4

Tidbits® of Bismarck Famous Canadians:

HENRY RUTTAN • Henry Ruttan was born on June 12, 1792, in Adolphustown, Ontario. As a young boy, he went out with his brother one day to tap maple trees for sap in order to make maple syrup.

Unfortunately, there was an accident with the axe and Henry lost several fingers on one hand.

His father reasoned that he would never be able to handle a job that involved manual labor.

Because of this, he sent Henry to school.

• Henry’s education lasted until he was 14 years old. At that time he left to become a store clerk in Kingston. He worked his way up from apprentice to partner and eventually ran his own store in Grafton.

• His career was long, varied, and distinguished.

He served in the military beginning with the War of 1812, reaching the rank of colonel. In 1820, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Northumberland. He served until 1824 and was reelected in 1836. He served as speaker of the house from December 1837 to January 1838. In 1827, he was named sheriff for the Newcastle District. But he’s known best for his innovations in heating and cooling methods for homes and railroad cars.

• The conservation of fuel and the proper ventilation of houses were impossible to achieve with the inefficient fireplaces and stoves then in use. Ruttan began to design air heaters and ventilating equipment using methods that involved drawing outside air through a duct. The air then flowed through a heater and circulated by convection throughout the various rooms in the household. Finally, it flowed through another duct and exited the building.

Continued on the next page!

by Samantha Weaver • It was noted Major League Baseball player and manager Yogi Berra who made the following sage observation: “You got to be careful if you don’t know where you’re going, because you might not get there.”

• The Surinam toad method of reproduction is unique in the animal world. The female releases eggs, and the eggs are fertilized by the male, who then rolls them into holes on the mother’s back. Skin soon grows over the holes, offering protection to the eggs as they develop through the tadpole stage. Once the young ones have become toadlets, they literally punch through their mother’s skin to emerge on their own into the world.

• Those who study such things say that onequarter of all trips made in the United States are less than 1 mile, but three-quarters of those trips still are made by car.

• You may be surprised to learn that rats and mice are ticklish -- they even laugh!

• Popcorn may be indelibly associated with movie theaters these days, but that wasn’t always the case; in the early days of the movies, when the films were still silent, popcorn was actually banned in theaters. The first movie theaters were swanky affairs trying to compete with traditional theaters. The owners didn’t want to have popcorn spilled on the fine upholstery and ground into the carpets.

• Mount Wingen, Australia, is home to the world’s longest-burning fire. The coal deposits there have been aflame for 6,000 years.

• Nobody is really a fan of vacuuming, but did you ever wonder what the most annoying thing about the chore is? Electrolux’s Global Vacuuming Survey found that the single most hated thing about vacuuming is the noise it makes. *** Thought for the Day: “He who hesitates is a damned fool.” -- Mae West (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

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HENRY RUTTAN (continued):

• In that day and age, Henry’s system of heating and cooling homes was a revolutionary system. He was granted seven patents on the process between 1846 and 1858.

• On Dec. 13, 1577, English seaman Francis Drake sets out from England with five ships and 164 men on a mission to raid Spanish holdings on the Pacific coast of the New World. Three years later, Drake’s return to England marked the first circumnavigation of the earth by a British explorer.

• On Dec. 12, 1912, two years after it was stolen from the Louvre, Leonardo da Vinci’s masterpiece The Mona Lisa is recovered inside Italian waiter Vincenzo Peruggia’s hotel room in Florence. Peruggia had previously worked at the Louvre and had participated in the heist with a group of accomplices dressed as janitors.

• On Dec. 14, 1939, the League of Nations, the international peacekeeping organization formed at the end of World War I, expels the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in response to the Soviets’ invasion of Finland.

Although the League was the brainchild of President Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined.

• On Dec. 11, 1944, the city of Toronto, Canada, is battered with its worst-ever snowfall. Twenty-one people died as nearly 20 inches of snow fell in a single day. The storm took place during World War II, and the city’s ammunition factory was forced to close.

• On Dec. 9, 1958, retired Boston candy manufacturer Robert H.W. Welch, Jr., establishes the John Birch Society, a rightwing organization dedicated to fighting what it perceives to be the extensive infiltration of communism into American society.

• On Dec. 10, 1963, kidnapped Frank Sinatra Jr. is allowed to talk briefly to his father, after which the kidnappers demanded a ransom of $240,000 and arranged Sinatra’s drop off. Law-enforcement officials picked up the young Sinatra and brought him home in the trunk of their car.

• On Dec. 8, 1980, former Beatle John Lennon is shot and killed by Mark David Chapman as Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono, were returning home to their West 72nd Street Manhattan apartment building, the nowfamous Dakota. (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

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• Henry then turned his attention to devising a system for the heating and ventilation of railway coaches which were notoriously hot and stuffy.

