Tidbits of Bismarck, Volume 2, Issue 10 by Tidbits of Bismarck

of Bismarck March 4, 2015

Volume 2, Issue 10

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On March 6, 1810, Massachusetts enacted the first state legislation requiring vaccination. It required every town to choose three people to superintend the inoculation of all inhabitants with the cowpox vaccine. Come along with Tidbits as we get vaccinated! SMALLPOX ERADICATED

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• In George Washington’s day, one out of every five people in London bore the scars of smallpox. George Washington himself did, although he’s usually portrayed with clear skin. One out of every 3 children died of smallpox before their third birthday.

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• In that day, milkmaids were well-known for their clear, unpocked skin. It was common for milkmaids to catch cowpox from the animals they were milking, and an old wive’s tale said that people who had cowpox would never catch smallpox. 120 N 3rd St, Suite 240 Bismarck, ND 58501 office: 701-204-7434 cell: 701-226-2739

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• An English doctor named Edward Jenner was the first person to realize that people who had suffered from the relatively mild sickness called cowpox were immune to smallpox. Turn the page for more!

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Tidbits® of Bismarck VACCINES (continued):

SMALLPOX (continued): • Jenner first tested his vaccine in 1796. At that time, about one out of every ten people in England died of smallpox. He inoculated an 8-year-old boy with weakened cowpox germs. Six weeks later, he inoculated the boy with smallpox. The boy did not come down with smallpox. He was immune.

• Thanks to vaccination, the last known case of smallpox was reported in 1977.

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• The idea of vaccination had heavy opposition at first, but began to catch on after Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Cotton Mather, and Napoleon Bonaparte endorsed the idea. Napoleon had all of his troops inoculated.

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THE STORY OF LOUIS • In the late 1800’s, a doctor named Louis was doing experiments with chicken cholera. To infect the birds, he grew pure strains of the cholera germs in his laboratory. One day by mistake he injected some chickens with cholera germs that had been sitting in a flask all summer long. He was surprised when the chickens did not get sick. He was even more surprised when he injected the chickens with a fresh, virulent strain of cholera and they still did not get sick. Putting two and two together, Louis knew he had just discovered a vaccination for cholera.

1. GEOGRAPHY: What South American country lies between Colombia and Peru? 2. ANATOMY: What is the common name for the maxilla? 3. U.S. STATES: What is the state capital of Michigan?

• Next he experimented with anthrax. Again, an accident intervened. A thermometer in an incubator was off kilter, though he didn’t know it. He wondered why animals injected with anthrax did not come down with the disease—and then he found he’d been getting the germs too hot. Experiments showed that if he heated the anthrax germs before injecting them, the animal would become immune. But veterinarians refused to believe him.

4. LITERATURE: What was the name of the alchemist who invented the Philosopher’s Stone in the “Harry Potter” book series?

• Frustrated, Louis challenged veterinarians to attend a public demonstration. All manner of newspapermen, scientists, and doctors attended the test. Two groups of 25 sheep were collected on a farm outside Paris. Louis vaccinated only one group. Two weeks later, all 50 sheep were injected with a powerful strain of anthrax. After two days, all of the vaccinated sheep were fine. And all of the unvaccinated sheep were either dead or dying.

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• Still, Louis wondered how the anthrax was spread from animal to animal. Talking with a shepherd one day, he noticed a piece of the pasture grass was a different color in one spot. The shepherd told him that it was where some anthrax-infected sheep had been buried the previous year. Examining the plot, Louis noticed worm droppings, which he took home and examined under the microscope. They were teeming with anthrax, which they had brought to the surface from the buried carcasses. Louis further reduced anthrax by advising people to burn anthrax infested animals rather than bury them. See the next page for more!

5. MUSIC: What is a quadrille? 6. TELEVISION: What was the name of the competing bar in the comedy show “Cheers”? 7. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE: By what other name do most people know Esther Pauline Friedman?

