A Pigment in Grammar by Bravo Grammar Con Online

Cathy Phung

A Pigment In Grammar: A Grammar Book 1

A Pigment In Grammar: A Grammar Book

Cathy Phung

Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................... 4 2. Parts of Speech and Key Associated Terms ......................... 5 3. Phrases ................................................................................ 28 4. Clauses ................................................................................. 31 5. Sentences ............................................................................. 35 6. Paragraphs ........................................................................... 46 7. Essays .................................................................................. 53 8. Capitalization ....................................................................... 59 9. Punctuation .......................................................................... 62 10. Commonly Confused/ Misused Word Choices ................ 65 11. Answer Keys ..................................................................... 72 12. Glossary ............................................................................. 76 13. Work Cited ........................................................................ 79 14. About the Author .............................................................. 80 15. Dedication ......................................................................... 81

Introduction

Struggling through grammar or unsure of which grammar rules apply? Then welcome to the world of grammar! A Pigment In Grammar is THE book to help clarify and teach grammar rules with artistic examples. Master each section to improve your sentences while learning sentence structure and learn how to apply your knowledge with the short quizzes at the end of each section. Inside you'll find basic and advanced examples focused on art with helpful labeling and explanations of each section. Within each section is a new subject such as parts of speech, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, essays, capitalization, punctuation, and commonly confused words using bright and colorful language. Pick up some info by turning to the Parts of Speech and Associated Key terms.

Parts of Speech and Key Associated Terms I. Nouns A. Types of nouns: 1. Common nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or idea - artist - museum - brush - paper - palette 2. Proper nouns: give name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). - Leonardo DaVinci - Louvre - Mona Lisa - Nupastels - Crayola 3. Compound nouns: consists of words used together to form a single noun. - artwork -paintbrush - seascape - masterpiece -crosshatch 4. Concrete nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. - canvas -charcoal - eraser - pottery -gouache

5. Abstract nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions, or attitudes. - depression - confidence - death - freedom - beauty B. Noun Identifiers: 1. Noun endings brightness

animation

cubism

artist

attitude

ornament

performance

ambivalence creativity

master

category

career

sculpture

childhood

2. Following a noun marker (NM) a, all, an, both, each, every, her, his, my, our, several, some, that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three, etc. Bolded words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they act as adjectives. Example. 1. The lack of warm, cool, and neutral colors in this portrait creates a quality of drabness. ( "This" acts as an adjective so it's a noun marker). 3. Plural form: to make a noun plural, add -s or -es if the noun ends with an -s. Examples: easels, stencils, compasses, etc. 4. Possessive form: artist's gallery or artists' gallery. 5. Following a preposition: follows after a noun, but sometimes they may be used as adverbs. N Adv V Example: The painter forcibly indicated the importance of her work by Adv Adj Adj Adj consistently adding in contrast, emphasis, and value and placing it in the center. 6

C. Functions (How nouns are used) : 1. Subject (comes before verb, N-V) S V Adv Adj Leonardo DaVinci painted uniquely during the fourishing time of the Renaissance. S Adv V Leonardo DaVinci passionately painted in such a unique way that a new Adj technique of realism was born during the revitalizing period of the Renaissance. 2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom, N-V-N) S Adv V Edward Gorey frustratingly illustrated a very dark ominous yet comedic DO book. S Adv V Adj Adj DO Edward Gorey frustratingly illustrated a dark and satirical book using immense crosshatching called the Gashlycrumb Tinies. 3. Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom N-V-N-N): S Adv V Adj DO Artist Frieda Khalo amorously sent many racy and romantic letters to IO Diego Rivera. S Adv V Adj Adj DO Artist Frieda Khalo amorously sent numerous risquĂŠ and passionate letters IO to her lover, Diego Rivera. 4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when, N-V-N): S Adv V AO Adj Producers desperately prize a shot during a beautiful sunset which they call "magic hour".

S Adv V Adj AO Adj Producers desperately prize late afternoons, during a luminous sunset known as the "magic hour". 5. Object of the Preposition ( follows a preposition, Prep- N) S V Prep Oprep Adj Adv Pablo Picasso went away from Spain and deep depression to a lovingly romance in Paris. S V Prep Oprep Adj Pablo Picasso went from painting in Spain during his Blue period to the Adj Adv Rose period which brightly featured more oranges and pinks. 6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb, N-LV-N) S LV Adj SC Adv Monet was a important founder of Impressionist painting and expressively showed what he saw in nature. S LV Adj SC Monet was a original founder of French Impressionist Painting and often Adv expressed the philosophy of what he enthusiastically perceived in nature. 7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it N-V-N-N): S Adv V DO Adj OC People repeatedly call Starry Night an astounding masterpiece by Van Gogh. S Adj V DO Adj OC People constantly declare Starry Night a renowned masterpiece created by Van Gogh in an insane asylum.

8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas, N,N): S APP Adv V Adj Cezanne, the father of art, surprisingly sold a magnificent painting for $274 million in 2011. S APP V Adj Cezanne, the father of art, was born 170 years ago, yet in 2011 one art

Adj Adv piece from his Card Players series ridiculously sold for $247 million. 9. Adjectival (describes noun following it, N-N) S Adv V Adj Adjvl Andy Warhol fiercly lead the visual art movement known as pop art. S Adv V Adjvl Andy Warhol originally paved the path for pop art and the relationship Adj between artistic expression and advertisement. 10. Noun in Direct Address (N,N or N,N ): Adv N When frequently asked about his influences, Matisse replies with Adj influential Van Gogh and Cezanne. N Matisse says, his influences are not only Vincent Van Gogh who Adv Adj frequently used contrasting color and paint as well but also Paul Cezanne. 11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund Gerund, N): G OG Adj Dripping paint was often a unique style of Jackson Pollock's. G Adj OG Dripping and splattering mixtures of colorful paint allowed the paintings Adv to realistically come alive in Jackson Pollock's unique style of art. 12. Object of the participle (noun that follows a participle Participle-N.): Part OPart Adv After the traveling trips with his father, Pollock began to coincidentally Adj imitate cultural art forms. Part Opart After traveling trips with his father when he was young, Pollock Adv Adj automatically commenced following and imitating Native American art.

13. Object of the Infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive Infinitive-N): _Inf_ OInf Adj To live her life, Georgia O'Keeffe never let deep fear keep her from doing anything she wanted to do. Adv _Inf_ O'Keeffe had been painfully terrified every moment of her life, but to live OInf Adj her life to the complete fullest, she had to conquer her fear. II. Pronouns

A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. There are 6 different pronouns: personal, relative, interrogative, reflexive, demonstrative, and indefinite pronouns. 1. Personal: A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes it's form to indicate person, number, gender, and case.

Nominative (subjects) I/we you/you He, she, it, one/they

Objects (objects) me/us you/you him, her, it one/them Possessive

My, mine your/ yours his, her, hers, its, one's

our, ours your/yours their , theirs.

1. Compared to Georgia O'Keeffe and her flowers, I would say that Van Adj Gogh's Iris's is quite similar and I wonder what their art would be like if Adv they had suddenly collaborated. N Adj V 2. Van Gogh's difficult technique seems to be very complicated if we Adv were to try to failingly replicate one of his other works of art. 2. Relative: begins a subordinate clause and connects that clause to another noun that precedes it in the sentence. 10

N Adv V 1. Cezanne would be ultimately surprised today if he where to find out his Adj remarkable paintings, which sell for millions, are popular today.

N Adj V Adj 2. Diego Rivera's amazing murals that are hard to ignore, show deeper meanings, some of which have connections to history. 3. Interrogative: pronouns used to begin or introduce interrogative sentences. Adv V N Adj 1. Whoever unremarkably said that Cezanne was the original father of art? Adj 2. What was the specific time period for American Modernism in which N Adv Georgia O'Keeffe was gracefully known for? 4. Reflexive: refer back to the subject of the sentence of clause. Reflexive pronouns end in -self (singular) and -selves (plural) and are used when an action verb id directed toward a subject of the construction or to intensify a point. N Adv V 1. Picasso may have frequently wanted to kill himself after sinking into Adj dark depression after his friend's suicide, leading him into his Blue Period. N Adv V 2. Frida Kahlo sadly stared at herself for many years, possibly day by day, due to being alone for so often. 5. Demonstrative: points out a noun or pronoun such as person, places, things, or ideas. "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby in space or time while "that" and "those" refer to something far in time or space. V Adv N Adv 1. To sketch correctly, one must gently grip the pencil like that of holding Adj a tiny insect in your hand. 11

N Adv V 2. That autobiography of Pablo Picasso was positively riveting to read as it Adj went in depth about his unique style of cubism and the Crystal Period. 6. Indefinite: pronouns that do not refer to any specific person, place or things. They replace nouns without specifying which nouns they replace. N Adv V Adj 1. Nobody will be able to sucessfully recreate the beauty of the large painting in the Sistine Chapel done by Michelangelo. N Adv V 2. Many people around the world have universally seen the Mona Lisa Adj painted by Leonardo DaVinci in the early 15oo's whether it be in person or by textbook. III. Verbs A. How Verbs are Identified: 1.Verb Endings: -s,-ed,-ing (and others) - sketched - colors - painting - appreciate (-ate suffix) - drawing 2. Tenses (verbs indicate time via tenses): simple past/past simple present/present future perfect/ future drew illustrated assembled composed marked past progressive were drawing were illustrating were assembling

draws illustrates assembles composes marks

will have drew will have illustrated will have assembled will have composed will have marked

present progressive are drawing are illustrating are assembling

future progressive will be drawing will be illustrating will be assembling

past perfect

present perfect

had drew have drew had illustrated have illustrated had assembled have assembled had composed have composed had marked have marked present perfect progressive have been drawing have been illustrating have been assembling

were composing were marking

are composing are marking

will be composing will be marking

have been composing have been marking

3. Form: a. Forms of "to be" : am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as main verbs, they are always linking verbs - true linking verbs= all forms of be, become, and seem). b. Forms of "to do": do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs.) c. Forms of "to have": have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs 4. Types: There are at least 11 types of verbs: a. auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) - verbs that convey the other events that writers want to express while the main or base verb indicates the type of action or condition . ex. can, could, may, shall, would b. linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence - usually the predicate) True linking verbs are forms of become and seem. Linking verbs: appear, grow, look, smell, sound, and taste. ex. seem, become, has been, were, are being c. lexical verbs (main verbs) - they are all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs are the main verbs or phrases in a sentence. Lexical verbs represent actions, events, and states. ex. cutting, washing, erasing

