of Bismarck November 5, 2014
Vol. 1 Issue 5
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by Janet Spencer • On November 2, 1904, the use of fingerprints began in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, and the St. Louis Police Department. They were assisted by a Sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been on duty at the St. Louis World’s Fair Exposition guarding the British display. Shortly afterwards, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) created America’s first national fingerprint repository, called the National Bureau of Criminal Identification. Come along with Tidbits as we examine fingerprints! FINGERPRINT FACTS • In some cultures criminals were identified by amputating an ear or finger, or by blinding an eye or cutting the tongue. Egyptians extracted teeth of criminals for ID purposes, and in medieval Europe they were branded like cattle—a practice that continued in China until 1905. Today we identify criminals through fingerprints. FINGERPRINT FILE • Fingerprints form about 4 months before birth. We have fingerprints (as well as hand and foot prints) in order to increase traction. The ridges increase friction against surfaces. Foot and hand prints are just as unique as fingerprints.
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Tidbits® of Bismarck FINGERPRINT FILE (continued): • There may be 300 ridges on the skin between fingertips and wrist. There are millions of sweat pores between the ridges, which exude a nearly invisible mixture that’s 99% water and 1% fatty acid. Everything you touch is covered with this residue. The water will evaporate, but the fat remains. Fingerprints are still intact and readable on ancient mummies. • In ancient China, emperors used thumbprints to sign state papers. Artists used fingerprints on pictures instead of signatures. But the fact that every human being carries a signature on their fingertips wasn’t put to use in police work until William Herschel became interested in 1860. At that time, he was working for the British government in India. He handled the payment of pensions to retired people. But frequently one person would collect his money, and then later someone using the same name would show up to collect it again. Herschel couldn’t keep track of the many people he dealt with—so he started having everyone sign for their money with a thumbprint. The fraud stopped immediately, but it was decades before fingerprints came into play where crime solving was concerned. • In 1892 a detective was called to a scene where two young children had been murdered. The mother accused an old man who lived nearby. He proclaimed his innocence. The policeman found a bloody handprint on the door. He called the old man to the scene, and had him place an inked handprint on a piece of paper. The prints didn’t match. Next he had the mother of the children do the same—and the prints matched. She had murdered her own kids because the man she loved wouldn’t marry her as long as she had children. This is the first recorded instance of fingerprints being used to solve a crime. • Scotland Yard began using fingerprint evidence in 1901. Since then, fingerprint evidence has solved innumerable crimes. • For many decades, each police department kept its own collection of fingerprints on file. Any police department with a suspicious person in custody sent copies of fingerprints to each police department individually, and each police department searched through their files manually. It was a time-consuming and inefficient process. Congress established the FBI’s Identification Division in 1924 to be the central repository for all fingerprint records. Now known as the Criminal Justice Information Services Division, the bureau employs around 3,000 people and is the largest branch of the FBI. Currently the FBI has over 234 million fingerprints on file representing over 81 million people. Of the millions of sets of fingerprints in FBI files, none have ever been found to match. See the next page for more!
1. LANGUAGE: What does the Greek prefix “chrono” mean? 2. MOVIES: What kind of encounter is experienced in the movie “Close Encounters of the Third Kind”? 3. LITERATURE: Who was the author of “The Optimist’s Daughter”? 4. SCIENCE: Who developed the Uncertainty Principle in quantum mechanics? 5. ASTRONOMY: How many days does it take for the planet Mercury to orbit the Sun? 6. AD SLOGANS: What product’s sales slogan was, “Tastes so good cats ask for it by name”? 7. ANIMAL KINGDOM: What is the adjective used to describe bees? 8. MAGAZINES: In what year did the magazine National Lampoon launch? 9. GEOGRAPHY: What is the capital of Hungary? 10. ENTERTAINERS: Which silent movie actress was known as “The Vamp”? (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
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FINGERPRINT FILE (continued): • In 1999, the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) went into operation. IAFIS stores over 51 million digital prints and compares them within minutes, pulling up a list of potential matches along with their criminal histories. State and local law enforcement agencies transmit fingerprint information to the system electronically, and get identification within a few hours. FINDING FINGERPRINTS • There are several methods of finding fingerprints. One of the most common methods is called iodine fuming. In the late 1800s it was found that iodine fumes, when they come into contact with body fats and oils, will react with them in a way that makes them visible. To accomplish this, iodine crystals are put into a beaker and heated, which produces a purple gas. • When an object thought to have fingerprints on it is held over iodine vapor, the vapor crystalizes where it comes into contact with fats and oils, defining the lines of the print. The print is then photographed, and specialized filters on the camera will make the print even more visible. Iodine fuming is good at lifting prints from rubber gloves. • Another method used silver nitrate and ninhydrin as dusting powders. Ninhydrin reacts to the amino acids in human sweat, causing them to become visible. Silver nitrate combines with trace amounts of body salts to form sodium chloride. The print can then be lifted with a sticky tape, and then photographed. Ninhydrin and silver nitrate, used together, can reveal prints left on porous surfaces such as paper or wood.