• His methods were similar to what he designed for homes: outside air was forced into the rail cars through ducts, with the motion of the train drawing the air in. The air passed through a water tank located underneath the floor of the rail car. Pipes led the air on a serpentine path through the water where it was cleaned, humidified, and cooled. This clean cool air was then directed to another set of pipes to be sent to the rail cars, where it was discharged just above the passengers’ heads. In the winter, the system was modified so that the air was heated before entering the rail cars. Ruttan’s system, probably the first to provide an air-conditioned vehicle, was used by several railways in Canada and the United States. By 1886, over 300 rail cars had been outfitted with his system.

• In 1861 he published a book with the lengthy title, “Ventilation and warming of buildings: illustrated by fifty-four plates, exemplifying the exhaustion principle; to which is added a complete description and illustration of the ventilation of railway carriages, for both winter and summer.”

• In 1816 Ruttan married Mary Jones. They had nine children of whom his son Henry Jones continued his father’s interests in ventilation and heating. When Henry was 68, he was thrown from a carriage and suffered injuries from which he never fully recovered. He died Cobourg in 1871 at the age of 80.

1. What was the title of Freda Payne’s 1970 Motown hit?

2. Who was “Edythe Wayne”?

3. Why were photographs of Angelo D’Aleo often missing in snaps of Dion and The Belmonts?

4. Which 1965 pop hit uses the melody from Bach’s “Minuet in G major”?

5. Name the song that contains this lyric: “Now I’ve got a guy and his name is Dooley, He’s my guy and I love him truly, He’s not good lookin’, heaven knows, But I’m wild about his crazy clothes.” (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

Page 6

Tidbits® of Bismarck saccharine-sweet. It’s certainly sentimental, but there is drama enough to entertain without stealing too much screen time from the pretty animals. This is a feel-good flick that families and aspiring biologists can enjoy together.

EDITOR’S NOTE: DVDs reviewed in this column will be available in stores the week of Dec. 8, 2014.

PICKS OF THE WEEK Guardians of the Galaxy (PG-13) -- Peter Quill (Chris Pratt) -- or “Starlord,” as he tries to get people to call him -- is an aspiring space bandit who stumbles into possession of the All Powerful Space Gem. Well, it turns out that a merciless alien warlord really needs that space gem for his space genocide. The Galaxy’s best hope lies in Starlord and his reluctant allies: an ill-tempered raccoon-hybrid (Bradley Cooper), a green assassin lady (Zoe Saldana), a rampaging alien who doesn’t get figurative language (Dave Bautista, also known for pro wrestling and MMA) and a talking tree guy (Vin Diesel).

It’s everything you want from the Marvel supersummer movie, with enough of a twist so it doesn’t feel like a recolored Avengers. If you missed it on the big screen, it’s still well-worth picking up before the inevitable sequel.

Dolphin Tale 2 (PG) -- In the last movie, a dolphin named Winter received a second chance thanks to a prosthetic tail fin and a group of dedicated humans. This time around, Winter loses her tank mate, and it’s up to a pair of teenagers (Cozi Zuehlsdorff and Nathan Gamble) to care for Winter and help find her a new companion. There’s some human-based drama, too, but the real draw lies in the sea creatures, the struggles to care for them in the right way, and the aquatic photography.

Some critics have panned it as a little too

When the Game Stands Tall (PG) -- The De La Salle Spartans high-school football team had an unbelievable winning streak of 151 games under the leadership of coach Bob Ladouceur (Jim Caviezel). Then in 2003, out of nowhere, they started losing. A series of off-the-field tragedies coincide with the losing streak, making it even more important for coach to get everyone’s spirits back up. While the football scenes are intense and engaging, the stuff before kickoff and in the locker-room just doesn’t have the tension.

Frank (R) -- An eccentric and inspiring musician spends his life wearing a cartoony paper-mache head and writing music in a notation system that he invented himself.

By Frank’s side are his soul-mate (Maggie Gyllenhaal) and a somewhat bewildered young drummer (Domhnall Gleeson). This oddball semi-adventure follows a brilliantyet-bizarre frontman whose character is drawn from several real-life rockers with complicated or unique personas. Oddest of all was the decision to cast Michael Fassbender in a role that hides his face for the duration. If you’ve got an urge for a flick with some spunk and a skewed perspective, give Frank a chance to weird you out in a good way.

TV RELEASES “Doctor Who: Season 8” “Hart to Hart: Season 3” “Under the Dome: Season 2” “Family Guy Volume 13” “Mork & Mindy: Season 4” “The Jeffersons: The Complete Series” (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

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FROZEN FOODS: QUIZ (Answers at the bottom of page 7.)

CLARENCE • Clarence went on an Arctic expedition in the 1920s. One day he went ice fishing when it was -20f. (-28C) and the fish he caught froze instantly when he removed them from the water.

Back at camp, he tossed a fish into a bucket of warm water and was amazed to see it come to life again. He concluded that it had survived because it had been frozen so quickly. This gave him an idea. He tried flash-freezing food.

