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of Bismarck June 24, 2015
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Volume 2, Issue 26
Enterprise Publications, LLC
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UPC CODES
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On June 26, 1974, a 10-pack of Wrigley’s Juicy Fruit gum became the first item ever swiped across a supermarket UPC scanner. Come along with Tidbits as we scan bar codes! IN THE BEGINNING
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• The invention of the UPC code began back in 1948, when the president of the Food Fair chain of grocery stores went to see the dean of Philadelphia’s Drexel Institute of Technology to beg him to instigate research on capturing product information automatically at the checkout counter. The dean said no, but the entire conversation had been overheard by a graduate student named Bernard Silver.
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• Silver was intrigued and mentioned the issue to his friend Joseph Woodland, who was a graduate student and teacher at Drexel. Together the two men began to work on the project. • Woodland, who had once worked on the Manhattan Project, had recently been working on a plan to improve Musak through renovations in sound technology. He was mulling over Silver’s product information problem while lounging on Miami Beach one day. He pulled his fingers through the sand, leaving lines. This gave him the idea to begin with Morse code and just extend the lines, so dots became skinny lines and dashes became fat lines— the first bar code.
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(continued):
THE BEGINNING OF BAR CODES
studio studio Piano Lessons •Theory Lessons
• To read the code, Woodland used the same technology he’d been working with on his Musak project. The technology was originally invented for movie sound tracks: sound was printed in a light-and-dark pattern on a transparent strip along the edges of the film, read by a light, transformed to electric waveforms, converted to sound, and played by loudspeakers. Woodland and Silver filed a patent application on October 20, 1949.
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• In 1951 Woodland got a job with IBM where he hoped to push his invention forward. In his spare time, he and Silver built the first actual bar code scanner in the middle of Woodland’s living room. The finished product was the size of desk, wrapped in oil cloth to keep out the light, and used a 500-watt light bulb along with the same kind of photomultiplier tube used in movie sound systems, which was hooked up to an oscilloscope. When a bar code on a piece of paper was moved across a beam of light from the bulb, the beam was reflected into the tube of the sound system, which caused the signal of the oscilloscope to move, which translated what had been on the paper. It was crude, it was huge, it so terribly hot it caused the paper to catch on fire, but it worked. Their patent was granted in 1952. • IBM offered to buy the patent, but Woodland and Silver thought the offer was too low. A few weeks later, Philco met their price and purchased the patent in 1962. Philco later sold the patent rights to RCA. • Meantime, technology progressed relentlessly. By the late 1960s, lasers were common and inexpensive. Lasers used a single milli-watt helium-neon beam instead of a 500watt incandescent bulb. Integrated circuits were invented, and suddenly a single microchip could do the work of a wall full of switches. The bars of the bar code were revised to record the numbers 0 through 9 instead of Morse code. • Railroads were interested in bar codes because tracking freight cars caused an impossible tangle of paperwork. In 1969, railroads became the first industry to make widespread use of the bar code. General Trading Company of New Jersey followed suit, using bar codes to direct shipments to the right loading docks in its distribution facility. Then the General Motors plant in Michigan began to use them to monitor production. See the next page for more!
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1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE: What holiday is celebrated on July 14? 2. MEDICAL TERMS: What is the more common name for a contusion? 3. ANIMAL KINGDOM: What is a group of domesticated turkeys called? 4. COMICS: Who was the Green Hornet’s sidekick? 5. U.S. PRESIDENTS: Who was the first president to fly in an airplane while in office? 6. LANGUAGE: What does the Russian term “perestroika” mean?
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7. GEOGRAPHY: In which U.S. state is the top-secret military facility known as Area 51 located?
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9. ARCHITECTURE: Who designed the pyramid in the Louvre Museum in Paris? 10. 10. MATH: What is the Arabic equivalent of the Roman numerals DXC? (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
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1. In 2014, Giants pitcher Yusmeiro Petit set a major-league mark for most consecutive batters retired (46). Who had held the mark? 2. When was the last time before 2014 (Joe Kelly) that a Red Sox pitcher stole a base? 3. Five players have tossed 20 or more touchdown passes in each of their first three NFL seasons. Name four of them. 4. Name the last time before 2013-14 (Harvard) that an Ivy League men’s basketball school won a NCAA Tournament game two consecutive years. 5. Which two teams did Pat Quinn coach to the NHL Stanley Cup Finals? 6. What year was the first in which NHL players took part in the Winter Olympics? 7. How many majors did Gary Player win during his PGA career, and what were the years of his first and last major victories? (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
UPC CODES (continued):
• In 1973, the Uniform Grocery Product Code set nationwide standards for the bar code and the Universal Product Code – or UPC – was born. The National Cash Register Company began building efficient scanners and introduced the first model at the 1974 convention of the Super Market Institute. • Six weeks later, on June 26, 1974 at the Marsh supermarket in Troy, Ohio, a jumbo package of Wrigley’s chewing gum was the first item ever scanned. It just happened to be the first item out of the shopping cart of a shopper, and it is on display at the Smithsonian Institute. • The UPC code is composed of two sets of five digits which give the manufacturer’s code first and the product code second, so that every item scanned has its own unique ID number. The identifying numerals are also printed along the bottom of the bar code for the sake of the checkers, in case the scanner is down or the bar code has been partially obscured and the item needs to be entered by hand. There’s also a single digit on the left side that identifies which type of product the item is: meat, produce, drugs, etc. And a single digit on the right acts as a “check digit.” It adds up some of the previous numbers and subtracts them from 10 to come up with the magic ‘Everything OK’ number. If someone has altered the code with a felt tip marker, the numbers don’t add up and the product is rejected. • Modern optical scanners use the same basic principal introduced by Woodland and Silver: a beam of light passing across the code records the light and dark spaces as electrical pulses, which are fed into a computer that can recognize the series of pulses as characters and match them to products. The information is fed to the computer, which not only knows the price of the item but also acts as an inventory system, tracking how much of any given item is still on hand, how fast it’s being sold, when it will need to be re-ordered, how many coupons have been redeemed, as well as tracking community purchasing patterns. • Bar codes are not just for pricing products. They are also used for tracking inventory on aircraft carriers; for coding blood in blood banks; for following applications in the Patent Office; for identifying people in places like hospitals, libraries, and cafeterias; for sorting baggage at airports; for marking clothing left at the dry cleaner’s; for monitoring radio-collared endangered animals; and for keeping track of logs in lumberyards. The Army uses them to identify ships. Runners in the New York City Marathon don bar codes on their vests and the computer records the order in which they cross the finish line. At the Masters Golf Tournament in Georgia, bar codes on spectator passes prevent scalping and theft of badges. NASA put bar codes on the backs of heat-resistant tiles to make sure they were installed on the correct spots of the space shuttles. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires all hazardous materials have bar codes that can be easily scanned to find out its characteristics in case there’s an accident. • Silver, who died in 1963 at the age of 38, never got to see his invention reach phenomenal proportions. But Woodland was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Bush in 1992.
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• John Patterson’s coal company had a problem with employees robbing the till. There was no reliable method of making sure clerks didn’t simply help themselves to the cash that came into the store during the day. When Patterson heard about a saloonkeeper who had solved the problem by inventing a money tabulating machine, he investigated.
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• The machine was a crude cash register that kept a running tab of money received during the day. The saloon keeper patented it in 1879 but had sold only 19 in two years. Patterson ordered two of them sight unseen. They cost $50 each. In the next six months his previously unprofitable coal store turned a $5,000 profit because employees were no longer able to stuff money in their pockets. • Patterson was so impressed that he bought the cash register company for $6,500. He re-named the company National Cash Register, shortened to NCR. He was convinced that selling cash registers would make him rich. • He started out by mailing out 90,000 brochures to every major retailer in the Midwest. It was the nation’s first serious direct-mail campaign— and was a complete failure. Patterson discovered that the brochures had been received by the same salesclerks that were stealing cash. The brochures were destroyed before they could be seen by the business owners. • Patterson changed his strategy, next sending out fancy hand-addressed envelopes marked “highly confidential.” Inside, the store owners found a fancy invitation asking them to come to the best hotel in town for a demonstration of a fool-proof method of ending employee theft forever. Just for showing up they would receive a handsome gift (such as a nice letter opener). Continued on the next page!