For Advertising Call: (701) 391-2076 VACCINES (continued): LOUIS (continued): • Next Louis turned his attention to a dreaded disease of humans—rabies. Although he was unable to see the rabies germs through his microscope, he was able to prove they were there by transplanting drops of spinal fluid from rabid rabbits to healthy rabbits. The healthy rabbits would soon have rabies too. To make a vaccine, he removed the spinal cords of rabid rabbits and hung them to dry in sterile flasks. His first vaccination was done on a dog. He ground up a spinal cord that had been drying for two weeks, and injected it into the dog. The next day he injected a spinal cord that had been drying for 13 days, the next day one that was 12 days old, and so on. After 14 daily injections, the dog was given a dose of full-strength rabies virus. The dog remained healthy. • Shortly afterward, a young boy who had been badly bitten by a rabid dog was brought to Louis. Louis had only tried his vaccine out on a single dog and was reluctant to try it on a human. But the boy’s mother was certain he would die without help. Louis administered his new vaccine, and the boy was saved. The news hit the papers and the world rejoiced to see the end of a dreaded disease. The boy grew up and became Louis’s assistant. In 1940, he committed suicide rather than unlock Louis’ crypt to the invading Nazi army. • Louis was a great scientist and performed many other medical services for humankind. Yet he’s remembered best for discovering that germs in milk cause disease—but if the milk is heated first, the germs are killed. This process is called pasteurization, after the inventor: his full name was Louis Pasteur. • Because 3 of his 5 children died in infancy due to disease, Pasteur was inspired to spend his life trying to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. By the time Louis Pasteur died in 1895 at the age of 72, he had already saved countless lives through his discoveries. HOLLYWOOD HYPE

1. In 2014, Alfonso Soriano became the seventh major-league player to have 1,000 hits in both leagues. Name three of the first six. 2. How many times have the Atlanta Braves won at least 100 games but not won the N.L. pennant? 3. Name the three Philadelphia Eagles receivers to each have three seasons of 1,000 receiving yards. 4. Who has tallied the most points in a season for Ohio State’s men’s basketball team? 5. In 2014, Anaheim’s Frederik Andersen became the second NHL goaltender to win 25 of his first 30 career decisions. Who else did it? 6. Three of the four men’s World Cup soccer champions between 1998 and 2010 failed to reach the round of 16 at the next Cup. Name the one that did. 7. Which two jockeys each won two Kentucky Derby crowns during the 1970s? (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

• When Jack Warner (of Warner Bros.) was overseeing the making of the film “The Story of Louis Pasteur” his advisers grumbled that it was “just the story of a milkman” and wanted to discard the original script. They suggested instead that it be made into a love story where Pasteur is portrayed as a student in love with the medical school dean’s daughter. They further suggested that at the end of the film a voice-over could announce, “And to this day, housewives all over the world are grateful to this man, because he invented pasteurized milk.” Paul Muni, who was playing the lead, objected so strenuously that the idea was scrapped and the original script was filmed. For his efforts, Muni won an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1936.

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NOTEWORTHY INVENTIONS:

JONAS SALK

• Jonas Salk was born in 1914 in New York City. After attending the New York University School of Medicine, he decided to go into medical research instead of becoming a physician. He accepted a job at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine where his goal was to discover how many different types of polio virus existed.

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• At the time, polio was one of the worst public health problems in the U.S. It was especially tragic because most victims were children. Polio, first described in 1835, grew steadily more prominent as the years passed. The virus is transmitted by fecal matter, mucus, and saliva. Once in the body, it travels to the brain or spinal cord where it causes paralysis of varying degrees. • Polio didn’t receive national attention until 1921 when Franklin D. Roosevelt was struck down by the disease at the age of 39. He spent the rest of his life in a wheelchair because of it, and ended up founding the March of Dimes to help fund research for a vaccine. • Salk’s research led him to begin experimenting with a polio vaccine. Although there was already a vaccine available for polio, the vaccine used living but weakened strains of polio, which sometimes ended up infecting the vaccinated person with the very disease it was designed to prevent. Salk was the first to experiment with a vaccine that used polio virus strains which had been killed before being administered so there was no way for the vaccine to cause the illness. Salk’s wife and three sons were among the first volunteers to be inoculated with his vaccine. Continued on the next page!