Freezing food quickly prevents large ice crystals from forming, preventing damage to the cells so that it tastes the same when thawed. In 1924 Clarence began marketing the first line of frozen food – fish. They didn’t sell well, because few people, including grocers, owned freezers. One day heiress Marjorie Post of Post cereals was on a yacht with her husband E. F. Hutton when their chef served a goose dinner, even though goose was out of season. She asked the chef where he’d gotten the goose and he introduced her to Clarence. She convinced her husband and the board of directors of Post to sign up Clarence and invest in this new technology. By 1930 they were selling 26 kinds of frozen foods. In the mid-1930s they introduced a freezer display case leased to grocers who couldn’t afford to buy one.

By the time Clarence died in 1956, the company he started, named after himself, was one of the best known names in frozen foods. What was his last name?

JOHN’S MOM • Edward Piszek worked in a bar making crab cakes in 1946. One night he made 172, but only sold 50. Not wanting to waste them, he packed them into a freezer. A week later, they were still good. He and his friend John decided to go into business selling frozen fish patties.

• Feeling their frozen fish patties needed a woman’s touch, they resolved to name their company after a woman. Edward Piszek’s mother pressured them to name it after her, but they named it after John’s mother because her name was easier to spell. Edward teamed up with his wife to sell grocers on his product.

First, he would go in and give the sales pitch, then his wife would enter the store and exclaim over it. Next Edward would hire his friends to go into the store and buy up the product, creating artificial demand. He bought out John’s portion of the business but kept the name of John’s mother. What was her name?

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FROZEN FOODS: QUIZ (continued): FROZEN MEALS • In 1922 Abraham and his wife opened a lunch counter. It was successful, so they opened another one in 1923 with the help of their son Vernon. With the success of the second restaurant, they incorporated, naming the firm after themselves. They continued to open new restaurants. Customers kept asking for extra entrees that they could take home to eat. With the advent of refrigerators and freezers, Vernon decided to expand into the frozen food business.

At first he just had the chefs cook extra food which was frozen and sold to retailers. Soon demand outstripped supply and the chefs couldn’t keep up. In 1954 Vernon founded a frozen food operation bearing the family name. In the 1960s he also opened a chain of hotels. Today that firm is the leading producer of premium frozen prepared foods, with over 150 varieties including frozen lasagna, French bread pizzas, and frozen dinners. What’s it called?

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Sports Quiz Answers 1. The Kansas City Royals.

2. Mark Quinn (1999 Royals) and Dino Restelli (1949 Pirates).

3. Derrick Mason (1997-2011).

4. Duke and North Carolina in 1991, and Kentucky and Louisville in 2012.

5. Teemu Selanne had 76 goals for Winnipeg in the 1992-93 season.

6. South Korea, with nine appearances.

7. Shannon Miller, 1993-94.

Trivia Test Answers 1. Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie and Superior (HOMES) 2. Rembrandt 3. Polonium and radium 4. Julia Louis-Dreyfus, as Elaine 5. “Major League” 6. Portugal 7. M&M’s 8. The skull 9. 1,440 10. The Archer

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Frozen Foods: Quiz Answers • Clarence’s last name was Birdseye.

• John’s mom was Mrs. Paul.

• The frozen food company is called Stouffer’s.

Flash Back Trivia Answers “Band of Gold.” The song tells of a couple on their honeymoon who end up sleeping in separate rooms.

This was the pseudonym of three Motown writers (Lamont Dozier, Brian Holland and Eddie Holland), who weren’t allowed to write under their real names due to a legal dispute.

D’Aleo was in the Navy and wasn’t always able to get back for photo shoots.

“A Lover’s Concerto,” first recorded by The Toys. The only difference is the meter.

“Pink Shoelaces” by Dodie Stevens (born Geraldine Ann Pasquale) in 1959. In the song, Dooley enlisted in the “fightin’ corps” but objected when they tried to put him in a uniform. He wanted tan shoes, pink shoelaces and a polka-dot vest.

Enterprise Publications, LLC, owned and operated by James and Nikki Wiese of Bismarck, recently acquired the rights to publish Tidbits® in the

Bismarck/Mandan area. Tidbits® is a light and interesting paper dedicated to publishing things you didn’t know. A “tidbit” is defined as “a tasty morsel to be devoured before the meal,” and that’s exactly what Tidbits® is.....a morsel for the mind. Tidbits® is published weekly, so look out! Tidbits® has arrived! Distributed at area restaurants, Tidbits® is meant to be picked up when entering and read while dining. Tidbits® provides food for thought, so Bon Appetit! Tidbits® can also be found wherever people are waiting. Whether you are waiting for your vehicle to have its oil changed or get new tires, or waiting for your doctor, chiropractor, optomistrist, or dentist, rest assured that Tidbits® will be there to keep you entertained! Once you are done waiting, either take it home for further enjoyment or leave it for the next person! Don’t worry about running out, because we will publish more each week. If you actually have a week where you are not waiting for something, rest assured that Tidbits® will still be there. Find and read each week’s edition online at our website, www.bismarcktidbits.com. Tidbits® is here for you.

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