Portfolio
Southern California Institute of Architecture Chi Hung Leung
PORTFOLIO INTRODUCTION After one year studying in SCI-Arc, I gain lots of knowledge about architecture. Before I get into the development of my portfolio and experience with my education, I would like to begin with the definition of Architecture. By defining architecture, we learn that it is an art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. The practice of architecture emphasizes spatial relationships, orientation, the support of activities to be carried out within a designed environment, and the arrangement and visual rhythm of structural elements, as opposed to the design of structural systems themselves (see civil engineering). Appropriateness, uniqueness, a sensitive and innovative response to functional requirements, and a sense of place within its surrounding physical and social context distinguish a built environment as representative of a culture's architecture. Therefore, architecture requires students to have a multiple, diverse insight and perspective to come up with a well-concluded design. The SCI-Arc diverse curriculum has taught me lots of things that I need to learn in different areas. For instance, the goals of GS Humanities I are to let students become familiar with the methods by which cultural values are transmitted by societies through their artistic heritage; and learn methods of representation, including symbolism, metaphor and allegory. Students were tasked with making connects between different modes of expression and phases of cultural development. Through the understanding of this course, I realize that portfolio is like an artistic heritage which is a platform for people to exchange thoughts. When I was preparing my portfolio, I put in a lot of efforts to organize courses systematically and show how each project was developed so others will be able to understand them. The course also teaches me the way to connect things through different modes of expression. Therefore, when I was structuring my portfolio, I utilized different techniques to express what I want to convey in each project either by graphics or words. Without taking this course, I would not be able to come up with creative solutions when I was designing the structure of my portfolio. The way my work is represented is also based on the knowledge that I had accumulated in one of the CS courses, Intro to Urban System as well. The format of this course is a historical survey of urban design from the past 150 years, from 1860 to 2010. Urban systems by themselves are singular and limited and are often the responsibility of a specific engineering or social discipline. Therefore, the courses emphasizes on the strategic integration of Urban systems as it is the domain of the architect-planner and the bewildering variety of integrated systems will be framed and explained through the lens of this survey. One of the things that I can get out of this class is the varieties of organizational strategies and rigid disciplines. Thus, when I was designing with the way my work is representing, I created a rigid layout to follow and applied certain logics to it. Over last semester, l also learned that drawings and models are representational tools to express my designs and communicate with others. Even though the fact that we were not designing realistic buildings yet, I am aware of the importance of the structure and tectonics and I tried to address them as much as I could in each project most of the times. To me, drawings show the details of programs and tectonics of the project mainly while Models focus on the visual rhythm and structural components of the project and its visualization. In the near future, I will utilized the knowledge that I have been exposed to move towards my thesis as each course would contribute a certain degrees of unique, valuable lessons to my insight. I recognize that the needs of absorbing information from cross-media platforms and multiperspective standpoints, as they are the essential nutrients for students to form a well-thought, distinctive language in my future education.
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2A
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Bridge to Nowhere Water Station (Knot and Roots)
Baroque Art and Rococo Style Comparism and Contrast
The Different Portraits of Jesus
Case Studies
Note
Studio ....................................10-35
Humanities II ....................................36-43
Surrealist vs. Post-Impressionism Final Assignment Q&A
Visual Rhetorics ....................................44-49
Intro to Urban System ....................................50-67
Structure II ....................................68-79
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Studio ..................................80-103 Downtown L.A. Gallery
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Visual Studies ................................104-115 Spheroid
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Humanities I ................................116-127
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The History of Idea ................................128-141
Assignment I
Quizzes
Lystrata Unbound
Final Exam In-class Essay
Black Death in Forence
The History of Idea and Biology
2B
The Philosophy of Technology
................................142-155 Quizzes
2A Studio Bridge to Nowhere Water Station (Knot and Roots)
Knot and Roots In this project, we studied at the different kinds of knots and roots. in order to create a system based on networking and branching.
Thing vs surface
Knot and root
Things vs surface
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2A Studio|Bridge to Nowhere Water Station
Definition We used cubes and surfaces to define basic architectural relationships. Below are the Definitions: Thing on a surface Thing below a surfae Thing above a surface Thing merged with a surface thing next to thing on a surface Thing on top of thing on a surface Thing (split) on a surface Thing merged with thing on a surface Thing merged with an offset thing merged with a surface Thing sandwiched beween two surfaces Things on a surface Things below a surfae Things above a surface Things merged with a surface thing next to thing on a surface Thing on top of thing on a surface Things (split) on a surface Things merged with things on a surface Things merged with an offset things merged with a surface Things sandwiched beween two surfaces
2A Studio|Bridge to Nowhere Water Station
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Development If cube is 3D, knot is 2D, and Root is 1D, Knoop is a transitional transformation from volume to line. The figure is anexct which means two similar things separated by a slightly different dissimilitude from each other. All figure and roots are not the same in the knoop project. For example, there is an origin between knot and roots. Following the origin, there are two groups of similar roots. Even though they look the same, they have different amounts of arrayed branches. My concept for this project is the integration between DIscrepancy and Dissimilitude. DIscrepancy refers to The state or quality of being discrepant; difference; inconsistency. It is also an instance of difference or inconsistency: There are certain discrepancies between the two versions of the story. On the other hand, dissimilitude has the similar meaning of disimilarity which means differences. It can also refer to a point of difference.
Section A
Section B
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2A Studio|Bridge to Nowhere Water Station
Section C
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Site Description Our site is located at The Bridge to Nowhere in South Antelope Valley, CA. The site is sandwitched by two mountains and there is a river going through in the valley. It has many stones and rocks all over the site and trees gather around the river. Due to the fact that there are rare trees at the higher sea level, I studied how geocell working as a soil-lost prevention system and decided to import it into my design.
geocell - Soil Lost Prevention System
Macro Scale of Bridge to Nowhere, South Antelope Valley, CA
Micro Scale of Bridge to Nowhere, South Antelope Valley, CA
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Section
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East Elevation
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Plan
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Knot Axon
Bedroom
Restroom
Living Room
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Root Axon
Supporting Beam
Cistern
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Geocell Axon
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Rebar Axon
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Underground Geocell Axon
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2A Humanities II Baroque Art and Rococo Style Comparism and Contrast Surrealist vs. Post-Impressionism Final Assignment Q&A
Baroque Art and Rococo Style Comparism and Constrast The Entombment of Christ is emblematic of Baroque period because of its unique painting style and characteristics. Baroque art mainly focuses on seeking an emotional response rather than an intellectual one. In the painting, the Caravaggio is one of the few who applied the use of chiaroscuro in the Baroque period. Chiaroscuro is a technique that uses deep variation in and subtle gradations of light and shade, especially to enhance the delineation of character and for general dramatic effect. For example, Christ who is being carried in Caravaggio's painting has the brightest direct lighting compare with the rest of the painting. Therefore, the audience pays the most attention to the Christ part of the painting rather than other parts of the painting. Furthermore, Caravaggio wants us to feel his painting rather than just relate to it. For example, the body of Christ has many realistic shapes of muscles that convince us into seeing he was real. Also, if the painting is examined very closely, it's very easy to see its highly described details such as the facial expression of Christ and the veins on Christ's hands. On the other hand, Caravaggio paints the painting directly on the canvas. Recent studies show that the correction that he made was covered under the painting. This is the last characteristic that differentiates his work from others because painters would usually make a draft on a piece of paper and use it as a guideline to paint their paintings. Madame de Pompadour is a painting that was completed during the Rococo period. Rococo is also named as “Late Baroque,� which is an 18th-century artistic movement and style that influences different aspects such as music, architecture and painting. It is
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The Entombment of Christ
is a style of architecture of decoration that originates in France about 1720. Simply speaking, It evolved from Baroque types and distinguished by its elegant refinement and ornaments in using different materials for a delicate overall effect. Originally, Rococo style was originated from the late Baroque architectural work of Borromini. Borromini’s works were very distinctive from others. His works features in wavy and curvy forms in which the Europeans were inspired by his works and went further starting to form the Rococo style.Thus, this style had spread beyond architecture to literature and painting, etc. Because of this influence, the artists started
2A Humanities II|Assignment One
Madame de Pompadour
to form a romantic perspective where they would decorate the little angels and colorful, natural background on their paintings. At that period of time, the painters usually
painted portraits. Unlike Baroque artists, Rococo artists use asymmetry and joyful elements and paintings were highly decorated which has dedicate colors and forms.
