The Historical Events of Grammar
By: Cristian Zambrano
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The Historical Events of Grammar
By: Cristian Zambrano 1
Table of Contents Intro…………………………………………………………………………………. 4 I. Parts of Speech……………………………………………………………….. 4 a) Nouns………………………………………………………………… 47 b) Pronouns……………………………………………………………… 89 c) Verbs………………………………………………………………… 1012 d) Adjectives……………………………………………………………. 12 e) Adverbs………………………………………………………………...13 f) Conjunctions……………………………………………………………14 g) Prepositions………………………………………………………… 1415 h) Interjections……………………………………………………………1620 II. Phases…………………………………………………………………………21 III. Clauses………………………………………………………………………2224 IV. Sentences……………………………………………………………………25 a) Sentence Parts……………………………………………………… 25 b) Sentence Types…………………………………………………… 26 c) Sentence Patterns……………………………………………… 26 d) Sentence Errors…………………………………………………… 27 V. Paragraphs…………………………………………………………………….2830 VI. Essays………………………………………………………………………… 31 a) Types…………………………………………………………… 31 b) Strategies/ Planning Tips………………………………………… 31 c) Work Cited Page………………………………………………… 32 VII. Capitalization………………………………………………………………….3334 VIII. Punctuation……………………………………………………………………3537 IX. Commonly Confused/ Misused Word Choices……………………………. 3840 XI. About the Author……………………………………………………………… 41 XII. Glossary……………………………………………………………………42 XIII. Work Cited …………………………………………………………………43 XIV. Dedication ……………………………………………………………………... 44 2
Introduction Not everyone knows how to properly use grammar it is the toughest skill to master in the english language, and there are so many things to remember and are involved. Is it impossible to master this impossible task?Well fear no more, here the book on guidelines to use grammar the proper way. Examples, definitions, and explanations are provided with a little history behind it all. Let me take you back where even the ancient Romans and Founding Father used theses methods of English. 3
Section 1: PARTS OF SPEECH I. Nouns : A noun is a part of speech that names a person, place, thing, or idea. A. Types of nouns : 1. Common Nouns(name a class of people, places, things, or idea): Arenas, Warriors , Armor 2. Proper Nouns(give name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized)): William Shakespeare, John Locke, Statue of Liberty, 3. Compound Nouns(consists of words used together to form a single noun: Horseman,Swordsman, Kingsman 4. Concrete Nouns(refer to material things, to people, or to places): Straw, Cattle, Oxs 5. Abstract Nouns(name ideas, quality, emotions, or attitudes): War, Hate, Greed, Sin B. Noun identifiers : 1. Noun endings: Broodiness, Wisdom, Consumption, Anarchist, Lecture, Aptitude, Complacent, Advance, Fence, Creativity, Master, Glory, Pioneer, Neighborhood 2. Following a noun marker (NM) a, all, an, both, each , every, her, his, my, our, several, some, that , their, these, this, those, one, two, three, etc. Bolded words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they act as adjectives. EX: The stadium is old. The grassy stadium is filled with tourists yearly. 3. Plural form (to make a noun plural, add s or es if the noun ends with a s EX: comrades,challenges, lands, leaders 4. Possessive form(which is used to show that an object belongs to someone or something else. In order to use this strategies, you must attach (‘s) at the end of the noun.): princesses’ kingships’, warriors', lands’ 5. Following a preposition: The peasants starved when running low on food. The king fed his people at the brink of famine. 4
These are some common prepositions: Aboard
In behalf of
About
Including
Above
In front of
According to
In place of
Across
In regard to
Across from
Inside
After
Inside of
Against
In spite of
Along
Instead of
Alongside
Into
Alongside of
Like
Along with
Near
Amid
Near to
Among
Notwithstanding
Apart from
Of
Around
Off
As
On
As far as
On account of
Aside from
On behalf of
At
Onto
Away from
On top of
Back of
Opposite
Because of
Out
Before
Out of 5
Behind
Outside
Below
Outside of
Beneath
Over
Beside
Over to
Between
Owing to
Beyond
Past
But (except)
Prior to
By
To
By means of
Toward
Concerning
Under
Despite
Underneath
Down
Until
Down from
Unto
Except
Up
Except for
Upon
Excluding
Up to
For
Versus
From
Via
From among
With
From between
Within
From under
Without
In
Within
In addition to
Addon
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C. Functions (How nouns are used) : 1. Subject(The subject of the sentence usually comes before the verb does, and it is the main object in the sentence.): I spoke bad to ruler. he banished me the kingdom unprofessional. 2. Direct Object(The direct object comes after the verb and it answers what or whom.): Locke, threw a scroll at William for not listening. William hit Locke for being an impulsive. 3. Indirect Object(The indirect object answers to who or to whom.): George gave sword to his friend Franklin.Franklin had the scroll which he gave to Lincoln to learn from it. 4. Adverbial Object( adverbial object comes after the verb and answers when.): Men trained their skills to hone them for battle. Royals used this to defend their land or attack others. 5. Object of the Preposition(The object of preposition follows a preposition.): Romans went to the arena to watch a death fight. Gladiators went there to fight and die. 6. Subject Complement(The subject complement , which is a function that follows a linking verb.): Caesar became emperor due to his hard work and leaderships.Brutus is glad became the ruler....until. 7. Object Complement(The object complement follows a direct object and renames it.): Rome named Caesar their leader because he is the mightiest of them all. They chose Julius to be their leader. 8. Appositives(The appositives rename nouns, which are separated by commas.): Diaz, my teacher, taught me many things about the past. Mr.Diaz my teacher, will teach me great things in history. 9. Adjectival( Adjectival is an adjective that describes the noun following it.): The army walked to the first checkpoint as a team to rescue their asset. captain ran in guns blazing. 10. Noun in Direct Address( usually in the first or second person point of view.): Hitler, where are we going to go after today? You should go find more traitors that are among us, soldier, before it gets too late hurry up. 11. Object of the gerund(The object of the gerund{ a gerund is a noun formed from a verb } is the noun that follows the gerund.): Da Vinci won the art contest. Da Vinci won, that would determine how his career will go from then on. 12. Object of the participle(, a noun that follows a participle.): After saving the citizens, U.S. was happy. Before, was furious and angered for what they done, they were anxious to rescue the victims. 13. Object of the infinitive(the noun follows an infinitive. The infinitive is just “to + verb”): N. Korea was anticipating for a nuke war. U.S. was extremely eyeballed on their next mealicious move. 7
II. Pronouns A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. There are 6 different pronouns: personal, relative, interrogative, reflexive, demonstrative, and indefinite pronouns. 1. Personal pronouns are pronouns that are associated primarily with a person/people. Here is a chart: Nominative
