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PAPER
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by Janet Spencer On December 26, 1854, John Beardsley showed paper samples made from wood pulp to the editor of the Buffalo, NY “Democrat” who wrote an article exclaiming over how wonderful the newfangled paper was. Come along with Tidbits as we look at the history of paper!
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PAPER BASICS • Paper has been described as “70% wood and 30% chemistry.” Modern paper is made by having a log chipped, digested, refined, washed, screened, pressed, heated, and rolled. • For centuries the most popular writing surface was parchment, made from animal hides. The Egyptians used fibers from papyrus stems that were soaked, pounded, and laid in mats to dry. 1929 N Washington St. • Suite X • Bismarck, ND
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• In the year 105 A.D., a clerk in China pulverized rags, cooked them, then dipped a screen into the liquid and let the fibers dry. This was the method used to form paper for the next 1,500 years. Previous to this, silk had been used as a writing surface, but because of this new invention, China was able to export more silk, leading to an economic boom.
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• Rags were the main source of papermaking fiber for centuries. The result was a thick, gray paper that was often streaked with colors from the old clothing that was used to make it. Turn the page for more!
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(continued): THE HISTORY OF PAPER
• In 1719 a Frenchman named Reaumur noticed that wasps scraped rotting logs with their legs, chewed the scrapings, and made pulp that was turned into their papery nests. The wasps preferred evergreens, which today provide most of our paper. He presented this to the Royal Academy as evidence that paper could be made from material other than rags. It took years for the knowledge to be put to use. • Paper was first manufactured in the U.S. at the Rittenhouse Mill, Germantown, PA, in 1690. Rittenhouse made paper out of flax linen rags. A large printer in Philadelphia bought the entire supply of Rittenhouse paper. This irked Benjamin Franklin, who had to use imported paper for all of his printing projects. Because of this, Franklin was instrumental in setting up 18 other paper mills in order to break the Rittenhouse paper monopoly. He subsequently became not only America’s first major paper merchant, but also Philadelphia’s largest printer. Franklin once quipped, “Never argue with a man who buys his ink by the gallon.” • In 1800, Matthias Koop wrote and published a book called Historical Account of the Substances Which Have Been Used to Describe Events, and to Convey Ideas, from the Earliest Date, to the Invention of Paper. It was printed on paper made from straw and glued wood shavings. The book was very sturdy but very costly, and Koop soon went bankrupt. • In the 1830s and 1840s, two men on two different continents began to experiment with making paper out of pulped wood instead of pulped rags. Charles Fenerty in Canada and Friedrich Keller of Germany individually invented a machine that extracted fibers from wood and made paper from it. This started a new era for paper making. By the end of the 19th century almost all paper in the western world came from wood instead of rags. • Ruled paper was first produced by machine by John Tetlow in England in the 1770s. It was used for music paper and accounting ledgers. Before this, the rules had to be drawn by hand. • During the Civil War, there were 555 paper mills in the U.S., but only 24 were located in the South. Naval blockades caused southern newspaper offices to run out of paper so some editions were printed on wallpaper. See the next page for more!
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• In 1666 in England, cotton and linen were prohibited from being used for burial shrouds in order to make them available for papermaking. Wool was the only fabric that was allowed to be used for a shroud, because you cannot make paper out of wool. In the 1700s there was a shortage of rags to make paper. Nations passed laws forbidding rags to be taken out of the country. Rag smuggling became a lucrative profession.
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1. MATH: What is the Arabic equivalent of the Roman numerals MMDLVII? 2. LITERATURE: Who wrote the story “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”? 3. TELEVISION: What superhero pops up repeatedly in episodes of the “Seinfeld” sitcom series? 4. INVENTIONS: Who is credited with inventing the electric razor? 5. MOVIES: home state?