d. dynamic verbs (indicate action) - Dynamic verbs sometimes referred to as "action verbs" and ususally describe actions we can take of things that can happen. ex. mixing, texturing, meeting

e. stative verbs (describe a condition) usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change. They usually relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being. ex. satisfy, dislike, observing f. finitive verbs (indicate tense)- has a subject shows tense (past or present forms w/o ing or ed); can function as an independent clause and can stand alone as a complete sentence. ex. speak, sculpt,glaze g. nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) - takes form of past or present participles (ing, ed) , they don't have mood, tense, number, aspect, gender, or person. Nonfinitive verbs are gerunds, infinitives, and participles. ex. curving, bending, free-formed h. regular verbs (weak verbs) - verbs that add -d or -ed to their present form to form the past tense are regular verbs. ex. learned, moved, burned i. irregular verbs (strong verbs)- have unpredictable forms in past tense; dont add -d or ed to the present form to make the past tenses. ex. drawn, sang, read j. transitive verbs (verbs followed by direct object) incomplete without a direct object, can take one or more objects, a doable activity ex. paint, clean, mix k. intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) an action verb that does not have a direct object, ex. move, watch, lie 5. Voice: is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates it interacts with the action (receiving or doing the action). The English Language has two voices Active and Passive. a. Active- the subject performs the action denoted by the verb ex. Will welded the steel together for his next gallery opening featuring his sculptures. b. Passive - the subject is being acted upon by the verb ex. The pastel painting made by the artist contained large loops and soft hues of colors. 14

6. Verbals: (verb forms not used as verbs) a. Gerund word ending in "ing" used as a noun i. Mrs. Sebanz enjoys working on her art series Venus. b. Participle word ending in "ing" or "ed" used as an adjective i. Ria drew a free-formed line on her blank sheet of paper ii. Carlos sketched a rounding line for the shape of his sphere on his values table. c. Infinitive verb preceded by the word "to" (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. i. Pollack likes to splatter paint on large canvases. (noun: direct object- likes what?) ii. She has tortillions to shade values with to create a realistic yet detailed portrait. (adjective: modifies tortillions - what tortillions?) IV. Adjectives- modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. 1. Kinds: a. Demonstrative- point of out words omitted in sentence or emphasize importance. - That paintbrush used for acrylics. - These watercolors are brightly used to enhance color. - This mural hidden under destructive tagging and vandalism b. Common - a simple regular adjective that doesn't contain a capitalized letter. -colorful -bright -drab c. Proper- adjective that is capitalized and names a specific person, object, or place. - Nupastels color pencils - Gouache paint - Canson watercolors 2. Endings - suffixes are markers to show that the word is an adjective. i. -able, -ible- desirable desirable, impossible ii. -al beneficial iii. -ful careful, beautiful iv. -tial essential 15

v. -ic artistic vi. -ly modestly vii. -ful colorful viii. -ous famous ix. -tive competitive x.-less baseless xi. -ish blueish xii. -ulent opulent 3. Conversions - when changing the original word to an adjective to determine how the word is used. Noun: artist â&#x2020;&#x2019; artistic Adverb: modest â&#x2020;&#x2019; modestly Verb: desire â&#x2020;&#x2019; desirable 4. Articles - are words that combines with a noun. They are used to describe the noun. (a, am and) Indefinite Articles: both a and an is used before a noun. -

sketch a drawing drawn an art piece paint a picture

Definite Articles: the is used in from of a singular or plural noun and adjectives - to the chair - sketched the fruit 5. Comparatives/ Superlatives: Comparatives compare two or more people or things Superlatives show the difference between two or more people or things Comparatives: Superlatives: - lighter - sketchiest - happier - brightest 16

V. Adverbs- modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. 1. Endings -wards awkward, reward, coward -wise lengthwise, crosswise, careerwise - ly suddenly, motionlessly, gracefully 2. Conversions: when converting an adjective, to an adverb you add -ly, certain time you may have to drop the e and add the -ly. - artistic → artistically - gentle → gently - basic → basically 3. Types (Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time) a. Manner (How?) -swiftly -cautiously -freely Ex. Adj N Adv V Adj Many street artists that swiftly paint active scenery sell their art for about thirty dollars. Adj Adj N Adv V Adj Adj Many talented street artists swiftly paint intricate and beautiful scenery for about Adj a reasonable price of thirty dollars. b. Frequency (How often?) -hourly -daily -usually

Ex. N Adv V Adj Some artists rarely receive recognition due to their great reluctance to share their work. Adj N Adv Adj Some amateur artists rarely gain recognition due to their nagging reluctance to share their work. c. Degree (How?) -extremely - awfully -completely Ex. N Adv V Adj Leonardo DaVinci flamboyantly dressed himself in bright clothing which led many to believe him to be homosexual. N Adv V Leonardo DaVinci flamboyantly dressed himself which led many Adj suspicious spectators to believe him to be a homosexual. d. Place (Where?) - there - nearby - down by Ex. N Adv V Adj Many artists are ardently there in art class even with the high cost of materials. Adj N Adv V Adj Many aspiring artists are ardently there in art class despite the expensive cost of materials. e. Time (When?) -rarely -yearly -daily 18

Ex. N Adv Adj Adv Many of Picasso's famously known cubic paintings can be presently V found in LACMA. N Adj Adj Many of Picasso's famous and well loved cubic masterpieces can be Adv V Adj presently found in a new exhibit in LACMA. 4. Intensifiers - used to modify adverbs and make them stronger in meaning - extremely - remarkably -exceptionally 5. Comparatives/Superlatives - Comparatives compare two or more things while a superlative compares the difference between 2 or more things. comparative superlative -badly worse worst -hardly harder hardest -slowly more slowly most quietly VI. Conjunctions 1. Coordinating (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or yet, so) - join words or groups of words together Ex. N Adv N Co V Asj No one is actually born an artist, but one can gain such skill with hard work and practice. Adv Adj N Co V Adj No one is really born a great artist, yet one can achieve such skill with dedication Adj and persistent practice. 2. Correlative: Either/or; neither/ no; not only/ but also; both/and; whether/ or; as/so - are pairs of conjunctions that link words, phrases, or clauses together.

Ex. N Adv Cor V Adj Cor Adj Beginners usually either use a mechanical pencil or a number two pencil for their sketches. Adj N Adv V Cor Adj Adj Cor Adj Inexperienced beginners usually use either a tacky mechanical pencil or a simple number two pencil for their sketches. 3. Subordinate: after, though as, as if , as long as, , as thought, because, etcâ&#x20AC;Ś - are conjunctions that connect two unequal parts. It provides a necessary transition between two ideas and will indicated time, place, or cause and effect. Ex. N Adv V Adj Sub. V I will lightly spray fixative on my charcoal drawing after I have finished putting Adj on specific details to keep it from smudging. N Adj V Adj Sub. I will lightly coat my charcoal drawing with fixative after I have added a few Adj V finishing touches so that it will refrain from being smudged or erased. 4. Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) - Contains a subject and verb and can be a subordinate clause. Ex. Once Van Gogh was a man stricken with depression, who thought swallowing yellow paint would make his "insides brighter". Once Van Gogh was a man stricken with severe depression, who mindlessly ingested yellow paint that , he thought , would make his" inside brighter". VII. Prepositions - link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentences. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. They are also used to locate time and place. Ex. Prepositions : Aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, 20

beside, between, beyond, but(except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without, etc. Ex. Frieda Khalo loved and worked alongside Diego Rivera despite his constant womanizing because amid his uncontrollable sexual urges Rivera did not get in between Khalo's artistic and moral beliefs while also challenge her intellectual integrity. Ex. Anyone can mechanically capture the inside of a bowl, the outside forces of human activity, or a scenery far or near perception, but a true artist sees beyond the contours and lines and go toward a more unique vision. Ex. I would like to someday create artwork that can be placed in front of many and reach inside of the depths of ignorance, to behold wonders within those who seek far and wide for satisfaction , and to ease my undying imagination VIII. Interjections: the final part of speech. - a word used to expresses a particular emotion or sentiment on the part of the speaker, it can also be used to fill pauses (uh, er). List of Interjections: A- absolutely aha alas amen anyhow aww

achoo ahem alright anytime as if awful

ack ahoy alrighty argh attaboy

ahh agreed alack anyhoo attagirl

B- bam blah

bah humbug bless you

behold boo

bingo bravo

C- cheers

crud

D- darn duh

dang

doh

drat

E-eek

G- gee goodness

geepers goodness gracious

gee whiz gosh

golly

H-ha hmmm

hallelujah huh

hey

N-no

naw

nah

O- oops oh well

ouch ow

oh dear,

oh my

P- phew

please

pooh

pow

S- shoot

shucks

shh

T-there

tut- tut

thanks

U- ugh

uh-huh

uh-oh

W- waa Y- yay

what

woah

R- rats

yes

woops

wow

yikes

ex. There are times when I look at my art and think gee this is the best I have ever made, then lo and behold someone else comes in with an absolute masterpiece. ex. Bravo, your art gallery is amazing, and golly, all the artwork is so colorful and bright. Congratulations, all the hard work has finally paid off. ex. Oh my! You dropped my million dollar art piece. Thanks a lot. Key associated terms to know Parts of speech: Antecedents: Antecedent is an earlier clause, phrase or word to which a pronoun, another word or a noun refers back to. ex. The artist had painted the picture for the next art gallery. Complements: A complement is any word or phrase that completes the sense of a subject, an object, or a verb. ex. Pablo Picasso is an influential artist of today, inspiring many with cubism and color. 22

a. A subject complement follows a linking verb; it is normally an adjective or a noun that renames or defines in some way the subject. b. An object complement follows and modifies or refers to a direct object. It can be a noun or adjective or any word acting as a noun or adjective. c. A verb complement is a direct or indirect object of a verb. Objects Direct: A direct object is the receiver of action within a sentence Ex. Picasso Indirect: The indirect object identifies to or for whom or what the action of the verb is performed. Ex. He, She Modifiers: A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause which functions as an adjective or an adverb to describe a word or make its meaning more specific Ex. The artistic painter gave his niece a picture of an abstract scene of the night sky. Transitions: phrases of words providing a link between sentences, ideas, and paragraphs. Ex. First Eira went to LACMA for the new exhibit on painting, then went to go eat Pho with her mother.

