Tidbits of Bismarck, Volume 2, Issue 6

of Bismarck February 4, 2015

Volume 2, Issue 6

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TIDBITS® TAKES

VITAMINS

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On February 5, 1915, the first experiment sponsored by the Public Health Department in order to prove that some diseases are caused by dietary deficiencies began. Researcher Joseph Goldberger consequently proved that the skin disease pellagra is caused by poor diet. Come along with Tidbits as we consider vitamins!

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VITAL AMINES

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• In 1911, Polish scientist Casimir Funk theorized that diseases such as beriberi and scurvy were caused by a lack of substances he dubbed “vital amines.” This term was shortened to ‘vitamins.’ He was the first to prove that these illnesses were not caused by exterior factors but were simply caused by dietary deficiency.

• Other researchers began isolating these vital amines, calling them simply “vital amine factor A”, “factor B” and “factor C” and so forth.

The lack of factor A caused blindness; the lack of factor B caused beriberi; the lack of factor C caused scurvy; the lack of factor D caused rickets; the lack of factor E caused miscarriage, and so on.

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• At one time there were vitamins A through P. Subsequent research revealed many duplicates, so some were scratched from the list. That’s why there is no vitamin F today.

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• Later researchers found that vitamin B was actually a complex compound, and it was broken down into vitamins B1 through B14. Again, later studies showed some errors. Today we have only B1, B2, B6, and B12.

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Tidbits® of Bismarck VITAMINS (continued):

VITAL AMINES (continued): • Today we know there are 13 vitamins: A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, K, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, and folic acid. In 1933 scientists learned how to manufacture synthetic vitamins in the laboratory.

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ELMER’S DISCOVERY

• Next McCollum switched to rats. He fed his rats a mixture of protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and fat. Then he made an important discovery: when the source of fat was butter or egg yolk, the rats remained healthy. But when he switched the fat to olive oil, the rats died. Obviously there was something essential in butter and eggs that was not present in olive oil. After much laboratory research, the substance was identified, extracted, and named vitamin A. VITAMIN A • The daily allotment of vitamin A is about .0001 ounce. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble and collect in the body tissues rather than being flushed out. These are the vitamins that can be overdosed. Beef liver contains 60,000 IU of vitamin A in four ounces; polar bear liver, however, is about ten times richer than that.

VITAMIN D • Vitamin D acts as a catalyst to produce proteins that allow minerals to move through the intestinal membrane and into the cells. Without it, the disease called rickets causes the bones to soften and bend.

• The misperception persists that vitamin D is present in sunlight. Actually, vitamin D cannot be formed unless it is activated by ultraviolet light. Therefore, sunlight does not contain vitamin D; it only activates it. Cats and dogs, when they lick their fur, ingest body fat that has been irradiated on their fur. This serves as a source of vitamin D. • One school of thought holds that black skin evolved as protection against sunburn and skin cancer. However, other scientists feel that white skin evolved as a measure to allow enough ultraviolet light to pass through the skin in cold climates where people wear heavy clothing and their exposure to sunlight is limited.

VITAMIN E • Vitamin E is necessary for reproduction.

Many people have concluded that if a little vitamin E is necessary to reproduce, then a lot of vitamin E should really make you a Casanova.

But vitamin E’s role in reproduction is merely to prevent miscarriage and has nothing to do with sex or conception.

See the next page for more!

 

• In the early 1900s, Elmer McCollum was a researcher at the University of Wisconsin. He was trying to discover whether wheat, oats, or corn was the best feed for cows. His method was to feed three different groups of cows the three different feeds and see what happened. The wheat-fed cows went blind. The oat-fed cows gave birth to dead calves. Only the corn-fed cows were healthy.

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1. LITERATURE: What is Hagrid’s first name in the Harry Potter book series?

2. HISTORY: In what modern-day country did the ancient Etruscan civilization once thrive?

3. U.S. STATES: What is the state capital of New Hampshire?

4. U.S. PRESIDENTS: Where was President Lyndon Johnson sworn into office?

5. MOVIES: What was the name of Roy Hobbs’ baseball bat in “The Natural”?

6. ANIMAL KINGDOM: What kind of animals would a cryptozoologist study?

7. MYTHOLOGY: Who was Castor’s twin brother?

8. INVENTIONS: Who is credited with inventing blue jeans?

9. TELEVISION: In what sitcom series was the character of Frasier Crane introduced?

10. WORLD GEOGRAPHY: capital of Portugal?

What is the

(c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

For Advertising Call: (701) 391-2076 VITAMINS (continued):

VITAMIN K • Vitamin K comes in cabbage, cauliflower, spinach and pork liver, but the vitamin is also synthesized in the intestinal tract by bacteria, no matter what you eat. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to synthesize clotting elements that circulate in the blood. Too much vitamin K can damage the liver. Taking oral antibiotics can kill the intestinal bacteria that synthesize vitamin K.

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VITAMIN B • Vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of red corpuscles in the blood, for normal growth, and for maintenance of healthy nerve cells. You only need .00000014 ounce of vitamin B12 each day, but a lack of that tiny amount can be fatal.

It is impossible to get B12 on a strict vegetarian diet.

• Scientists wondered why Hindus, who are strict vegetarians, never suffered from vitamin deficiencies while living in India, but would come down with B12 deficiencies if they emigrated to Britain. It was found that their diet in India inadvertently contained insect parts that became mixed in with the food. But in Britain, where food control laws were stricter, there were fewer microscopic insect fragments in the food.

Insects are rich in vitamins, including B12.

• Beriberi was a perplexing disease, causing fatigue, then death. In 1894 Christiaan Eijkman began to study it. Certain it was caused by a bacteria or virus, he tried unsuccessfully to infect chickens. One group of chickens received injections of the beriberi bacteria, and another group did not. Suddenly, both groups came down with beriberi. Just as suddenly, both groups recovered. He was mystified.

1. In 2014, Adrian Beltre became the fifth player in major-league history to hit 100 home runs for three different teams. Name two of the first four.

• He spoke with the man who fed them. Back then, brown rice was undesirable, and white rice (which has the hull and the germ polished off) was desirable. Chickens were normally fed undesirable brown rice. But when the supply of brown rice ran out, the chickens received white rice, and they got sick. When more brown rice arrived, they recovered. Eijkman concluded that white rice contains a poison which brown rice neutralizes, not realizing that brown rice contains vitamin B1 (also called thiamine) which wasn’t isolated and named until 1926.

2. Name the last right-handed hitter to belt 30 or more home runs in a season for the Kansas City Royals.

3. In 2013, the Rams’ Tavon Austin became the third player in NFL history to have three touchdowns of 55 or more yards in a game.

Name either of the first two.

4. Frank Kaminsky set a record in 2013 for most points scored by a University of Wisconsin men’s basketball player (43).

Who had held the mark?

5. Gilbert Perreault is the Buffalo Sabres’ all-time leader in points scored (1,326). Who is second?

6. In 2014, Cole Custer became the youngest driver to win a NASCAR national touring series race (16 years old). Who had been the youngest?

7. Between 1985 and 1996, four women combined to win a total of 12 French Open singles titles. Name three of the four. (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

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Tidbits® of Bismarck NOTEWORTHY INVENTIONS:

NIACIN

• “Pellagra” is Italian for “rough skin.” It’s a disease whose first symptom is irritated skin, and it is eventually fatal if left untreated.

• In the early 1900s pellagra was rampant in the deep south, and the Public Health Service hired Joseph Goldberger to find out why. His first discovery was that it was common among prisoners, children in orphanages, and patients in mental institutions. Yet he never found a single doctor, nurse, nun, or prison guard who also had the disease.

• Theory held that pellagra was a contagious disease, but Goldberger became convinced that it was tied to the diet. In the Methodist Orphan Asylum in Jackson, Mississippi, one third of the children suffered from pellagra. However, all of the victims were between the ages of 6 and 12.

He discovered that only the children between the ages of 1 and 5 were given milk to drink. And only the children over the age of 12 were given much meat. Between the age of 6 and 12, the orphans received no milk and little meat. They survived on grits, mush, and sow belly. And they got pellagra.

• Goldberger convinced the orphanage to change the children’s diet, giving them lots of meat, milk, and eggs. Pellagra disappeared.

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• Wanting to be thorough, Goldberger decided that if he could cure the disease with proper diet, he ought to be able to induce it through faulty diet. At the prison farm near Jackson, he signed up 12 prisoners who were willing to go on a special diet in exchange for a pardon at the end of six months. He fed them biscuits, mush, grits, gravy, syrup, corn bread, rice, coffee and sugar.

After a few weeks, the men started showing the signs of pellagra.

Continued on the next page!

by Samantha Weaver • It’s not known who made the following sage observation: “The best way to lie is to tell the truth -- carefully edited truth.”

• In a survey conducted by the Cumberland Farms chain of convenience stores last year, more than half of respondents said they would rather have jury duty for a week than give up coffee for the same length of time. A whopping 69 percent would rather give up alcohol than coffee for a week.