What was Forrest Gump’s
6. MUSIC: What group performed the hit “Papa Was a Rollin’ Stone”? 7. CHEMISTRY: What is the symbol for the element tungsten? 8. GEOGRAPHY: What modern European country was called Lusitania in Roman times? 9. LANGUAGE: In Latin names for the days of the week, what god is represented by Wednesday? 10. ANIMAL KINGDOM: What is a group of weasels called? (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
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(continued): THE HISTORY OF PAPER (continued):
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• Next came the invention of the first practical fountain pen, the mass-produced pencil, and the steam-driven rotary printing press. With paper now cheap and widely available, books, schoolbooks, and newspapers became available by 1900. Widespread availability of wood-based paper also meant that keeping diaries and writing letters became common. CARDBOARD • The first cardboard was made in 1824. When people started shipping things in cardboard, manufacturers of wooden boxes and barrels pressured railroads and insurance companies to refuse to handle or insure them, due to increased likelihood of damage. It wasn’t until 1914 that a law was passed prohibiting railroads from charging extra for handling goods packaged in cardboard. Today, 99% of all products are packaged in paper at some point, and about 50% of all paper used in the U.S. is used for packaging. PAPER BAGS • In 1872, the first paper bag manufacturing machine was patented by L. C. Crowell. Paper bags had been around a long time, but they were pasted together by hand and had V-shaped bottoms. What made these paper bags so popular was that they would stand alone. When supermarkets became popular in the 1930’s, business boomed. VENTURES IN PUBLISHING
1. When was the last time the Chicago Cubs won a division title? 2. Who had been the fastest pitcher to reach 500 strikeouts before Texas’ Yu Darvish (401 2/3 innings) set the new mark in 2014? 3. In 2013, Tony Romo passed for 506 yards in a game, setting a new record for the Cowboys. Who had held the Dallas passing mark? 4. Which was the first school to be a 15th seed and beat a No. 2 seed in the men’s basketball NCAA Tournament? 5. Who holds the Chicago Blackhawks record for most postseason game-winning goals? 6. Entering 2015, how many consecutive years has a Chevrolet driver won NASCAR’s Brickyard 400 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway? 7. Tennis player David Ferrer has won more than 20 singles titles, but has been in only one Grand Slam final. Which one was it, and to whom did he lose? (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
• Gutenberg spent 20 years in the 1400’s perfecting the first method of printing using moveable type and a press. He was a skilled metalworker and was familiar with tools. To typeset the Bible required 2,500 individual pieces of type for each page. He used parchment because paper had not yet been invented, and each Gutenberg Bible required the skins of 300 sheep. Ink was made from pine shavings and soot. It took three years to produce the Bibles, which had 1,284 pages each. He printed 200 of them, and 47 still survive. However, Gutenberg went heavily into debt to develop this technique. The same year the Bibles were completed, his financier confiscated all his equipment and used it to make himself rich. Gutenberg died in poverty, yet his name lives on today. WORLD’S FINEST • Cartier on Fifth Avenue in New York at one time offered for sale handmade stationery from Finland with rough edges and a personalized portrait watermark. For only $10,000 you could get 100 sheets (including envelopes). To write on such paper, one should really have a nice pen, such as the two 18-carat diamond capped pens that sold for just under $23,000. To go along with that, you might be interested in a blue glass paperweight made in Paris around 1850. It sold for $143,000 in 1982.
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Tidbits® of Bismarck FAMOUS CANADIANS:
CHARLES FENERTY • Charles Fenerty was born around 1820 in Sackville, NS, just north of Halifax. Fenerty’s family owned 2,000 acres of farmland and timberland. Because there were many lakes in the area, it was the perfect spot for lumber mills. Charles grew up working on the family farm and helping out in the family saw mills. • By the time he became an adult, the demand for paper was far outstripping the supply. Back then, paper was still being made out of rags. Every time a new paper mill opened, they would put out a desperate plea for people to sell or donate old rags so they could be milled into paper. • Charles passed by a paper mill on his way to and from Halilfax. The paper mill was owned by a friend of his who also owned the local newspaper. Fenerty stopped in often to observe the operations of the paper mill, and he couldn’t help but notice the similarities between the paper mill and the saw mill he worked in every day. • In the paper mill, rags were boiled in water and then pounded or ground until they became a mass of fibers, which were then pressed, dried, and turned into paper. At Fenerty’s waterpowered saw mills, wood chips and sawdust landed on the wet floor where they were ground underneath people’s feet until they also became a mass of fibers. Continued on the next page!
