Parts of speech

Classic Rock Book Of Writing Section 2 Parts of Speech

Types of nouns:

NOUNS

· Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: stadium, concert, band

· Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: Freddie Mercury, Liverpool, Los Angeles

· Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: friendship, lifespan, bandmate

· Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: guitar, microphone, drums.

· Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: fascination, laughter, courage.

Functions (How nouns are used):

· Subject (comes before the verb) Led Zeppelin holds the record for number one classic rock song of all time with their song “Stairway to Heaven.”

· Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) Pete Best was later replaced by Ringo Starr as the drummer for The Beatles.

· Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Jim Morrison gave an autograph to his fan after the concert.

Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) I/we Objective (objects) me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive

My, mine

our, ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs

Relative: Nominative who Objective whom

That

that those/ this

Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Possessive whose of that

Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only:

when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction:

Paul McCartney and John Lennon wrote the songs for The Beatles themselves.

Glenn Frey from The Eagles taught himself how to play instruments and sing.

to intensify a point:

Debby Harry herself made classic rock history. Creedence Clearwater Revival rose from being just a garage band themselves.

Demonstrative: this, these that, those

Indefinite:

all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:

Simple past simple present present perfect

Past past perfect present present perfect

progressive future past progressive present progressive. future perfect

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) infinitive verbs (indicate tense) infinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: Pete Townshend played the guitar. Passive: The guitar was played by Pete Townshend.

Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)

Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · All the fans of the classic rock bands appreciate singing. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective

Infinitive:verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs

· Many bands like to jump when singing · Paul McCartney likes to sing beautifully.

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper Demonstrative: This Common: Adventurous Proper: American

ADVERBS

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings

–ly : Famously -wards: Towards -wise: Flockwise

· Conversions “Delightful” becomes “Delightfully” · Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: Manner – Jimmi Hendrix played the guitar aggressively. Time – Guns N’ Roses will play a show at the stadium tonight. Place – I was not able to attend Queen’s concert because the location was too far. Degree – Freddie Mercury’s voice during the performance was extremely good. Frequency – Brian May is constantly astonishing people with his guitar skills.

CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so

Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while

Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to non living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions:

aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are the final part of speech

Aah Duh Hey Nooo Quite so Well Well Zap

Ah Eek Hmm Not Rah rah Whatever Zipp

Aha Er Ho hum Nuts Rats Whee Zzz

Ahem Fine Hooray Oh Shh

Whoa Argh Gee Hum Okay Ta da Whoops Aw Gesundheit Ick Okey-dokey Thanks Wow Aye Good job Icky Oof Touche Yea Brr Gosh Jeez Ooh Tsk tsk Yeah Bye Grr Cheese Ha Mmm Oy My oh my Pew Tut tut Yech Ugh Yikes

Curses Ha-ha Nah Phew Um Yippee

Darn Hallelujah Naw Phooey Voila Drat Hee No Psst Vroom You bet Yummy

Milder

Stronger

Addition

Comparison

a further and and then then also too next another other nor

just as ... so too a similar another... like further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Time

Purpose

Place

Result

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

to do this so that

there here beyond nearby next to

so and so then meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly