Grammar Book: The Imaginative Wonders of Nature by Bravo Grammar Con Online

By Jennifer Perez

Grammar Book: The Imaginative Wonders of Nature

Introduction Grammar might not seem as the most pleasant subject to learn in an English class or just in general. However, grammar is implemented in every kind of language; it just needs some kind of clarification for people to be able to realize it. Meaning, grammar shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be new to anyone because everyone carries some kind of knowledge on grammar within themselves since they of course speak a language. This leads to the purpose of this book, which is to expand and enlighten oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s knowledge on grammar. This book consists of nine sections: parts of speech, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, essays, capitalization, punctuation, and commonly misused words. These sections are dependent on each other, meaning one has to acquire knowledge from a previous section in order to be able to move on to the next section. To make it more interesting, these grammar concepts have been combined with some sparks of nature and its beauty. It might not be as simple as one hope it would be, but in the end it will be worth it & beneficial.

About the Author

Jennifer Perez is a 16 year old teen who has dedicated her life to become a successful student & daughter. Since the first day she ever attended school, back to pre-K, she knew she had to work very hard to learn the language English, so she could be someone in life and make her parents proud. At first it wasn’t easy for her because she didn’t know how to speak nor write in English, however experiencing different English teachers in every grade level & with dedication she managed to overcome that obstacle. When she started elementary school, she already had a goal for herself and that was to become a doctor one day when she grew older. In order to achieve that, she knew she had to pay attention in class and do her homework on time and with dedication if she really wanted to be triumphant. From that day on till today, she still keeps up her hard work and maintains somewhat outstanding grades. She even has sleepless nights, but according to her it’s all worth it because she has one purpose in life; and that purpose is to one day make her father feel satisfied and proud of having & raising such daughter like her.

Table of Contents Topic Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions Prepositions Interjections Key Associated Terms Parts of Speech Quiz Phrases Phrases Quiz Clauses Clauses Quiz Sentences Sentences Quiz Paragraphs Paragraphs Quiz Essays Essays Quiz Capitalization Capitalization Quiz Punctuation Punctuation Quiz Commonly Misused Words Commonly Misused Words Quiz Glossary Work Cited

Page Number 2-6 7-9 10-12 13-14 15-17 18-19 20-21 22-23 24-28 29 30-32 33 34-37 38 39-49 50 51-57 58 59-62 63 64-67 68 69-73 74 75-84 85 86 87

Section 1: Parts of Speech

I. NOUNS

I.Noun It denotes a place, person, animal, or thing. A. Types of Nouns: 1. Common Nouns: names a class of people, places, things, or ideas. Ex: cloud, tree, mountains, river, flowers 2. Proper Nouns: gives the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). Ex: Appalachian Mountain, Ohio River, San Bernardino National Forest, Roses 3. Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. Ex: butterfly, mockingbird, grassland, earthquake, waterfall 4. Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places that can be identified though one of the five senses. Ex: grass, dirt, rocks, leaves 5. Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions, or attitudes. Ex: beauty, quietness, spring, autumn B. Noun Identifiers: 1. Noun Endings: Adaptiveness

destruction

naturism

naturalist

adventure

Altitude

environment

observance

reemergence

humidity

Hamster

conservatory

deer

livelihood

2. Following a noun marker: NM

These trees are leafless.

These leafless trees are slowly dying.

3. Plural form: for example: “flowers” or “forests” 4. Possessive form: for example: “cloud’s texture” or “clouds’ texture” 5. Following a preposition: NM

ADJ

ADV

PREP

ADJ

The adorable squirrel excitingly rushed across the twirling log.

C. Functions (How nouns are used):

1. Subject (comes before the verb) S

Ducks flew freely to the south through a clear sky. S

Ducks flew excitingly and freely to start moving on to the south for the winter through a blue clear sky. 2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer to what or whom) S

Hummingbirds drink nectar juice from flowers to stay alive. (Drink what?) S

Deer consume twigs during the winter when there is hardly any edible food for them to devour with desire. (Consume what?) 3. Indirect object (answers to who or to whom) S

Mother bear fed berries to her cute cubs since she desperately could not find any other food. S

Raccoons gave an apology to the bunnies for stealing their appetizing nutrition that was lying in their sweet home. 4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when) S

People visit daily the rain forest to see the incredible species found there. S

Wolves search mornings to find their delicious prey before any other hungry predator can snatch it before them. 5. Object of Preposition (Follows a preposition) S

Prep

OPrep

Frogs leaped to their logs after creepily noticing frightening humans at the pond. S

Prep

OPrep

Margaret yells across the river to catch her fatherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attention because she immediately spots a terrifying bear behind him.

