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Volume 2, Issue 18
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RUBBER
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On April 29, 1813, Jacob Hummel of Philadelphia was awarded a patent for an elastic rubber varnish cell: 701-471-1807 • fax: 701-258-5400 suitable for waterproofing clothing, in one of the world’s first applications of rubber. Come along with Tidbits as we consider rubber! 701-250-3220 • 800-711-7394
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A NEW SUBSTANCE • Rubber comes from the sap of the Para rubber tree. The sap is called latex (from the French word for milk), and it is refined to form rubber. 120 N 3rd St, Suite 240 Bismarck, ND 58501 office: 701-204-7434 cell: 701-226-2739
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• In 1755 a paper was presented to the French Academy of Sciences describing the properties of latex. In 1770, Joseph Priestley found that it was extremely good for rubbing off pencil marks on paper, dubbing the substance with the name “rubber.” • Brazil was the main source of rubber throughout the 1800s. Exporting seeds or seedlings was forbidden. In 1876, Henry Wickham smuggled 70,000 Para rubber tree seeds out of Brazil, delivering them to Kew Gardens, England. Only 2,400 of these survived, after which the seedlings were then sent to India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. Malaysia later became the biggest producer of rubber.
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RUBBER (continued):
FAST FACTS ABOUT RUBBER • Over 21 million tons of rubber are produced each year, and about 42% is natural rubber, with the rest of it being synthetic rubber made from petrochemicals and coal. Natural rubber offers best elasticity, while synthetic rubber tends to offer better resistance to environmental factors such as oils, temperature, chemicals and ultraviolet light.
• It takes six years for a rubber tree to grow to a point at which it’s economical to harvest the sap, and each tree has a productive life of about 35 years. A single tree yields about 19 lbs. (8.6 kg) of rubber each year. • Although natural rubber originated in Brazil, it is not cultivated there due to leaf blight and other natural predators of the rubber tree, which do not exist in Asian countries. • The highest quality of latex rubber is used for such things as surgeons’ gloves, condoms, and balloons. Mid-range quality rubber is used in items such as belts, windshield wipers, hoses, tubing, insulators, valves, gaskets, shoes, and pencil erasers. • When electricity was invented, demand for rubber skyrocketed because it was such an effective insulator for wires. With the invention of automobiles, demand once again jumped because every car needed rubber tires that wore out at a regular rate. About 70% of rubber produced today is used for tires. • Foam rubber is made by beating air into the latex before pouring it into a vulcanizing mold, which heats it under pressure. Rubber sponges are made by adding a powder to the latex which forms gas during vulcanization. FORDLANDIA • In 1926 Henry Ford set up the Ford Industrial Company of Brazil. He wanted to build a rubber plantation to provide rubber for his tires. Ford wanted not only to build the cars, but also to control all the resources it took to build the cars. In exchange for employing Brazilian workers, the government of Brazil gave him free use of 2.5 million acres of jungle tax-free for 50 years. See the next page for more!
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• Asia is the main source of natural rubber, accounting for about 94% of the world’s supply. The largest producing countries are Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia, which account for 72% of all rubber production.
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1. LITERATURE: Who wrote the short story “The Lottery”? 2. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE: What “first” did tennis player Althea Gibson achieve in 1951? 3. GEOGRAPHY: Where is the resort city of San Remo? 4. GOVERNMENT: The Homestead Act of 1862 granted how many acres of land to each settler? 5. MYTHOLOGY: Which knight supposedly threw King Arthur’s sword Excalibur into the lake? 6. TELEVISION: What is the deputy’s name on “The Andy Griffith Show”? 7. PRESIDENTS: John Foster Dulles was appointed secretary of state by which president? 8. PHILOSOPHY: What philosopher said, “Man is the measure of all things”? 9. HISTORY: In what city did Rosa Parks refuse to give up her seat on a bus? 10. MONARCHIES: Duncan I became the king of what country in 1034? (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
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RUBBER (continued):
FORDLANDIA (continued): • The community was dubbed Fordlandia. 4,000 workers cleared the land of the native hardwoods. Then they planted nearly half a million rubber trees on 7,000 acres. By 1936 the first rubber plants were ready to be tapped. Also by 1936, the hilly deforested slopes that had been cleared of their hardwood trees were so eroded that the soil ran down gullies and rainwater flooded the community. Then came the leaf blight which devastated the rubber plantation. • Ford abandoned Fordlandia and moved the project to a new site, ten times bigger than the old one. Called Belterra, the area was healthy and well drained. Ford ordered workers to clear the land and plant three million rubber trees. This time they planted a grafted hybrid designed to resist disease. The process of grafting and planting was extremely tedious. Workers grew dissatisfied and left in droves. By 1941, Ford had only 2,700 of the 11,000 workers he needed. And then the leaf blight returned. Plagued by high costs, labor shortages, and blight, Belterra also ended in failure. • In 1945 Henry Ford’s son sold the whole thing to the Brazilian government for a mere half a million dollars. Over $9 million had been pumped into the project over 19 years, and Ford had failed to produce enough rubber to make a pencil eraser. AN OVERSHOE
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• In the Middle Ages, the Roman name for the area that is now France was Gaul. When they invaded, they found the Gauls wearing unusual shoes. They wore the normal sandal, but tied over the top of the sandal was an upper leather casing which covered the top of the foot, the ankle, and sandal. This was to protect the feet and the sandal during wet and cold weather. The Romans called this new style ‘Gaulish shoes’ or, in Latin, ‘gallicae.’ • The fashion quickly spread, since it made sense to wear an overshoe to protect the inner shoe during bad weather. • Centuries later, legend has it that an English man named Radley improved upon the idea. He suffered from rheumatism and wanted to keep his feet dry in the rainy weather, so he invented cloth overshoes that were reinforced with rubber to keep the feet dry.
1. Name the two Brooklyn Dodger pitchers who each no-hit a team in 1956. 2. Who holds the record for most career appearances by a Tampa Bay Rays pitcher? 3. When was the last time a Philadelphia Eagles player led the NFL in rushing for a season before LeSean McCoy (1,607 yards) did it in 2013? 4. Name the last time before 2014 that Virginia’s men’s basketball team won the ACC conference tournament? 5. In 2015, the two squads set a record for most goals in an NHL All-Star Game (29). What had been the record? 6. Name two of the three back-to-back winners of the Daytona 500. 7. Who holds the women’s tennis mark for longest gap between tournament titles? (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
• Then in 1823, Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh discovered that liquid latex rubber would dissolve in coal-tar naphtha. When he spread this solution over a marble slab and allowed the naphtha to evaporate, he was left with a thin film of rubber, which could then be glued and sewn to fabric for waterproofing. Thereafter, in England a raincoat came to be known as a mackintosh. Charles Macintosh set up a factory to mass-produce this waterproof fabric. • The process worked for waterproof boots as well, but latex rubber turned out to be brittle when cold and sticky when hot. Not until Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber (by heating rubber under pressure) did the art of the waterproof rain boot get a boost. An inventor named Alvin Longo Rickman received a patent for a rubberized overshoe in 1898. What are these waterproof overshoes called today? (Answer on Page 7.)
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Page 4
NOTEWORTHY INVENTIONS:
BINNEY & SMITH
• The chemical company run by Edwin Binney and Harold Smith in the 1880s manufactured pigments used in paints. They made a very deep black by using carbon, and there was a high demand for this pigment for use in shoe polish, ink, and even tires.
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• With the profit, they began to expand, producing chalk, pencils, and other school supplies and art products. Now there were many new items in their warehouse that needed to be tracked and inventoried. • At the time, the ink marker used to label boxes and crates was very messy, so Binney and Smith designed a new box marker using carbon black mixed with paraffin wax, wrapped in paper to make it easy to handle. • As their salesmen visited schools across the country hawking the company’s products, they began to report back that often the only art supplies the children had to work with were expensive French markers that many children could not afford. Binney and Smith decided to take the idea for their box marker and adapt it for school use. • They added talc to the formula and mixed in different pigments. First they sold it in boxes of eight colors, then 16, and now 120. Binney’s wife came up with the name for the product from the French word “craie” meaning chalk, and “oleaginous” meaning oily, referring to the paraffin wax: Crayola Crayons. • Today the average child will use up an average of 730 Crayola Crayons by the time they turn ten. • If the power ever goes out, remember that you can use crayons as a candle. Continued on the next page!