Objective
Possessive
I/we
Me/us
My, mine, our, ours
You/you
You/you
Your, yours, your, yours
He, she, it, one/they
Him, her, it, one/them
His, her, hers, its, one’s, their, theirs
EX: I gave the scroll to Washington and he then gave it to our Benjamin. He, the founding father, was able to keep peace.. 2. Relative pronouns begins a subordinate clause and connects that clause to another noun that precedes it in the sentence. Here is a chart: Nominative
Objective
Possessive
Who
Whom
Whose
That
That
Of that
Those/this
EX: Who is the mercenary that made it to our land. To whom was he hired and what is his or her target. 3. Interrogative pronouns used to begin or introduce interrogative sentences. Examples of these pronouns are who, which, what, whatever, whoever. EX: Whoever made it to finals was a great gladiator. Which of the competitors will die easily first. 4. Reflexive:refer back to the subject of the sentence of clause. Reflexive pronouns end in self (singular) and selves (plural) and are used when an action verb is directed toward a subject of the construction or to intensify a point. EX: a. He bought himself a pair of iron shoes. They pushed themselves to her limit in swordplay. b. The the king himself gave the lessons. The fighter was determined to fight for his life and while being strong too. 8
5. Demonstrative points out a noun or pronoun such as person, places, things, or ideas. "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby in space or time while "that" and "those" refer to something far in time or space. EX: These recruits needed to get their body armor before it get too late. The enemy was arrive soon they must be ready for battle. 6. Indefinite Pronouns that do not refer to any specific person, place or things. They replace nouns without specifying which nouns they replace. EX:All of the farmers either needed to crop or breed for their people or needed to pick up a sword instead. They need multiple crops of corn to survive for winter. Here is a list of indefinite pronouns: All
Many
Another
Much
Anybody
Neither
Anyone
Nobody
Anything
None
Both
No one
Each
Nothing
Either
Other
Everybody
Several
Everyone
Somebody
Everything
Someone
Everywhere
Such
Few
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III. Verbs A. How verbs are identified: 1. Verb ending: es, s, ness a. fighters b. fighting c. Warriors d. Poets 2. Tense: 1.Simple past I read World War I yesterday, I watched 100 years war, We studied up on the U.S. history yesterday. 2.Past I read history books, I read the article on the Olympia, I dreamed of many godly things. 3.Past perfect I had read, I had been taught to understand the past, I learned. 4.Past progressive We were watching the History channe, We went to the Smithsonian over the break, We were acting shakespeare in the park. 5.Simple Present I love several history subjects; I learned, I studied. 6.Present We read History books, I quote famous historians, I spoke latin. 7.Present perfect I have known history a portion of my life, I have never had a year without history in school. 8.Present progressive We are going to act World War II, We are going to the museum. 9.Present perfect progressive We have been working on several plays, We have been rehearsing since July. 10.Future I will learn all there is to do with history, I will better understand the civilization that rose and fell. 11.Future present I will be write about Hitler Tuesday, I will have completed 5 page essay by next month, I will have joined the History club. 3. Forms a. Forms of “to be”, am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs when used as main verbs, they are always linking verbstrue linking verbs= all forms of be, become, and seem ). i. EX: Gladiators are fast; fighting is a competitive sport; in the past we were two champions out of all the hundreds. ii. Forms of “to do”, do, does, did, done, doing (these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). iii. EX: Caesar, the emperor, does a lot of ruling; He has done more than half kingships duties he must fulfill b. Forms of “to have”, have had, has, having (these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). i. EX: Politicians have to practice their speeches. 4. Types a. auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) verbs that convey the other events that writers want to express while the main or base verb indicates the type of action or condition . i. EX: Be, Have, Will, Do 10
b. Linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence usually the predicate) True linking verbs are forms of become and seem. Linking verbs: appear, grow, look, smell, sound, and taste. i. EX: Is, Am, Are, Was, Were c. Lexical verbs (main verbs) they are all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs are the main verbs or phrases in a sentence. Lexical verbs represent actions, events, and states. i. EX: Arrive, Am, Be, Do d. Dynamic verbs (indicate action) Dynamic verbs sometimes referred to as "action verbs" and usually describe actions we can take of things that can happen. i. EX: Run, Go, Think e. Stative verbs (describe a condition) usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change. They usually relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being. i. EX: Need, Understand, Realize f. Finitive verbs (indicate tense) has a subject shows tense (past or present forms w/o ing or ed); can function as an independent clause and can stand alone as a complete sentence. i. EX: Blocked, Defended, Planned g. Nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) takes form of past or present participles (ing, ed) , they don't have mood, tense, number, aspect, gender, or person. Nonfinitive verbs are gerunds, infinitives, and participles. i. EX: Will Shoot, Will prepare, Will hesitate h. Regular verbs (weak verbs) verbs that add d or ed to their present form to form the past tense are regular verbs. i. EX: Clapped, Pedalled, Programmed i. Irregular verbs( strong verbs) have unpredictable forms in past tense; don't add d or ed to the present form to make the past tenses. i. EX: Ride, Swim, Win j. Transitive verbs (verbs followed by direct object) incomplete without a direct object, can take one or more objects, a doable activity. i. EX: Will fight, Will lead, Will protect k. Intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) an action verb that does not have a direct object. i. EX: Runs, Play, Has batted 5. Voice: Active(the subject performs the action denoted by the verb) Jordan scored the final basket of the game Passive(the subject is being acted upon by the verb) The final basket of the game was scored by Jordan 6. Verbals: (verb forms not used as verbs, but rather like nouns or an adjective) a. Gerund(word ending in “ing” used as a noun.): The team was scoring amazing goals. The runners were attempting to in the final race of their session. The varsity runner, Chris,overlapping the rest of the runners.