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by Samantha Weaver • It was American poet Ella Wheeler Wilcox who made the following sage observation: “To sin by silence when they should protest makes cowards of men.” • During the Victorian era, a well-dressed gentleman was never outdoors without a hat, and most had different hats for different occasions. Of course, the cost of such haberdashery could mount significantly, so one enterprising British soul registered a design (which was much less expensive than registering a patent) for a “duplex hat” -- an elaborate contraption that, by means of hidden springs, could convert from a top hat to a bowler hat to suit the circumstances. • Before you ink yourself, you might want to consider this: The cost of removing an unwanted tattoo can be up to 10 times as much as it cost to get the tattoo in the first place. • If you’re like the average American parent, your kids get $3.40 from the tooth fairy for each tooth lost. • You’ve doubtless heard of peak oil -- that theoretical point at which the global production of oil reaches its maximum output, after which production gradually declines decline -- but what about peak poultry? Those who study such things say that the world hit its peak production of chicken for human consumption in 2006. • The first canned meat product, known as Hormel Spiced Ham, was developed in 1937. Several imitators followed, and the executives at the Hormel Company, concerned about the new competition, decided to have a competition to rename the product. The winner, Broadway actor Kenneth Daigneau (and brother to the company’s vice president), won $100 for the winning entry: Spam. *** Thought for the Day: “A good speech should be like a woman’s skirt: long enough to cover the subject and short enough to create interest.” -- Winston Churchill (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

For Advertising Call: (701) 391-2076 JONAS SALK (continued):

• Over the course of seven years, Salk involved 20,000 doctors and health care workers, 64,000 public school workers, 220,000 volunteers, and nearly 2 million school kids in his trials of his new ‘killed’ vaccine. • Meantime, polio was raging. In 1952, nearly 60,000 cases were reported in the U.S., killing over 3,000 people and leaving over 20,000 survivors with some form of paralysis. Polio killed more people that year than any other communicable disease. • When the success of the new vaccine was officially announced on April 12, 1955, Salk was instantly hailed as a hero, becoming a national celebrity overnight. When he was asked in a televised interview who owned the patent to the vaccine, Salk replied: “There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?”

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• According to one historian, the announcement led to widespread celebration: “People observed moments of silence, rang bells, honked horns, blew factory whistles, fired salutes, took the rest of the day off, closed their schools, drank toasts, hugged children, attended church, smiled at strangers, and forgave enemies.” • On March 5, 1839, Charlotte Bronte writes to the Rev. Henry Nussey, declining marriage. The 23-year-old Bronte told him that he would find her “romantic and eccentric,” and not practical enough to be a clergyman’s wife. Her novel “Jane Eyre” was published eight years later. • On March 3, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill creating the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. Known as the Freedmen’s Bureau, this federal agency oversaw the transition of blacks from slavery to freedom. • On March 4, 1888, Knute Rockne is born in Voss, Norway. He would go on to become one of the most successful coaches in the history of college football, leading Notre Dame during its golden era in the 1920s. Rockne won three undisputed national championships with the Fighting Irish. • On March 7, 1938, Janet Guthrie, the first woman to compete in the Indianapolis 500 and Daytona 500 races, is born in Iowa. In 1976, she was the first woman to compete in a NASCAR Winston Cup superspeedway race.

• By the summer of 1957, 100 million vaccines had been distributed throughout the United States. By 1962, polio was nearly extinct, with only 910 cases reported that year. Today, global vaccination efforts by organizations such as UNICEF and the World Health Organization have almost completely eradicated polio from the planet. • The World Health Organization estimates that there are between 10 to 20 million polio survivors worldwide. In 1977 there were 254,000 persons living in the United States who had been paralyzed by polio. As one of the largest disabled groups in the world, polio survivors helped spur the modern disability rights movement through campaigns for the social and civil rights of the disabled. • Jonas Salk subsequently spent many years researching a vaccine for HIV. In 1960, he founded the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. He died from heart failure at the age of 80 on June 23, 1995.

• On March 6, 1945, members of the Dutch resistance attempting to hijack a food truck unwittingly ambush German Lt. Gen. Hanns Rauter, head of the Nazi SS in Holland. In retaliation, the SS put to death 263 Dutch. Rauter later was executed for war crimes. • On March 2, 1978, in a famous case of body-snatching, two men steal the corpse of film actor Sir Charles Chaplin from a cemetery in Switzerland. After a five-week investigation, police arrested two auto mechanics, who led them to Chaplin’s body. • On March 8, 1982, the United States issues a public statement accusing the Soviet Union of using poison gas and chemical weapons against rebel forces in Afghanistan. Evidence to support these charges was largely anecdotal. Some critics charged that the accusations were a smokescreen behind which the United States could go forward in upgrading its own chemical weapons arsenal. (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

1. Name the only No. 1 song by the Edgar Winter Group. 2. Which song mentions not playing B-17 on the jukebox, as it would bring back memories? 3. What day of the week is mentioned in two songs by Spanky and the Gang? 4. Name the group that released “Have I the Right?” 5. Name the song that contains this lyric: “He got joo-joo eyeball, he one holy roller, He got hair down to his knee, Got to be a joker he just do what he please.” (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