6. Subject Complement (Following a linking verb) S

The tree is very helpful to many deserted animals that sadly do not have a shelter. S

Falling leaves are a sign that clearly indicate some small creatures to start hibernating for the upcoming season. 7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it) S

Oak trees suspiciously observed the pine tree unfamiliar because it was never seen in their isolated area. S

The roses jealously honored orchid beautiful because she had a better and smoother touch than any other flower found in the unknown area on top of the mountain. 8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas) S

APP

Fred, the bunny, showed the young bunnies how to astonishingly hop from one place to another. S

APP

James, the bee, intentionally demonstrated the queen bee how awesomely he can make honey, so he could earn her royal respect and precious admiration. 9. Adjectival (describes noun following it) S

Adjvl

Many monkeys fearfully rushed to the safe branch to get some protection. S

Adjvl

Koalas lazily rested under the shady branches because they had no sufficient energy to actively perform any kind of enthusiastic activities. 10. Noun in Direct Address N

Bob, did you purposely shed the treeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s trunk or were you forced to do it? N

Peter, have you greatly mastered your flying skills like all the other responsible birds from your flock?

11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund) G

Jumping the cold lake tragically caused the brave duckling a terrible injury. G

Hoping the giant rock gave the curious cricket a bruise on one of his legs because he was too tiny to be successfully able to gently hope over the enormous rock. 12. Object of the participle (noun that follows the participle) Part

OPart

The crying bird woke up all the tired birds when it unexpectedly fell down from its nest. Part

OPart

The flying eagles distractedly crashed onto the pine tree that secretly contained birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nests, in which they took great advantage to snatch the poor unhatched eggs. 13. Object of the infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive) __Inf__

OInf

Kate and Lacy eagerly wanted to capture the lonely butterfly. __Inf__

OInf

Pedro anxiously wanted to hide the caterpillar from his strict parents because they forcefully did not allow any dirty insects into their sweet clean home.

II. PRONOUNS

II. Pronouns It takes place of nouns that have been established. 1. Personal: To be able to use personal pronouns that are associated with a particular person, it is required to know about case (nominative, objective, and possessive), number (singular and plural), person (first, second, and third), and gender (male, female, and neutral). PN

ADV

Adj

She willingly helped him pass over the gentle stream, and he thanked her. PN

Adj

ADV

Adj

Your uneducated chipmunk violently took my squirrelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s precious nuts, now you ADV

V PN

Adj

V PN

demandingly have to find her more delicious nuts so she can have something to fill her Adj

little stomach. 2. Relative: Relative pronouns start a subordinate clause and connect it to another noun that leads it in the sentence. N

Adj

The beaver who awkwardly suggested that the lodge should be fragile was Matt. N

ADV

Adj

ADV

People do not know whose magnificent clouds were artistically drawn, which will lead to Adj

ADV

an interesting mystery that many will voluntarily cooperate. 3. Interrogative: An interrogative pronoun is used to commence an interrogative sentence. PN

ADV

Which dubious bush intensely ruined whose birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nest? PN

Adj

ADV

Adj

ADV

Who purposely blamed the inoffensive lion for what he/she had irresponsibly committed?

4. Reflexive: reflexive pronouns point back to the subject of the sentence. (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) It is only used: a. When the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: PN

ADV

Adj

Ex. He tastefully satisfies himself with an appetizing antelope. b. To intensify a point: Adj

ADV

Ex. The exhausted turtle herself instantly announced she could no longer ADV

Adj

energetically proceed with the tiring race. 5. Demonstrative: a demonstrative pronoun identifies a specific person, animal, place, thing, or idea. PN

Adj

ADV

Adj

This is hungry hippo’s territory that she initially claimed and that is raucous N

rhinoceroses’ area. PN

Adj

These are alligator’s favorite dinosaur toys and those are his undesired hot wheels ADV

because he does not gleefully enjoy playing with them. 6. Indefinite: an indefinite pronoun does not specify a specific place, person or thing. It replaces a noun without referring to what noun it replace PN

ADV

Adj

Everybody desirably demanded to see the strange moose, but nobody was allowed. PN

Adj

ADV

Someone let loose one of the cute bunnies into the foreign forest, so everyone anxiously V

Adj

cooperated to find the lost bunny and no one was left unsupervised.