of Bismarck
by Samantha Weaver • It was American industrialist Jean Paul Getty who made the following sage observation: “If you can count your money, you don’t have a billion dollars.” • You’ve doubtless heard the term “bigwig” to refer to a person of importance, but you’ve probably never learned where the word originated. In the 18th century, King Louis XIV of France began wearing large wigs, and the fashion became a trend among the upper classes. At the time, wigs were made from human hair, which was very expensive to obtain; therefore, the larger the wig, the more hair was required and the more money the wearer had to spend to purchase it. • In 1950, a patent was issued for a fork that automatically spins to wind spaghetti onto it. • You might be surprised to learn that painter and sculptor Michelangelo was also a wellknown poet in his day. • Medieval times, it seems, were suspicious times. When nobles gathered for social events, each person would pour a little bit of wine from his or her own cup into the cups of others -- this was a way to ensure that no one was poisoning the drinks. The tradition continues today (with less suspicion, one would hope) when people clink glasses after toast. • It wasn’t until 1933 that an act of Congress made the dime legal tender for all transactions. Before that, it could be used only if the item or items being purchased totaled less than $10. • Besides being former U.S. presidents, what do George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams have in common? As adults, they all collected and played marbles avidly. *** Thought for the Day: “I’m all in favor of keeping dangerous weapons out of the hands of fools. Let’s start with typewriters.” -- Frank Lloyd Wright (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
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CHARLES FENERTY (continued):
• On Dec. 28, 1793, Thomas Paine is arrested in France for treason. Though the charges against him were never detailed, he had been tried in absentia on Dec. 26 and convicted. Before moving to France, Paine was an instrumental figure in the American Revolution as the author of Common Sense. • On Dec. 24, 1801, British inventor Richard Trevithick takes his friends for a test ride on his “Puffing Devil,” or “Puffer,” the first steampowered passenger vehicle. The Puffer could be put to work in mines, on farms, in factories, on ships and in locomotives of all kinds. • On Dec. 27, 1831, British naturalist Charles Darwin sets out from Plymouth, England, aboard the HMS Beagle on a five-year surveying expedition of the southern Atlantic and Pacific oceans to gather knowledge of the flora, fauna and geology. This information proved invaluable in the development of his theory of evolution. • On Dec. 22, 1849, writer Fyodor Dostoevsky is led before a firing squad but receives a last-minute reprieve and is sent to a Siberian labor camp, where he worked for four years. In 1866, he published “Crime and Punishment.” • On Dec. 25, 1941, “White Christmas,” written by Irving Berlin, receives its world premiere on the NBC radio program, “The Kraft Music Hall.” The song went on to become one of the most commercially successful singles of all time. • On Dec. 26, 1966, Jimi Hendrix writes the lyrics to “Purple Haze” -- the song that would give him his breakthrough hit in the United States. “Purple Haze” actually had relatively little commercial success as a single. It was Hendrix’s legendary, guitar-burning live performance at the Monterey Pop Festival that established him as a star. • On Dec. 23, 1982, the Missouri Department of Health and the federal Centers for Disease Control inform residents of Times Beach, Missouri, that their town was contaminated when the chemical dioxin was sprayed on its unpaved roads, and that the town will have to be evacuated and demolished. In 1985, the city was officially unincorporated. (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
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• In 1841, Fenerty began to experiment with wood pulp, figuring out how to soak the wood, how to separate the fibers, how to squeeze out the extra water, how to dry it out, and how to bleach it white. He was perfectly suited for the task: he had grown up in a saw mill, he was surrounded by forests, and he had the time to spend on research. • Fenerty discovered that spruce made the best paper. The first paper Fenerty produced was probably very similar to modern day paper grocery bags. It wouldn’t have been pretty, but it would have been suitable for use as newsprint. He later perfected the art of bleaching paper so it was white. • In 1844 he wrote a letter to his friend at the newspaper announcing that he had found a way to make perfectly good paper from pulped wood. He enclosed a sample. Fenerty wrote that the sample he had enclosed, “which is as firm in its texture, as white, and to all appearances as durable as the common wrapping paper, made from hemp, cotton, or the ordinary materials of manufacture, is actually composed of spruce wood reduced to pulp, and subjected to the same treatment as paper.” The letter was printed in the newspaper. • Still, little attention was paid to Fenerty’s process. He never patented his ideas and never pursued the endeavor. In Germany, another inventor was coming to the same conclusions, and Friedrich Gotlob Keller is usually credited with being the inventor of the modern-day paper making process because he took the time to patent his discoveries. • Pulped wood paper slowly began to be adopted by paper mills throughout Canada, the U.S., and Europe. Fenerty lived long enough to see the very first wood pulp paper mill erected near his home town, and some say he even worked there for a time. He died at home in Sackville of the flu at the age of 71. A monument in his honor stands in Sackville, but he never received much recognition aside from that. • Today Canada exports more pulped wood products than any other country in the world.