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EDITOR’S NOTE: DVDs reviewed in this column will be available in stores the week of March 2, 2015. PICKS OF THE WEEK The Hunger Games: Mockingjay -- Part One (PG-13) -- After wrecking the Hunger Games and igniting a revolution, Katniss (Jennifer Lawrence) -- the franchise’s arrow-slinging teen heroine -- is determined to rescue Peeta (Josh Hutcherson) from the clutches of the evil President Snow (Donald Sutherland). Katniss gains new allies from District 13 led by Alma Coin (Julianne Moore), who means business, and from the Capitol when Cressida (Natalie Dormer) and her camera crew flee. However, it seems like Katniss and the 13ers have different priorities. Those two words at the end of the title tell you everything else you need to know about the movie. “Part One” is now the universal code for “we stretched out a single book of material into two bloated movies, because you’ll see both anyway, and we’ll get twice as much money.” It’s a shame. While the looks and performances are all there, this movie -- or more accurately the first part of a movie -- has a lot of set up and no climax. Foxcatcher (R) -- Based on real events, this film looks at the toxic relationship between two wrestling brothers and the rich man who sees them as his way to greatness. Channing Tatum plays Mark Schulz, a once-revered Olympic wrestler who is invited to train for the 1988 Seoul Olympics at the estate of John du

RABIES Pont (Steve Carrell) -- the not-so-athletic heir to a fortune. David Schulz (Mark Ruffalo) is Mark’s older brother, coach and a hitch in John’s control over Mark. This is a movie of steady building suspense, meaningful small moments and an undeniable sense of aggression and violence just under the surface. Tatum plays a seemingly simple, icy character, but you can tell there’s a lot of energy and confusion swirling behind that heavy brow. Carrell’s role is often described as a “transformation,” and it fits -- he is unsettling and almost unrecognizable. The Captive (R) -- A young girl goes missing in an instant, leaving no trace and little to clear the guilt from her father (Ryan Reynolds). Almost a decade later, the parents are divorced, damaged and still searching for the people who kidnapped their daughter -- somebody who apparently kidnaps and abuses children, and spies on the parents while their lives fall apart. You’ll endure plot twists and TV crimeshow cliches, and all you’ll be left with an icky feeling. The Better Angels (PG) -- This ponderous black-and-white film takes us into the childhood of Abraham Lincoln, but it’s not a biography, and it’s certainly no history lesson. Much of the story comes from the environment -- little sounds of nature, a timely breeze swaying the old oak branches. But it’s easy to miss the story. It’s a more moody, artsy look at growing up and the role of virtues. It’s plain to see that filmmaker A.J. Edwards has drawn on his work with Terrence Malik; he just hasn’t reached that level with this offering. TV RELEASES “Outlander: Season One -- Volume One” “Longmire: Season 3” “Chips: Season 3” “A Place to Call Home, Season 1” “Da Vinci’s Demons Season 2” (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

• The word ‘rabies’ comes from the Latin word meaning madness. Because the virus infects the spinal cord and brain of its victims, it causes raging insanity, followed by paralysis. Victims die of respiratory failure. • Globally, 90% of rabies cases start with the bite of a rabid dog. However, in the U.S., only 5% of rabies cases come from dogs because rabies vaccines are so widely available. • Rabies can’t go through unbroken skin. People can get rabies only via a bite from a rabid animal or through scratches, abrasions, or mucous membranes in contact with saliva or brain tissue from a rabid animal. The rabies virus is short-lived when exposed to open air. It can only survive in saliva and dies when the animal’s saliva dries up. • Because the rabies virus is transmitted through saliva, the virus survives by making sure that the saliva is loaded with infection and that the animal is driven to bite whatever it comes in contact with. To ensure the saliva is thoroughly infected, the throat muscles are paralyzed, which prevents the animal from swallowing (which would dilute the virus). Attempts to drink water in spite of raging thirst cause painful spasms of the muscles in the throat and larynx. Infected animals therefore foam at the mouth because they cannot swallow, and they show a fear of water. This is why rabies has also been called “hydrophobia” meaning “fear of water.” • Worldwide, an estimated 26,000 people died from rabies in 2010, down from 54,000 in 1990. The majority of the deaths occurred in Asia and Africa. India has the highest rate of human rabies, primarily because of stray dogs, whose number has greatly increased since a 2001 law forbade the killing of dogs. • Over the past 10 years, rabies has killed only a total of 28 people in the U.S. • About 400 to 500 domestic pets are infected with rabies every year in the U.S. Surprisingly, cats get rabies more often than dogs. In 2010, 303 cats got rabies, versus only 69 dogs. 90% of all rabies cases reported come from wild animals. Continued on the next page!

