Lesson 2—Page

Lesson 2 Parts of Speech

Types of nouns: · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: Classroom, Library, Auditorium, School. · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: John Adams Middle School, Principle Gonzale, · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: midterm, hallways, classmates. · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: Table, markers, projectors. · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: ambition, Intelligence,determination.

Functions (How nouns are used):

Subject (comes before the verb) The Principe asked the students to participate in all school activities.

· Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) The Principal asked all students to respect the rules and guidelines provided by the district.

· Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) The students gave their teachers multiple gifts thanking them at the graduation ceremony.

PRONOUNS

Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

Personal:

Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive

My, mine

our, ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs

Objective whom that

Possessive whose of that

Interrogative:

who, which, what, whatever, whoever

Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: She feels that she needs to allow herself to relax and take a break every once in a while from studying too hard. . to intensify a point: The teacher herself is very lenient when it comes to grading because she feels as if the students have enough stress from the other 5 classes.

Demonstrative:

this, these that, those

Indefinite:

all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive future future perfect

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) infinitive verbs (indicate tense) non-infinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The students saw their test scores from math class. (students are the subject) Passive: The math teacher showed the test scores to the students. (students are the subject but treated as the object)

Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)

Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · The Hall monitor was observing the halls to catch students skipping class. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · There really is no running track at bravo medical magnet high school. · The counselors saw the talking students not getting to class. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · The teachers like to torture the students with homework.

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper

The teacher told a student that he won’t fail him this grading period if he starts to try.

The average test score of all classes was a 95.

In history class, they used Egyptian calligraphy to explain passed events. ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings (Create one example related to your subject for each) –ly, -wards, -wise

The students were abnormally quiet.

The teacher asked all students facing forward to please face the back of the classroom to see the painted mural.

The principal explained that all the clocks are not working but are still turning clockwise. · Conversions

Scholar to Scholarly

Educational to Educationally

Academic to Academically · Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner – She ran her mile quickly for gym class Time – The students had their midterm yesterday and are freaking out. Place – The teachers are willingly here, after school to tutor kids who are in need of more help. Degree – The teachers absolutely need more recognition for the work they do and for what they have to put up with. Frequency – The students told their parents that they always do their homework on time but the teacher knows that isn’t the truth. CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. Find and copy/paste an alphabetical list of interjections here.

Absolutely: To express certainty Aha: Exclaiming a great finding or revelation Ahoy: A greeting, particularly in a nautical context Anyhow: To move a conversation along, like "anyway" Behold: To draw attention to something Bingo: To express that something is correct Dang: Exclamation of disappointment Doh: Popularized by Homer Simpson, used when something goes wrong Hallelujah: A happy expression, literally meaning "God be praised" Hmmm: Thinking or pondering about something Nah: A casual variant of the word "no" Oops: Used in the context of an accident Tut: To express annoyance, more common in British English, as in Winnie the Pooh Waa: Onomatopoeia for crying Woah: Utterance of amazement or surprise Yikes: Used to indicate shock or fear