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by Samantha Weaver • It was Alice Roosevelt, prominent socialite and daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, who declared that her purpose in life was to “empty what’s full, fill what’s empty, and scratch where it itches.” • King James VI of Scotland was also, after the crowns of England and Scotland were united in 1603, King James I of England. He may have been doubly noble, but those who study such things say that his personal habits would not have been out of place in a commoner of the time period. He reportedly never bathed, claiming that baths were an unhealthy practice, and he would wear the same clothes for months on end. • Three of the first five presidents of the United States -- John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe -- died on July 4. • Fans of the long-running sitcom “Scrubs” will be familiar with the main character, Dr. John “J.D.” Dorian, and his best friend, Dr. Christopher Turk. You might not realize, though, that the actors who played those roles -- Zach Braff and Donald Faison -- also are best friends in real life. • The game of tag may seem like an innocent children’s pastime, but in some countries it has a sinister undertone. In Italy, players pretend that anyone getting tagged has caught the black plague. In Madagascar, leprosy is the contagion that is being supposedly spread by the game, while in Spain, it’s relatively harmless fleas. • Taking the stairs may be good for your cardiovascular health, but there are dangers you might not know of. In an average year, approximately 27 people are killed while using an elevator, while 1,600 die while taking the stairs. *** Thought for the Day: “Learning is what most adults will do for a living in the 21st century.” -- Lewis Perelman (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
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• On June 26, 1807, lightning hits a gunpowder factory in Luxembourg, sparking an explosion that kills more than 300 people and levels two entire blocks. • On June 22, 1944, President Franklin Roosevelt signs the G.I. Bill, designed to compensate returning armed services members for their efforts in World War II. FDR hoped to avoid a relapse of the Great Depression following World War I. • On June 25, 1950, an American soccer team composed largely of amateurs stuns England 1-0 at the World Cup. The hastily assembled U.S. team included a dishwasher, two mailmen, a teacher and a mill worker. • On June 28, 1965, in the first major offensive of the Vietnam War, 3,000 troops of the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade assault a jungle area near Saigon. The operation was called off after three days when it failed to make contact with the enemy. • On June 23, 1973, President Richard Nixon’s adviser H.R. Haldeman tells the president to pressure the head of the FBI to stay the out of the Watergate burglary investigation -- in essence, to obstruct justice. The taped conversation eventually brought the down the Nixon administration and led to his resignation. • On June 27, 1985, after 59 years, officials vote to decertify the iconic Route 66 and to remove all its highway signs. Measuring 2,200 miles, the “Mother Road” stretched from Chicago to Santa Monica, California, passing through eight states. • On June 24, 1997, U.S. Air Force officials release a 231-page report dismissing claims of an alien spacecraft crash in Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947. The document stated that the “bodies” recovered were not aliens but dummies used in parachute tests. (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
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JOHN PATTERSON (continued):
• Patterson’s next move was to carefully coach all his salesmen in what was the nation’s first “canned speech.” He made sure they had their sales speech completely memorized, drilling them on questions prospective customers might ask. He instructed them how to behave towards the clients, and sent them fully prepared into the field. He also gave each salesman their own territory, which was another new innovation. Then he invented the sales convention, which was “part circus, part camp meeting, and part Chautauqua.” • Cash register sales, barely 1,000 in 1886, reached 15,000 in 1892 and 100,000 in 1910. The following year, NCR sold its millionth machine, as it became apparent that a cash register was an essential tool for retail sales. • Next he turned to improving conditions for his workers. In an era of sweatshops, his factory in Dayton, Ohio, had floor-to-ceiling windows and landscaped gardens. There were hot showers and a cafeteria serving subsidized food. Free medical care was provided. Employees were invited to take advantage of night school, a library, and lectures and concerts, which were all on company grounds and provided for free. • But Patterson had a temper as well, and was well known for firing people on a whim. One of the people he fired was Charles Kettering, who had designed many improvements in the cash register. Charles was fired for failing to demonstrate proper horsemanship in a company exhibition. Kettering went to work for the auto industry instead, where he made many astonishing discoveries. Another fired employee was Thomas Watson, who subsequently went to work transforming IBM into an industrial giant. • By the time Patterson died in 1922 at the age of 78, National Cash Register was a thriving industry. His son took over after his death and ensured that the company continued to thrive.