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b. Participle(· word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective.): The swimming team had won amazingly at their meet. Running was one of the requirement that each sport at Bravo High School required. The swimmers jumped into the freezing pool. c. Infinitive(verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. ): The runners needed to run over Spring break. The swimmers at practice needed to swim. The football team needed to jump over the stack of tires to pass the final test to join the team. IV. Adjectives Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. 1. Kinds : a. Demonstrative Are primarily adjectives, and they point out the words omitted in a sentence or emphasize their importance i. this, that, these, and those; b. Common is a n adjective that is not written with a capital letter i. triangular, narrow, husky, and cautious; c. Proper an adjective, typically capitalized, derived from a proper noun i. American soccer, English football, Paris cricket 2. Endings : al, regional; ary, customary; ful, successful; ic, athletic; ical, practical; ish, selfish; less, powerless; like, springlike; ly, daily; ous, victorious; y, dirty 3. Conversations : You would need to add one of the previous endings to a word. – sport→sporty, motion→motionless, athlete→athletic 4. Articles : There are three articles: “a”, “an” and “the”. These adjectives are used in front of most nouns to specify the noun.— a. The boy ran. (without the it isn’t specific boy ran??); The girl threw a ball. (without “the” and “a” it would sound weird, girl threw ball??); The team ran. ( with “the”, team ran??, confusing) 5. Comparatives/Superlatives : A comparative adjective is used to compare two things. A superlative adjective is used when you compare three or more things. The comparative ending ( suffix ) for short, common adjectives is generally “er”; the superlative suffix is generally “est”. a. – comparatives: faster, stronger, quicker ; b. – superlatives: strongest, fastest, quickest
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V. Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs a) Endings: a. –ly(suffix that forms adverbs from adjectives), aggressively b. wards(suffix that shows temporal direction), goalward c. wise(suffix that forms adverbs denoting manner), crosswise b) Conversions: Adjective or verbs can be converted to adverbs by adding ly. a. quick quickly; rapid rapidly; motionless motionlessly; c) Types: a. Manner(describes how the action was answered) The coach answered the questions seriously. The athletes quickly ran to the field. ; b. Frequency(describes how often) Swimmers are consistently asking for the water temperature of the pool. Athletes need good workouts frequently. ; c. Degree(describes how good/bad it is) The athletes exceptionally work was admired. The expectancy of the athletes was extraordinary. ; d. Place(describes where) The coach was willingly at the field early in the morning. Athletes were willingly at the game because they didn’t get to play in that league. ; e. Time(describes when) Athletes immediately starts running at 7:00 am. Rapidly did the athletes leave to the game? d) Intensifiers: There are several types of intensifiers: those that show emphasis, those that amplify and those that play down or downtone the actions of verbs. : a. The key to winning leader’s skills. e) Comparatives/Superlatives: i. adverbs can show degrees of quality or amount with the endings er and est or with the words more and most or less and least. The comparative form is the greater or lesser degree of the quality named. ; ii. With adverbs ending in ly, you must use more to form the comparative, and most to form the superlative. a. comparative more quietly, more slowly, more seriously; b. superlative most quietly, most slowly, most seriously;
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VI. Conjunctions A. Coordinating, a conjunction that is placed in between clauses, (FANBOYS) : for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so; a. The athletes got their coach a present for being a good coach and being helpful. The coach was happy yet upset that the team didn’t make it to finals. B. Correlative, conjunctions that connect two things that are grammatically equal, : Either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, both/and, whether/or, as/so; a. The sports are either competitive or they’re self winning. The coach was both happy and excited for the game C. Subordinate, a secondary form of conjunctions that deal with connecting two unequal grammatical parts, : after, though, as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while; D. Relative pronouns, take on the place of the noun in order to become the subject or the object, depending upon circumstances, : who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects); VII. Prepositions Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. These are some common prepositions: Aboard
But (except)
On
About
By
On account of
Above
By means of concerning
On behalf of
According to
Despite
Onto
Across
Down
On top of
Across from
Down from
Opposite
After
Except
Out
Against
Excluding for
Out of
Along
For
Outside
Alongside
From
Outside of
Alongside of
From among
Over
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Along with
From between
Over to
Amid
From under
Owing to
Among
In
Past
Apart from
In addition to
Prior to
Around
In behalf of
To
As
Including
Toward
As far as
In front of
Under
Aside from
In place of
Underneath
At
In regard to
Until
Away
Inside
Unto
From
Inside of
Up
Back of
In spite of
Upon
Because of
Instead of
Up to
Before
Into
Versus
Behind
Like
With
Below
Near
Within
Beneath
Near to
Without
Beside
Notwithstanding
Between
Of
Beyond
Off
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VIII. Interjections An interjection or exclamation is a word used to express a particular emotion or sentiment on the part of the speaker Interjections are the final part of speech. List of Interjections A
Aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aww
B
Bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brr
C
Cheers, congratulations
D
Dang, drat, darn, duh
E
Eek, ehh, encore, eureka
F
Fiddlesticks
G
Gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh
H
Haha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh, humph, hurray
O
Oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow
P
Phew, phooey, pooh, pow
R
Rats
S
Shh, shoo
T
Thanks, there, tuttut
U
Uhhuh, uhoh, ugh
W
Wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow
Y
Yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck
Key associated terms to know for Parts of Speech: viii. Antecedents It is a noun or pronoun to which another noun or pronoun refers. ix. Complements A word or group of words added to a sentence to make it complete.