The Chiswick House was completed in 1729 and located in Burlington Lane, Chiswick, England. Even though it was completed during Rococo period, its architectural style is neo-Palladian which is very distinct from Rococo style. Neo-Palladian is a variation of Neoclassicism, which is most apparently represented in the Palladian architecture of Georgian Britain. Neoclassicism is a style that is against Rococo style (or Post-Baroque style). Rococo style is very popular in the Europe but not in some countries such as Britain and Ireland. For example, in The Entombment of Christ, we know that Baroque style focuses on exaggerated motions and exciting elements. For the Madame de Pompadour, we learn that Rococo style has joyful, highly decorate ornaments and asymmetric elements However, these techniques and elements were not present in Chiswick House. Its exterior and interior walls lacks of exaggerated, decorated elements like fresco and golden frames that we can find in Baroque architecture. Also, the House has a couple symmetries axis unlike what Rococo style was suggesting. These were the evidence that shows how the Chiswick Houses differs from Baroque and Rococo style that we can found in the Entombment of Christ and Madame de Pompadour.
The Chiswick HouseBold
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Surrealist vs. Post-Impressionism For this assignment, I prepared a drawing and a sketching based on a photo in order to represent Post-Impressionism and Surrealist artistic movements. The original picture that I took was a cell phone laying on the edge of a table. In the sketching, there is a cell phone which has a realistic top part and a twisted whirling part at the right-hand-side of the picture. It represents Surrealist artistic movement. Surrealist is also known as surrealism, which is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s. Its works mainly features in the element of surprise and inconsistent transformations. In the sketching, the viewer might see a transformed reality that is connected to the reality inconsistently. For example, the cell phone is sketched realistically in the beginning, and ends with an unrealistic, twisted part of the cell phone. Even the background was transformed along with the cell phone. Since the sketching contains an inconsistent narrative and a surprising element, this sketching is considered to represent the artistic movement of Surrealist.
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2A Humanities II|Assignment Two
Original Image
Post-Impressionism
The second drawing is drawn by using many hair-like lines. The cell phone details are not drawn as precise as the one was sketched in the first sketching. This drawing is considered to represent the artistic movement of Post-Impressionism. The movement features in vivid colors and realistic subject matter, but the Post-Impressionists are more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural, arbitrary color. For instances, I drew the drawing mainly based on the feeling of warmth and cold. For the warmth part of the drawing, I utilized red, yellow and orange colors to represent it. On the other hand, I used black, blue, and brown color to represent the cold feeling part of picture that I took. In addition, post-impressionism also inherited a part of impressionism, which is to capture the moment. Therefore, I used hair-like lines to draw the whole drawing based on my impression and feelaings and I didn’t draw the details as precise as the one that I did in the sketching. Thus, this drawing is a representation of Post-Impressionism. In conclusion, I used a sketching and a drawing to represent the artistic movement of Surrealist and Post-Impressionism based on their major style and ideas respectively. Surrealist
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Final Assignment Q&A Compare & contrast the idea of the self in "Araby" and "Black Box" The self in "Araby" is written in the First Person view while the self in "Black Box" was portrait as the Second Person in the readings. In Araby, James Joyce wrote "I did not know whether I would ever speak to her or not or, if I spoke to her, how I could tell her of my confused adoration. But my body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires." The audience would gather the information from the characters through the narrative of the author. However, the way that Jennifer Eagan wrote "Black Box" is slightly different than James Joyce's approach in "Araby". For instance, Jennifer Eagan wrote "Focus instead on gauging your Designated Mate's reaction to the new intimacy between you" in "Black Box." Here we can learn about the designated mate's reaction from her narrative which is similar to James' example we read earlier. However, we could feel Jennifer is having a conversation with the audience directly because of her often use of the Second Person pronouns very often in "Black Box." The main difference of the idea of self between "Araby" and "Black Box" is how they want the audience to learn about the character's reactions. In Araby, the author tends to hide his thoughts and feelings compared with "Black Box." On the Other hand, in "Black Box", the author is mainly describing her own appearance as though she knows it's customary and an important part of social life.
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How are “Araby” and “Black Box” reflective of the society and culture of the specific time period in which they were created? “Araby” reflects the culture of modernism as the author suggests there still has traditional modesty and conservation even if it’s in modern times. The way the author tends to hide his feelings and thoughts seem to be an important theme in his story even through modernism. While “Black Box” is more like a post-modern text, it reads as though it were written by a therapist or Cosmopolitan magazine. It is really self-conscious and anxious at the same time while it is written in a style of self-help tips. It stands for what the culture and society has told us to search in relationships.
2A Humanities II|Assignment Three
Why is alienation a feature of modernism? Alienation is a feature of modernism as it’s very similar to independence in which modernism is about small fractions of independences. Modernism is about being independent from history, religion, culture, and sometimes, a potential future or any other certain mode of thinking and/ or practice. Meanwhile, independence carries a sense of freedom which requires a great disassociation with peers that is brought on by a sudden break with traditions. If independence becomes a burden, it will be defined as alienation.
Give three examples of intertextuality, referencing works presented in class (can be art, music or literature). There are many ways to define Intertextuality, and to me, it has the same meaning with the words, “referential and/or “indexical.” The first example of intertextuality would be Francis Bacon’s Pope paintings; in which they are obviously referencing a single painting which is made hundreds of years ago, but they have taken on a new life outside of that history. On the other hand, another example would be Jame Jayce’s writing like Ulysses. It does not reference too clearly, however, it’s written as though it has dozens of authors writing on the page. This is the reason why it has a quality of being referential.
Why does Abstract Expressionism develop in the United States? The Abstract Expression developed in the United States is because it's an art movement that strictly requires no proud history. While the Europeans were dealing with themes that were deeply ingrained in their history and culture, America was still trying to figure out its own.
Justify why a piece of art we saw Give two examples of how the at LACMA is representative of idea of the Orthodox Icon was modernism. Cite specific feareused in 20th century art. tures.
Is referencing consumerism modern or postmodern? Give examples based on art and artists we discussed in class.
Andy Warhol used the idea of an Orthodox icon in his work by recreating the idea of an icon. He treated Marilyn Monroe as a sacred icon by placing her in front of a gilded gold background. Also, by recreating the work several times, he mass-produced things in a way that previous generations were not able to achieve. Since he has an art factory, he was able to recreate his sacred images countless times. He treated other celebrities as icons, most notably Jackie Kennedy and Elvis Presley.