Milder

Stronger

Addition

a further x and and then then also too next another other nor

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

Comparison

just as ... so too a similar x another x like

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but

however 23

yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Time

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x

Place

there here beyond nearby

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side 24

next to

in the front in the back

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

Expletives: an expletive is described by its functionâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the null subject, or the existential subject because it takes the part of subject in a sentence but don't have a meaning. 25

Ex. There are many paintings and pictures of dogs in small art gallery of the ice cream shop. Agreements: Subject-Verb: A singular subject takes a singular verb whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb. Ex. Singular: The artist is presented an award for most creative and innovative. (verb is singular because it follows the singular subject) Ex. Plural: The children are on a field trip to the Getty Museum to view Renaissance paintings. (verb are is plural following a plural subject children) Noun-Pronoun: Just like subjects and verbs, nouns and pronouns should agree in number within a sentence. Ex. Singular The young girl painted with the Principles of Design and Elements of Art seen in a prodigies such as herself. (noun girl is singular followed by the singular pronoun) Ex. Plural The inexperienced artists gathered together to form an artist colony as they grew and interacted with each together frequently. (plural noun artists is followed by plural pronoun they)

Parts of Speech and Associated Terms Quiz Part I. Adverb Types Directions: Read each sentence and identify classify each type of adverb 1. The artist cautiously added watercolors over crayon to create a oily texture and contrast. a. Manner

b. Degree

c. Time

2. To build artistic skills, one must practice daily and frequently a any time to get better. a. Time

b. Place

c. Frequency

3. The difficult student passionately poured out his anger onto the canvas creating a mood and whirlwind of color. a. Manner

b. Degree

c. Place

Part II Verbs Directions: Read each statement and determine whether it is True or False. 1. _____

Linking verbs do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence - usually the predicate.

2. _____ Stative Verbs usually relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being. 3. _____ Transitive Verbs sometimes referred to as "action verbs" and usually describe actions we can take of things that can happen. Part III. Parts of Speech Directions: Match each term with the correct definition. Each letter will only be used once. 1. _____ Abstract Nouns

a. begins a subordinate clause and connects that clause to another noun that precedes it in the sentence.

2. _____ Adverbial Object

b. comes after the verb and answers when

3. _____ Relative Pronouns

c. name ideas, quality, emotions, or attitudes.

4. _____ Demonstrative Adjective

d. point of out words omitted in sentence or emphasize importance

Phrases Phrases - Phrases are groups of words that function as a part of speech. A. Prepositional - A group of words that begin with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. Example: N V Adv. Prep. Phr. 1. Lisa throws all her art materials messily in between her heavy books. N V Adj. Adv. Prep. Phr. 2. Lisa flings all her luxurious art supplies haphazardly in between her cumbersome textbooks. B. Appositive - A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify and appositive. Example: N Adv. Appos. V 1. Van Gogh, a sickly man, cut off his ear to give as a present to his love.

N Adv. Appos. V Adj. 2. Van Gogh, a deliriously sick man, cut off his left ear as an offering Prep. Phr. to his love during his state of depression. C. Verbal - A group of words that begins with a verbal and ends with a noun. 1.Gerund - word ending in “ing” used as a noun. Example: N V Gerund. Adv. 1. Da Vinci enjoyed working arduously on many projects as well as painting.

N V Gerund Adv. 2.Da Vinci benefitted from working gruelingly on anatomy as well Prep. Phr. as experimenting during the painting of the Mona Lisa. 2.Participle - word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. Example: Adj. N V Participle. Adv. Adj. 1. Organic shapes use free-formed lines to create loosely rough sketches.

Adj. N V Participle 2. Organic shapes, an element of art, utilize free-formed lines in Adv. order to draw effortlessly compositions. 3.Infinitive - verb preceded by the word â&#x20AC;&#x153;toâ&#x20AC;? (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs. Examples: N V Infinitive Adv 1.Gary hopes to win the grand prize of the art contest by frequently Adj entering multiple pieces a week. N V Infinitive Adj. 2. Gary dreams to succeed in winning the competitive art contest Adv Adv. Adj. by tediously submitting amazingly detailed drawings every

week.

Phrases Quiz Part I. Identifying Different Phrases Directions: Read each sentence and identify whether it is a prepositional, appositive, or verbal phrase. 1. The abstract artist, Arthur Dove, creates amazingly focused art work with values and hues. a. Verbal Phrase

b. Prepositional Phase

c. Appositive Phrase

2. An sketch artist has to be able to observe and draw proportions in detailing closely when working with nervous people. a. Verbal Phrase

b. Appositive Phrase

c. Prepositional Phrase

3. The eccentric art teacher was introducing himself loudly behind his desk. a. Appositive Phrase

b. Prepositional Phrase

c. Verbal Phrase

Part II Understanding Phrases Directions: Read each statement and determine whether it is True or False. 1. _____ A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, adjective, or adverb. 2. _____ In a verbal phrase, the participle is a word ending in "ing" or "ed" used as an adjective. 3. _____ The sentence: "The crazily artist who painted murals depicting humans as animals and monsters scared all the neighborhood children." is an appositive. Part III. Definition of Different Parts of Phrases Directions: Match each term with the correct definition. Each letter will only be used once. 1. _____ Appositive

a. group of words that ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb.

2. _____ Gerund

b. group of words that include all words or phrases that modifies the noun; renames noun

3. _____ Infinitive

c. groups of words that function as a part of speech

4. _____ Prepositional

d. word ending in "ing" used as a noun

5. _____ Phrase

e. verb preceded by the word "to" used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs. 30

Clauses Clauses - are groups of words with a subject and a verb. A. Independent Clause- can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as simple sentence pattern. Example: Subject V Adv Adj. Adj. 1. Jackson Pollack splatters paint very boldly in bright vivid colors.

Subject Adv. V Adj. 2. Expressionism radically distorts perspective to invoke emotional Adj. and deeper ideas. B. Subordinate (Dependent) Clause - CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. 1. Noun Clause - used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, and indirect object, or an appositive. Example: Noun Clause Adj. Adv. 1. That the painting had a complementary background deliberately V N brought focus to the painting. (subject)

N Adv. Noun Clause 2. Mrs. Sebanz promptly announced what our art supplies budget Adv. had enough money for, and how effectively we could utilize it. (Direct Object) 2. Adjective Clause - used to modify a noun in an independent clause. a. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word. Example: N Adj. Clause Adv. 1. The art gallery is where artists confidently show off their V Adj. work and socialize with affluent patrons of the arts. ("where" is an introductory word) b. Some adjectives begin with relative pronouns (note: the relative pronoun has two functions. It introduces the clause and is used as a sentence - part within the clause.

Example:

N Adv. V 1. Frieda Kahlo is prominently featured for her self- portraits Adj. Clause Adj. which are prevalent to her renowned series of art. ( Self- Portrait is the antecedent of which and is modified by the adjective clause.)

3. Adverb Clause - used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/ or concession. a. Modifying Verbs Examples: N Adv. V Prep. Phr. 1. The curator jealously hid the sculpture behind the plant Adv. Clause Adj. where no one could witness the legendary art piece. (place) b. Modifying Adjectives Examples:

Adverb Clause N Adv. V 1. Andy Warhol was as seriously talented and focused as Appos. Adj. Monet, the unique painter.

4. Relative Clause - dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. Example: N Relative Clause 1. Many artists who lived through tragedy and hardships V Adv. show them abstractly in many pieces of their artwork. N Relative Clause Adj. 2. Many artists who lived through strong tragedies and Adj. V Adv. difficult hardships portray them abstractly through their artwork. 5. Elliptical Clauses - adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. Examples: Elliptical Clause Adv. 1.When sketching still life, observation is absolutely Adj. N V obligatory for every artist to remember. Elliptical Clause 2. When sketching still life, observations, proportions, and 32

Adv. Adj. N. values are absolutely obligatory for every artist V to remember. 6. Essential Clauses - clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Examples: Adj. N. Sub. Conj. Adv. Essential Clause 1. The painting styles that greatly gets used by Picasso are Cubism and Pointillism. Adj. N. Sub. Conj. Adv. Essential Clause 2. The painting styles that are immensely capitalized by Picasso are Cubism and Pointillism. 7. Non Essential Clauses - Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Examples: N. Rel. Pron. Adv. 1. Georgia O'Keefe, who was greatly known Non Ess. Clause after her expressive flower paintings, had a museum Prep. Phr. in New Mexico. N. Rel. Pron. Adv. 2. Georgia O'Keefe, who was wildly popular Non Ess. Clause after her artistically expressive flower paintings, had a Adj. Prep. Phr. large museum in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Clauses Quiz Part I. Identifying Clauses Directions: Match each term with the correct definition. Each letter will only be used once. 1._____ -Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun.

a. Elliptical Clauses

2._____ - Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

b. Non Essential Clauses

3._____ - Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

c. Essential Clauses

4._____ - Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

d. Adverb Clause

5._____ - Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.

e. Relative Clauses

6. _____ - used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an f. Adjective Clauses independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, etc. Part II. Recognizing Clauses Directions: Read each statement and determine whether each statement is True or False. 1. _____ The sentence: "The sculpting rules that are greatly used by Michelangelo are texture and movement." is an elliptical clause. 2. _____ The sentence "Pablo Picasso, when falling into depression during his Blue Period, recovers and his next phase was the Rose Period." is a non essential clause. Part III. Use of Pronouns Directions: Read each sentence and fill in the relative clauses with the correct relative pronoun. 1. The talented student _________________ completed his project first, allowed him to develop his doodles. 2. The magnificently large painting across the wall, _________________ was glinting shimmery specks of color, contained pieces of ground seashell within the paint. 3. Ella's sketchbook _________________ contained multiple inked, colored, and acrylic drawings, was extremely fascinating to look it because it demanded your attention.