1. Who wrote and recorded “(Love Is) Thicker than Water”? 2. Name the group that started as The Sinceres in 1967. 3. What was the title of the only No. 1 hit for the Dave Clark Five? 4. Who released the 1963 instrumental “Memphis”? 5. Name the song that contains this lyric: “If I could be you and you could be me for just one hour, If we could find a way to get inside each other’s mind, If you could see you through my eyes instead of your ego, I believe you’d be surprised to see that you’d been blind.” (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
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Tidbits® of Bismarck carnage and inhumanity surround her, then follows up with emotional gut-punches when she realizes what she puts her family through.
EDITOR’S NOTE: DVDs reviewed in this column will be available in stores the week of Dec. 22, 2014. PICKS OF THE WEEK Pride (R) -- When you think of groups who have formed iron-clad alliances, you really don’t think of coal miners and gay activists as brothers in arms. However, in England in 1984, coal miners had to fight to keep their industry alive and their hometowns from folding under pressure from the Thatcher administration. A group of gay and lesbian activists sympathize with the plight of the miners, and earnestly offer their help to the perplexed workers. It’s a high-spirited Brit comedy with good intentions and the right tone. The characters are cut sympathetically, the jokes are charming, and emotional weight is earnest without being cloying. Sexual activities and questions are referenced, but it never gets raunchy. It’s a crowd pleaser with a good outlook. 1,000 Times Good Night (R) -- As a photojournalist working in some of the world’s deadliest places, Rebecca (Juliette Binoche) faces untold danger so she can make a difference by photographing the reality of war. Her husband (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau) and two daughters wait for her at home in Ireland, suffering each time she leaves. When Rebecca gets too close to a suicide bomber, her husband tells her that she must stop putting her life in danger, or she’ll lose her family. The film hits hard with scenes of Rebecca navigating and snapping away as conflict,
The Trip to Italy (R) -- This sequel to the 2010 British hit “The Trip” puts comedians Steve Coogan and Rob Brydon back on the road to semi-improvised hilarity. The two comedians play slightly fictionalized versions of themselves. They’re friends, sort of. Well, they’re adult men who are able to stand one another’s company, keep a conversation going and compete over who can do the best vocal impressions. It beats loneliness. This time, they’re on a newspaper assignment to travel around Italy, eating fine foods and writing about it. It’s a serving of dry, ridiculous humor with well-portioned bits of reality. Two-Bit Waltz (R) -- Maude (Clara Mamet, also the film’s writer and director) is an abrasive young woman who carries with her an assortment of quirks. Her family is similarly quirked -- Dad (William H. Macy) cannot stop reading, Mom (Rebecca Pidgeon) is breezily detached. The film tries too hard to mimic some earlier film classics, and overall just feels like an amateur stab from a Wes Anderson acolyte. Maude’s younger brother is played by Jared Gilman, the lead boy from Anderson’s “Moonrise Kingdom,” and the dialogue has that stilted delivery that only works in Anderson flicks. There still are some clever gems in the script. This shockingly young writer/director/ performer has plenty of time to cut her own style. TV RELEASES “Dominion: Season 1” “Intruders: Season One” “WWE: Survivor Series 2014” “Mazinger Z TV Series Part 2” “My Favorite Martian: Season 2”
OFFICE SUPPLIES • A French man whose first name was Marcel was employed as the production manager at an ink factory. Later he started his own fountain pen company. However, fountain pens were difficult to fill and they often leaked. So in 1950 Marcel obtained the patent rights for the ballpoint pen from Laszlo Biro. He then improved its design, by making it more reliable, inventing a disposable model, and lowering the price to 29 cents. People didn’t believe that a pen that cost only 29 cents could really work well, so they didn’t buy the pens. Marcel started an ad campaign with the slogan that his pens write “first time, every time.” He showed the pens being fired from cannons, strapped to ice skates, and mounted on jackhammers and still writing. He began making sure that small shops near schools carried the pens so students would buy them. His plan worked, and Marcel made so much money that he also set up factories to make disposable razors and cigarette lighters. In 1956 he invented the world’s first retractable ballpoint pen. He named the pens, the razors, and the lighters after himself and his company is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of these items. Chances are good that the pen on your desk has his last name on it. Can you guess what Marcel’s last name was? (Find the Answer at the end of this article.) • During World War II, German spies trying to infiltrate Soviet ranks were routinely caught as soon as they crossed enemy lines. Why? Because of their passports. Although the passports had been expertly forged, they were stapled with stainless steel staples, which never rusted. Soviets used staples made of cheaper iron, which rusted quickly, leaving brown blotches on the paper. Continued on the next page!