• Finland once banned Donald Duck comics because the title character doesn’t wear pants.

• You might be surprised to learn that World War II played an important role in the rise of popcorn as a favorite snack at the movies. During the war, the U.S. was cut off from many sugar-exporting nations, causing shortages and rationing on the home front.

The scarcity of sugar resulted in a dearth of candy being offered at the box office, causing popcorn sales to skyrocket.

• If you live in Georgia, keep in mind that it is illegal to have a picnic in a graveyard in that state.

• Given the rise in foodie culture, it’s no wonder that there are a plethora of cookbooks available covering every imaginable kind of comestible. However, you might be surprised to learn just how far back the recording of food preparation goes: One of the earliest known recipes was written on cuneiform tablets and has been dated almost 4,000 years ago to around 1700 B.C. • Those who study such things say that a giraffe can go longer without water than a camel can.

• People who are indigenous to the high altitudes of the Andes have more blood than do people who live at sea level -- 3 quarts more. *** Thought for the Day: “I love deadlines. I like the whooshing sound they make as they fly by.” -- Douglas Adams (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

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NIACIN (continued):

• On Feb. 2, 1847, the first woman of a group of pioneers commonly known as the Donner Party dies during the group’s journey through a snowbound Sierra Nevada mountain pass.

The disastrous trip west ended up killing 42 people and turned many of the survivors into cannibals.

• On Feb. 6, 1891, members of the Dalton Gang stage an unsuccessful train robbery in California -- an inauspicious beginning to their careers as serious criminals. Bob, Emmett and Grat Dalton were only three of the 10 Dalton sons. The majority of the Dalton boys became law-abiding citizens, and one served as a deputy U.S. marshal.

• On Feb. 5, 1918, the steamship Tuscania, transporting over 2,000 American soldiers bound for Europe, is torpedoed and sinks off the coast of Ireland by the German submarine U-77.

• On Feb. 4, 1938, Walt Disney releases “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,” his first full-length animated feature production.

Naysayers, including his wife, warned him that audiences wouldn’t sit through a cartoon fantasy about dwarfs, but the film quickly grossed $8 million, a staggering sum during the Great Depression.

• On Feb. 3, 1953, French oceanographer Jacques-Yves Cousteau publishes “The Silent World.” Three years later, the film version was released to world acclaim. The film, which revealed the hidden universe of tropical fish, whales and walruses, won Best Documentary at the Academy Awards.

• On Feb. 7, 1984, while in orbit 170 miles above Earth, Navy Capt. Bruce McCandless becomes the first human being to fly untethered in space when he exits the U.S. space shuttle Challenger and maneuvers freely. McCandless orbited Earth in tangent with the shuttle at speeds greater than 17,500 mph.

• On Feb. 8, 1990, singer-songwriter Del Shannon (“Runaway” and “Hats Off to Larry”) commits suicide while in the midst of a comeback. Shannon’s widow would later file a high-profile lawsuit against Eli Lilly, the manufacturer of the antidepressant Prozac, which Shannon had begun taking shortly before his suicide. (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

• Goldberger went one step further to prove pellagra was not contagious. He collected 16 volunteers, including his wife and himself, who did everything to contract pellagra through injections and secretions and bodily contact with sufferers. No one got the disease.

• Goldberger spent the rest of his life in the laboratory trying to discover what factor meat, milk, and egg yolks had in common. By 1926, Goldberger established that a small amount of brewer’s yeast prevented pellagra, yet he never knew why.

• It was Conrad Elvehjem who discovered that pellagra is caused by a lack of the B vitamin niacin. He presented his findings in 1937, eight years after Joseph Goldberger’s death.

• Goldberger is remembered as the “unsung hero of American clinical epidemiology.”

Although he was nominated five times for the Nobel Prize, his discovery proved socially and politically unacceptable, and he made little progress in gaining support for the treating of pellagra during his lifetime.

• Between 1906 and 1940 more than 3 million Americans were affected by pellagra with more than 100,000 deaths, yet the epidemic resolved itself after authorities decided to add niacin to bread in 1938.

• Pellagra is still found today, especially in third world countries that depend primarily upon corn for their sustenance. Refugees and prisoners receiving inadequate food commonly suffer from it. Alcoholism and drug addiction can also cause pellagra, as can intestinal disorders. Untreated, the disease can kill within four or five years.

• Besides meat and eggs, niacin is found in avocados, dates, tomatoes, leafy vegetables, broccoli, sweet potatoes, asparagus, nuts, whole grains, and legumes.