Sentences I. Sentence Parts A. Subject 1.Complete - who or what is doing the verb plus all the modifiers that go with it. Complete Subject Adv V a. The colorful, bright, vibrant advertisement largely displayed the theme of the art gallery. Complete Subject V Adv b. The loosely swirled lines draws the attention slightly towards the center. 2. Simple - who or what that is doing the verb without any descriptions. Simple Subject V Adv Adj a. The paintbrush was worn out quickly due to extreme use and carelessness. Simple Subject V Prep Phr. Adv b. The art materials were splayed across the floor messily and Adv Prep Phr haphazardly until the afternoon. 3. Compound - a verb with two or more subjects Compound Subject Appo. Adv V a. Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera, both painters, were rarely happy in Adj their tumult marriage. Compound Subjects Appo. V b. Andy Warhol and Jean-Michel Basquiat, artists, collaborated Adv producing paintings that eventually separated the hierarchy Adj Adj between elegant painting and ridiculous street art.

B. Predicate 1.Complete - the action of the sentence and all its modifiers. N Complete Predicate Adv Adj a. Van Gogh painted Starry Night deliriously while within an insane asylum. Adj N Adj b. The glorious photograph of the rising sun with bright red, oranges, and Adv Complete Predicate pink hues warmly welcomes a new day. 2. Simple - tells one thing about the same subject using one verb. N Adv Simple Predicate Adj a. The artist deliberately featured the inappropriate photograph to elicit a Adv Adj ghastly reaction from the large audience. N Adv Simple Predicate Adj Adj b. Cartoonists purposely accentuates the sharp features and size ranges Adj of characters to have life- like characteristics to be hilarious. 3. Compound - tells two or more things -- using 2 or more main verbs -- about the same subject (one subject). N Adj Adv Adj a. Jackson Pollack was a diverse, technically, talented artist sometimes Compound Predicate integrating painting and photography, and compiling collages Prep Phr onto his canvases. N Adv Adj b. Sketches have artistically strong balance, unity, and composition while Compound Predicate using line quality, shapes, and texture and brings out the uniqueness of the work.

II. Sentence Types A. Declarative - makes a statement and ends with a period. Declares or states something. Complete Subject Adv V Adj a. The line quality, texture, and values of the painting truly shows exquisite mastery of each subject. Prep. Adv Adj N V b. After the untimely death of her beloved husband, Georgia Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;keefe was inspired Prep. Phr. Adj by the vast landscape to create amazing well-known paintings. B. Interrogative - asks a question and ends with a question mark. Prep Phr Simple Subject Adv V Adj a. At what point did Frida Kahlo continually paint only stoic self-portraits of herself? Interrogative N Adv V Adj Adj b. Can a machine actually paint the exact lofty strokes and exceptional style of an Adj Prep Phr expressional artist like Picasso during his Blue Period? C. Imperative - gives a command that asks or tells the subject what to do. Usually ends in a period or exclamation. V Adj Compound Subject Adv Adj a. Add in a variety of different hues and colors in order to make the boring plain painting stand out boldly! Adv V Adj Prep Phr N Adj b. Gracefully fill in the miniscule details of the sketch to give it some emotional and technical depth. D. Exclamatory - expresses strong emotion and ends with and exclamation mark. N Appo Adj Adv V Adj a. Richard Prince, a plagiarist, is an untalented and brazenly uses others personal Adv images seldom giving due credit! Complete Subject b. The bold, revolutionary, and unbelievably progressive art pieceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s message 37

V Adj Adv Adj introduced the stark contrast between a fully lived life and an emptiness death! III.Sentence Pattern: A. Simple Sentence - A sentence that is just one independent clause. Indep. Clause N V Adv N Appo. a. The mural was painted artistically by Diego Rivera, the natural born artist. Indep. Clause Adj N V Adv N Appo b. The monstrous mural was painted artistically by Diego Rivera, the natural born Adj talented artist. B. Complex Sentence - A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Dep. Clause N Adv V Indep. Clause a. At the gallery, the student expressively introduced her masterpiece and sold it for $3,000. Indep. Clause Dep. Clause Adj. N Adv. V b. At the well-known gallery, the exceptional student expressively introduced her Adj magnificent masterpiece and sold it for large sum of $3,000. C. Compound Sentence - A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses. Indep. Clause V Adj N Adj Adj V a. Many needed art supplies go for very high prices, but clever scavenging allows Indep. Clause Adj us to find many bargains that still hold good quality. Indep. Clause Adv V Adj N Adj Adj V b.Many essentially needed art supplies are very expensive, but clever scavenging Adj Indep. Clause Adj allows numerous bargain finds with fantastic quality. 38

D. Complex/Compound Sentence - A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Indep. Clause Dep. Clause N Adj Adj V Adv a. Music and various stimulus can be good muse for art, while played softly, but Indep. Clause at times it may be a distraction. Indep. Clause Dep. Clause N Adj Adv Adj V b.Music and various stimulus are commonly excellent muses for art, while played Indep. Clause quietly, but at times it may prove to be quite a distraction. E. Loose Sentence - A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or a phrase) Indep. Clause Adj Adj Adv V N a. Precision and carefulness is need when elegantly recreating a replica, which can Dep. Clause Adj be identified as false with one bad stroke. Indep. Clause Adj Adj Adv V N b. Precision and meticulousness is required when gracefully replicating a painting, V Dep. Clause Adj which can be distinguished as false with one careless stroke. F. Periodic Sentence - A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. Adv V Adv Adv N a.Often frustrated, probably broke financially or spiritually, ideas and color V Prep. Phr. Indep. Clause roaming through the mind, that is an artist. Adv Adv V Adv Adv Adj b.Often irritatingly frustrated, possibly broke financially or spiritually, unlimited N N Adj Indep. Clause ideas and swirls of color roam recklessly in the mind, that is an artist. G. Balanced Sentence - A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure meaning or length. N Adv Adj Adj a. Life is a variety of brightly lit gems and colors and each day is a blank canvas 39

V Prep. Phr. mapping the way toward treasure. N Adj Adv Adj Adj Adj b. Life is an assortment of perfectly lit gems and colors and a new day is the blank V Prep. Phr. canvas navigating toward treasure. H. Parallel Structure - A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written. Adj N Parallel Structure Adv Adj a. Skilled artists can paint, can sketch, and can draw magnificently on different V types of material, creating mixed media. Adj N Parallel Structure Adv b. Multi-talented artists are both able to paint, to sketch, and to draw gorgeously Adj V on heterogeneous types of materials, spawning mixed media. I. Chiasmus - A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order. Chiasmus Adv V N Chiasmus a. Mysteriously painted on cavasses as the painting mystifies the eye of the beholder. N Adv V Chiasmus b. The art of painting is to beautifully create works of art amid the still lifes Chiasmus Adj and still lifes is beauty. J. Asyndeton - A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Adj N Adv V V V a. Blind contour is confidently watching, confidently drawing, confidently posing. Asyndeton Adv Adj N V V V b. Never is blind contour without observing, without marking, without focusing. K. Polysyndeton - A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. 40

Polysyndeton N V Adv a. And so he painted, and with each brush, and each dab, and each merrily layer, Adv Adj slowly came together his first gallery. Polysyndeton N V Adj b. And so, he painted, and each stroke, and each smidgen of color, and Adv fastidiously layering, and so, soon came together to form a series of Adj N glorious paintings. L. Anaphora - A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. N V Adv Anaphora a. The only way to get better at drawing is to draw regularly every day, every night, every free moment, of everything, and everywhere possible in order V N to achieve mastery. Anapora b. My life is the brush, my life is the colors, my life is the blank canvas, and my N Adv V Adj life is inspiration as I humbly take my talent to grant the world a little beauty. M. Epistrophe - A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. Adj N Adv V Epistrophe a. In an artist composition, one should frequently ask “Is this completed?”, “How can it be completed?”, and “What can I do to make it completed?”. Adv Adj N Prep Phr. Epistrophe b. The superbly done drawings on the board are by people, for people, and of V Prep Phr. people representing the artist’s interpretation of everyday life.

B. Sentence Errors: A. Run - On / Rambling a. He absolutely loves to paint he would paint everyday if he could but he has to work to buy his paints. b. Correction (use of comma and coordinating conjunction) - He absolutely loves to paint, and wishes to paint every day, but he has to work in order to buy paints. B. Fused a. As the painter boldly decided to make a statement with his art all the while he was often plagiarizing from other famous artistsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; work. b. Correction (use of comma and coordinating conjunction) - As the painter boldly decided to make a statement with his art, yet all the while he was often plagiarizing from other famous artistsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; work. C. Fragment a. Rushing completely through the deadline under pressure. b. Correction ( participle phrase fragment, use of comma and inserting Indep. Clause) - Rushing constantly through the deadline under pressure, the curator could tell the artist was not ready. D. Misplaced Modifier a. A frayed painter's brush is a danger to use especially when working with delicate details . b. Correction - A painter's frayed brush is a danger to use especially when working with delicate details. E. Double Negative a. Watercolor takes patience, you can't do nothing to a freshly paint piece unless you want to blend the colors in. b.Correction - Watercolor takes patience, you cannot do anything to a freshly painted piece unless your goal is to blend the colors. F. Comma Splice a. After splashing paint on the canvas, Van Gogh waited for it to dry, he was eagerly waiting as his inspiration had stuck a passion within himself. 42

b. Correction (use of separating into 2 sentences) - After splashing paint on the canvas ,Van Gogh waited for it to dry. He was eagerly waiting as his inspiration had struck a passion within himself.

Sentences Quiz Part I. Sentence Types Directions: Read each sentence and identify whether it is a declarative, imperative, exclamatory, or interrogative sentence. 1. Does the abstract artist, Arthur Dove, create amazingly focused art work with values and hues? a. Interrogative

b. Imperative

c. Exclamatory

2. Observe and draw proportions closely in exact detail! a. Exclamatory

b. Imperative

c. Declarative

3. The eccentric art teacher introduced himself loudly and narcissistically behind the desk. a. Declarative.

b. Interrogative

c. Imperative

Part II Sentence Pattern Directions: Read each statement and determine whether it is True or False. 1. _____ Complex/Compound sentences are sentences that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or a phrase). 2. _____ Balanced sentences are sentences where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure meaning or length. 3. _____ Parallel Structure - A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written.