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x. Objects In a sentence the nouns or noun phrases which the verb or preposition is directed towards. 1. Direct(are basically the nouns or noun phrases in which the action (verb) is directed upon.) a. Entity acted upon The country was able to fight back with all its might. 2. Indirect(are objects that do not have the verb directly on them; rather, a preposition may be considered “enacted” upon them, and the indirect object is usually in between the verb and the actual direct object) a. Entity indirectly affected by the action The general gave the army the plans which they didn’t pay attention to it. xi. Modifiers A word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or adds to the sense of a head noun. Modifier as adjective Modifier as adverbs xii. Transitions Transitions are words or phrases that show the relationship between paragraphs or sections of a text or speech. Transitions provide greater cohesion by making it more explicit or signaling how ideas relate to one another. EX: The soldiers did laps across the arena and as a result increased their speed. Here is a list of transition words:
Milder
Stronger
Addition
a further x and and then then also too next another other nor
further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last
Comparison
just as ... so too a similar x
similarly comparable 17
another x like
in the same way likewise
Contrast
but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather
however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely
Time
then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow
meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future
Purpose
to do this so that
to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x
Place
there here
at that point opposite to 18
beyond nearby next to
adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back
Result
so and so then
hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence
Example
that is specifically in particular for one thing
for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in
Summary and Emphasis
in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose
in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly
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xiii. Expletives A word or phrase used to fill out a sentence or a line of verse without adding to the sense. They start off with here, there, or it , followed by a corresponding verb form of “to be”. There are multiple Japanese fighter jets that Japan can use to bomb Pearl Harbor off the coast of Hawaii.. xiv. Agreements . 1. Subject Verbs( A singular subject takes a singular verb whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb.): a. The bags of silver is available in the king's treasure room. 2. Noun Pronoun( Just like subjects and verbs, nouns and pronouns should agree in number within a sentence.): a. When Thomas Paine and George Washington tried to rid of the British, they didn't expect to it would work so well. 20
Section 2: Phrases I. Phrases Groups of words that function as a part of speech 1. Prepositional: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb A. Between 1900s and the 2000s, industry has dramatically increased over the years. B. In addition to industry, technology has drastically sharpened the growth of society. 1. Appositive: A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. a) Zeus, a mythical god , is a powerfully terrifying god. b) Hitler, a tyrant, is critically wrong about the pure race. 3. Verbal: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. a) The continental army was fighting independently Britain for freedom. b) The fighting with Britain and the colonists shared greatly amounts of pain between the two parties. c) The god Apollo greatly shined for bringing the sun over the horizon. 21
Section 3: Clauses II. Clauses B. Groups of words with a subject and a verb. 1. Independent: Group of words that can stand on its own as a sentence that contains a subject, verb, and a complete thought. a) Marco Polo adventurously enjoyed his travels on the Silk Road. b) Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. 2. Subordinate: Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must being with a subordinate conjunction. i. Noun: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, and object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ii. Adjective: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. iii. Adverb: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. iv. Essential: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. v. Nonessential: Clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. vi. Relative: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun vii. Elliptical: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. 22
Section 2: Quiz 1 1. What is a prepositional phrase? A. A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb B.Group of words that can stand on its own as a sentence that contains a subject, verb, and a complete thought. C.A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. 2. Which shows a prepositional phrase? A. Between 1900s and the 2000s, industry has dramatically increased over the years. B. Zeus, a mythical god , is a powerfully terrifying god. 3. Which is an appositive phrase? A. A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. B. Groups of words that function as a part of speech C.A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. 4.Which is an example of an appositive phrase? A. Zeus, a mythical god , is a powerfully terrifying god. B. Hitler, a tyrant, is critically wrong about the pure race. 5. True or False. Prepositional a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with , a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb 23
Section 2: Quiz 2 1. What is a clause? A) group of words with an adjective B) group of words with a pronoun C) group of words with a subject a nd a verb. D) all of the above 2. What is a noun clause? A) used as the pronoun in the sentence B) used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject C) includes a noun D) none of the above 3. What is an adjective clause? A) includes an adjective B) A and D C) none are shown D) used to modify a noun in an independent clause. 4. What is an adverb clause? A) used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause B) used to change a noun to a verb C) used to change a verb to an adverb D) B and C 5. What must a clause include? A) a period and a comma B) a subject and a verb C) a verb and a adjective D) a pronoun and a preposition
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Answers: Quiz 1 1.A. 2.A. 3.A. 4.A. 5.True Answers: Quiz 2 1.C. 2.B. 3.A 4.D. 5.C. 25
SENTENCES Sentence Parts 1. Subject The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about. a. Complete A complete subject is the simple subject, or the main word or words in a subject, along with any of the modifiers that might describe the subject. b. Simple A simple subject is the main word or words in a subject. It does not include any of the modifiers that might describe the subject. c. Compound A compound subject consists of two or more simple subjects that share a verb or verb phrase. These subjects are joined by a conjunction such as and, or, or nor. Because a compound subject consists only of simple subjects, it does not include any of the words that modify the subjects. 2. Predicate The predicate tells something about the subject. a. Complete Whereas a simple predicate refers only to the verb or verb phrase in a sentence, a complete predicate includes not only the verb or verb phrase but also all the words that give more information about it. In this way, the predicate is complete. Remember that a complete predicate includes the verb or verb phrase plus all the words that accompany it. . b. Simple A simple predicate is a verb or verb phrase—and that’s all. It doesn’t give any more information about the verb or verb phrase, which is why the predicate is considered “simple.” c. Compound A compound predicate is two or more verbs or verb phrases that share the same subject and are joined by a conjunction. A compound predicate may also include additional words that give more information about the verbs or verb phrases in the sentence. Note that, although a conjunction joins a compound predicate’s verbs or verb phrases, it is not part of the compound predicate. Sentence Types 1. Declarative A declarative sentence (also known as a statement) makes a statement and ends with a period. It's named appropriately because it declares or states something. 2. Interrogative An interrogative sentence asks a question, and it always ends with a question mark. 3. Imperative An imperative sentence gives a command. It usually ends with a period, but it may also end with an exclamation point. 4. Exclamatory An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion and it ends with an exclamation mark. Sentence Patterns: 1. Simple Sentences A sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate. 2. Complex Sentences A sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses. 26
3. Compound Sentences A sentence with more than one subject or predicate. A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses 4. ComplexCompound Sentences A sentence having two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clauses. 5. Loose Sentences Is a type of sentence in which the main idea is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases. Is a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) is elaborated by a subordinate construction 6. Periodic SentencesA sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to creepy interest or generate suspense. 7. Balanced Sentences Is a sentence that employs parallel structures of approximately the same length and importance. 8. Parallel Structure Sentences Is the repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence. Parallel structure (also called parallelism) is the repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence. By making each compared item or idea in your sentence follow the same grammatical pattern, you create a parallel construction 9. Chiasmus Sentences A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order. 10. Asyndeton Sentences A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. 11. Polysyndeton Sentences A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. 12. Anaphora Sentences A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. 13. Epistrophe Sentences A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. Sentence Errors: (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) 1. RunOn/Rambling A runon is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses are joined without an appropriate punctuation or conjunction. 2. Fused A fused sentence occurs when two independent clauses are joined without any punctuation or connecting word between them. 3. Fragment A sentence fragment fails to be a sentence in the sense that it cannot stand by itself. It does not contain even one independent clause. 4. Misplaced Modifier A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes. 27
5. Double Negative A double negative is a grammatical construction occurring when two forms of negation are used in the same sentence. 6. Comma Splice A comma splice is the use of a comma to join two independent clauses. 7. Section 5:Paragraphs Paragraphs: 1. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) a) Hook (Lead) I. Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic) 1) Ex. Throughout history there has been violence, disease, and murder. People quickly used force or peace to solve eradicate these problems. History will forever tainted with this pattern. II. Query Base (Question that brings the reader to the topic) 1) Ex. What was the reason behind all the suffrage behind history’s wars and plagues? b) These Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing usually one sentence in length and something that is arguable) I. Assertion (claim) 1) Ex. Knowing history helpfully allows people to know about their past and dead ancestors. II. Fact (empirically verifiable) 1) Ex. History greatly helps to expand your knowledge of the past. III. Opinion (personal positional on a topic) 1) Ex. History is honestly a very interesting subject and easy to understand. IV. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) 1) Ex. Studying history slowly allows you to believe what God’s influence has done for the world. V. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half _ avoid using this type of thesis statement) 1) Ex . History is the easily a great subject for students to learn and pass. 28
VI. Document Based (cities a specific source and its position on a topic) 1) Ex. The Declaration of Independence safely helped make America an independent nation. VII. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) 1) Ex. Galileo believed that there were more planets like our own in space. 2. Body Paragraphs (must have the echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) a) Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support) 1) Ex. There are many reasons why people go to war, some are idiotically stupid and some are very reasonable and rationale. b) Evidence from quotations (quotes should NEVER be used individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) 1) Ex. Many educators agree, “It is known fact that most students madly excel at history than any other subject they take.” Education Board II. Paraphrase (rewording quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source) 1) Ex. Original QUOTE “It is known fact that most students madly excel at history than any other subject they take.” Education Board 2) Ex. PARAPHRASE History knowingly being easy for students it allows them to focus on other school subjects. III. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) 1) ORIGINALQUOTE “It is known fact that most students madly excel at history than any any other subject they take.” Education Board 2) Ex. SUMMARY History is powerfully an important subject to teach. IV. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” example AVOID ) 1) Ex. History sadly wouldn’t be a subject in schools we would lose sight of was has happened. happened. V. Concrete Examples (actual, reference able examples) 1) Ex. There has vastly been documentation (documents, witnesses, and writings) of wars, plagues, and revolutions been taken throughout our past time. c) Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the easy) 1) Ex. If the constantly learning history wasn’t so important they why even wright anything down, we do it to learn from our past so we can look to the future. 3. Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) a) Statements of Extension (extending the thesis statement using the consequences of 29
disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) 1) Ex. If war, famine, and prejudice didn’t happen the past would greatly be nicer. b) Final Sentence (connects to the hook) 1) Ex. Given all the conflictions rooted in the past maybe the problems of man without them would be better off and more peacefully stable today. Quiz 1. What is an Anecdotal? A. a n opinion held by many to be fact, though it is not necessarily 30