1. To which conflict does Peter, Paul and Mary’s “Cruel War” refer? 2. Which group released “Everybody Loves a Clown”? 3. Name the song with the misheard lyric, “I hit my head kinda hard on the dance floor.” 4. Who penned and released “Orchard Road”? 5. Name the song that contains this lyric: “Look around you, all you see are sympathetic eyes. Stroll around the grounds until you feel at home.” (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
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GROCERY STORE FACTS • In 1936 a grocer named Goldman in Oklahoma noticed that people stopped shopping as soon as their arms got full. Most shoppers brought their own hand held baskets from home. So Goldman invented a big basket on wheels so shoppers could buy more. Shoppers at first resisted using the grocery cart, feeling it made them look silly. Goldman hired women to walk around the store putting items in their carts. Goldman made a fortune selling his baskets to other stores. • A store will lose about 12% of its carts every year to theft. Each cart costs about $100. • In a typical year about 33,000 accidents involving shopping carts will be reported. • The average American makes 3.4 trips to the grocery store each week. Fridays are the most popular days for grocery shopping. Saturdays and Tuesdays tie for second place. • Women do the grocery shopping 70% of the time; men do it 17% of the time; and the rest of the time they do it together. Less than half of shoppers shop alone. • Grocery stores are designed to make the customer walk as far as possible, with basic staples placed at the far ends of the store. Studies show it’s how far the person walks in the store rather than the amount of time spent in the store that influences how much money is spent. • Whatever department is closest to the door in a grocery store will typically sell 1% more merchandise than if it’s placed elsewhere in the store. • A typical store will have over 25,000 items displayed including 243 items in the produce department alone. • The apple is the most popular produce item, followed by oranges, bananas, lettuce, potatoes, and tomatoes. Continued on the next page!
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Tidbits is on Facebook!! www.facebook.com/bismarcktidbits EDITOR’S NOTE: DVDs reviewed in this column will be available in stores the week of June 22, 2015. PICKS OF THE WEEK Timbuktu (PG-13) -- In the rolling dunes of Mali, alongside centuries-old cultural artifacts, families face the threat of fundamentalism forcing its way into the rhythm of life. Kidane (Ibrahim Ahmed) lives simply, herding livestock with his wife, daughter and an adopted child who helps with the work. At the outset of the film, foreign jihadists are shown using priceless relics for target practice. The pastoral scene is infested with newly arrived clerics and heavilyarmed young men enforcing rules against everything from music and clothing to soccer and socializing. Director Abderrahmane Sissako creates an enchanting portrayal of fully realized, authenticfeeling characters. Even with the jihadists, you feel like there are real humans under the monstrous deeds. It’s a movie that radiates importance and love for life, without burdening
the audience with heavy-handed delivery. Survivor (PG-13) -- Milla Jovovich stars as a London-based American security agent. We’re not exactly sure what kind of agent, but she screens visas and rides a motorcycle. She survives a terrorist bombing, and now everyone thinks she’s responsible. The real bad guys send Pierce Brosnan -- an expert assassin who looks a little groggy -- to kill her while some boring exposition unfolds. Jovovich has to thwart a terrorist plot before the ball drops on New Year’s Eve in Times Square, but just like in real life, it’s an overhyped event that has most viewers asleep before the end. Brosnan is usually pretty successful in his nonBond espionage roles, but he doesn’t seem to relish this one. The action sequences mostly revolve around Jovovich running, when her specialty lies more in butt-kicking. The Forger (R) -- John Travolta’s performance in this heist flick/family drama is unbelievable. As tough-guy art forger Ray Cutter, his sensitive painting talent, his hard-boiled fighting skills, and especially his Boston accent, are thoroughly unconvincing. Ray cuts a deal with Keegan the crime boss (Anson Mount). Keegan will help get Ray an early release from prison, and Ray will forge a Monet painting and swap it with the real-
deal in the museum. Ray makes the deal so he can spend some time with his teenage son who has a terminal brain tumor, which doesn’t make much sense, because forging a masterpiece typically takes a while. If You Build It -- This documentary traces an innovative educational program that puts students in charge of increasingly challenging and meaningful building projects. Architects Emily Pilloton and Matthew Miller run “Studio H,” the hands-on program that teaches kids to make good things with their hands to improve their communities and the lives of others. Running without proper funding -- it’s grants, credit and no salary for a year -- the students build a new farmer’s market for their struggling North Carolina town. It’s not an easy trip or a perfect program, but the film looks into an inspiring story of hard work and improvement. TV RELEASES “Ripper Street: Season Three” “Young Hercules: The Complete Series” “Workaholics: Season 5” “Joan Rivers Box Set” “Garfunkel & Oates” “The Campbells -- The Complete Series” (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.