Part III. Sentence Parts Directions: Match each term with the correct definition. Each letter will only be used once. 1. _____ Simple Predicate

a. tells two or more things -- using 2 or more main verbs -- about the same subject (one subject).

2. _____ Compound Subject

b. tells one thing about the same subject using one verb.

3. _____ Complete Predicate

c. who or what that is doing the verb without any descriptions. 44

4. _____ Simple Subject

d. the action of the sentence and all its modifiers.

5. _____ Compound Predicate

e. a verb with two or more subjects.

Part IV. Sentence Error Directions: Determine whether the sentence is a run on, fragment, or comma splice. 1. _______________ Asking Ella to borrow blue pastels and watercolors.

Paragraphs 1. Introductory Paragraphs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Introductory paragraph should begin with a hook/ lead to draw in the reader and is followed by an assertion, claim, or opinion, which is the thesis. It should be about 4-7 sentences. a. Hook (Lead) i. Anecdotal - Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic Adj N 1. Ex. When a little boy by the name of Jackson Pollack, had been V moving from place to place due to his fatherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s job, one thing had V remained constant: his love of art. As a child, he was inspired by the Native American culture and art forms, but never admitted Adv intentionally imitating them. ii.

Query Based- Question that brings the reader to the topic Adj N Adv V 1. Ex: Do exceptional artists intentionally replicate others art and Adj claim it as passive inspiration?

b. Thesis Statements- the purpose of a piece of writing - usually one sentence in length - and something that is arguable. i. Assertion - A claim Adj Adj N V ADj 1. Ex: Many uncreative painters simulate specific artistic styles and Adv claim as their own coyly, for recognition.

ii.

Fact - Empirically verifiable N Adj Adv 1. Ex: Art has many tight restrictions deliberately when it comes to Adj V Adj specific works cited and permission in order to be used as personal expression. 46

iii.

Opinion - personal position on a topic N Adj 1. Ex: Art comes in multiple forms but yet the rules and restrictions V Adv V Adj are placed too sternly to ensure artists receive even partial credit.

iv.

Belief - social, religious, or political in nature - an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) N Adv V Adj 1. Ex: In art, boldly copying another artist's phenomenal work is not plagiarizing.

Generalization - uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half - avoid using this type of thesis statement Adj N Adv V 1. Ex: Never has the art world been so entirely focused on all V Adj restrictions and creating current guidelines specifically for plagiarism.

vi.

Document Based - cites a specific source and its position on a topic N V Adj 1. Ex: In Steal Like an Artist, Austin Kleon argues that a "bad" theft V Adv Adj is one stealing incorrectly from only one source as you rip off the V idea and plagiarize rather than giving credit.

vii.

Theory - a statement that can be tested and potentially proven N Adj 1. Ex. Plagiarism is an everyday action when idiotic people Adv V V V innocently steal images, copy, or recreate with images without Adv V truly understanding what plagiarism is.

2. Body Paragraphs - The body paragraph contains the thesis restatement in each and presents evidence to support or expand on the thesis. This section varies in length but a paragraph should be 5-8 sentences long. In the last body paragraph, it should contain a closing sentence to end the discussion of the topic. a. Topic Sentences: Must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support N V Adj Adj V i. Ex: Art covers a wide range of self expression that brings joy to most Adv V people, but in order to realize that joy, one has to devotedly recognize and V Adv observe art extensively. b. Evidence from quotations - quotes should never be used as individual sentences quotes should be embedded within sentences. Adj N Adv V i. Ex. Exceptional artists can dutifully agree that in order "to enjoy art, one must pay attention to it" (Csikszentmihalyi 109). ii.

iii.

Adv Ex. "To enjoy art, one must pay attention to it" according to the rapidly V Adj N growing popular author, Mihaly Csik szentmihalyi (Csikszentmihalyi 109). Adj N V Ex. New up-and- coming artists find their style of art because "to enjoy V Adv V art, one must pay attention to it," and work faithfully on building their skills. (Csikszentmihalyi 109).

iv.

Adj N V Adv Ex. New up-and-coming artists discover their uniquely sense of style of Adj fine art because "to enjoy art, one must pay [careful] attention to it" (Csikszentmihalyi 109).

Adj N Adv V Adj Ex. New artists must frequently test their amazing skills because to "enjoy art....pay attention" (Csikszentmihalyi 109).

vi.

Paraphrasing - rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing source. Original quote - "To enjoy art, one must pay attention to it" (Csikszentmihalyi 109). N Adj N Adv V V Paraphrase - Art is a blissful joy that accurately requires scrutinizing (Csikszentmihalyi 109).

vii.

Summary - condensing larger quotes or sections Original quote - "To enjoy art, one must pay attention to it" (Csikszentmihalyi 109). Adv Adj V Adj N Summary - Closely observe and appreciate fine art.

viii.

Abstract examples - hypothetical, "what if" examples - AVOID N V Adj Adj Ex. People would uncover more delight in boring everyday life if they V V Adj Adv V learned to appreciate art skills and curiously research on becoming a N patron of arts.

ix.

Concrete examples - actual, reference-able examples N Ex. An article in December 2008 of Greater Good: The Science of a V V Adj Meaningful Life states that art should be taught full time in schools to Adv V teach students to "envision" as they expressively shape their emotions through media.

c. Closing sentences

Adv N Adj V Ex. Undoubtedly, art is an essential aspect of life which articulates views Adv V Adj of art and the use of media to energetically act as an effective outlet for N satisfaction.

3. Closing Paragraphs - Closing paragraphs should contain a restatement of the thesis. They should not be summaries of the body paragraphs. The closing paragraph should also contain an extension of the thesis statement as well as a closing sentence to relate back to the hook. Closing paragraph should be about 3-4 sentences long. a. Statements of extension - extending the thesis statement using the consequence of disregarding the implications of the thesis - could be one or more sentences. N Adj Adj V i. Ex. If art was nothing but silly lines and random bursts of color with no V Adv Adj use, with the exception of looking elegantly, there wouldn't be expressive Adj N or moving paintings or ways for artists to channel their emotions. b. Final Sentence - connects to the hook. Adj Adj N i. Ex. Based on the narrowed restrictions of art and infringement, maybe the Adj N V art forms Jackson Pollack had grown to learn and love in his childhood, Adv V had been subconsciously imitated.

Paragraphs Quiz Part I. Types of Paragraphs Directions: Read each example and identify whether it is a located in the Introductory, Body or Closing paragraph. 1. People vehemently claim they lack the ability to draw but if they frequently practice over a period of time, they will improve their capability to draw. a. Introductory

b. Body

c. Closing

2. If lazy, uncreative, artists continually plagiarize other masterpieces, there probably would not be any creations of authentic or prolific works of art for the world to enjoy. a. Body

b. Closing

c. Introductory

3. Schools selfishly cut the budgets for art classes, due to the belief that art is an extraneous overpriced course. a. Closing

b. Body

c. Introductory

Part II Identifying Parts of a Paragraph Directions: Read each statement and determine whether it is True or False. 1. _____ Body Paragraphs should echo the thesis in each paragraph and present evidence such as quotations, to support or expand the thesis. 2. _____ A Closing paragraph should be a summary of the body paragraphs and contain and extension of the thesis statement. 3. _____ Quotes are used as individual sentences for evidence to support the thesis.

Part III. Parts of an Introductory and Body Paragraph Directions: Match each term with the correct definition. Each letter will only be used once. 1. _____ Belief

a. cites a specific source and its position on a topic.

2. _____ Generalization

b. Question that brings the reader to the topic.

3. _____ Document Based

c. social, religious, or political in nature - an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily. 51

4. _____ Query Based

d. hypothetical, "what if"

5. _____ Paraphrase

e. rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source.

6. _____ Abstract Examples

f. uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all always, every, none, never, most, half.

Part IV. Identifying Hooks Directions: Determine whether the hook is anecdotal or query based. 1. _______________ A man by the name of Pablo Picasso was a starving artist. Although many people knew he was an artist, they were reluctant to by his paintings. One day, as Picasso was buying a meal, the owner had asked for him to pay his bill with a painting. Picasso agree but, the owner didn't fully realize the value Picasso put into the paintings. When Picasso had finished he told the owner "I'm buying a meal, not the whole restaurant."

Essays A. Types of Essays 1. Persuasive - The writer states their position on an idea, issue, or topic, while using multiple paragraphs and evidence to support their claim. Purpose of a persuasive essay is to convince the reader to support the stated position of the writer. 2. Expository - multiple paragraph essay that explain or describes an idea or topic which requires research. Along with researching, it also requires evaluating evidence, informing readers about the topic in order and detail, and presenting both aspects of the argument (not a persuasive essay that is one sided) concisely. a. Definition or Description -Descriptive essay - tries to describes an idea, person, place, experience. etc. It uses sensory details and vivid language, while trying to invoke the feelings of the reader. It must also be thorough and succinct. Definition essay - explains a specific term which can be concrete or abstract. It must contain the term that is being defined, basic information on the term, as well as facts and examples which support and correlate to the term. Clarify what the term doesn't mean and this may help with the reader's understanding of the term. b. Process/How- to - multiple paragraph essay explaining how to do a specific thing such as drawing, cooking, sewing, etc. It is written in chronological order (first, next, then) by either condensing small steps into one paragraph or expanding on long, complicated steps into single paragraphs. It must contain all necessary steps and explained thoroughly and in details. c. Compare and Contrast - explains similarities and differences between two or more ideas, topics, people, etc. It is a multiple paragraph essay clearly explaining and analyzing the subjects with the use of evidence. Usually, one paragraph is dedicated to the similarities for both subjects while two paragraphs (one for each) are for the differences between the two subjects. The thesis must state the similarities and differences and expanded later throughout the essay. d. Cause and Effect - essay explaining thoroughly of the consequences of specific actions and causes leading to the effect. It usually begins with the 53

cause then leads to a detailed explanation of the effect while expatiating on possible outcomes or consequences. May also describe ways to avoid the outcome by taking a different course of action or warnings. 3. Analytical/Critical - multi- paragraph explaining an idea , topic, or concept while also analyzing and evaluating the info given into groups or categories to break down further throughout the essay. Also includes other sources or points of view to support the analysis. It has two different points of view, the writers and another point of view which can be an interpretation. a. Evaluative - creates a criteria and then is judged by the evaluation of the subjected based on the criteria. It is written to analyze both sides of an argument and provides evidence to support it. The writer's opinion is stated and uses reasoning as to why that is the author's opinion, then is effectively supported by evidence. b. Interpretive - essay attempting to explain (interpret) what the author's message or point that is being conveyed. Evidence is the authors writing or literary piece using specific quotes, that support the analysis. A clear thesis must focus on what is the point or message which is later expanded in the body with the use of quotes and explanation/analysis of the quote. 4. Narrative (tells a story) - story of personal, experimental, or anecdotal experience. It should not just be a story, but should have a point to the story as well as a clear point of view. The pronoun "I" can be used but do not overuse the word. a. Personal Anecdote - the writer's story of a specific moment or time the author's life. It is a creative way to draw in readers by the use of colorful language and sensory details. It always contain a clear point and elicit feelings from the reader. The subject should match up to the reason why the author is writing the story. Don't introduce the anecdote but rather go straight into the story. The conclusion should be a lesson or contain the point of the story.