B. brief story to set the mood and intro the topic C. question that brings the reader to the topic 2. What is a Final Sentence? A. c onnects to the hook B. a ctual, reference able examples C. Question that brings the reader to the topic 3. True or False? Is a query base question that brings the reader to the topic? 4. What should never be used individual sentences? 5. True or False? Concrete Examples are actual, reference able examples. Key Answers 1. B. 2. A. 3. True 4. Evidence from Quotations 5. True 31
Section 6:Essays 6. Essays A. Types I. Persuasive 1. (Argumentative) Genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner. Purpose: This essay is used to defend a debatable position on a particular issue with the ultimate goal of persuading readers to accept the argument. 2. Interperative Closely read and write about your understanding of a text. Purpose: This essay help the reader better understand the text II. Expository 1.Definition or Description a n organized piece of writing which explains a specific topic or set of ide of set of ideas to a defined audience. 2.Process/Howto Introduction, Body, Conclusion 3.Compare and Contrast Topic Sentence, Major, Minor, Conclusion 4.Cause and Effect Transfer, Meeting, Acquistion III. Analytical/Critical 1.Evaluate subjective writing because it expresses the writer's opinion or evaluation of a text. 2.Interpreative a nalysis= break down of the text 3.Steps Two steps when writing critical papers, 1. critical reading 2. critical writing IV. Narrative (Tells a Story) 1.Personal Anecdote a story written about a personal experience. 2.Purposeprovides an opportunity to get to know and understand yourself better. V. Research 1.MLA FormatChoose a topic and then do research on your topic 2.APA Format Format for documents such as journal articles and books. VI. Timed 1. Document Based Question(DBQ) Series of shortanswer questions using one's own ddddd knowledge combined with support from several provided sources. 2. Prompt Based Statements that focus on a topic or an issue, followed by questions. B. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps I. Prewriting/Prompt Analysis/Outlining ❖ First outline your essay ❖ Thesis ❖ Concrete examples to back up your thesis II. Reasearch/Evaluation of Sources ❖ It would be the primary source then the secondary source. ❖ Try to stick to your own work, when you don’t cite and give credit fro information that is not yours. 32
C.Work Cited Page I. MLA Format ❖ Organize each entry by last name of the first author Ex: Millard, Candance, The River of Doubt .New York: Scholatsic Inc. 2005 ❖ This example shows the, author, title, place and year in which it was published or copyrighted. II. Include author name, title of the book. publisher, year published, page numbers, state of where it was published and country. Ex: Millard, Candance.(2005). Chapter 1.The River of Doubt. (p. 300) Grammar Section 7 33
7.Capitalization Rule 1: Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title. EX: Looking Backward Rule 2: Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name. EX: Mother, could you help me finish making desert. Rule 3: Capitalize the name of organizations. EX: A&T Incorporated Rule 4: Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days. EX: On Monday I will need to go to practice. Rule 5: Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is a part of a title. EX: I will be attending the Veterans Day parade. Rule 6: Capitalize brand names but not the product(s). EX: I had just bought a History book. Rule 7: Capitalize business names. EX: I will be flying on Southwest. Rule 8: Capitalize institution names. EX: Im planning to attend The University of Florida. Rule 9: Capitalize names of particular geographic places. EX. The Romans will fight in China. Rule 10: Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents. EX: The American Revolution allows us to be where we are standing now, speaking the language we speak now. Rule 11: Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being. EX: Most of the team members are Protestant. Rule 12: Capitalize languages EX: The team speaks French fluently. Rule 13: Capitalize specific names of structures. 34
EX: The tourist went to the Pyramids. Rule 14: Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names. EX: Jon was the new team captain. Rule 15: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence. EX: The team was upset they didn't make it to finals. Rule 16: Capitalize the pronoun I. EX: I am the best at chess. Rule 17: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry. EX: Violets are blue Roses are red... Rule 18: Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline. EX: 1. History a. Types i. Greek Rule 19: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation. EX: Mike asked, “Where are you?”, “In the house,” replied her friend. Rule 20: Capitalize government bodies and departments EX: Rome had a Congress, Rule 21: Capitalize races and ethnic groups. EX: The team was mostly Hispanic. Rule 22: Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world. EX: Does the meet have to be in East Los Angeles. Rule 23: Capitalize political parties and their members. EX: The coach was a Democrat. Rule 24: Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that begin a sentence. EX: Twentyfour runners went to the meet, but only fourteen get to go to state. Rule 25: Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter. EX: Dear You, My friend, love Section 8:Punctuation 35
8.Punctuation A. [ ] i. Brackets ([]) are the squared off notations used for technical explanations. At the bottom of each definition page, brackets surround a technical description of where the word originated. ii. EX: 1. The glamor [ a ttractive or exciting quality that makes certain people or things seem appealing or special.] of the gladiator match astounded the spectators. 2. The oblivious [not aware of or not concerned about what is happening around one.] general led his army to slaughter, blinded by his goal of glory. 3. Parentheses ( () ) are curved notations used to contain further thoughts or qualifying remarks. However, parentheses can be replaced by commas without changing the meaning in most cases. iii. EX: 1. King Arthur went on his quest to find his promised sword( its name was excalibur). b. . i. The period (.) is placed at the end of declarative sentences, statements thought to be complete and after many abbreviations. ii. EX: 1. The pope is known to most the holiest of man. 2. Albert Einstein was a well respected and ingenious scientist of his time. c. , i. The comma (,) is used to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure of a sentence. Additionally, it is used in letter writing after the salutation and closing. ii. EX: 1. The Mongolians were exhausted , they have been fighting constantly for weeks. 2. The Emperor ruled over his empire, he was seen as a god living amongst humans. d. i. A hyphen () is the same symbol as the dash. However, it has slightly different usage rules. A hyphen is used between the parts of a compound word or name or between the syllables of a word, especially when divided at the end of a line of text. ii. EX: 1. The warhorse was being used for tp infiltrate Troy and defeat the enemies. 2. The laissezfaire was a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering. e. – 36
i.