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OFFICE SUPPLIES (continued):
• In 1970 a researcher at the 3M factory was trying to invent a super-strong adhesive. He invented an adhesive, but it turned out to be very weak instead of very strong. It would stick to things but pull right off again. He put the formula away for later and went back to working on finding a stronger glue. Four years later, another scientist who sang in the church choir got annoyed because the pieces of paper he used to keep his place in the hymnal kept falling out. He remembered the weak glue his co-worker had invented, and he used it to coat his bookmarks. The managers at the 3M company thought this was a good idea. Ten years after the scientist had accidentally invented the world’s weakest glue, Post-It Notes were on the market. • Paperclips were first invented by a Trivia Test Norwegian named Johan Vaaler in 1899. The Answers metal clips alone account for an annual U.S. 1. 2,557 steel consumption of 10,000 tons. 2. Edgar Allan Poe • In 1776 the first invisible ink was used. Silas 3. Superman Deane, member of the Committee of Secret 4. Jacob Schick Correspondence, sent word from France that 5. Alabama the British Ministry was determined to reduce 6. The Temptations the colonies to unconditional surrender. The 7. W (wolfram) invisible ink was penned between lines of a list 8. Portugal of supplies. Written in tannic acid, the message 9. Mercury (Dies Mercurii) was revealed when the paper was sponged 10. A gang with ferrous sulfate. The iron combined with Sports Quiz the tannic acid on the paper to make a dark Answers compound that was easily visible. 1. It was 2008 (Central Division). • The mother of Michael Nesbit of ‘The 2. The Chicago Cubs’ Kerry Wood (404 2/3 Monkeys’ invented liquid paper correction fluid. innings). 3. Don Meredith threw for 460 yards in a • The Latin word “filum” means thread. game in 1963. Important papers were strung together on 4. The Richmond Spiders, in 1991 (beat No. 2 threads. Today we keep them in files. Syracuse). 5. Jonathan Toews, with 10. • Answer: Marcel’s last name was Bich, which 6. Twelve years in a row. was (for obvious reasons) changed to Bic. 7. The 2013 French Open, where he lost to Rafael Nadal. Flash Back Trivia Answers 1. Andy Gibb, in 1978. He co-wrote it with his brother Barry. 2. Bloodstone. They had an R&B hit with “Natural High” in 1974. 3. “Over and Over,” in 1965. It only reached No. 45 in the U.K. 4. Lonnie Mack. He was one of the first to give electric guitars the lead solo “voice” in rock music, paving the way for others like Jimi Hendrix and Eric Clapton. 5. “Walk a Mile in My Shoes,” by Joe South in 1970. The song was about racial tolerance and compassion. Although written by South, the single credits “Joe South and the Believers.” The group included his brother Tommy and sister-in-law Barbara.
www.bismarcktidbits.com Enterprise Publications, LLC, owned and operated by James and Nikki Wiese of Bismarck, recently acquired the rights to publish Tidbits® in the
Bismarck/Mandan area. Tidbits® is a light and interesting paper dedicated to publishing things you didn’t know. A “tidbit” is defined as “a tasty morsel to be devoured before the meal,” and that’s exactly what Tidbits® is.....a morsel for the mind. Tidbits® is published weekly, so look out! Tidbits® has arrived! Distributed at area restaurants, Tidbits® is meant to be picked up when entering and read while dining. Tidbits® provides food for thought, so Bon Appetit! Tidbits® can also be found wherever people are waiting. Whether you are waiting for your vehicle to have its oil changed or get new tires, or waiting for your doctor, chiropractor, optomistrist, or dentist, rest assured that Tidbits® will be there to keep you entertained! Once you are done waiting, either take it home for further enjoyment or leave it for the next person! Don’t worry about running out, because we will publish more each week. If you actually have a week where you are not waiting for something, rest assured that Tidbits® will still be there. Find and read each week’s edition online at our website, www.bismarcktidbits.com. Tidbits® is here for you.
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Tidbits速 of Bismarck