5. Research - analyzes a perspective or argues a point. It is the writers opinion and is supported by other work sources, ideas, and information. It requires research of the topic as well as time spent analyzing and explaining each piece of evidence.

a. MLA Format - (Modern Language Association) a research essay that must include the information presented in a specific way. The work must contain a header with the writers name and page number, must be double spaced, cite information from other sources correctly within the essay, and must have a works cited page at the end. b. APA Format - (American Psychological Association) different format from MLA. Differences of APA is that it contains an abstract before the essay, a reference section, the title of the essay as the header, and discussion and conclusion section. It also has to be double spaced, have page numbers in the header, and information must be cited correctly. 6. Timed - essay which contain at least 5 paragraphs that requires the writer to argue a point and demonstrate knowledge of the topic or the use of evidence to support the writers position within a specific amount of time allotted. It must contain a strong thesis statement to build the essay around. Also identify conflicting evidence or limitations of the thesis without contradicting your position. a. Document Based Question (DBQ) - reading an analyzing the document provided, while using the text to answer the questions given. The thesis answers the main question and introduces the main points of the essay that answers the other questions. It must be at least a 5 paragraph essay using the documents provided as evidence to support the claim. b. Prompt Based - essay analyzing text or a series of texts to answer a prompt, usually connecting ideas and concepts with the use of outside evidence. The thesis will answer the prompt while introducing what the essay will be about and how it will be structured. The use of evidence will support the claim the writer is making and also refers back to the thesis frequently. B. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps 1. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining - Never write without planning. It shows in the essay when it is not completely thought out, unorganized, and is repetitive. When writing always read and understand what is being asked on the prompt. Read what the prompt is asking the writer to do and make sure you answer each part. Outline the ideas to form a complete idea which makes the writing not only easier but also organized and succinct. Don't focus on perfecting the outline too much and wasting time. Then write a complete thesis which will be the central idea of the 55

essay and has evidence to support the claim made. Explain and organize the main points in a transitional and effective way. 2. Research/Evaluation of Sources - Effective writing requires significant yet substantial evidence. Always consider the sources of the evidence and how credible the source is. Using strong evidence such as books, articles, current events and topics that the writer understand thoroughly, will sufficiently support the claim and help get the writers point across. Try to stay away from anecdotes unless there is a clear point and reason that helps reinforce the thesis. C. Works Cited Page 1. MLA Format - must entail the authors name, title of writing, publication place, publisher, year published, and the form of media is it in such as print (for book), web, radio, etc. ex. Schneider Adams, Laurie. Art Across Time, Vol 2. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2010. Print 2. APA Format - similar to MLA but the authors first name is abbreviated, followed by the year it was published, title, place is was published, and does not need a form of media. ex. Schneider Adams, L. (2010). Art Across Time. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Essays Quiz Part I. Types of Essays Directions: Read each example and identify whether it fits in a persuasive, narrative, or expository essay. 1. Although art may be a free form of expression, most artist will still need a foundation on which they will need to help create masterpieces. a. Expository Essay

b. Persuasive Essay

c. Narrative Essay

2. Learning how to paint can be an amazing experience. When I first started to paint, I was so worried about staying and not trying to mess up. a. Narrative Essay

b. Expository Essay

c. Persuasive Essay

3. In order to create a collage, you must first have cut outs of the main subject of the collage such as fashion, sports, or drawings. Then you must consider a background for the collage. a. Persuasive Essay

b. Expository Essay

c. Narrative Essay

Part II Identifying Parts of an Essay Directions: Read each statement and determine whether it is True or False. 1. _____ MLA Format for the works cited page must contain the form of media of the works used. 2. _____ A cause and effect essay thoroughly explains the consequences of actions that are taken or been taken. It explains the effect and can also explain alternative courses of action to take to avoid consequences. 3. _____ Writing without planning is a good idea and eventually helps formulate an idea of what the thesis is of the essay.

Part III. Matching Different Types of Essays Directions: Match each term with the correct definition. Each letter will only be used once. 1. _____ Compare and Contrast

a. describes an idea, person, place, experience. etc. It uses sensory details and vivid language, while trying to invoke the feelings of the reader.

2. _____ Expository

b. contains an abstract before the essay, a reference section, the title of the essay as the header, and discussion and conclusion section.

3. _____ Document Based Question Essay

c. multiple paragraph essay that explain or describes an idea or topic which requires research and evaluating evidence.

4. _____ Description Essay

d. reading an analyzing the document given, while using the text to answer the questions. The thesis answers the main question.

5. _____ APA Format

e. explains similarities and differences between two or more ideas, topics, people, etc. It is a multiple paragraph essay clearly explaining and analyzing the subjects with the use of evidence.

Capitalization A. Capitalization 1. Capitalization of the first word in the sentence Ex. The new crayons had smoothly created a variety of lines. 2. Capitalize the pronoun "I" Ex. In case I need more supplies, I buy extra quantities. 3. Capitalize the first word and the last word in a title. Ex. The Science Behind A Meaningful Life 4. Capitalize the name of organizations Ex: Alzheimer Associates 5. Capitalize titles when it precedes a name not after. Ex: Officer Bullock, mayor of Louisville, 6. Capitalize the names of day, month, holidays, and special occasions Ex: December, Christmas, 7. Capitalize proper adjectives, but not the noun it modifies unless part of a title. Ex: Shakespearian plays 8. Brand names but not product(s) Ex: Kirkland water 9. Business names Ex: Marco's Printing Inc. 10. Institution names Ex: Roosevelt Asylum 11. Geographic places Ex: Grand Canyon 12. Historical events, periods of time, and historical documents Ex: Renaissance, Victorian Era 13. Religions, Denominations, Religious documents, and churches Ex: The Bible, Catholicism

14. Languages Ex: Spanish, French, Latin 15. Names of structures Ex: Gateway Arch 16. Names, Initials, and titles appearing with names Ex: Cathy Phung, C.P. 17 – Do not capitalize titles used a general words Ex: The police officer was giving a ticket to the driver of a blue car. 18 – Directions Ex: Take Route 101 South. 19 – The first word in a direct quote Ex: The art connoisseur asked, "How exquisite is this painting?" 20 – The first word in poetry Ex: Roses are Red, Violets are Blue 21. Salutations and closings Ex: Sincerely, Yours Truly, 22. Do not capitalize the direction when used as a direction, unless it appears with a geographic place. Ex: Micheal's Art Store is on east Hendrickson Avenue. 23. Do not capitalize school subjects unless they state a language. Ex: physiology, math, art 24. Family relationships, when used as a proper noun. Ex. Grandma Ngo, Here is a painting of Grandma Ngo and Mother. 25. Name of God, deities, religious figures, holy books. (do not capitalize non specific use of "god") Ex. Quran, Buddah, Hera,

Capitalization Quiz Part I. Identifying Capitalization Rules Directions: Look at each sentence and determine whether the word should be capitalized or not. Write Yes or No, then write the correct word for the words incorrectly capitalized 1._____ Officer Park had caught the art thief after many months of arduous trailing and frustration. 2._____ During the Fall, many artists come out to the park to perfectly capture a scenic view using paint. 3._____ The Louvre is home to many famous paintings such as the Mona Lisa and many other artworks. 4._____ The young prodigy also enjoys her Math and English classes as well as art but flawlessly shows an aptitude towards drawing . 5._____ Grandma Lisa enjoys going outside during the "magical hour" to peacefully paint the rising sun. 6. _____ Christmas is the perfect occasion for creatively coming up with homemade gifts such as Ornaments, Costumes, and Decorations. 7. _____ During Christmas the Mayor of Grand Rapids presents a prestigious award to the most artistic student that won the annual Artist Fair.

Part II. Recognizing Capitalization Rules Directions: Read each statement and determine whether each statement is True or False. 1. _____ Do capitalize the names of day, month, holidays, seasons, and special occasions. 2. _____ Don't capitalize school subjects unless they state a language. 3. ______ Don't capitalize titles used a general words.