III. VERBS

III. Verbs Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. A. How verbs are identified: 1. Verb ending: Hunts

fertilize protected

Hibernate

terrify lighten

polluting

2. Tense: verbs indicate time via tense: a. Simple past: climbed b. Past : climbed c. Past perfect: had climbed d. Past progressive: was climbing e. Simple present: climb f.

Present: climbing

g. Present perfect : have climbed h. Present progressive: is climbing i.

Present perfect progressive: have been climbing

Future: will climb

k. Future perfect: will have climbed 3. Forms: a. Forms of “to be”: am gathering, is gathering, was gathering b. Forms of “to do”: did gather, do gather, does gather c. Forms of “to have”: has gathered, have gathered, had gathered

4. Types: a. Auxiliary verbs: should plant, may plant, can plant b. Linking verbs: is planting, are planting, was planting c. Lexical verbs: plant, plants, planted, planting d. Dynamic verbs: plants, yanks, conserves e. Stative verbs: loves, contemplates, cares f.

Finitive verbs: plays, hunts, helps

g. Nonfinitive verbs: played, hunted, helped h. Regular verbs: rained, jumped, cycled i.

Irregular verbs: swam, felt, flew, hung

Transitive verbs: jumped the log, hunted the deer, planted the flower

k. Intransitive verbs: swam rapidly, played gleefully, flew carefully 5. Voices: voices are the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. a. Active: collected the leaves, picked the fruits, fed the birds b. Passive: was collected by, was picked by, was fed by 6. Verbals: (verb forms not used as verbs) a. Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. N

ADV

-Mr. Carpenter delicately loves gardening the flowers in his garden. Adj

ADV

Adj

- The baby deer is still horribly frightened by the hunting from last week. b. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. N

ADV

Adj

-All the tourists were speechlessly amazed by the growing tree. N

ADV

Adj

- The chipmunk disgustedly disliked the picked flower her boyfriend found for her. c. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Adj

ADV

-The adorable squirrel doesn’t want to admit it likes to collect nuts secretly. N

ADV

- The volunteer at the forest helps to feed the animals voluntarily.

IV. ADJECTIVES

IV. Adjectives Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. 1. Kinds: There are 3 different kinds of pronouns, which are: -

Demonstrative: adjectives that point out nouns & answer the question which one? Ex. This, that, those, these

Common: a simple and regular adjective that describes a noun in a general way. Ex. Tall trees, puffy clouds, clear sky

Proper: adjectives that are derived from a proper noun and capitalized Ex. African animals, Chinese pandas, Guatemalan quetzal

2. Endings: Adjectives end in many different suffixes, such as: Admirable

visible

national

existential

fantastic

lovely

Beautiful

enormous

destructive

harmless

wildish turbulent

Hunting 3. Conversions: when other parts of speech can be converted to adjectives Ex. Flower (noun) → floral, happily (adverb) → happy, fly (verb) → flying 4. Articles: an adjective that comes before a noun & can define a noun as specific or unspecific. There’s two kinds of articles, definite, refers to a specific noun (the), and indefinite, it modifies a non-specific noun (a/an). Ex. The tree, a bird, an insect 5. Comparatives/Superlatives: These are adjectives used to compare nouns. Comparative is used to compare two nouns, and has the suffix ending -er. Superlative is used to compare more than two nouns and has the suffix ending -est. Ex. Taller, tallest

wider, widest

hungrier, hungriest

V. ADVERBS

V. Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. a. Endings: adverbs end with variety of suffixes. -

Ex. daily

downwards

lengthwise

b. Conversions: any other parts of speech can be converted to an adverb. Especially verbs and adjectives. To convert an adjective to an adverb, -ly or -ally should be added to the end of the adjective. Ex. Tragic (adj.) â&#x2020;&#x2019; tragically, wild (adj.) â&#x2020;&#x2019; wildly, c. Types: the 5 different types of adverbs are: -

Manner: it answers the question how? ADJ

ADV

The cute bunnies cheerfully hopped around the forest. ADJ ADJ

ADJ

The cute little bunnies woke up from a calming nap; they were so energetic that they V

ADV

ADJ

started to cheerfully hop around the enormous forest to share their happiness. -

Time: it answers the question when? ADJ

ADV

Many elder tourists frequently hike the mountain to waste time. ADJ

ADJ

Many active elder tourists visit California during the summer; in which they ADV

ADJ

frequently hike the tiring San Gabriel Mountain to make their trips time consuming. -

Place: it answers the question where? N

ADJ

ADV

RJ, the raccoon, was brave enough to walk near the bear. N

ADJ

RJ, the daredevil raccoon, tried to impress his lover by being brave enough to walk ADV

ADJ

near the scariest bear of the neighborhood.