1. Name the Tavares song that was split between the A and B sides of the single.

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2. Which band started as Billy de Sade and the Marquis?

3. What car won the race in “Hot Rod Lincoln”?

4. Who originally released “In the Midnight Hour”?

5. Name the song that contains this lyric: “On the corner is a banker with a motorcar, The little children laugh at him behind his back. And the banker never wears a mac in the pouring rain, very strange.” (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

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Tidbits® of Bismarck to revamp a storied villain, make him relatable and cap it off with extra CG battles. The result is lukewarm; instead of sympathizing with the devil, you end up bored with him.

EDITOR’S NOTE: DVDs reviewed in this column will be available in stores the week of February 2, 2015.

PICKS OF THE WEEK John Wick (R) -- This rain-slick action flick has a lot to offer, despite its ultra-tired plot summary: It’s about a retired assassin who goes on a rampage of revenge. There, that’s out of the way.

The titular John (Keanu Reeves) is a legendary hit man dealing with the loss of his wife to terminal illness. A blundering mafia prince (Alfie Allen) interrupts John’s healing process by breaking into his home, beating him and killing his puppy -- the puppy given to John by his late wife. John makes several hundred mobsters pay the Ultimate Price for this grave mistake.

With more color, more energy and more crunch, it just doesn’t look or feel like the other movies in its genre. It’s directed by a duo of seasoned stuntmen -- David Leitch and Chad Stahlski -who know how to make exciting and frenetic fight scenes without shaking the camera like a tambourine.

Dracula: Untold (PG-13) -- Before he was the Master of Darkness, Dracula (Luke Evans) was a good dad and a nice boss with small fiefdom to run. Things get bloody when a Turkish overlord takes a thousand boys -- including Drac’s son -- for his big ol’ army. Dracula gets so upset that he sells his soul for some superpowers. It’s pretty much “Maleficent” for boys ... an attempt

Dear White People (PG-13) -- This fresh and fierce satire shows us a make-believe Ivy League campus, where the Age of Obama has convinced some people that racism doesn’t exist anymore, and nothing is off-limits. It doesn’t feel that way to the college’s black students, who see casual racism and ridiculous stereotypes everywhere. The jokes and subject matter can get pretty uncomfortable, but there’s a payoff. It’s the opening shot for young writer/ director Justin Simien, making it clear that he’s somebody to watch.

DOG OF THE WEEK The Best of Me (PG-13) -- Amanda and Dawson were two uncommonly attractive teens in a gold-coated country town made for melodramas. She’s a beautiful belle with a kind spirit; he’s a soulful working-class hunk with a brilliant mind and hurt in his eyes. They split over tragic, contrived reasons, only to be reunited 20 years later. They kiss in the rain.

They hold each other in fading sunlight. They have wonderful romantic chemistry wrapped up in cheesy dialog and a frustratingly predictable story.

First love has a special place in the human heart, and maybe that’s why we keep getting these Nicholas Sparks movies -- each time hoping we’ll feel that special magic we got the first time with “The Notebook.”

TV RELEASES “Last of the Summer Wine: Vintage 2003” “The Bob Newhart Show: Season 5” “The Bob Newhart Show: The Final Season” “Wonder Years Season 2” “Shakespeare Uncovered: Series 2” (c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

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SCURVY • French explorer Jacques Cartier and his crew were searching for a sea passage across North America in the 1530s when they spent the winter on the St. Lawrence River, where they became icebound. By the middle of February the crew was suffering with scurvy and were so weak they could not move from their beds. 25 out of 110 crew members were dead.

• Cartier, who probably had been sneaking food from a secret cache, remained in good health. He was reluctant to have much contact with the local Indians for fear they would attack the boat after seeing how weak the crew was.

• Still, while Cartier was out on shore one day, he ran into an Indian named Dom Agaya.

Cartier had met up with this man several days earlier and had noted that he also was suffering from the onset of scurvy. Now, however, he was completely cured.

• Cartier asked him what had cured him, and the Indian showed him how to cut branches and needles from a local tree (probably a cedar tree), boil them in water, and drink the tea.

• At first some of Cartier’s men refused the cure, but when one or two tried it, they immediately began feeling better. The rest of the crew soon rushed to join them, and within eight days they had consumed an entire tree and in so doing had cured themselves.

• Still, although Cartier took samples of the tree with him back to France, the knowledge of the cure failed to make the rounds. Ten years later, another French expedition wintering at the same spot on the St. Lawrence seaway lost 50 of their 200 crew to scurvy.

