C O O K I N G Book of Writing LizaAntonio PERIOD 3
Table of Contents Introduction About the DedicationAuthor Punctuation and Capitalization Parts of SentencesPhrasesSpeechandClausesParagraphs Essays 2521171453468
Introduction
I wrote this book with the intention of hopefully educatingpeople of the different types and rules for writing. I also learned from this experience as well. Honestly had no idea that writing can have such intricate ways and have dmany ifferent sets of rules. I did write this book in a quick manner but I still learned a lot about writing. It is actually fascinating how writing a book about a topic lyou ike can be so interesting and fun. It did take a lot of teffort o write this book but I think it was worth it bespecially ecause of the topic that I chose to write about. I choose to write about cooking/baking because this is one of my favorite things to do. I have always shown interest in cooking and it always brings me joy when I do it. So I obviously had to choose to write about it because why write about something you don’t enjoy doing. I also chose it because I knew I had a lot to say about cooking and could definitely have enough to make a book out of it. There are also other silly reasons my favorite movie is ratatouille and I was always obsessed with it which is one of the reasons I got into cooking surprisingly. I also have been watching lots of Gordon Ramsay so I was inspired to write about cooking.
About the Author
Who am I? I am a 16 year old girl in my junior year of highschool. I am part of a family of five with me being the youngest. I enjoy doing lots of things but one of my favorite hobbies included cooking/baking and Ipainting. mostly self taught myself how to cook and bake. It has always interested me, especially watching cooking shows that were always intriguing. Baking is also something I love doing when I have tough times. It somehow relaxes me and helps me relieve my stress a bit. It also helps me djust istract myself from everything. I also love painting because it also gives me the same effect that baking/cooking does. It mainly helps me express myself or just express mycreativity. I basically like to do things that calm me down and don’t make me stress out. I don’t really remember when I first started to write it was probably preschool. I do remember my parents would teach me the alphabet and numbers. They taught me the most they could in English since they mostly spoke Spanish to me. Writing has never been easy for me. I do know that I had always preferred math over english. But I do also know that if I am truly passionate about a Itopic can go on and on about it. I have improved a lot over the years. I remember the terrible essays I have written but I would like to say that I do think my writing has improved.
I dedicate this to everyone who enjoys cooking Dedication
Punctuation and Capitalization
1. Baking has always existed since the ancient Greek time period.
7. ? (Question Mark) Interrogative sentence ends in a question mark How did people experiment to find out what certain ingredients made what?
. (Period) Period is to end a sentence and for abbreviation.
4. - (EN Dash) This is used to hyphenate
The 9 essential ingredients in baking include: flour, leaveners, sugar, salt, dairy, fats, flavorings, and spices.
The chocolate chip was invented in the 1930’s by Ruth Wakefield.
10. “ ” (Quotation Marks) Anything that comes from another person or another source you use quotation marks.
8. ! (Exclamatory) This is used to emphasize
9. ‘ (Apostrophe) This is used for contraction, possession, or a quote mark
The most common phrase when talking about baking is always “The secret ingredient in baking is always love.”
6.; (Semicolon) to connect multiple independent clauses
Baking started long ago in 2600 BC–Egyptians–they would mostly make bread but it then turned to many more different things.
There are lots of reasons why you need specific measurements when it comes to baking; Every single ingredient has its own specific chemical job.
3. – (EM Dash) It can replace a comma, parentheses, colon or to guide the reader to something important
One of the most important ingredients to many recipes today is the allpurpose flour.
Gingerbread cookies are actually one of the oldest greek baking recipes as far back as in 2400 B.C.E!
2. ,(Comma) When the comma is used the phrases should be able to switch places I know how to bake many things like cookies, cake, pie, and cheesecake.
5. : (Colon) To connect on what happens next
12. [ ] (Brackets) Something that has been added or inserted According to
Please
7.
When
A must
14.
Capitalize people’s names: Bertha Palmer was the name of the person who invented the recipe for brownies.