1. Who holds the major-league record for most multihomer games? 2. In 1974, an Atlanta Brave led the National League in batting average, while a teammate led the league in ERA. Name them. 3. Who was the last quarterback before Alabama’s A.J. McCarron in the 2011-12 seasons to lead a team to back-to-back undisputed national championships? 4. In 2014, Mark Jackson became the sixth coach in Warriors franchise history to win 100 NBA games. Name three of the first five to do it. 5. Who has recorded the most saves during a shutout in an NHL game (including overtime)? 6. Who is the only U.S. athlete to win a gold medal in both the Summer and Winter Olympics in different events? 7. Who has compiled the lowest nine-hole score at a PGA Tour event? (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
• A third method involves the use of superglue. In the early 1980s a British policeman was using superglue to repair a cracked filmprocessing tank in a darkroom. He noticed that the glue fumes enhanced the fingerprints that were on the side of the tank. This was brought to the attention of forensic scientists, and in 1982 the superglue fuming method of lifting fingerprints was first used. Similar to the iodine fuming method, the superglue is heated in a glass beaker and the object placed in the rising vapors. The gas condenses and sticks to the body oils and makes the pattern visible. Dyes are then used to make the pattern stand out even more. Superglue fuming reveals prints left on tin foil, rubberbands, Styrofoam, and various plastic products. • Today, digital scanners capture an image of the fingerprint. To create a digital fingerprint, a person places a finger on an optical reader. The reader converts the information into digital data. The computer then searches for similar patterns in the database.
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Tidbits® of Bismarck Famous Canadians:
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BRIAN DALRYMPLE
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• Brian E. Dalrymple was born in Toronto in 1947. He got his baccalaureate in 1970 from Ontario College of Art. In 1972 Dalrymple joined the Forensic Identification Services of the Ontario Provincial Police as a forensic analyst, beginning a 28-year career with the agency. • In 1977 he began collaborating with a couple guys at the Xerox Research Centre named Duff and Menzel, experimenting with lasers. It bothered them that every time they turned the lasers on, the laser beam would illuminate every single fingerprint in the area, fouling up their experiments. Finally someone suggested that maybe this discovery could be useful in crime detection. • Fine-tuning their discovery, the team found that shining an argon ion laser on latent fingerprints would cause them to fluorescence, making them highly visible. The laser light bounces off the human fat and perspiration in the fingerprint which glow fluorescent yellow. The laser beam was a non-destructive method that also allowed the more traditional methods of fingerprint identification to proceed normally.