Consumerism is largely a postmodern subject, but this also depends on where we place Pop Art. Pop Art puts its interests in consumerism mainly, since many pop artists were only allowed to recreate images that were mass produced, and they were sending a message about the quality of mass production and consumerism. Claes Oldenberg made a career out of recreating and scaling up hamburgers and other processed food that were meant to signify modernization and consumer ideals. Roy Lichtenstein also was interested in the quality of things mass produced, specifically the comic book image. But rather than use the same technique that comic book producers used to create their images, he patiently painted dots all across his canvas as more traditional artists might have. Postmodern artists made a big point about the state of consumerism in the second part of the twentieth century.
There's a small box in LACMA's modern art wing which is created by Marcel Duchamp. It is handmade with rope and metal parts, and it has a sign that states that if it was shaken, it would make a very specific ringing sound. This is an example of modernism because it challenges what we are unable to know when given a simple situation. The Visitors could lift the box and shake to see if this was true, but because it is one of the exhibits in the museum, we are not allowed to pick it up, leaving its main feature a mystery. Duchamp is questioning the institution of the museum but also the arbitrariness of certain things found in modernism.
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2A Visual Rhetorics The Different Portraits of Jesus
The Different Portraits of Jesus Christ For hundreds of years, many have seen art works created that portrayed Jesus Christ being crucified on the cross. I will focus on the known works of Giotto, Peter Paul Rubens, and Francisco de Goya, and how their approaches differ from each other. The inspiration and painting styles of three painters from different time periods resulted in three unique depictions of this incident. Because the incident of Jesus Christ being crucified has appeared in many different historic documents, paintings, and other artifacts, and it has a great influence to Christian religion, I would like to learn about the knowledge around the incident through several painters’ perspectives. The first fresco of the crucifixion was painted by Giotto di Bondone, in Padua, Italy around 1303 to 1306 which is during the Renaissance period. It is composed of two groups of people surrounding around Jesus Christ with the little angels flying above Him. This fresco was painted on top of a rock, beneath which a skull can be seen subtly. The reason the fresco was completed above a skull is because it indicates that this is Golgotha (where Christ was being crucified). In the right hand side of the fresco, the Roman soldiers were arguing about who should have Christ’s clothes as a sorrowful St Peter looks on. The woman whose weeping over Christ’s bloodied wounds in a a frenzy of sorrow at Christ’s feet was Mary. In the left hand side of the fresco, there’s a gathering of the righteous. Giotto’s design is stylized and symmetrical. For example, the juxtaposition between mourners and Roman soldiers is intended to focus the thoughts of the devout on the consequences of their own response to Christ’s death. Giotto was influenced by sacred theatre as well as by the ideal of empathetic piety preached by the mendicant orders of his time, who intends to help those gazing upon them to feel as though they were eyewitnesses at the Crucifixion itself, and thereby to feel the nature of Christ’s sufferings more deeply. In order to understand this fresco, the audience has to look at it as a whole. It’s because every component that was painted onto the fresco is interrelated to each other. Giotto was one of the first artists to develop the rich potential for parallelisms and contrasts, of mood and meaning, not just between each scene in the cartoonstrip-like format of medieval narrative painting, but also between scenes in different registers of the fresco cycle as a whole. Unlike Peter Paul Rubens and Francisco de Goya’s works, Giotto’s fresco
has much more detail and subtle meaning. Giotto has developed a manner of figurative painting that was naturalistic, three-dimensional, lifelike and classicizing in comparison of the other paintings. The second oil painting, St Francis of Assisi before the Crucified Christ’, was painted by Peter Paul Rubens in 1625. This painting is an example of Baroque-era art. It features in gloomy color scheme, exaggerated lightings and the detail is easily to be interpreted to produce tension and emotion in painting. ubens was a Flemish Baroque painter and he often emphasized movement, and color. In the painting, Peter interpreted what the scene was like before Christ’s crucifixion. The person who is beneath Jesus Christ and looking at Him is Saint Francis of Assisi. St. Francis. The scene describes St. Francis wanted to feel the pain of Jesus Christ’s crucifixion. Also, he experienced what Christ thought, felt and experienced during the crucifixion and he felt profound grief for His suffering. On the other hand, Jesus Christ looks down on Saint Francis which he’s being crucified. The painting has a melancholy, lonely theme which has dark green and brown are the two main colors unlike Giotto’s fresco’s excessive use of colors or Francisco de Goya’s minimal usage of colors in his painting. Although Ruben’s painting has a background, it is three-dimensional which differs from either Giotto’s work where the background was plain blue, or Francisco de Goya’s painting’s black background. Among these paintings and fresco, Ruben’s painting features in excessive gloomy, lonely emotion and it appeared to be more expressive. Nevertheless, the third Christ Crucified painting, which was done by Francisco de Goya in 1780, looks more realistic compare with Giotto and Ruben’s works. It only has Jesus Christ being crucified at the center of the painting, and the background is painted as black. This painting is painted in a neoclassicism style though it is rooted in traditional Spanish iconography of the subject and borrowed other painters’ features (like the dark black background with no landscape). If the painting is being examined carefully, people might notice Jesus Christ’s being crucified with only three nails instead of four nails, and His legs are being supported by a wooden platform. In the painting, Goya removed the emphasis on devotional features such as drama and the presence of blood in order to focus attention on the painting’s soft modeling because his intention was to please the academicians.
Also, Christ’s head is lifted and leaning to the left, and looking upwards dramatically. Goya might suggest it’s a representation of a gesture of ecstasy rather than a serenity of the painting as a whole avoids a pathetic sensation. Unlike Giotto and Ruben’s fresco and painting, Goya’s Christ Crucified was intentionally being slightly different than the incident of Jesus Christ (like four rather than three nails and supported feet). The focal part of the painting was only Jesus Christ with nothing else. Its unique focal part differs from others because it is neither similar to Giotto’s fresco where there are many people and things happening throughout the whole fresco, nor Ruben’s painting in which St. Francis of Assisi was being the other focal part besides Christ’s crucifixion. However, Christ Crucified is focusing on an emotional response of Jesus Christ which is very similar to The Crucifixion where the emotion was revealed by the interactions between Jesus Christ and St. Francis of Assisi.
Furthermore, Goya painted Christ Crucified through his own depiction of the incident with the neoclassicism theme. In conclusion, each of the known works on the incident of Jesus Christ being crucified has its own unique features, and objectives in achieving each masterpiece. I like how meticulously Giotto includes the whole scene of Christ’s crucifixion; the excessive emotional response and exaggerated gloomy theme that can be found in St Francis of Assisi before the Crucified Christ, and Christ Crucified is realistic, but it’s misleading depiction of the incident. Each of these masterpieces has provided me an all-around description on the incident of Jesus Christ’s crucifixion though they were all imaginary which have their own themes and objectives. All of them have contributed the knowledge of the incident to me through different perspectives, and they made me understand Jesus Christ’s crucifixion has a really great influence across the world, particularly in art history.
The Crucifixion. 1303-1306. Fresco. Giotto di Bondone. Padua, Italy.
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2A Visual Rhetorics|Assignment One
‘St Francis of Assisi before the Crucified Christ’ 1625. Peter Paul Rubens. Liechtenstein Museum, Wien, Austria
Christ Crucified (Cristo crucificado). 1780. Francisco de Goya of the Crucifixion of Jesus.