Capitalize places/locations: Bertha Palmer lived in Chicago when coming up with recipe. Capitalize the word I: I have learned how to bake many different Capitalizedesserts.thename of places: We live in Los Angeles. search data donuts are the most searched bakery searches]. (Parenthesis) Anything in parenthesis they are used for parenthetical-something that is helpful but not necessary. have utensil in the kitchen when baking is measuring cups (liquid and dry). / (Back slash) Could be used for and/or or to select from different choices baking a cake you can use all-purpose flour/cake flour, wouldn’t make a difference. Comma (used to switch words around in a list)
EX:
13. ( )
Capitalize the first word in every new sentence: Baking is one of my favorite hobbies to do.
item [110,000
8.
Capitalization – Identify and create one (1) example sentence for each rule of capitalization. list the rules of capitalization here: Capitalize the name of days, months, and holidays: The most popular dessert to eat during Thanksgiving is pumpkin pie. Capitalize a person’s initials: My initials are L.A. Capitalize the greeting and closing of the letter: Dear, Mr. EX:Rodiguez.(Usedto begin a sentence) – Sadly for some, 11th grade is the year with the most high-stakes testing.
54321..... 6.
Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. Cake, Bakers, Kitchen
·
Maria prepared a cake for her colleagues at the office.
Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom)
Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. Cupcakes, pancakes, Cakepops
Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. Cups, Mixer, Spatula
The Baker preheated his oven to 350 degrees.
·
Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized).
·
·
Culinary Arts Academy, Macrina Bakery, Duff Goldman
TypesNOUNSof nouns:
·
·
Subject (comes before the verb)
The head baker asked her assistant if they could prepare the frosting. Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom)
·
Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. Excitement, Love, Talent Functions (How nouns are used):
·
Parts of Speech
PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them Possessive My, mine our, ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs Relative: Nominative Objective Possessive who whom whose That that of that those/ this Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used whenonly:theaction verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: She was hard on herself for the desert not coming out how she toplanned.intensify a point: The Head chef even complimented her ability to make amazing cakes. Demonstrative: this, these that, those
intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)
finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object)
Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: simple past pastpast perfect past
VERBS
Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.
Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.
futurefuturepresentpresentpresentpresentsimpleprogressivepresentperfectprogressiveperfectprogressiveperfect
Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the lexicalpredicate)verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action)
stative verbs (describe a condition)
Types:Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time
Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner – Jennifer got her order out in a quick manner. (How was she so quick?)
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
.
Time – The server was slowly down the orders for the chef to catch up. (How did this help the chef?)
·
Conversions (Show how three words related to your subject can become adverbs – Example: “Educational” becomes “Educationally”)
Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
· Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper ADVERBS
· The chef's main point when cooking a steak was to keep basting it.
Passive: The steak was cooked to perfection by the chef.
Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective
Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun
The Chef double checked if the food was fully cooked.
–ly,Endings-wards, -wise
·
Josh loves to grill and takes any opportunity to do it.
·
Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)
·
Active: The chef cooked the steak to perfection.
· Anybody can be good at cooking.
Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE.
ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.
·
Frequency – He was consistently impressing the head chef with his meals. (How often are his meals noticed by the chef?)
Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while
Place – She was working at the same restaurtuart for years. (Which restaurant was it?) Degree – She was over achieving at every dish she cooked. (How good is she?)
Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common oneword prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.
CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
PREPOSITIONS
Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)
INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. A: aah, ack, ah, alas B: bah, blast, bye, brr C:cheerio, crikey, curses, chin up D:drat, duh, doggone, dear me E:er, eek, exactly, egads F:fie, foo, fooey, fiddlesticks G:geez, great, grr, gosh H:ha, hah, haw, hey I:ick, is it, I say, ixnay J:jeez, just wondering, just a sec, just kidding K:kapish L: look, la, lordy, look here M: man, my, meh, my word N: nah, no, naw, never O: oh, oho, om, oh no P: peace, phew, psst, ptui Q: quite R: rah, rats, rumble, roger S: say, see ya, shame, sup T: ta, tch, tut, there U: ugh, uh, urgh, um V: very nice, voila, very well, vroom W: whew, whoo, wow, word Y: ya, yikes yow, you bet Z: zap, zowie, zounds, zzz
Speeding through the kitchen, the chef was able to finish it’s plate by the time it ran out.
Phrases
Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS.
Jenny was welcomed into the kitchen.
: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.
Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
Phrases and Clauses
Henry, the new employee, was behind in his first few days but caught up quickly.
Verbal Phrases
Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb.
All the upcoming chefs wanted to see how Gordon cooked the meal.
– groups of words that function as a part of speech.
The kitchen staff knew they had to work extra hard that evening.
Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun.
Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective. The chef quickly started cooking on the stove.
Jorge knew it was time to turn the steak.
Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb.
Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun.
Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”)
Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession.
DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds: Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.
CLAUSES
Kevin checked if he had all the ingredients he needed. This restaurant is known to serve good food. Johnny was obviously the one who the head chef preferred.
INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. To work for a high end restaurant you need talent.
The person who makes the best dish will get rewarded with extra pay.
When the clock hit 10:00 they immediately closed the restaurant.
Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun.
Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.
Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
Susy is more interested in baking than making an actual meal.
Kenny is as talented as the head chef is. John worked harder than the other employees usually do.
Leslie, who won the food challenge, was excellent at making ModifyingModifyingdessert.verbs:adjectives:Modifyingadverbs:
When cooking, Jen makes sure her station is clean.
Sentences
Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.
Subject – what/who the sentence is about
Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark)
Cooking steak takes lots of practice to perfect.
Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) Why do people now know how to cook?
Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) Learn how to make basic meals.
The head chef carefully taught the new chef how to make the dishes. Predicate – what the subject does The new chef observed how to make the dishes.
Sentence Parts
Sentence Types
Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark)
Cooking new dishes is so exciting!
Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause When learning to cook you do need to be patient.
.
Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses - connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;).
Sentence Patterns
When you start cooking, there will be problems when cooking something new.
Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Cooking can be time consuming, but the outcome is always worth it.
Doesn’t matter when you start, anytime is a good time to start learning how to cook, even if you are bad at first.
Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) with your main point at the beginning. You can always learn how to cook, no matter when you start.
Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the end. No matter when you start, you can always learn how to cook.
New upcoming chefs are known to be hardworking, never giving up, and soon be successful.
Head chefs keep the kitchen in check without them the kitchen would be a disaster.
Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length - this sentence requires symmetry.
Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order - this sentence requires symmetry.
Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that match in tense or structure to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written - this sentence requires symmetry.
Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Head chefs are usually commanding, experienced, and leaders.
Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Head chefs are usually commanding, have experience, and are great leaders.
Dishes can be hard to replicate, and some dishes are simple enough to make.
Many people think cooking is very difficult, others think it comes to them naturally, but ultimately the result of cooking is always enjoyed.
Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention.
The kitchen can always be stressful, even for some long time chefs it can be hard work, but there are always things that can help with stress in the kitchen.
Because they had lots of food at their station, they wanted to get rid of it. [RIGHT]
Run-On/Rambling/Fused
Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly without punctuation.
Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly using commas
The kitchen staff wanted to get rid of the food, at the station, so they hurried up the servers. [WRONG]
Fragment – incomplete sentence pieces that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause Wanted to get rid of the food. [WRONG]
The kitchen staff wanted to get rid of the food. So they decided to hurry up the servers. [RIGHT]
The kitchen staff wanted to get rid of the food at the station so they hurried up the servers. [RIGHT]
Sentence Errors
Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence and a dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify
Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words.
The kitchen staff wanted to get rid of the food at the station they hurried up the servers. [WRONG]
Assertion (claim - a subject + a “so what” about the subject)
Cooking has been around for 1.8-2.3 million years. Opinion (personal position on a topic) Cooking is such a relaxing experience.
Everyone loves food but first to make it you need to cook it. Learning how to cook is always a fun task to do. Cooking has been a thing for ages. It has been around for millions of years because of this there are so many dishes that can be cooked. We have so many different dishes from many different cultures it can get overwhelming. Since every culture developed their own way to make food and how to cook it.
Hook (Lead / Opening Statement) – can begin with the title
Fact (empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively about - better used as evidence to support a claim)
Does cooking really have to be complicated to learn?
Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions)
Cooking can be easy if you have the patience to learn.
Paragraphs
Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic.
Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and lead the reader into the topic)
Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic - avoid second person POV “you”)
Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable)
Cooking can be learned by anybody, this can take months or weeks or even years but regardless this is an important attribute that can help you in life.
Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each AND present evidence to support or expand on the thesis)
Experienced chefs are always very cocky.
(uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement unless citing the source of the data)
In Master Chef Gordon always expresses to never take it safe, always try to go out of your comfort zone.
Cooking is easy as long as you take your time.
Document Based (cites a specific source, author, and position on a topic)
Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often answers a research question)
Clarification/Expansion of Thesis (could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of thesis, establish the importance or significance of examining the intricacies of the thesis – this could be several sentences long)
Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily factual – often involves a judgement)
Generalization
Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context)
Learning to cook can take a couple weeks.
Anybody can cook
Anybody can cook but only the people that are fearless can truly be great cooks.
Paraphrasing (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source - useful for examining the quote and transitioning to your analysis of the quote)
Summarizing (condensing larger quotes or sections - useful for closing the examination of the quote/evidence and transitioning to your analysis of the quote)
Presenting Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences)
“Your only limit is your soul. What I say is true—anyone can cook ... but only the fearless can be great.” –Chef Gusteau Examining the Evidence
Concrete Examples (actual examples that do refer to a source – useful for enhancing your analysis of the quote)
Anybody can be great cooks if they dedicate their time.
USING THEM AS EVIDENCE – but useful for examining the quote)
An example of learning how to cook can be different for everybody comes from the amount of time it takes to complete culinary school. Some people take a few months and some take 4 years.
Anybody can be a cook as long as you are dedicated and willing to learn.
Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb –and should echo the thesis of the essay)
Learning how to cook can be difficult but not impossible.
Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID
– should not be
If cooking were that easy everyone would be chefs.
Obviously it takes determination to learn which is why not everyone is a head chef at an exquisite restaurant. Reestablishing the Significance of the Thesis (could be one or more sentences)
Exactly why you do need some determination to be able to be good at cooking is not everything is easy to accomplish.
CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT could be one or more sentences)
Final Sentence (closing statement that connects to the hook and finishes the essay (finish your argument) the “Smoky the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment…)
Being able to cook can be very helpful and anyone can do it.
Statement(s) of Extension (extending the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis could be one or more sentences)
Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions
Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis
mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay)
Essays – An essay is a piece of writing usually dedicated towards a single subject. Types
NarrativeInterpretiveEvaluative(Tellsastory)
Personal Statement/AnecdoteResearch
An analytical essay is where you analyze a topic. Looking for how it was written and what is the theme/subjects they are talking about.
An informative essay is an academic paper that educates the reader about a certain topic. This requires you to gather research and have sources. Definition or Description Process (How-to) Compare and Contrast Cause and Analytical/CriticalEffect
This is an essay that tells a story and is a way to express how one is feeling. It can also be used to tell a personal story or someone's creativity.
Persuasive (Argumentative)
Usually you are given a research question. Where you will need to gather up information in order to be able to answer the question.
A persuasive essay is when you convince your audience to feel a certain way. Where you introduce arguments to help them agree with your opinion or Expositorystance.(Informative)
Essays
Timed
Document Based Question (DBQ) Synthesis
Timed essays are usually given to show one's skill in writing. These are written in the amount of time they are given to usually test their ability to write.
This format is used to help guideline and format research in writing. It is very commonly used when citing sources, for example a research paper. It is very important when needing document information.
Example: According to Lory (2021) “ the earth is round” (p.45).
When you are stuck on how to start an essay it is helpful to start an outline first. This is where you start to jot down what you want to address or what you need to address and start from there. Plot down your main points and figure out how to fit this into your essay. It is also helpful to gather your resources first. Which is how you are going to gather evidence for your essay. It is better to gather up evidence or sources so it can be easier to know what you want to say in your essay and what points you want to make. There are lots of tricks on how to evaluate your source to make sure it is reliable. You can always double check to make sure it is giving accurate information.
Work Cited Page –MLA Format
Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps Pre-writing/Prompt Researching/EvaluatingAnalysis/OutliningofSources
APA Format
Example: Mark states “the world is beautiful” (78).
APA format is mostly used to cite for social sciences. It is used for scientific writing mostly. This offers a different type of citations with listing visual aids and references.