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• Additionally, they found that the goggles that all laser operators are required to wear while working with a laser beam effectively blocked certain wavelengths of light, which made the fingerprint stand out even more. Further research by Dalrymple showed that if a fingerprint were stained with particular chemicals, it would cause an even greater degree of fluorescence when the laser light was beamed upon it. Together, these developments proved to be so effective that fingerprints that were otherwise invisible using standard methods could now easily be revealed using these techniques.
by Samantha Weaver • It was beloved American author Kurt Vonnegut who made the following sage observation: “Laughing or crying is what a human being does when there’s nothing else he can do.” • If you removed all the phosphorus from your body, you’d have enough to make about 250 matchheads. • Those who study such things say that boys who have first names that are considered to be strange or peculiar have a higher incidence of mental problems as adults than boys with more traditional names. The correlation was not found to hold true for girls. • The next time you’re at a holiday gathering and someone has had a bit too much to drink, you can say that person is cherubimical; it’s much nicer than calling a family member a drunk. • You may have learned that the distress signal SOS stands for “Save Our Ship,” but that’s a myth. That signal was chosen because in Morse Code, it’s easy to remember and transmit the three dots, three dashes and three dots that represent those letters. • There was a time when it was illegal in Hawaii for a woman to eat a coconut. • According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the oldest documented living parrot is more than 80 years old. Cookie, a Major Mitchell’s cockatoo, has lived at the Brookfield Zoo in Illinois since May 1934. • The New Orleans Saints were admitted to the National Football League on Nov. 1, 1966 -- All Saints’ Day. The team, however, was named for the iconic New Orleans jazz song “When the Saints Go Marching In.” • If you’re an American who has a garden, you’re more likely to be growing tomatoes than any other vegetable or fruit. *** Thought for the Day: “You can pretend to be serious; you can’t pretend to be witty.” -Sacha Guitry (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
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DALRYMPLE (continued):
• On Nov. 6, 1789, Pope Pius VI appoints John Carroll bishop of Baltimore, making him the first Catholic bishop in the United States. He oversaw the creation of leading Catholic institutions, including the nation’s first Catholic university, Georgetown University, founded in 1789. • On Nov. 7, 1885, at a remote spot called Craigellachie in the mountains of British Columbia, the last spike is driven into Canada’s first transcontinental railway. Despite the logistical difficulties posed, the almost 3,000-mile-long railway was completed six years ahead of schedule.
• The very first fingerprint identified and utilized in a criminal case using this technology was located on the sticky side of a piece of black electrical tape in a drug case. This was the beginning of a revolution in the forensic identification field. • Today, portable lasers are sometimes taken to crime scenes to help with fingerprint evidence. This technology is now in global use and has provided crucial evidence in hundreds of major investigations. • As a result of his efforts, the Ontario Provincial Police became the first police agency in the world to be operational in this technology. After another decade of research, Dalrymple perfected the art of applying computer enhancement technology to sharpen images, once again placing the Ontario Provincial Police as Canadian leaders in forensic science.
• On Nov. 9, 1946, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Army Cadets play to a historic 0-0 tie at Yankee Stadium in New York. Notre Dame-Army was college football’s biggest rivalry. Football tickets typically cost $1 to $5, but many fans had paid scalpers as much as $250, equal to $3,200 in today’s dollars.
• In 1991, as Associate Section Head, he introduced the first Computer Evidence System to Canada, and became the first Canadian to offer expert advice in this technology. He was promoted to Manager of Forensic Identification Services in 1992.
• On Nov. 4, 1956, a spontaneous national uprising that began 12 days before in Hungary is viciously crushed by Soviet tanks and troops. Thousands were killed and wounded, and nearly a quartermillion Hungarians fled the country. The Soviet action stunned many in the West, as Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev had pledged a retreat from the Stalinist repression of the past.
• Brian Dalrymple retired from the Ontario Provincial Police in 1999 and now runs a private firm dedicated to consultation and training in identification services. He specializes not only in fingerprints, but also in shoe prints, foot prints, and forensic photography, helping solve homicides, drug crimes, fraud, and deter organized crime.
• On Nov. 3, 1964, residents of the District of Columbia cast their ballots in a presidential election for the first time. The passage of the 23rd Amendment in 1961 gave citizens of the nation’s capital the right to vote for a president and vice president. • On Nov. 8, 1974, Salt Lake City resident Carol DaRonch narrowly escapes being abducted by serial killer Ted Bundy. When Bundy was finally captured in 1978 in Florida, he confessed to the murders of 28 women, and was executed in 1989. • On Nov. 5, 1994, George Foreman, age 45, becomes boxing’s oldest heavyweight champion when he KOs undefeated 26-year-old Michael Moorer in the 10th round of their WBA fight. Foreman dedicated his upset win to “all my buddies in the nursing home.” (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
• He perfected methods on examining murder victims for fingerprints left on their skin.