An (–) is a symbol that is used in writing or printing to connect numbers or to connect elements of a compound adjective ii. The (—) looks like the dash but has more complicated grammatical use. The symbol of is used to: 1. • Indicate a break in thought or sentence structure • Introduce a phrase added for emphasis, definition, or explanation • Separate two clauses iii. EX: 1. The poet—the one what was ridiculed for his work—to prove them wrong that his work is nothing but an art form. 2. The knight—his exponential sword talents—won the battle against of the menacing enemy. f.
: i.
A colon (:) has two main uses: After a word introducing a quotation, an explanation, an example, or a series. It is also often used after the salutation of a business letter. ii. EX: 1. The following people are our founding fathers: George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison . 2. The resources for Rome that we have left are the following: barely, live stock, iron, and soldiers. g. ; i.
The semicolon (;) is used to connect independent clauses. It shows a closer relationship between the clauses than a period would show. ii. EX: 1. Benjamin was outstanding person; he discovered electricity and how it could be used. 2. The lord was upset about losing his serfd; the serfs knew they could live a better life without their lord 3. Use a question mark (?) to indicate a direct question when placed at the end of a sentence. iii. EX: 1. Are you going to invade the west my queen? 2. Cowboy are you going to catch that outlaw for us? h. ! i.
The exclamation point/mark (!) is used when a person wants to express a sudden outcry or add emphasis. ii. EX: 1. The people of Pompeii screamed as their city was melted away! 2. Run! The barbarians are coming, run fellow Romans! i.
‘ i.
An apostrophe (‘) is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the possessive case, or the plurals of lowercase letters. ii. EX: 37
1. 2. j.
It was Rockefeller’s company that helped industrialize America. The Spaniard's ships landed on Aztec shore and brought death in small numbers.
“ i.
Quotations marks ( “” ) are a pair of punctuation marks used primarily to mark the beginning and end of a passage attributed to another and repeated word for word. They are also used to indicate meanings and to indicate the unusual or dubious status of a word. ii. EX: 1. The “sword” were penetrated his armor, the overpowering man in the menacing army, and that hurt armies fighting chance since he was one of their best warriors. 2. The “document”, that was supposed to free the Filipino natives only gave them a new apppresser. k. … i.
The ellipses mark (. . .) is generally represented by three periods, although it is occasionally demonstrated with three asterisks (***). Ellipses are used: 1. • In writing or printing to indicate an omission, especially of letters or words. 2. • Within quotations to jump from one phrase to another, omitting unnecessary words that do not interfere with the meaning ii. EX: 1. The dying Shakespeare … uttered his last poetic verse. 2. The Argon … fell victim to the deadly sirens song of death in Possiendens sea. . Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices 38
Section 9 A. Who/Whom a. hewho: Who /Whom wrote the letter? He wrote the letter. Therefore,who is correct. b. himwhom: Who/ Whom should I vote for? Should I vote for him?Therefore, whom is correct. B. Their/There/They’re a. "There" refers to a place. Examples: There is a library in the first building. It is over there. Hint: If you can use the word "here," you have it right! b. "They're" is a contraction of "they are" Example: They're not in this building. Hint: "There" is a pronoun and "are" is the verb. If you can substitute "We are" you have it right! c. "Their" is the possessive pronoun. Example: Their library is located on the next street. Hint: If you can substitute "our" you have it right! C. Lie/Lay a. Lie and lay both have many definitions, but they’re most often confused where lie means to recline and lay means to put down. But the distinction is simple: Lay needs an object—something being laid—while lie c annot have an object. b. Example: I lay down. I lie down the books. D. Laid/Lain a. Laid is the past tense of lie. Laid means to lie down something. b. Lain is the past tense for lay. Lain means to put down. c. Example: I laid down for the evening . I have books were lain on the floor. E. Affect/Except a. Affect is usually a verb, and effect is usually a noun. To affect something is to change or influence it, and an effect is something that happens due to a cause. b. EX. His genuine desire to affect change was thwarted by a system which is stale and often ineffectual. c. EX. As shown before wars can greatly effect an empire’s or civilization’s economy 39
F. Accept/Except a. To accept is to receive, and e xcept is to exclude. b. I accept the gold. Everyone in the court did not agree, who were planning a revolt against their ruler. G. C/W/Should have vs. C/W/Should of a. They should have not signed the treaty without reading it first, now they are ruined. b. They should of annulated their enemy from their beginning. H. Loath/Loathe a. Loath means to be unwilling or reluctant about something b. Loathe, on the other hand, means to strongly dislike someone or something or find it disgusting c. Humans loath to go to war. They loathe the fact that they do not have more land so they invade others for themselves. I. Infer/Imply a. To imply is to suggest something indirectly. b. To infer is to gather, deduce, or figure out. c. I have inferred that I will be late to my after school program today. Tony would imply that he could go to the Museum of History. J. Weary/Wary a. To be wary is (1) to be on guard against something, or (2) to be watchful or cautious. b. Weary means physically or mentally fatigued c. The philosophers were weary of their constant thought of life’s meanings. John Locke was sometimes wary of his ideals. K. Proceed/Precede a. Precede is to go before . b. Proceed means to move ahead, to continue. c. I would precede in line before arriving to the museum. The professor would proceed to with his lecter of the Renaissance Era. L. Discrete/Discrete a. Discrete remains closer to its roots, meaning individual, detached, separated b. discreet is to be politely private about something and to be aware of consequences if everyone finds out what you're doing c. The discrete villagers would die eventually of the plague. The U.S tried to remain discreet about screwing over the Cubans. M. Conscience/Conscious 40