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by Samantha Weaver • It was 20th-century American author and motivational speaker Leo Buscaglia who made the following sage observation: “Never idealize others. They will never live up to your expectations.” • If you’re planning a visit to the Netherlands, try to make time for a stop in Giethoorn. This village has no roads; its buildings are connected entirely by footbridges and canals. • According to the Global Language Monitor, every 98 minutes a new word is created somewhere in the world. • You could be forgiven if you’ve never heard of Pope Formosus, but the details of his career are fascinating. In 872, while serving as Cardinal Bishop of Portus, he was a candidate for the papacy, but due to some political issues, he left Rome later that year. Pope John VIII ordered Formosus’ excommunication for, among other things, deserting his diocese without papal permission, despoiling the cloisters in Rome and conspiring with “certain iniquitous men and women for the destruction of the papal see.” The excommunication was lifted in 878, but Formosus had to agree never to return to Rome or exercise his priestly functions. This would seem to be a careerkiller, but in 883, Pope Marinus I restored the disgraced cardinal to his diocese. Finally, in 891, Formosus’ rehabilitation was complete, when he was unanimously elected to succeed Pope Stephen V. • Neil Armstrong may have been the first human to walk on the moon, but Buzz Aldrin was the first to urinate there (using the system built into his space suit, of course). • Most people, upon seeing a bunch of deer together, would call it a herd; however, you also could call the group a bunch, a mob, a parcel or a rangale. *** Thought for the Day: “All progress has resulted from people who took unpopular positions.” -- Adlai Stevenson (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
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For Advertising Call: (701) 391-2076 NOTEWORTHY INVENTIONS: (continued):
PLAY-DOH
• Until about 1950, coal was the primary fuel used for heating homes, and coal produced soot. Housewives had a simple way of removing soot from wallpaper. They’d mix a lump of flour, water, salt, and borax, and then roll the lump up and down the wall. • In 1933 the Kutol Company began marketing pre-mixed wallpaper cleaner in a sealed can. Business was good until 1950 when coal furnaces began to go out of style. Later, vinyl wallpaper was introduced, which could be washed with soap and water. Kutol was on the brink of ruin. The company owner Noah McVicokor was desperate for help.
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• Just then, the Noah’s sister-in-law, who ran a nursery school, read a magazine article that described how to make Christmas tree ornaments out of wallpaper cleaner. She took a can to class with her, rolled it out with a rolling pin, and the children cut out shapes using cookie cutters. She dried them in her oven, put little holes in the top, and hung them on the Christmas tree, all according to the magazine’s instructions. Then she called her brother-in-law. • On April 29, 1429, 17-year-old French peasant Joan of Arc leads a French force in relieving the city of Orleans, besieged by the English. At the age of 16, “voices” of Christian saints told Joan to aid Charles, the French dauphin, in expelling the English from France. • On April 27, 1805, in North Africa, a small force of U.S. Marines marches against Tripoli’s port city of Derna to depose the ruling pasha. The phrase “to the shores of Tripoli,” from the official song of the U.S. Marine Corps, has its origins in the Derna campaign.
• Because of this, Kutol subsequently adjusted their recipe, changed the name, and Play-Doh was born. They put the product on the market as a toy. It came in the three primary colors of red, yellow, and blue. Kept in a sealed container, it stayed soft, but when dried overnight, it became hard enough to be sanded and painted. • Wallpaper cleaner sold for 34 cents, but the new toy clay sold for $1.50. Kutol had just over $100,000 in sales in 1954, and over $3 million four years later. More than 2 billion cans have been sold since then.
• On April 28, 1916, Ferruccio Lamborghini, the founder of the company that bears his name, is born in Italy. After experiencing mechanical difficulties with a Ferrari, Lamborghini decided to start his own rival sports-car company, even hiring a former Ferrari engineer. • On May 3, 1933, James Brown is born. Known as “The Godfather of Soul,” Brown honed his musical talents in prison, where he was to serve 8-16 years for stealing at the age of 15. The Georgia parole board was impressed enough to release him after only three years. • On April 30, 1945, holed up in a bunker under his headquarters in Berlin, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler commits suicide by swallowing a cyanide capsule and shooting himself in the head. Soon after, Germany unconditionally surrendered to the Allied forces. • On May 1, 1958, President Dwight Eisenhower proclaims Law Day to honor the role of law in the creation of the United States of America, followed by Congress passing a joint resolution establishing May 1 as Law Day. The idea of a Law Day had first been proposed in 1957 by the American Bar Association. • On May 2, 1972, after nearly five decades as director of the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover dies. By 1921, the former librarian had amassed a list of 450,000 radical leaders, organizations and publications in the United States. By 1969, Congress had grown suspicious that the FBI might be abusing its authority and passed laws limiting the tenure of future FBI directors to 10 years. (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
1. What were the last names of the British duo that had a hit with “A World Without Love”? 2. What year did “Love Is Here and Now You’re Gone” hit No. 1 on the charts, and who released it? 3. Name the rock group whose fifth album was titled “Selling England by the Pound.” 4. Who released “New York Groove” in 1975? 5. What is the American name of the song whose lyrics mostly consist of: “Wee-ooh wim-o-weh, wee-ooh wim-o-weh.” (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
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Page 6
RUBBER QUIZ
Glass Repair & Replacement Home
Auto
(Answers on Page 7)
TIRES • Ben’s mother gave her son the first name of Benjamin and the middle name of Franklin. After the Civil War, he bought out a New York rubber company. Numerous other rubber companies in the area provided such stiff competition that the business floundered.
Business
• The citizens of Akron, Ohio, convinced him to set up a new factory in their town. In Akron, he was the only rubber company west of the Allegheny Mountains, and the market was wide open. He established a licensing agreement with Charles Goodyear, and named his new business after himself.
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• Benjamin had once seen a friend’s home burn to the ground in the middle of winter because the leather fire hoses used by firemen were frozen, cracked, and useless. The first product he began manufacturing was rubber fire hoses that wouldn’t crack. Then he added garden hoses. When Benjamin died in 1888 at the age of 46, his son took over.
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• Pneumatic tires (containing air instead of being solid rubber) had recently been invented, and they began to manufacture tires for bikes, cars, and planes. Benjamin’s company, named after him, became the largest rubber manufacturer in the world, most well-known for its automobile tires. What’s it called? Continued on the next page!
look good. Hart and Gad are both real comedic talents, feeding into characters, each within their comfort zones -- but the chemistry isn’t happening. You’ll laugh, certainly, but this isn’t the new must-see wedding-related guy comedy.
EDITOR’S NOTE: DVDs reviewed in this column will be available in stores the week of April 27, 2015. PICKS OF THE WEEK Paddington (PG) -- Alone in London, wandering about with a big floppy hat and raincoat over his fuzzy fur, a talking bear fails to grab much attention, even though he’s the incarnation of everything adorable. The bear is taken in by the Brown family, who name him Paddington after the station where they found him. Sternbut-loving dad (Hugh Bonneville) and openhearted mom (Sally Hawkins) give Paddington a temporary home while finding him permanent residence and avoiding a conniving taxidermist (Nicole Kidman). Those who have read the books -- or had the books read to them -- will be relieved to find that this actually is a decent, charming movie. It’s not stupid, it has great visual style, tons of puns and a love for the character. The Wedding Ringer (R) -- An awkward, sweaty, fidgety guy, Doug (Josh Gad), is about to marry way out of his league (Kaley CuocoSweeting), but he’s got no best man, and no groomsmen at all to match his bride’s side. In comes Jimmy (Kevin Hart), who sells bestman services. For the right price, he’ll be your best man, the life of the party, and make you
The Gambler (R) -- An English professor and hardcore gambler, Jim Bennett (Mark Wahlberg), is an expert at putting it all on the line. Jim is in trouble with Bank of Mom (Jessica Lange) after he runs up huge debts with the boss (Alvin Ing) of the local gambling den. Not getting the message, Jim takes a huge loan from the kind of guy you don’t borrow money from (Michael K. Williams), and then wades deeper into the gambling underworld. As a remake of the James Caan original from the ‘70s, Wahlberg’s turn just doesn’t match up in style. He commits to his macho man on a mission, but what’s the mission? There’s not much substance in his self-destruction. The Boy Next Door (R) -- How bad does a movie have to be before it’s actually fun to watch again? Realizing that their movie wasn’t in the same galaxy as good, the makers of this film must have decided to shoot for the so-badit’s-good zone. Jennifer Lopez plays a recently separated schoolteacher who doesn’t have a shred of believability. She sets her eyes on the hunky 19-year-old next door (Ryan Guzman), and then they have bedroom times. Too bad for Lopez that when she tries to end it, the beefcake turns into a classic psycho. TV RELEASES “The Mentalist: Season 7” “Masterpiece: Wolf Hall” “Suits: Season 4” “Almighty Johnsons: Seasons 1-3” (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
Page 7
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Sports Quiz Answers 1. Carl Erskine (no-hit the Giants) and Sal Maglie (Phillies). 2. Joel Peralta, with 296 games (2011-14). 3. Steve Van Buren ran for 1,146 yards in 1949. 4. It was 1976. 5. Twenty-six goals, set in 2001. 6. Richard Petty (1973-74), Cale Yarborough (1983-84) and Sterling Marlin (1994-95). 7. Mirjana Lucic-Baroni, with 16 years between wins (1998-2014).