• Brian Dalrymple is the author of numerous publications and the recipient of several prestigious awards. Without his work, many a criminal would still be roaming the streets.
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1. Who recorded the 1959 version of “Living Doll”? 2. Name the singer-songwriter of “Laughter in the Rain.”
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3. Who recorded “Got My Mind Set on You” in 1962? 4. What stage name did James Newell Osterberg, Jr. take? 5. Name the song that contains this lyric: “Neon signs a-flashin’, taxi cabs and buses passin’ through the night, A distant moanin’ of a train seems to play a sad refrain to the night.” (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
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One thing the movie gets right is that a good Hercules is more than muscles. Johnson plays the mythical brute with some charm and humor, putting the right amount of humanity into a movie that’s mostly war cries and death wails. The plot and battles are as straightforward as a spear.
EDITOR’S NOTE: DVDs reviewed in this column will be available in stores the week of Nov. 3, 2014. PICKS OF THE WEEK Maleficent (PG) -- The evil witch from “Sleeping Beauty” gets her chance to set the story straight. In this addendum to the popular fairy tale, the sinister sorceress (Angelina Jolie) has a softer side; she originally was a happy little fairy girl with powerful eagle wings and a family of benign supernatural creatures in her magical forest kingdom. Betrayal from the neighboring human kingdom changes Maleficent, making her into the menacing matriarch we know from the old story. Jolie inhabits her title role, making the scorned fairy queen creepy and beautiful. She just looks like somebody who would fly you into the air and drop you into a ravine if you don’t mind your manners. What’s missing is a compelling script to take this story to another level, where the characters have as much emotional depth as visual flair. Hercules (PG-13) -- After accomplishing all of his legendary feats -- slaying a big lion, tanglin’ with a hydra -- Hercules (Dwayne Johnson) has rock star status all over Greece. The big guy is called upon by a mighty king (John Hurt) to train and lead an army against the invading forces of Thrace. Mr. Muscles must prove he’s the warrior everyone thinks he is while facing desperate odds.
A Most Wanted Man (R) -- In his last major film performance, Phillip Seymour Hoffman stars as Gunther Bachmann, a German intelligence agent trying to take apart terrorist cells in Hamburg. Bachmann is a man on a mission, possibly of self-destruction. He beats himself up with liquor, smoking, sleepless nights and self-denial. Opposite Hoffman is Grigory Dobrygin, who plays a half-Russian, half-Chechen immigrant seeking the secret money his extremist father left behind. Hoffman must determine if this guy is another terrorist or a victim. The One I Love (R) -- A young couple gets a prescription from their therapist: a short stay at an exclusive resort, where they can repair their relationship and rediscover marital bliss. Ethan (Mark Duplass) and Sophie (Elisabeth Moss) enjoy the stay at first, before everything gets weird. You see, there’s something strange going on at the resort. The couple is pushed to the edge by some too-clever-to-spoil twists that bring them face-to-face with issues of intimacy and identity. It’s about love, but it’s not entirely romantic. It’s funny, but you might not laugh out loud much. You’ll be forced to question things, but you might not get answers. TV RELEASES “Agatha Christie’s Poirot, Series 13” “Hot in Cleveland: Season Five” “Law & Order: The Fifteenth Year” “Impractical Jokers: Season 2” “Reno 911: The Complete Series” (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.