Punctuation 1. Brackets [ ] - used for clarification, additional information, addition of a missing word, comment, or to modify a direct quote. Ex. Enjoying the peace and quiet, the painter serenely paints her [model] standing in the yard. Ex. The criminal stated, "I returned [ to the murder scene] around 2 a.m. last night. 2.Parenthesis ( ) - used to show further thoughts on a subject, without changing the meaning, also used for time zones, and area codes. Ex. Paint brush hair ( usually made of camel hair) are soft to the touch. Ex. Pastels (difficult to work with at first) have beautiful blending effects. 3. Period ( . ) - used for declarative sentences and abbreviations Ex. I love to paint. Ex. The No.2 pencil is a standard sketching pencil for beginners. 4. Comma ( , ) - used for lists or to connects ideas, modifying, emphasizing thoughts or sentences, and used for salutations or closings in letters Ex. I had pens, pencils, and paper. Ex. Dear Van Gogh, Sincerely, Curious Art Student. 5. Hyphen ( - ) - used to connect words to create a compound word or for a word division. Ex. Tracy was a teacher-adviser for the art club. Ex. Paintings hung side-by-side. 6. Dash (—) - used for compound sentences, scores, connections, and a range or spam of numbers. Also, works as a pause takes the place of commas or parenthesis depending on the phrase. Ex. I pay —the bills — she never sees it. Ex. Will you please—never mind. 7. Colon ( : ) - used to indicate an example, definition, list, or emphasis. Ex. Many painters use a combination of colors just for the skin such as: pink, white, black, brown, and so on. Ex: Khalo had a goal: to capture the essence of the world through paintings. 8. Semicolon ( ; ) - used to connect 2 or more relating independent clauses, stronger than a comma, but weaker than a period. Ex. Paints are often expensive; especially those with well known brands. 62

Ex. Avoid dropping wooden pencils; the lead inside would break and would be difficult to sharpen them. 9. Question Mark ( ? ) - used in interrogative sentences for direct questions or requests. Ex. Can you sell me this painting? Ex. When painting, what is the best medium to use? 10. Exclamation ( ! ) - used for emphasis; can be found in exclamatory sentences. Ex. The sketch is so intricate it looks almost real! Ex. The colors are so bold, so bright, so revolutionary! 11. Apostrophe ( â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; ) - used for contractions, plurals, and possessive nouns. Ex. Van Gogh's Starry Night was actually his view from an insane asylum. Ex. Frieda Kahlo's unibrow is her trademark in many of her self portraits. 12. Quotation Marks ( " ) - used for dialogue, quotes, titles, or unusual meanings Ex."I give up." Ken said as he dejectedly put down his pencil. Ex. There are always hostile feelings from inexperienced novices towards "better" artists who have been in the game longer. 13. Ellipsis (...) - three periods that indicates an excision Ex. Novice artist only hope for fame and fortune, but little do they know that the path to experience is long and arduous... Ex. Then she put down her pencil for good....

Punctuation Quiz Part I. Identifying Punctuation Directions: Match each term with the correct symbol. Each letter will only be used once. 1._____ - used to connect 2 or more relating independent clauses, stronger than a comma, but weaker than a period

a. " "

2._____ - used to show further thoughts on a subject, without changing the meaning, also used for time zones, and area codes.

b. [ ]

3._____ - used for dialogue, quotes, titles, or unusual meanings.

c. ( )

4._____ - used for clarification, additional information, addition of a missing word, comment, or to modify a direct quote.

d. -

5._____ - used to connect words to create a compound word or for a word division.

e. ;

Part II. Using Punctuation Directions: Read each statement and determine whether each statement is True or False. 1. _____ Apostrophes are used to indicate an example, definition, list, or emphasis. 2. _____ A Colon is used for lists or to connects ideas, modifying, emphasizing thoughts or sentences, and used for salutations or closings in letters. 3. _____ A comma is used for contractions, plurals, and possessive nouns. Part III. Understanding Punctuation Directions: Read each sentence and identify the punctuation being used. 1._____________ The horrible student failed to completed his music, doodle, and pen projects due to his procrastination. 2. ____________ The magnificently large painting hung from a tiny nail slowly curving toward the floor like a drooping flower waiting for gravity....

Commonly Confused/ Misused Word Choices Commonly Confused/ Misused Word Choices a. Who/ Whom who- used as the subject of a verb whom- used as the object of a word or preposition. N V Adj Ex. DaVinci, who is well known for the breathtaking Mona Lisa, was Adv Adj also a brilliantly renowned inventor. Adj N V Adv Ex. To whom was the majestic art inspired by that hangs so boldly in the gallery today? b. Their/ There/ They're Their- a possessive pronoun There- indicates a location or direction They're - a contraction of they are used as a verb Adv V Adj Ex. In the dimly lit corner, there stands some of the most fabulous N V paintings mixed with oil pastels. N Adv V Adj Ex. June and Macy unfortunately turned in their intricate sketches late, Prep Phrase and their work was presented at the end of the procession. c. Lie/ Lay Lie- to recline Lay- to put down Adj N V Ex. The brawny artist lay his model down on the chair and began to Adv slowly repositioned her to look natural. Adj N Adv V Ex. Several starstruck women were said to enthusiastically lie nude and V pose for Diego Rivera. d. Laid/Lain Laid - past participle of lay Lain - past participle of lie

N V Adv Ex. As the model lain on the chair, the light lustrously stuck her hair Adj giving off many intermediary shades and values. Adj N V Ex. Used moist paint brushes are often laid on paper towels to Adv completely dry before storing them back to their place to prevent hair breakage. e. Affect/ Effect Affect - to change or influence Effect - the outcome of a cause Adj N V Adv Ex. The grand painting was very moving and affected the public drastically as Adj they felt the sorrowful pain the artist was trying to convey. N Adv V Ex. Compared to Georgia O'Keefe's painting, the novice repeatedly produced the Adj identical replications with little effect on the public because the art had no message and was plagiarizing.

f. Accept/ Except Accept - to include Except - to exclude N Adv V Adj Ex. The artist had gracefully accepted all the positive as well as the criticizing Adj Adj negative comments from the art patrons, as several of them had requested commissions. N Adv V Adj Ex. The painter had purposefully decided to exclude his disastrous artwork from a Adj trial period of exploration between multiple mediums. g. Could/ Would/ Should have vs. Could/ Would/ Should of Could have - something possible but didn't happen in the past (external factor) Would have - refers to a missed opportunity because of something else Should have - something that was to be done, but wasn't 66

Could of - Latter does exist and if followed by an expression beginning with of Would of - latter does exist when present conditional would is followed by of Should of - latter does exist when should is followed by an expression beginning with of. (of is the incorrect use of the verb phrase) N V Adv Adj Ex. He could of painted more emotionally if he had only stuck to a strong medium he was well versed in. N V Adj Ex. Van Gogh's painting of Starry Night could have used more definitive lines Adv and textures when he was madly depressed. h. Loath/ Loathe Loath- unwillingly or reluctantly Loathe- to hate or dislike strongly N V Adv Adj Ex. Frida Khalo was loath to leave her house as rapidly deteriorating due to her malignant disease. Adj N V Adj Adv Ex. Several artists loathe smart aleck patrons that constantly reveal that their work is V N V N similar to other artists implying unoriginality and underlying plagiarism.

i. Infer/ Imply Infer- to surmise or conclude Imply - something expressed indirectly Adj N Adv Ex. Based on the set of warm colors and loosely shaped lines, a person can assume that V the artist is trying to present a sense of warmth and relaxation. N Adv V Adj Adj Ex. The art critic blatantly called the infamous artist unnoteworthy and implied that his artwork was worthless as it should belong in the trash.

j. Weary/Wary Weary- mentally or physically fatigue; tired Wary- to be on guard or cautious. N V Adj Adv Ex. The artist grew very weary of the hounding curator annoyingly reminding him of the Adj upcoming deadline. Adj N N Adv V Adj Ex. The wary guard at the Louvre began to cautiously eye the suspicious group of men Adj by the new art exhibit. k. Proceed/ Precede Proceed- to continue or forward, usually after an interruption Precede - to go, exist, or occur before in time N V Adv V Ex. As the artist was giving a toast, the gentlemen in the back loudly dropped an Adj V abundance amount of Skittles, disallowing the artist to proceed. N V Ex. Many artists such as Leonardo Da Vinci preceded Van Gogh and Picasso which Adv Adj allowed them to uniquely forge a path of style for experienced artists today. l. Discrete/ Discreet Discrete - separate or distinct from another matter Discreet - cautious or reserved in manner. N Adj Adj N Ex. Science can be a discrete variable when it comes to the exact proportions and Adv V technically challenging approaches in art. Adj N N Adv V Adj Ex. During the private auction, the bidder discreetly called in a large bid for his boss Adj hoping to win the valuable painting. m. Conscience/ Conscious Conscience - the sense of what is right and wrong. Conscious - to be aware or deliberate N V N Adv Adj Ex. The artist knew plagiarism was wrong and his morally sound conscience wouldn't 68

Adj allow his paintings to be horrid replications of other artists. Adj N V Adj Ex. The other artist, desperate for anyone to buy his unoriginal paintings, resorted to Adv V V Adj consciously replicating and stealing rare techniques from other artists. n. Can/ May Can - to be able to May - to be permitted to do N Adv V Adj V Ex. How can an artist just foolishly paint any random object and hope to sell it for an Adj expensive amount? Adv N V V Adj Ex. Nervously, Mr. Wing may try to correct his artwork by adding a sculptured piece that Adj is utterly unnecessary as it is in perfection already. o. Allusion/ Illusion Allusion -indirect reference Illusion - belief or opinion not in accord to appearance or image N V Adj Ex. Often many artists use their art as allusions to make distinct references toward their Adv Adj inspiration or to make a powerfully political statement.

Ex. When visiting an art gallery, some paintings may present illusions due to the use of neutral colors, soft lines, hidden textures, and values. Compliment/ Complement Compliment: admiration or praise Complement- adds to or makes complete Ex. Picasso had rarely received positive compliments for his paintings during his life, and was frequently known as the starving artist. Ex. The warm colors of the beach at sunset nicely complements the cool and neutral shades of the dark waters and adds brazen emphasis.

Elicit/ Illicit Elicit - to draw forth or out of Illicit - illegal, forbidden by rules or law Ex. To elicit feelings, artists devotedly go out and try new experiences hoping to use the feelings as a source of inspiration. Ex. Plagiarism is illicit but due to the rather complicated and deftly understanding of the public, many cannot tell which artwork is or not plagiarized. Than/ Then Than: used to make a comparison Then: used as a marker for actions in time Ex. Back then, during the Renaissance, the revival of the arts had promptly emerged new artists as well as scientific ideas. Ex. The artwork of Van Gogh is generously preferred by the public than Picasso's artwork due to the fact that it was considered wildly deranged and misunderstood. Principal/ Principle Principal - the head of a school Principle - a fundamental truth or law. Ex. The new principal, or chancellor of the prominent university had decided to cut the arts program because it was too costly and considered useless. Ex. A The Principles of Design such as balance, unity, contrast etc must be found in every art piece in order to be a successful and completed masterpiece.