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Sources Eimerl, Sarel. The World of Giotto, Time-Life Books, 1967. Belkin, Kristin Lohse. Rubens. Phaidon Press.1998. Belting, Hans. Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image before the Era of Art. University of Chicago Press. 1994. Jaffé. Michael Rubens and Italy. Cornell University Press. 1977. Martin, John Rupert. Baroque. HarperCollins. 1977. Pauw-De Veen, Lydia de. "Rubens and the graphic arts." In: Connoisseur. Ciofalo, John J. The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya. Cambridge University Press, 2001 Tomlinson, Janis. Francisco Goya y Lucientes 1746–1828'.' Phaidon, 1999, 1994. Buchholz, Elke Linda. Francisco de Goya. Cologne: Könemann, 1999. Connell, Evan S. Francisco Goya: A Life. New York: Counterpoint, 2004.
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2A Intro to Urban System Case Studies Midterm
Case Studies Park la Villette, Original Site, Bernard Tschumi One of Tschumi’s successful projects. • Everyone was competing in competitions in 80s • Development for huge slaughteryard, with lock/ river in the middle • reorganized French fabric • watned to overlay with new datus, to create new organization • by developing the core the are would be revitalized • Folies are red cubes with certain elements that could change and transform from unit to unit • depending on position, it would inform narrative around it • 80s in architecture was all about historical layering as a way of drawing up knowledge of the past • here, bottom layer = history, 2nd layer = program, 3rd = major programs and circulation, final layer = grid/organization • infrastructural organization during era of postmodernism • return of the figural • compare to Mies, who was always about the grid led to sterility, due to sacrifice of figure to technology • unlike Corbusier, who countered the grid with the figure • figure here returns in form of infrastructural circulation • is the figure a natural “organic” form • each layer would resist the other, shifting between intensity of resolution • each folie has a different job or function, all contributing to larger system • layering of narratives • each one is about an enlargement of their semiotics • how can you attach variable semiotics to each figure • primary letter with sub-letter attached • folies would not accommodate terrain, rather it adheres to the grid • different appendages attached to folies, assigning different function • colored red to increase awareness of overarching organizational purpose
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Park la Villette Grid Organizational Plan
2A Intro to Urban System|Case Studies Example One
Park la Villette Perspective
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Park La Villette, Rem Koolhaas • tschumi approached competition with a traditional methodology, while Rem created a new school • mode of presenting the work becomes the process of designing itself, process is a mode of legitimizing • deconstructed layers o program on top of site o treats program as a texture and blends them o lays them to cause interweaving that causes new type of landscape, not about comfortability, about engaging urban sensibilities • complete jarring of urban organization, for Rem urbanism was about colliding program in new ways o we push our comfortability to advance • started to look like a city, whereas Bernard’s plan looked exactly like a park o becomes like an extension of the city • notion of forest is a symbol of a forest • sampling of different conceptual spaces and programs • allows for an infinite continuity
Park la Villette Distributed programs Organizational Plan
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2A Intro to Urban System|Case Studies Example Two
Park la Villette Plan
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Kowloon Walled City, Hong Kong Lasted about 40 years • history, English declared Hong Kong as colony, piece of territory that no country owned • once the people realized that there was no government, they began to build the land o represents how a people with no government would build a community • all perimeter was residential for sun exposure
Kowloon Walled City 1975’s Aerial View
Kowloon Walled City 1985’s Perspective View
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2A Intro to Urban System|Case Studies Example Three
Kowloon Walled City 1985’s Front View
Kowloon Walled City Section
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2A Structure II Notes
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2B Studio Downtown L.A. Gallery
Development For the first phase of the project for the ICP-LA titled “Families of Primitives, ProtoSpaces”, we produced three “Families” of Primitives based on the dimensions of the 7 permanent gallery spaces provided in the brief. A strict rule set is provided to give us a rigorous yet robust means for producing form and space. We start by establishing an orthogonal volume that contains the square footage given in the brief for each gallery. For each of the volumes, we “acted” upon their surfaces (vertical and/or horizontal) by using a total of three of the operations in any combination in which they are rotation, folding and Clip and shift. The combination of these that we use and how we specifically employ them will be what gives them their “familiness”. Different Galleries Organizational Compositions
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Then, we layed the foundation in programming our building. We looked specifically at the relationship between individual galleries, clusters of galleries, as well as circulation spaces that will connect them together. The families of galleries that we designed had already embedded within, a set of spatial and formal ideas that should be kept and further developed. We tested our families of galleries in terms of 3 different organizational frameworks: bumps (distributed), clumps (2-3 clusters of masses), and lump (one volumetric mass). Select one family that is best suited for one of the organizational framework. We were able to make additional 2 operations (rotate, clip/shift, and fold) and rework your original operations (i.e. adjust angle of rotation, how far to shift, etc) in order to connect these masses together better. Lastly, We designed the circulation and path of travel to all of the galleries, both programmatically and spatially. we selected two organizational frameworks out of their three to focus on and have the option of using the same family in both frameworks or use different families for the different frameworks. In the end, I chose lump as my final organizational language.
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Site Description The project site is situated in Little Tokyo sandwiched between Alameda St and Central Ave with frontage on First Street across the street from the Japanese American National Museum. The site is located on a lot that currently houses Senor Fish and the Spice Table. For the purpose of this project, we will assume that the restaurants will be demolished to make way for the new International Center for Photography, Los Angeles. Unlike our site from the previous semester, this is an extremely urban site with pedestrian and car traffic from all of the neighboring shops and restaurants as well as being in close proximity to the Little Tokyo/Arts District metro stop. It also has street frontage on three sides which makes the project very visible.
Required Programs Permanent Galleries (4) Small Galleries 3200 sq. ft. (2) Medium Galleries 3200 sq. ft. (1) Large Gallery 2400 sq.ft Temporary Exhibition Space 4000 sq. ft. Large Photo Studio 4000 sq. ft. (20’H, 30’x60’x30’ 2wall Cyc, 12’x10’ Cargo Door that opens to the outside) Small Photo Studio 2000 sq. ft. (20’H, 28’x22’ 1wall Cyc, 10’x10’ Cargo Door that opens to the outside) Photo Studio Support Space 1000 sq. ft. (Restrooms, Make-Up/Wardrobe Room, Lounge) Digital Lab 800 sq. ft. (Computers, scanners, multiple size printers) Café 1200 sq. ft. Bookstore 1200 sq. ft. Administrative Offices 700 sq. ft. Restrooms (2men, 2women) 800 sq. ft. 20% Circulation with lobby and reception 4900 sq. ft. Total: 29400 sq. ft.
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Aerial View of the Site
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Digital Model Rendering of the Site
Close up of the Site
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Transformation Diagram Original Gallery
Horizontal Transformation
Connected with Vertical Transformation
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The Whole Transformation Language Connects with the Modification of the Landcape
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Circulation Diagram
Lower Studio Entrance for Professional Artists Upper Studio Entrance for Professional Artists Secondary Gallery Entrance
Main Gallery Entrance
Circulation Diagram
Public Space
Professional Space
Programs Division Diagram
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Interior Spatial Study Models
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Renderings The effect of photography does suggest an urgent need to carefully study photographic image making in an effort to clarify the specificities of one’s image making voice. As a student of architecture, we are responsible for producing images that best represent our designs and working process. Therefore, we used the study of photography as a means of further refining our personal image-making sensibility. As a way to learn more about the subject matter of the working program brief for this project, I studied Olivo Barbieri’s works. I used his Photographic theme as my main reference when I refine my project’s photographs.
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Ground Floor Plan A
Small Photo DN
Large Photo Studio
Studio
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DN
Bo okstore UP UP
UP
Main Lobb y UP DN
Gallery
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Rendered Section
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1/16” = 1’ - 0”
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Small Photo Studio Large Photo Studio Roof Passageway Outdoor Cafe Indoor Cafe Lobby Secondary Lobby Temporary Exhibition Space Gallery Restroom Kitchen
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2B Visual Studio Spheroid
Software Introduction Throughout the whole semester, we utilized the grasshopper to generate forms rationally and systematically. Grasshopper is a Rhino plugin that allows users to input information and connect with each other like a web. By connecting with each other, the individual geometries, functions, and tools will work as a whole and generate the desired forms. Then, we can preview the geometry and adjust it till we “bake� the form in the end.
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First Draft
The first project, spheroids, introduces essential concepts in parametric modeling though an exercise culminating in an expanded sheet object: the spheroid. Before we begin to create the spheroid, we have to learn how different definitions related to each other. Therefore, we learned how to create a cylinder with multiple variables and we created spheriods based on this first draft.
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Cylinder Point Matrix Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
The Point Matrix system describes the essential construction geometry of the spheroid. These are the points at the top of a point>line>surface hierarchy. Each point has a role in sequencing the spheroid surfaces. To understand the sequence, we annotate the point matrix with an index corresponding to the list and position in the list for each point.
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Row 10
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Spheroid The Spheroid was model based on the Cylinder. It has a several more additional definitions than the cylinder does. The Spheroid would be used to learn the technqiues of texture mapping in Rhino.
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Spheroid Point Matrix 0 1
0 1
2 3
2 3
4 5
4 5
6 7
6 7
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8 9
10 11
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18 19
E0 E1 D2 D3
E4 E5 D6 D7
E8 E9 D10 D11 E12 E13 D14 D15 E16 E17
D18 E19
D19
A
B
H
G
C
F
D
E
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Texture Mapping In the texture mapping unit, we looked at how light, shade and shadow can be controlled to influence perception. We learned the role of the horizon in composing a 2dimensional image.
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Transformed Spheroid In the final unit of the semester, the students were asked to author our own sequence of techniques to create a new spheroid. We were introduced to 4 new procedures in grasshopper, which incorporated into our existing definitions to produce a spheroid that is uniquely varied in density and shape. For my Spheroid, I created a spheroid with an increased, asymmetrical void that is located inside of the spheroid.
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Transformed Spheroid Point Matrix
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A
Top Elevation
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L M
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Section A-A
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2B Humanities I Assignment I Lysistrata Unbound Black Death in Florence
Assignment I Description As a way of understanding difficulties in viewing the past, this assignment asks the students to consider communications with the far future. Our challenge is to produce an image that communicates the importance of one of The Svalbard Global Seed Vault to a human population 25,000 years in the future. We focus on using imagery as way of communicating danger, importance or meaning without assuming that any written language would be understood. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/lmd/ campain/svalbard-global-seed-vault. html?id=462220
This image is representing the importance of The Svalbard Global Seed Vault.
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Lysistrata Unbound How well did the modern play Lysistrata Unbound fit as a prequel to Aristophanes’ original play? In what ways did it fit with the events in the original work and in what ways did it differ?
Lysistrata Unbound was created based on Aristophanes’ original play. In the modern play, Lysistrata was a revolution activist who lost her son during the Peloponnesian War. Overall, the modern play does give a well-suggested explanation and prequel to the original play. It also does fit most of the themes, and settings with the original play. However, there are some parts which are different than the original play. For example, she did not want to bury her son and the governor allowed her to keep her son’s body for a few more days in the modern play. However, she did not want to bury her son until soldiers enters her home and take away her son so as to bury him. However, her depression of losing her son has become a great anger. She thought that if her son did not go to the warfare, her son would have lived. Therefore, she became an activist trying to persuade people to stop the war. This is a make up in the modern play in which it does not exist in the original play. Also, there were several scenes such as the sex scene of a young soldier and a general, and a soldier and his lover, and the cussing dialogues were differed from the original play. Because homosexuality has a lot more opportunities to be exposed in modern society, the writer added the part where young soldier had sex with general right after general’s rejection of having sex with his own wife. In the original play, there was a similar play where Myrrhine seduced Cinesias and left him in a great suffering throbbing. However, Cinesias did not find any young soldiers to have sex with; instead, he ended up singing a sad, angry poem along with the chorus of men to express how he felt. There was no any sex scene that was happened between two men. This is the part where the modern play different than the original play. Although both the modern play and original play are about a soldier trying to have sex with his lover/ wife who refused to have sex with till war ends, the ways that the soldiers dealt with after they were rejected were different than each other. In the modern play sex scene of soldier and his lover, the
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female didn’t seduce the soldier but the soldier wanted to have sex with her because he just came back from warfare. However, the woman refused to have sex with him because she wanted peace and an end to the wars. She also left him in a great suffering throbbing as well. Then, the soldier went to a place where prostitutes provided services. When he arrived to the place, he realized all the prostitutes were not providing sexual services anymore after hearing Lysistrata’s lecture. Meanwhile, the modern play consists of lots of cussing which is different than the way the original play dealt with. For instance, both soldiers were rejected by their lovers in both play. However, the soldier in the modern play cussed with the chorus of men while the soldier in the original play only sang a poem along with the chorus of men. Because the modern society has a different pop culture and values on cussing, the play writer added in a bunch of cussing into the play at the climax of the play. They were meant to be funny and to express the character’s feelings. However, it took away the beauty of the original play where people would not cuss even if they reached to a very emotional state. Even though both plays have different approaches, they share similar values and theme. For example, Lysistrata in both plays was an activist trying to persuade people to stop the war and she came up with a great solution: no sex. She thought that sex is an influential power and if women did not have sex with their lover and husbands anymore, the males would be in a great panic which would have a great power over the men. Also, if there is no more sex, the next generation would not be born and they won’t have to suffer from the occurring warfare. Both of them see wars as unnecessary and wanted peace since Athens and Spartans are from Greece. At the end of both plays, the wars were all stopped and a peaceful treaty has been created. This is one of the parts where both plays have the same settings.
2B Humanities One|Lysistrata Unbound
This image is representing Lysistrata’s theme; Make love, not war.
Compare and contrast the use of the chorus in the modern play to the role of the chorus in the original. How was the chorus used to advance the narrative in each play and in what way was it important in each version?
The use of the chorus in the modern play emphasizes on one’s feeling rather than emphasizing the advance the narrative in the original play. For instance, the chorus of men cussed a lot after a soldier was ejected to be having sex with by his lover. The chorus of women in the modern play does advance the narrative. For example, there was a part that one of the chorus of the women stood out and supported for Lysistrata’s lecture. Later, there were more and more women stood out because of her. In the end, All of the chorus of the women stood out to try to do something to end the war and they were all agreed to have no sex with their husband/lover until a peaceful treaty was made. This is different than the chorus of women in the original play where they were arguing with the chorus of men in which it contributes to the advance to the play’s narrative. In the original play, there are two choruses—the chorus of old men and the chorus of old women. A Koryphaios leads both choruses. The chorus of men is first to appear on stage carrying wood and fire to the gates of the Akropolis. The chorus of men is an old and bedraggled bunch of men who have great difficulty with the wood and the great earthen pots of fire they carry. The choruses in the original play were used not only to advance the narrative, but they also were used to express one’s feelings as well. For instance, the chorus of men planned to smoke the women out of the Akropolis. Meanwhile, the chorus of old women also approached the Akropolis, carrying jugs of water to put out the men’s fires in which they victorious in the contest between the choruses and triumphantly pours the jugs of water over the heads of the men. The chorus of both men and women had sung a lot of poems throughout the original play (like Myrrhine’s seduction section where men were singing poem with Cinesias to express how he felt). These are the differences between the choruses of men and women in both plays. made. This is different than the chorus of women in the original play where they were arguing with the chorus of men in which it contributes to the advance to the plays’
In order to stop soldiers from joining the current wars, Lysistrata thought of an idea which was asking women to stop having sex with their husbands/lovers until the wars were over.