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FINGERPRINT FOIBLES • In 1941 a Texas cop stopped to question a hitchhiker. When asked to show his ID, he said he had lost it. The officer noticed his fingertips looked odd. The officer took him in for questioning. After being fingerprinted, the police were fascinated to find he had no fingerprints whatsoever. The man said he was born like that. Police had their doubts and detained him while they consulted the FBI. The FBI instructed police to search the man’s body for scars. On each side of his ribcage there were five oval scars. When he held his arms folded across his chest, his fingers fit perfectly over the scars. A crooked doctor had removed the skin from his fingertips, then cut out small patches of skin from his chest. His arms were folded across his chest and his fingertips taped over the wounded skin. When new skin grew from his sides, it adhered to his fingertips in a natural skin graft. Alerted, police sent photos of the man across the nation. He was identified as a specialist in safe blowing, wanted for three jobs. • In Miami in 1990, police arrested a suspect who was thought to be a drug dealer. Upon fingerprinting him, they found his fingerprints running in all sorts of crazy zig zag patterns. It was like nothing they had ever seen before. Tommy Moorefield, an FBI expert on fingerprints, examined the fingerprints and concluded that the man had sliced the skin on his fingertips into tiny pieces and then transplanted those pieces onto other fingers. After the fingertips healed, his new fingerprints ran in all directions. Moorefield took photographs of the fingerprints and cut them into small pieces, then began fitting them together like a jigsaw puzzle. Before long he was able to match the reassembled fingerprints to a fugitive connected to another drug case. The suspect was convicted.
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FINGERPRINT FOIBLES (continued):
• In Binghamton, NY, police had to wait awhile before they were able to fingerprint suspect Lane Fontes. Fontes was arrested after leaving the scene of an accident and, while sitting in the back of the police car, he chewed the skin off the tips of his fingers. This made police suspicious and they held him in custody for two weeks while the fingerprints grew back. Sure enough, they discovered that he was wanted for parole violations in Virginia. • In 1975 Larry Collins walked into a bank in New Jersey with a sawed-off shot gun. After swiping over $3,000 he was on his way out of the bank when the gun went off accidentally, striking him in the hand. He yanked off his glove to inspect the damage and threw it on the floor before running out. When police inspected the discarded glove, they found the tip of his finger inside. They got a fingerprint from it and shortly had the robber in custody.
Trivia Test Answers
1. Time 2. Contact with an alien or robotic life form 3. Eudora Welty 4. Werner Heisenberg 5. 88 6. Meow Mix 7. Apian 8. 1970 9. Budapest 10. Theda Bara
• In 1994 in Mendota Heights, MN, John Wuchko robbed a store. He was careful not to leave fingerprints at the scene, because he wore surgical rubber gloves. However, as he fled the scene, he stripped off the gloves and discarded them. Police recovered one, turned it inside out, and lifted a perfect print. • In Egypt, a burglar broke into a woman’s house. When she awoke to see a man bending over her, she began to scream. He put his hand over her mouth, but his hand slipped and a finger went inside her mouth. The lady bit down—taking the tip of the finger completely off. The burglar fled. She took the fingertip to the police, who matched the print to a known burglar. They shortly had in custody a man who was missing the end of his finger. He argued that losing the tip of his finger was punishment enough and he shouldn’t have to go to jail, but he did anyway.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Sports Quiz Answers Babe Ruth did it 72 times between 1914 and 1935. Ralph Garr (.353 batting average) and Buzz Capra (2.28 ERA). Nebraska’s Tommie Frazier in the 1994-95 seasons. Al Attles (557 wins), Don Nelson (422), Eddie Gottlieb (263), George Senesky (119) and Alex Hannum (100). Buffalo’s Dominik Hasek had 70 saves during a four-overtime shutout in 1994. Eddie Egan won a gold medal in boxing in 1920 and one in the four-man bobsled in 1932. Corey Pavin shot an 8-under 26 at a PGA event in 2006.
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2. 3.
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Flash Back Trivia Answers Cliff Richard and the Drifters. It was written for the “Serious Charge” film, with Richard contractually bound to do the song ... which he hated. He changed the tempo and it became more palatable. Neil Sedaka, in 1962. James Ray, an R&B singer. In 1987, George Harrison of the Beatles covered the song both as a single and on his “Cloud Nine” album. Iggy Pop. He got that name after he’d been a drummer for a local high-school band, The Iguanas. “Rainy Night in Georgia,” by Brook Benton (1970). The song shot up the charts to gold and ended up on Rolling Stone magazine’s list of Greatest Songs of All time.
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