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GROCERY STORE FACTS (continued):
• Cereals high in sugar are always stored at kids’ eye level whereas nutritious brands are placed at the adult eye level. Children’s cereals have an average of 44% sugar but adult cereals have 10% sugar. A typical store has 124 cold cereals. • It was 1910 when the first premium was packed inside a cereal box. The Jungleland Funny Moving Pictures Book was put inside each box of Kellogg’s Corn Flakes. • The items most likely to be shoplifted from a supermarket are cigarettes, health and beauty aids, meat, seafood, and batteries. • It’s estimated that 34% of shoppers do not pay attention to food labels. Trivia Test Answers
1. Bastille Day 2. A bruise 3. A rafter 4. Kato 5. Franklin Delano Roosevelt 6. Restructuring 7. Nevada 8. A dentist (doctor of dental surgery) 9. I.M. Pei 10. 590 Sports Quiz Answers 1. The White Sox’s Mark Buehrle retired 45 consecutive batters in 2009. 2. It was 1969 (Bill Landis). 3. Andy Dalton, Andrew Luck, Peyton Manning, Dan Marino and Russell Wilson. 4. Princeton, in 1983-84. 5. The 1979-80 Flyers and the 1993-94 Canucks. 6. It was 1998. 7. Nine -- the first was in 1959 (British Open) and the last was in 1978 (Masters).
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• Lemon Pledge furniture polish has more lemon in it than Country Time Lemonade does. • The FDA ordered Mazola to remove the words “no cholesterol” from its label because the product had never contained cholesterol, nor does any vegetable oil contain cholesterol. • The Federal Trade Commission went up against ITT Continental in 1979 for claiming their Fresh Horizons bread contained five times the fiber as whole wheat bread. The claim was true, but the company didn’t mention the extra fiber came from wood pulp. • Sales and consumption of white bread increased every year up until 1963, when it began a slow decline. • Ever wonder why you never see Grade B eggs at the supermarket? Those are the eggs that are sent to bakeries and other factories where the less-than-perfect eggs are used as an ingredient. • When supermarkets first made the scene, one store called the Alpha Beta arranged everything in alphabetical order so that customers could find everything.
Flash Back Trivia Answers 1. Most likely the Civil War, with the female singer saying she’ll dress as a man and sign up to fight to be near her love. 2. Gary Lewis & the Playboys, in 1965. It was used in an episode of “The Simpsons” in 1992. 3. “Telephone,” by Lady Gaga. The correct lyric is, “I left my head and my heart on the dance floor.” 4. Leo Sayer, in 1983. The song was based on an all-night phone booth call to his estranged wife. 5. “Mrs. Robinson” by Simon & Garfunkel in 1968. The duo had been asked to create a few songs for the coming film “The Graduate.” At the time they were working on a song tentatively titled “Mrs. Roosevelt” and changed the name. www.facebook.com/bismarcktidbits
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