In the original play, there are two choruses—the chorus of old men and the chorus of old women. A Koryphaios leads both choruses. The chorus of men is first to appear on stage carrying wood and fire to the gates of the Akropolis. The chorus of men is an old and bedraggled bunch of men who have great difficulty with the wood and the great earthen pots of fire they carry. The choruses in the original play were used not only to advance the narrative, but they also were used to express one’s feelings as well. For instance, the chorus of men planned to smoke the women out of
the Akropolis. Meanwhile, the chorus of old women also approached the Akropolis, carrying jugs of water to put out the men’s fires in which they victorious in the contest between the choruses and triumphantly pours the jugs of water over the heads of the men. The chorus of both men and women had sung a lot of poems throughout the original play (like Myrrhine’s seduction section where men were singing poem with Cinesias to express how he felt). These are the differences between the choruses of men and women in both plays.
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Black Death in Florence Description My primary focus of this essay is how the bubonic plague (which is known as the Black Death) influences Florence, Italy. From the given images, I selected six images that are centrally describing both Black Death and Florence, Italy.
This image is a view of Walled City of Florence. The construction of the city walls began on the 2nd January, 1285. It replaces the first fortified line (1173-1175 ) since the city had expanded beyond the old walls. The new enclosure measured 8500 meters, was endowed of 73 towers and 15 gates and contained a surface of 430 hectares, equal to 5 times that of the previous walls. This image is an important evidence of why Florence was one of the cities that got ravaged by the plague. As you might see, the image shows that Walled City consists of many individual buildings. The main reason why there were so many plague victims in Florence was because every single house in Florence is located very close to each other. From the picture, we learned that the houses were almost located right next to each other. The high density and population are the major factors that cause the plague to go wild and unpredictable easily and dangerously.
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The second image is the gold Florin which was first created in 1252 and got abandoned in 1533. It was the first European gold coin struck in sufficient quantities to play a significant commercial role since the seventh century. It quickly became the dominant trade coin of Western Europe for macro scale transactions. It is also a subtle evidence that shows why many of the Florence citizens got the plague. After the gold Florin was created, it directly influenced and encouraged the trading businesses. Due to the increment of the trading business, Florence citizens are more vulnerable to the bubonic plague when it just reached the shores of Italy in the spring of 1348.
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The third image is Giotto, Scrovegni’s “Marriage at Cana”. The painting was completed in 1306. The below image shows that Giotto has utilized bright colors and light from the walls to the furnishing and people’s clothing. It also depicts Christ’s miracle of turning water into wine, was a remarkable, joyful setting. The bright colors serve to reinforce how the revelers must have been feeling on that day. From this painting’s techniques, we know that Florence citizens were having colorful, brilliant moods and feelings before the plague started spreading out. This image is important because it both represents and documents how people in Florence feel before the influence of Black Death.
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The next image is showing four spotty clerics being blessed by a bishop, from James le Palmer’s Omne Bonum which was painted around 1360 to 1375. It is an important evidence of the plague’s influences in Florence as it documents what the society was like when the outbreak took place. Because citizens didn’t have any diseases like the plague before, they were all scared of it and seeking for bishop’s blessings in hope of getting rid of the sickness and becoming immune to it
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The image to the right is showing a doctor wearing a plague doctor costume. The costume was clothing worn by a plague doctor to protect him from airborne diseases. The costume consisted of an ankle length overcoat an a bird-like beak mask often filled with sweet or strong smelling substances like flowers along with gloves, hat, boots and an outer over-clothing garment. The reason why the costume looks so strange was because people believed that the diseases will infect people with bad smell. They believed smelling objects that have good scenes can prevent the disease so they carried mints and roses with them while they were wearing bird-like mask and costume.
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The last image is a map showing Europe in Renaissance period. Renaissance in French means “rebirth�, and it was a cultural movement that spanned from the 14th to 17th century. It was started in Italy right after Black Death and later spread to the rest of Europe. People started to rely more on science than religion. The map shows how easily Renaissance movement was to influence between different countries in the Renaissance period based on the geography. By analyzing the above images, we learned how Florence was vulnerable to the plague and the influence of bubonic plague to Florence and Europes, but also we learned how the Europe countries were different before, during and after the plague. One of the consequences that the plague causes was the Renaissance movement.
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2B The History of Ideas Quizzes Final Exam In-class Essays The History of Idea and Biology
Quiz 1 What did Plato believe about the origins of ideas?
What are the 3 modes of time as described by Fernand Braudel?
What is Foucault referring to with “Scientificity”?
What is an assemblage in Deleuzean terms?
That ideas are eternal and have always existed. That ideas are re-discovered through reminiscence.
Individual/Event, Social/Economic, Long Duree
A lack of rigor in historical research. An illusion of scientific method. Representing facts without critically examining the structure of the relevant discourse. Tends towards description rather than archaeological analysis.
The consistency of both natural and artificial elements. The coherence of heterogeneous elements into a whole.
Mutual constitution is:
What is Territorialization?
Deterritorialization is:
Reterritorialization is:
agents create structures and structures create agents in a feedback loop.
Territorialization is a rigid connection maintaining an assemblage.
a dissipation of a rigid assemblage into multiplicity.
the emergence of a new assemblage.
Bitcoins have the deterritorialzing effect of decentralizing currency. However, it is currently illegal.
In absolute deterritorialization there is no state of reterritorialization.
Historically, barter economies were the antecedent to money based economies.
Possession of private property has had a direct impact on the formation of the rule of law and engendered freedom for owners.
True.
False.
True.
False.
U.S currency is
The fundamental elements of money are:
What is the fundamental approach taken in Systems Thinking?
Match the below concepts to their definitions regarding stocks and exchange.
valued at a floating exchange rate. a FIAT money. nice to have. no longer based on the gold standard.
Unit of Account Medium of Exchange Trust/Confidence in value Store of Value
The systems design approach seeks to understand the problem situation as a system of interconnected, interdependent, and interacting problems.
Morphogenesis Those processes which tend to elaborate or alter a system’s given form, state or structure. Morphostasis Those processes in complex systemenvironmental exchanges, which tend to preserve or maintain a system’s given form, organization or state.
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Match the below concepts to their definitions regarding stocks and exchange. Rational Theory That the agent works as if they utilize all the best data on intrinsic value. Humans are self-interested calculating machines. Cognitive Bias There are errors in cognition such as: perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, and illogical interpretation which tend to lead to irrationality, common to all Humans. Efficient Market Hypothesis asset price is set based on all available (even hidden) information about intrinsic value Behavioral Economics Focuses on market inefficiencies, based on psychological analysis of mis-pricings and non-rational decision making.
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Quiz 2 The Social Theory of Globalization is
What was the underlying cause of the Opium Wars?
How did the British East India Company end?