SCURVY SCALLYWAGS • In earlier centuries, scurvy was a disease that struck sailors, prisoners, armies, and besieged cities. Victims got progressively weaker and eventually died.

• In 1737 an Austrian doctor named Kramer noticed that army soldiers often got scurvy— but the officers (who ate better food) never did.

He was the first person to make the connection between diet and disease.

• Soon after, a Scottish doctor named Lind proved that citrus fruits would prevent scurvy.

Continued on the next page!

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SCURVY (continued):

SCURVY SCALLYWAGS (continued): • Captain Cook was so impressed that he took limes on his round-the-world voyage, and lost only one sailor to the disease. However, the British army remained unconvinced and didn’t start following the advice for another 40 years.

• In 1794 the British Admiralty finally decided to try citrus as a preventative for scurvy. They sent an English squadron out with a full supply of lemons. When the ships touched port at Madras 23 weeks later, only one crewman had come down with scurvy— and he had traded his daily lemon juice ration for another sailor’s rum.

• After it was discovered that citrus fruits could cure scurvy, every Spanish sailor bound for the Americas was supplied with 100 seeds or Trivia Test young seedlings to be planted in the new land.

Answers Today’s Florida groves began with trees planted 1. Rubeus in 1513 by Ponce de Leon. By 1800 scurvy was 2. Italy wiped out.

3. Concord • Because lemons were commonly called 4. Aboard Air Force One, following the limes, English seaman eventually became known assassination of President John Kennedy. as “limeys.”

5. “Wonderboy” • Without vitamin C, the body cannot 6. Legendary animals like the Loch Ness synthesize collagen, which is the adhesive monster or Bigfoot protein substance that holds cells together. 7. Pollux Without collagen, wounds cannot heal, old scars 8. Levi Strauss may open, and gums rot. The victim becomes 9. “Cheers” cranky, apathetic, and dizzy. Joints and muscles 10. Lisbon become sore, bones grow brittle, legs swell, and Sports Quiz bruises appear as tiny blood vessels rupture.

Answers Death occurs when the brain, the lungs, or the 1. Darrell Evans, Reggie Jackson, Alex digestive tract rupture.

Rodriguez and Jim Thome.

2. Gary Gaetti had 35 in 1995.

3. Washington’s Cliff Battles (1937) and Tennessee’s Chris Johnson (2009).

4. Ken Barnes scored 42 points in a game in 1965, and Michael Finley had 42 in a game in 1994.

5. Dave Andreychuk, with 804 points.

6. Erik Jones was 17 when he won a Truck Series race in 2013.

7. Chris Evert (1985, ‘86), Steffi Graf (‘87, ‘88, ‘93, ‘95, ‘96), Arantxa Sanchez Vicario (‘89, ‘94) and Monica Seles (‘90-’92).

Flash Back Trivia Answers 1. The six-minute disco song “Heaven Must Be Missing an Angel” (1976).

2. Mink DeVille, partially named after band member Willy DeVille. The band only had one single (“Each Word’s a Beat of My Heart”) that cracked the Top 100 list.

3. The Ford and the Mercury were beaten by a kid who flew by in a “hopped-up Model A.” 4. Wilson Pickett, in 1965.

5. “Penny Lane,” by the Beatles in 1967. There really is a Penny Lane, near where John Lennon lived as a child. Tourists still flock to the spot and have stolen so many street signs that the city gave up and painted the street name on buildings.

Enterprise Publications, LLC, owned and operated by James and Nikki Wiese of Bismarck, recently acquired the rights to publish Tidbits® in the

Bismarck/Mandan area. Tidbits® is a light and interesting paper dedicated to publishing things you didn’t know. A “tidbit” is defined as “a tasty morsel to be devoured before the meal,” and that’s exactly what Tidbits® is.....a morsel for the mind. Tidbits® is published weekly, so look out! Tidbits® has arrived! Distributed at area restaurants, Tidbits® is meant to be picked up when entering and read while dining. Tidbits® provides food for thought, so Bon Appetit! Tidbits® can also be found wherever people are waiting. Whether you are waiting for your vehicle to have its oil changed or get new tires, or waiting for your doctor, chiropractor, optomistrist, or dentist, rest assured that Tidbits® will be there to keep you entertained! Once you are done waiting, either take it home for further enjoyment or leave it for the next person! Don’t worry about running out, because we will publish more each week. If you actually have a week where you are not waiting for something, rest assured that Tidbits® will still be there. Find and read each week’s edition online at our website, www.bismarcktidbits.com. Tidbits® is here for you.

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