Commonly Confused Misused Word Choices Quiz Part I. Identifying Commonly Confused Terms and Definitions Directions: Match each term with the correct definition. Each letter will only be used once. 1._____ to change or influence

a. Effect

2._____ Effect - the outcome of a cause

b. Wary

3._____ mentally or physically fatigue; tired

c. Affect

4._____ to be on guard or cautious.

d. Weary

Part II. Misused Words Directions: Read each statement and determine whether each underline word makes the sentence True or False. If False, replace the incorrect term with the correct word. There is only one correct answer if it is replacing the incorrect term. 1. _______ To illicit emotions, an artist must go through many experiences that allow change renewal of the soul. 2. _______ The blue vase in the portrait soothingly creates a beautiful complement to the warm background. 3. _______ A new form of art seen in many recent designs use allusions to visually create scenes that seem to trick the mind with the use of hidden textures and a mix of neutral colors. Part III. Identifying Confused Words Directions: Read each sentence and identify commonly confused word. 1. __________ Artist never view emotions as a discrete variable when working on art pieces contain messages. 2. __________ The teachers loathe the arts program seeing as how it consistently withdraws funds from more important subjects such as math, English, and history. 3. __________ Many artists will brainstorm ideas and do miniscule models but may proceed to other ideas if struggling to convey the vision. \

Answer Keys 1. Parts of Speech and Key Associated Terms Part I. Adverb Types 1. A 2. C 3. B Part II. Verbs 1. True 2. True 3. False Part III. Adverb Types Verbs Parts of Speech 1. C 2. B 3. A 4.D 2.Phrases Part I.. Identifying Different Phrases 1. C 2. A 3. B Part II. Understanding Phrases. 1. False 2. True 3. False Part III. Definition of Different Parts of Phrases 1. B 2. D 3. E 4.A 5.C 3. Clauses Part I. Identifying Clauses 1. E 2. B 3. F 4. C 5. A 72

6. D Part II. Recognizing Clauses 1. False 2. True Part III. Use of Pronouns 1. who 2. which 3. which 4. Sentences Part I. Sentence Types 1. A 2. B 3. A Part II Sentence Pattern 1. False 2. True 3. True Part III. Sentence Parts 1. B 2. E 3. D 4. C 5. A Part IV. Sentence Error 1. Fragment 5.Paragraphs Part I. Types of Paragraphs 1. B 2. B 3. C Part II Identifying Parts of a Paragraph 1. True 2. False 3. False Part III. Parts of an Introductory and Body Paragraph 1. C 2. F 3. A 73

4. B 5. E 6. D Part IV. Identifying Hooks 1. Anecdotal 6. Essays Part I. Types of Essays 1. B 2.A 3.B Part II Identifying Parts of an Essay 1. True 2. True 3. False Part III. Matching Different Types of Essays 1. E 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B 7. Capitalization Part I. Identifying Capitalization Rules 1. Yes 2. No, fall 3. Yes 4. No, math 5. Yes 6. No, ornaments, costumes, and decorations 7. No, mayor Part II. Recognizing Capitalization Rules 1. False 2. True 3. True 8. Punctuation Part I. Identifying Punctuation 1. E 2. C 3. A 4.B 74

5.D Part II Using Punctuation 1. False 2.False 3. False Part III. Understanding Punctuation 1. Comma 2. Ellipsis 9. Commonly Confused/ Misused Word Choices Part I. Identifying Commonly Confused Terms and Definitions 1. C 2.A 3. D 4.B Part II Misused Words 1. False - Elicit 2. True 3. False- Illusion Part III. Identifying Confused Words 1. Discrete 2. Loathe 3. Proceed

Glossary B balance-sense of distribution of perceived visual weights that offset one another such as symmetrical and asymmetrical; -70 Basquiat, Jean Michael. Neo expressionist painter of the 20th century; 35 Blue Period- Picasso's paintings that featured blue and blue-green shades between 1901-1904; 8,37

C Canson- Sketchbook producing companies well as other materials (color pencils, etc); 15 crosshatching - parallel lines drawn in right angles to create a mesh type texture as well as shading; 5 Cubism- influential art styles of the 20th century by Picasso from 1881- 1973; 6, 22, 33 curator - a keeper that decides what does into the gallery, museum, or collections; 32, 42, 68

D Da Vinci, Leonardo-and artist, mathematician, and inventor. Painted many famous paintings during the Renaissance such as the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, etc.; 5, 7, 12, 18, 28, 65, 68

E Elements of Art - visual components of color, shape, line, space, texture, and form; 26 Emphasis- an art or object within artwork that draws attention to a focal point; 6 Expressionism - modern movement, initially in poetry and painting in the 20th century, focuses on distorting for emotional effect; 31

F fixative - liquid spray onto pastel or charcoal to prevent from smudging; 20 freeform -irregular shape or spontaneous; 28,29

G gallery - a room or series of rooms featuring art of a specific idea organized by the curator; 6, 14, 31, 35 Gashlycrumb Tinies - satirical book written by Edward Gorey; 7 gouache -opaque watercolor paint where pigment is suspended in water; 15

H hues - color, shade, or tint; 14

I Impressionist- 19th century movement created by a group of artists called the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Printmakers, etc; 8

K Kahlo, Frida- Mexican painter best known for her self-portraits; 7,11, 21, 32, 35, 37, 63, 67

L LACMA - the Los Angeles County Museum of Arts and is the largest art museum in the western U.S; 19, 23 Louvre - world's largest museum, holds many well known paintings, and is a historic monument is Paris, France; 5

M Monet, Claude - founder of French Impressionist Painting, best known for the Water Lily Pond; 8,36

N Nupastel - soft chalk like pastels great for blending with vibrant colors ; 5,15

O O'keefe, Georgia American female artist known for her enlarged flowers New York sky scrapers, and New Mexico landscapes;10, 11, 33, 37, 65

P palette - oblong boar with thumb hold used to paint; 5 Picasso, Pablo- Spanish painter sculptor, best known for his art forms and periods such as Cubism, Pointillism, Blue and Rose Period; 8, 11, 12,19,22, 23, 70, plagiarism - copying or stealing an artistic style, relying too heavily on an original image; 42, 47, 66 Pointillism - technique of using small dots and patterns to form an image; 33 Pollack, Jackson- abstract expressionist well known for his unique style of drip painting; 9, , 16, 36, 46, 51 Pop Art - movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and late 1950s in U.S.; 9 Principles of design - use of elements of art with balance, design, texture, space, and objects; 26, 70

R Rose Period - Picasso's style between 1904- 1906 using warm oranges and pinks compared to the Blue Period; 8 River, Diego - prominent Mexican painter that helped establish the Mexican Mural Movement in Mexican Art; 7, 11, 21, 35, 38, 65

T tortillions - tightly rolled pieces of paper used to help blend and shade;15

U unity- a Principle of Design that occurs when a art piece is in balance and completely whole; 70

V value- and Element of Art used to create depth and texture as well as creating positive and negative space through different shades of value; 6

W Warhol, Andy - a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art, his work explores artistic expression, celebrity culture, and advertisement that flourished in the 1960's; 9, 32, 35

Works Cited 1. "Adjectives." Adjectives. ESL Desk, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/vocabulary/adjectives> 2. "Adjectives." Adjectives. ESL Desk, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/vocabulary/adjectives>3. 3. "Agreements" Agreements. Grammar Bytes, n.d. Web. 15 4.. "Capitalization Rules." Capitalization Rules. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. <http://my.ccsd.net/userdocs/documents/621841379.pdf> 5."Formatting and Style Guide.” Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/> 6. “Pronoun.” Verbs. ESL Desk. n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/verbs>. 7. "Transitions" Transitional Words and Phrases. Virtual Salt. n.d. Web. 15. Sept. 2015 <http://www.virtualsalt.com/transits.htm> 8. “Verbs.” Pronouns. ESL Desk. n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/pronouns>. 9. "Verb Tenses." English Grammar Revolution. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <http://english-grammar-revolution.com/verb-tenses.html> 10. "Verb Tenses.” Purdue OWL: Verb Tenses. Purdue OWL, n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/601/03/>

About the Author

Cathy Phung is a high school student crippled by the large amount of homework, projects, and procrastination. On the side, the love of Art and Young Adult Fiction takes over her weekends. Her proclivity toward reading began at a young age and continued into YA Fiction hurtling her into the world of English. The most important years of her English learning were in the 7th, 8th, 10th, and 11th grade (even though 10th and 11th grade English nearly crushed her spirit). The basic grammar taught and kept within her memory especially since the 7th grade has been rusty and occasionally practiced until the publishing of this book. The perfectionist side and constant essay writing caused her to pull all nighters but instilled countless valuable lessons and must- dos in her writing. Although, Cathy needs to practice the use of new and tough vocabulary within her writing, she is slowly using the grammar , writing, and vocabulary skills with each essay, letter, and test.

Dedication

More than anyone, this book belongs to Ria Ancheta and Eira Tanda. Thank you both for putting up with the complaining, ideas, and the occasional wake up calls. Ria, the endless support and optimism helped so much more than you know. Eira, I'm sorry with the continuous spamming and idiotic questions but the quick replies and humor brighten up the large and ominous homework pile. Huge gratitude to Samvel Martirosyan for offering to help with anything and everything but mostly for the study notes for APUSH this year. Without you, I don't know how I would've survived last year or this year without you. I honestly don't know how and if I'll survive in the future. Special thanks to Gabriel Onate and Yong Lu for not getting annoyed with my frustration on Google Docs. The sarcasm and jokes did annoy me but I'm pretty sure my outpour of anger over Google Docs not indenting where I wanted it to indent bothered and scared you as well. Thrown into the class two weeks late with the first two parts of this book being due that Wednesday, the endless support from my classmates and friends made this possible. Thanks to everyone and anyone who helped me, whether it be from answering the littlest question or to staying up with me, from the bottom of my heart.