Define an economic monopoly.
associated with deterritorialization, a growing variety of social and economic activities taking place irrespective of the geographical location of participants.
The British East India Company forcing Opium into China to gain access to silver and Tea.
After the the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the British Crown nationalized their army and resources. The loss of their monopolies revealed a stagnate fleet with an outmoded business model.
When a market has one seller or is dominated by one firm. Market demand is the firms demand
Colonialization is: The act of imposing power on foreign subjects from an outside sovereignty. A foreign power controlling labor, social structure, subjugation, economics, political will, and natural resources.
How is slavery tied up with coffee? The intense desire for coffee led to an intense slave trade throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. The Coffee and Sugar markets, two related commodities, funded European power through slave laber. The first successful slave rebellion, by coffee plantation slaves, freed Haiti from Napolean’s French. European colonial powers utilized slave labor to cultivate coffee.
What is Economic Imperialism?
What image was Coke able to encode by utilizing the concepts of Brand Identity?
The deliberate or implied policy in which one country makes another dependent upon the first country’s resources.
They were able to brand themselves as an AllAmerican brand with a clean cut image.
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What is Fair Trade? Fair Trade is a set of business practices voluntarily adopted by the producers and buyers of agricultural commodities and hand-made crafts that are designed to advance many economic, social and environmental goals. Fair Trade is a way of doing business that ultimately aims to keep small farmers an active part of the world marketplace, and aims to empower consumers to make purchases that support their values.
What is an example of Consumer Responsibility? A consumer researching a product to guarantee the product meets his/her ethical standards. Promoting a equitable and ecological product over a mass produced product through purchasing power.
Quiz 3 An Anthropogenic forest is charaterized by:
What is Permaculture?
biodiversity and agrodiversity of improved soils by man-made influence.
Permaculture is a design system based on ethics and design principles that can be used to guide efforts made by individuals, households and communities towards a sustainable future.
The definition of Bio-ethics is:
Ecosystem Engineering is
The exploration of ethics and morals in medical and biological research.
A species attempt at enhancing their environment to suit their needs. A niche approach to ecology utilizing archaeology, biology, climatology, genetics, and geography to repair and improve the environment.
What was the predecessor to community gardens? Victory Gardens War Gardens
What is domestication? The process of altering an animal or plant species by selective breeding to create a more beneficial form.
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Quiz 4 Natural Selection is
What is Evolutionary Economics
What is Evolutionary Psychology?
What are genetic algorithms?
The process by which organisms that are better suited to their environment than others produce more offspring. A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain genotypic characteristics that make them better adjusted to an environment tend to survive, reproduce, increase in number or frequency, and therefore, are able to transmit and perpetuate their essential genotypic qualities to succeeding generations. Originally proposed by Charles Darwin, natural selection forms the basis of the process of evolution. The process by which heritable traits that increase an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction are favored over less than beneficial traits.
The unleashing of a process of technological and institutional innovation by generating and testing a diversity of ideas which discover and accumulate more survival value for the costs incurred than competing alternatives. The evidence suggests that it could be adaptive efficiency that defines economic efficiency.
The proposition that much, if not all, human behavior can be explained by appeal to internal adapted psychological mechanisms. The concept that the cognitive programs of the human brain are adaptations. Based on the premise that the brain is a computer designed by natural selection to extract information from the environment A problematic and flawed enterprise from the point of view of philosophers.
The ability to identify optimal solutions by simulated reproduction and mutation of a population of solutions defined by an initial probability of distribution.
Define Eugenics.
What is a meme?
Match the Forms of Evolution
A hugely flawed application of methods of domestication and husbandry in plants and animals to humans. A theory championed by Charles Darwin’s cousin, Sir Francis Galton. The “science” which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race; also with those that develop them to the utmost advantage. A belief that protecting the weak was against natural selection causing a “reversion towards mediocrity.”
The idea of a unit of cultural transmission or a unit of imitation.
Non-Adaptive Evolution Sexual selection often has little to do with adaptation to the environment (in many species, the colors or loud calls of males attract females for mating but also attract predators; a sexual advantage often does not correspond to an environmental advantage). Sexual selection impacts evolution but has nothing to do with adapting to the environment. Adaptive Evolution Shaped and driven by Natural Selection where a species becomes more adapted to their environment. Rapid Evolution Evolution that happens quickly due to intense exposure or very intense reproduction based on natural selection. Neutral Evolution Based in Genetic drift, In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more descendants (and genes) than other individuals. The genes of the next generation will be the genes of the “lucky” individuals, not necessarily the healthier or “better” individuals.
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Final Exam In-class Essays Describe the concept of the assemblage.
Describe Territorialization Deterritorialization.
The concept of assemblage was first introduced and developed by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. In assemblages you you find states of things, bodies, various combinations of bodies, hodgepodges; but you also find utterances, modes of expression, and whole regimes of signs. Assemblages necessarily exist in heterogeneous populations. The relationship between an assemblage and its components is complex and non-linear: assemblages are formed and affected by heterogeneous populations of lower-level assemblages. An assemblage is first and foremost what keeps very heterogeneous elements together. For example, a sound, a gesture and other elements that are both natural and artificial.
In class, we learned that territorialization is a rigid connection (maintenance) of a system or assemblage while deterritorialization is dissipation into multiplicity of a rigid assemblage. Territorialization also means the act of organizaing as a territory. Deterritorialization may also mean to take the control and order away from a land or place (territory) that is already established. It is to undo what has been done. For example, when the Spanish conquered the Aztecs, the Spanish eliminated many symbols of Aztec beliefs and rituals.
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2B History of Ideas|Final Exam In-class Essays
and
Throughout the class we have discussed the notion of interrelated connections flowing from an idea. Describe how these connections are related to systems thinking. In class, we learned that the systems design approach seeks to understand the problem situation as a system of interconnected, interdependent, and interacting problems.For instances, How do systems interact within larger systems as a whole? There are several ways to think of and define a system. First, a system is bounded in time.For example, the soft drink company will come up with seasonal advertisements when it enters to a new season. In the winter season, the Coca-Cola company will post advertisements that contains winter elements such as polar bears and Santa Claus along with red and white colored theme. This is an example of a system bounded in time because the same advertisement won’t have the same effect when it’s being played in the summer season. A system will also receives inputs and sends output into the wider environment which consists of processes that transform inputs into outputs. For instance, some might concern that tap water isn’t safe to drink. Therefore, the Soft drink company consumes unfilltered natural water, processes and transform it into soft drinks. This is an example of a notion of interrelated connection flowing from an idea as the company transformed its resources and repackage it so as to sell it to the wider range of consumers. Without system thinking’s involvement during the process, people wouldn’t buy its products especially when it(artificial product) is much more expensive than natural resources.
In no more than 2 paragraphs describe in a systems theory approach the impact the WWW has had on culture and the world. In a system theory, the impact of the WWW has had on culture and the world can be concluded in various ways by using system thinking. For example, WWW has took over control from people’s behaviour, thoughts in modern, developed societies. When we look around, we see people are constantly using their smartphone, tablets to access the WWW as they walk pass us. However, in an undeveloped, poor society like South Africa, many poor people do not have the resources to access the WWW even when it’s 21st century now. When we observe the society, we would be likely to see that people are not dependent by the WWW. This proves that WWW is also a system which is bounded in time and space. For another example of analyzing the impact of WWW at the world level by using a system theory, WWW is a virtual world that requires people to use desired parts or components in order to access it. People without those parts like a smartphone and/or a computer wouldn’t be able to access the WWW. This proves that the WWW is like a system which is encapsulated and has a boundary. Once people got the required parts, they will be able to enter the WWW boundary and be influnenced by it. Without the required components, the WWW will have no direct influences or impacts to the culture or the public. These are the situations on how a systems theory approach the impact of the WWW has had on culture and the world. In other words, we have to understand the holistic environment (the whole picture) before we discuss the impact of WWW at cultural or world level.