a. Conscious means being aware of yourself or the world around you. It also means being sensitive to something or being awake, asleep or insensible b. Conscience is a moral understanding, an inner feeling, of right and wrong. If you were a cartoon, your conscience would be that little angel on your shoulder, telling you the right thing to do (and to ignore the little devil on the other side) c. EX. The leaders of the world were conscious about their corrupt rain. The prince’s awful conscience was killing him. N. Can/May a. Can expresses what the speaker believes is a general truth or known fact, or a strong possibility. May is only expressing a weak possibility. b. The ruthless dictator can invade and destroy your country without question c. Dictator,” May I please invade your country and slaughter your kin and take your assets?” O. At least five (5) other ones a. The man felt selfconscious about his horrible decisions in life. b. Emperor Caesar wanted to be discreet in how he will defeat his invaders. c. The colonists wanted to proceed to ridding the U,S, of Britain. d. France implied that they might conquer North Africa. e. The Aztecs loathed the Spaniards for soiling their sacred land.
About the Author Who is Cristian Zambrano? What kind of person is he? Well let me tell the story of Cristian from start to presen. He was born on July 10,1999 in Montebello City Hospital. Montebello was the city he was born, but he was raised in Los Angeles his whole life, he is a LA rat at heart. His first two years of his first born life what time spent being raised by his Aunt. His mother had to work during that period of time. She was glowing when she could start to take care of her own child. He has one older brother and one older sister, Danny and Wendy. They both went to his elementary( Malabar Elementary School), middle(Belvedere Middle School), high school(Bravo High School). Although he only got to be with them in elementary while they graduated to higher grades were left behind. He got along quite well with them. He was a great person and kind he always respected other when they did the same thing to him. Loves relax and is not that energetic, enjoys reading comics and watching TV. He learned his progression of English and advance to higher levels. His 7th grade teacher taught him essays and now his 11th teach Mr.Rodriguez taught him the advance levels. They made it possible to make the book possible with the teachings they passed down to him. 41
Glossary Julius Caesar was a Roman statesman, general and notable author of Latin prose. Egypt country linking northeast Africa with the Middle East, dates to the time of the pharaohs. King Arthur legendary British leader who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries AD. Roman Gods Ancient gods of the Romans Greek Gods Ancient gods of the Greeks Declaration of Independence announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the Britain empire 42
Ben Franklin one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A renowned polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. George Washington first President of the United States, the CommanderinChief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Marco Polo an Italian merchant traveller whose travels are recorded in Livres des merveilles du monde, a book that introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China. Leonardo Da Vinci was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics Hitler Austrianborn German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. Zeus l eader of the Greek gods and is a central figure in Greek mythology. In addition, to acting
as the leader of the gods, Zeus was the god of the sky. The ancient Greeks believed that he could control the weather and could even shoot lightning bolts at his enemies. Hercules was the son of Zeus (Roman equivalent Jupiter) and the mortal Alcmene. In classical mythology,Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous farranging adventures. Albert Einstein Germanborn theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity
Work Cited XI. Work Cited "FREE Online English Usage Rules." Grammar and Punctuation . N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2015. "Grammarly Handbook | English Grammar Rules." Grammarly Handbook | English Grammar Rules . N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2015. "Clauses and Phrases." Clauses and Phrases . N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2015. "The Essential Clause." Grammar Bytes! :: . N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2015. "Prepositions: Locators in Time and Place." Prepositions: Locators in Time and Place . N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2015. 43
Dedication I dedicate this book to the people that made it all possible. I would like to thank my friends,family, and teachers that helped put it together. First my older sister Wendy who corrected my mistakes and and helped me through my struggle. Im also like to thank my friends Albe, Antonio, Kevin, Mayra, and Emily for helping me better understand how to improve this project. I would final like to thank Mr,Rodriguez for correcting my mistakes and understand the purpose of this book.
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