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For Advertising Call: (701) 391-2076 RABIES (continued):

• Most U.S. deaths now result from bat bites, which may go unnoticed by the victim and remain untreated. Rabid bats are found in all 48 contiguous states. Other animals most commonly infected include raccoons, skunks, and foxes. Small rodents, rabbits, and possums rarely get rabies. • Rabies is a disease confined to mammals. Birds can get rabies, but they don’t show symptoms and always survive.

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• Agencies in Canada, France, and Switzerland successfully combat rabies by air-dropping bait that is infused with rabies vaccine. Wild foxes and raccoons eat the bait and inoculate themselves. Switzerland is now virtually rabiesfree after leaving chicken heads laced with vaccine out for foxes to eat. • The incubation period usually lasts from three weeks to three months but can stretch out to one to five years before the first symptoms appear, depending on how long it takes the virus to migrate to the nervous system. After symptoms present themselves, the average survival time until death is about four days. • If a person exposed to rabies undergoes rabies treatment immediately, survival is almost certainly guaranteed. But if the victim waits until symptoms set in, the mortality rate is nearly 100%. Some people with rabies have been saved by being put into an induced coma until their body was able to combat the disease. • Today a series of rabies shots – which used to entail 20 painfully deep injections into the abdomen – now consists of four not-very-painful shots in the arm.

Flash Back Trivia Answers 1. “Frankenstein,” in 1973. The instrumental was heavy on synthesizer, and Winter played a number of the instruments. 2. “Please Mr. Please,” by Olivia Newton-John in 1975. 3. Sunday: “Sunday Will Never Be the Same” and “Sunday Mornin’.” 4. The Honeycombs, in 1964. To augment the drums during the chorus, band members stamped their feet on the stairs in the studio. 5. “Come Together,” by the Beatles in 1969. The song was the subject of a lawsuit when it was claimed that John Lennon lifted part of Chuck Berry’s “You Can’t Catch Me.” It is suspicious: Berry’s words were “Here come a flattop, he was movin’ up with me,” and Lennon’s were “Here come ol’ flattop, he come groovin’ up slowly.”

Trivia Test Answers 1. Ecuador 2. Jawbone 3. Lansing 4. Nicolas Flamel 5. Dance with four couples in a square formation 6. Gary’s Olde Towne Tavern 7. Ann Landers 8. Armour 9. March (Mars) 10. W Sports Quiz Answers 1. Orlando Cabrera, Vladimir Guerrero, Carlos Lee, Fred McGriff, Frank Robinson and Dave Winfield. 2. Five times (1993, ‘97, ‘98, 2002, ‘03). 3. Harold Carmichael, DeSean Jackson and Mike Quick. 4. Dennis Hopson, with 958 points in the 198687 season. 5. Ross Brooks of the Boston Bruins, 1972 through 1974. 6. Brazil (2002 champion) reached the quarterfinals in 2006. 7. Ron Turcotte (1972-73) and Angel Cordero Jr. (‘74, ‘76).

Enterprise Publications, LLC, owned and operated by James and Nikki Wiese of Bismarck, recently acquired the rights to publish Tidbits® in the

Bismarck/Mandan area. Tidbits® is a light and interesting paper dedicated to publishing things you didn’t know. A “tidbit” is defined as “a tasty morsel to be devoured before the meal,” and that’s exactly what Tidbits® is.....a morsel for the mind. Tidbits® is published weekly, so look out! Tidbits® has arrived! Distributed at area restaurants, Tidbits® is meant to be picked up when entering and read while dining. Tidbits® provides food for thought, so Bon Appetit! Tidbits® can also be found wherever people are waiting. Whether you are waiting for your vehicle to have its oil changed or get new tires, or waiting for your doctor, chiropractor, optomistrist, or dentist, rest assured that Tidbits® will be there to keep you entertained! Once you are done waiting, either take it home for further enjoyment or leave it for the next person! Don’t worry about running out, because we will publish more each week. If you actually have a week where you are not waiting for something, rest assured that Tidbits® will still be there. Find and read each week’s edition online at our website, www.bismarcktidbits.com. Tidbits® is here for you.

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