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The History of Idea and Biology In the article, “The Revolution in the Life Sciences”, Sydney Brenner is mentioning how the different researches which were done by scholars such as Newton, Darwin and Mendel, contributed to the history of revolution in Biology. He mentions how different researches are related to each other but the modern historians and scientists only emphasize both future and present but they rarely have time to view the works in the context of the orders. Sydney thinks that historians once thought that science progressed by the addition of knowledge, brick by brick. However, this isn’t true. Instead, the life sciences and biology have undergone a radical revolution in the last several decades. He uses several scholars’ examples to prove his points. For example, he shows that though Newton still reigned supreme in the reigned supreme in the macroscale world, the revolutions of Einstein’s theory of relativity opened up new ways of the physical sciences whose impact continues today. In biology, there is actually a history of ideas blending with each other like the concepts we learned in class.. One example to show how it works out is to learn through the discovery of genetics matters and how the studies transform over time. The very first scholar, Mendel, who researched on the chromosomes were the carriers of genes that revealed the phenotypic characteristics of organisms and were the modern version of the factors created and postulated by him. Chromosomes were known to contain both DNA and protein but there were many biologists who did not believe that DNA could be the carrier of genetic information due to its simple chemical structure. Because of this, biologists did not believe in and value Mendel’s works until 15 years after he passed away. Mendel’s works were being ignored. What he did was to try to drum up by interests in his results but to no avail. Part of the problem was that the botanists of Mendel’s time were not accustomed to statistics being applied to natural history. Therefore, they couldn’t recognize the importance of Mendel’s discovery. Also, when Mendel tried to replicate his results with a plant species, which is the evening primrose, he failed. This is not because his original insights were wrong but because of the genetics of primrose are very strange and unique. He had sent one of his scientific papers to Darwin who did not even bother to read it. Though Darwin noted a three-to-one ratio in the colors of snapdragons, he never realize how important of the ratio was.
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In 1953, biochemists were focusing on the questions of matter and energy, but now they have to add some other information as well. The fundamental theory was formulated by Turing in his notion of a universal machine and deployed by another scholar, von Neumann in his theory of self-reproducing machines. Their researches and theories basically state that the chromosomes do not include the means for executing the plan of the organism, but only the description of the means. From here, we can tell that the fundamental theory in biology is concerned with viewing living organism as the only part of the natural world whose members contain internal descriptions of themselves. The connections exist only in the plane of the history of ideas. For example, people cannot say that mountains were alive because it cannot be cloned by itself or we can’t clone a mountain. This is why the whole of biology has to be rooted in DNA and for biologists; their tasks are to discover how the DNA sequences take roles in evolution and how they are interpreted to build different organisms in the living world. Sydney also reveals the interesting facts where Physics was once called natural philosophy who thought biology should be called “natural engineering” as well. Thus, from this article, we see how different researches and theories correlated and blended in with each other which is similar to the history of ideas where they come together in order to form an understanding of the world. Human can only come up with knowledge with the world based on the relativity of different ideas in which they often blend in with each other. If we stop understanding the whole world pieces by pieces, we cannot get a whole picture of it. People used to think that the knowledge was once accumulated brick by brick. However, knowledge is more like a puzzle and scholars have to find different missing pieces in order to see how a system of information reveals the knowledge of the whole world. The idea is very similar to the well-known biological term or what we discuss in class which is natural selection. In Richard Dawkins’ “The Selfish Gene”, he states that the natural selection in its most general form means the differential survival of entities. Some entities live while others die. However, in order for this selective death to have any impact on the world and to be meaningful, an additional condition must be met. For example, each entity must exist in the form of many copies and some of the entities must be potentially capable
2B The History of Idea | The History of Idea and Biology
of surviving in the form of copies for a significant period of time. Though small genetic units have these properties, individuals, groups, and species do not. This leads us towards back to Mendel’s works. He wanted to show that hereditary unit can be treated in practice as indivisible and independent particles. However, this is too simple to the views of modern biologists. Nowadays, biologists know that a gene is not indivisible, but it’s seldom divided. It is either definitely present or absent in an individual. A gene travels, intact from grandparent to grandchild, passing straight through the intermediate generation without being merged with other genes. And here is the important piece of assumption in the natural selection, if genes continually blended with each other, natural selection as we now understand it would be nearly impossible. Incidentally, this was proved in Darwin’s lifetime, and it caused Darwin great worry since in those days it was assumed that heredity was a blending process. Another aspect of the articulateness of the gene is that it does not grow senile; it is no more likely to die when it is a million years old than when it is only a hundred. It leaps from body to body down the
generations, manipulating body after body in its own way and for its own ends, abandoning a succession of mortal bodies before they sink in senility and death. The genes are the immortals, or rather, they are defined as genetic entities that come close to deserving the title. We, the individual survival machines in the world, can expect to live for a few more decades. But the genes in the world have an expectation of life that must be measured not in decades but in thousands and millions of years. Every idea has certain degrees of influences to each other. Like the knowledge of genes, an idea is not indivisible, but it is seldom divided. It is either definitely present or definitely absent in the body of any given theories, and systems. An idea would also travel intact from older generations to younger generations. However, they would pass through the intermediate generation with the chances of being merged with other ideas. Unlike genes, ideas would continually blend with each other either for a long period of time or it would stop mixing with others in a short time. One other example to examine it is through studying the dialects that we speak in different languages.
Modern English is never the same as Old English. Though we learn the same vocabulary and grammar from our parents, they will merge with the modern created words when they pass through the intermediate generation. This is why the modern English dialects would have slangs and different approaches of using words than old-fashioned English. On the other hand, ideas would not grow senile just like what we learned from the knowledge in gene. When do we hear people saying that Plato’s idea is growing older each year and eventually get disappeared? Never. Ideas never get old. They are immortal and they could be defined as genetic entities that come close to deserving the title. The reason why it appeared to be mortal was because some ideas might be abandoned by people after they had been manipulating the people years after years in its own way and for its own ends. One example is the existence of Nazism or National Socialism and how people abandoned it in the end of its life. We don’t practice it anymore because we abandoned it. Like genes were abandoned after a succession of mortal bodies before they sink in senility and death. National Socialism was abandoned after years of succession of generations in Germany. This is a proof that biology is like philosophy in terms of Mother Nature and the living world where everything in the living world is seen to be an individual idea and every idea is somehow correlated to each other. This is why we can’t separate science from philosophy. If we separate Biology from Philosophy, there won’t be any new discoveries in Biology anymore because every discovery and practice is based on an idea and the history of ideas. Thus, the discovery of these ideas would lead in to a system of new knowledge and get a more complete picture in the living world that we are living in. In conclusion, philosophy exists in biology and biology was based on philosophy in which they cannot be separated from each other.
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Sources Brenner, Sydney. “The Revolution in The Life Sciences.” Science 14 Dec. 2012 Www.sciencemag. org Web. Richard, Dawkins. The Selfish Gene. Oxford, 1976. Web.
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2B The Philosophy of Technology In-Class Quizzes
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