RUBBER QUIZ (continued):
DETACHABLE TIRES • In France in 1886, a family’s rubber manufacturing firm was failing, but the founder’s nephews, Edouard and Andre, were determined to save it. One day a bicyclist came in whose bike sported two recently invented pneumatic tires, which contain air instead of being solid rubber. Pneumatic tires gave a smooth ride, but they punctured. This bike had a flat, and the biker asked the brothers to fix it.
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• Edouard and Andre discovered that the bicycle tire was glued to the rim. It took hours to remove, but they eventually repaired it, replaced it, took it for a test drive– and it went flat again. There had to be a better way. • They subsequently invented detachable tires that could be easily removed from the rim. Then they outfitted bicycle racer Charles Terront with their tires, and showed him how to repair a flat. During a race in 1891, Terront’s tire was punctured, but he repaired the flat in a few minutes and went on to win the race. The resulting publicity boosted the family rubber firm immensely. • Next the brothers decided to work the same miracle for automobile tires. At that time, car tires were wooden wheels with a metal rim. The car industry embraced the new detachable tires and their company became one of the largest tire manufacturers in the world. Their company logo of a pile of tires shaped like a rotund man, trademarked in 1898, is one of the oldest and most recognizable logos in the nation. The company is named after the French family’s last name. What is it? AN UNFORTUNATE MISHAP • When David Pearson was racing in the Rebel 500, he pulled off for a pit stop. His crew rushed to change all four tires. Pearson was under the mistaken impression that the crew was replacing the right tires only. They loosened the left tires as they were tightening the right tires. When Pearson started to pull out, a crew member yelled, “Whoa!” but Pearson thought he said, “GO!” Fifty yards later, both left wheels left the car and went bouncing down the track.
Trivia Test Answers 1. Shirley Jackson 2. The first black player to compete at Wimbledon 3. Italy 4. Up to 160 acres 5. Bedivere 6. Barney Fife 7. Dwight Eisenhower 8. Protagoras 9. Montgomery, Ala. 10. Scotland Flash Back Trivia Answers 1. Asher and Waller ... aka Peter & Gordon. Asher’s sister once dated Paul McCartney, who wrote a few of P&G’s hits, such as “Nobody I Know.” The songs were credited as written by Lennon-McCartney, however. 2. The Supremes in 1967. They performed the song on the Andy Williams show, which launched the song up the charts in the next two weeks. 3. Genesis, in 1973. 4. British group Hello. 5. “The Lion Sleeps Tonight,” released in 1961 by The Tokens. Alternately known as “Wimba Way,” “Awimbawe,” “Wimoweh” and “Mbube,” the song was originally written in Zulu. Numerous folk artists put their own spin on it over the years, including The Weavers and The Kingston Trio.
Rubber Quiz Answers Page 3: The rubber overshoes are galoshes. Page 6: The company is B.F. Goodrich Page 7: Michelin, who now incidentally produces B. F. Goodrich tires.
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What: A long-distance trail ride to raise awareness about organ, eye, and tissue donation Where: From Mandan, ND to Belle Fourche, SD. “Discovering the Dakotas” Total Length: 304 Miles When: May 30 - June 12, 2015
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