Degree: it answers the question how much? ADJ

ADJ

ADV

The baby panda was so hungry it completely finished the bamboo stick. ADJ

ADJ

The starving baby panda desired some food, that when he was given a bamboo stick ADV

for lunch he completely finished it with no hesitation. -

Frequency: it answers the question how often? ADJ

ADV

The tired bear never peaked out from his den during the winter. ADJ ADJ

ADV

The tired grizzly bear was too cozy in his hibernation that he never peaked out from PN

ADJ

his comfortable den during the snowy winter. d. Intensifiers: they denote or describe the quality of a verb. Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s three kinds of identifiers, which are: -

Emphasizers: they make the verb stronger. Ex. Birds really love flying. Frogs can literally swim.

Amplifiers: they increase the meaning of a verb. Ex. Fishes swim absolutely great. The skunk completely scared the bunny.

Down toners: they lower the effect of a verb. Ex. Turtles simply donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t do much. Squirrels sort of scare me.

e. Comparative/Superlatives: Comparative adverbs are comparing two verbs, adverbs or even adjectives by using more or less, or adding -er at the end of an adverb. Superlative adverbs are comparing more than two verbs, adverbs, or adjectives by using most or least, or by adding -est to the of an adverb. -

More actively, less actively; most actively, least actively; clearer, clearest

VI. CONJUNCTIONS

VI. Conjunctions Conjunctions are words that unite two or more words, phrases, or clauses. a. Coordinating (FANBOYS): they join parts of sentences that are based on the same concept Adj

The wild monkey swung from tree to tree and he crashed on a tree. Adj

Adj

The hyper little monkey swung from tree vines to tree vines so he could be like Tarzan, but he V

Adj

ended up crashing onto a tree and he hurt his fragile head. b. Correlative: they work in pairs and join sentences based on the same concept N

Maggie can either swim in the lake or can search for ducks. N

Adj N

Maggie was given the option to either get in the cold lake to swim with her family or go V

searching for ducks to entertain herself, but she decided to do neither swim or go searching for Adj

Adj

innocent ducklings because she was lazy. c. Subordinate: these conjunctions join a dependent clause with an independent clause. N

ADV

Adj

The sloth was allowed to sleep as long as he properly cleaned his messy room. N

Adj

After the slothâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tiring practice, he was very exhausted when he got home; though he was not V

Adj

allowed to sleep till he managed to clean up his dirty room. d. Relative pronouns: they join a phrase or a clause to a pronoun or noun. N

Adj

ADV

The giraffe observed the tasty tree that he mentally claimed. Adj

ADV

Adj

ADV

The brave giraffe, who craved food, desiringly observed the appetizing tree that he had mentally V

claimed when he got home.

VII. PREPOSTIONS

VII. Preposition

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are never followed by verbs.

Some common prepositions are:

Aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but(except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without, etc.

Adj

ADV

Adj

ADV

Ex. Jeannie, the turtle, slowly walked over to James, the harmless skunk, which was peacefully sleeping Adj

inside of a silent log. N

Adj

Ex. Raphael, the wise toucan, waited outside of the hollow of the tree for his friends who were fooling V

around instead of getting ready to enjoy the carnival. N

Adj

Ex. Gary, the llama, continued to eat his food that was beside the fence in spite of just disrespectfully V

spitting at Mitchel, who leaned against the tree.

ADV

VIII. INTERJECTIONS

VIII. Interjections Interjections are words that express an emotion. For example, this alphabetical list of some interjections: A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C: cheers, congratulations D: dang, drat, darn, duh E: eek, eh, encore, eureka F: fiddlesticks G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow R: rats S: shh, shoo T: thanks, there, tut-tut U: uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck

ADJ

ADV

Ex. Oh dear, the adorable chipmunks fell off the broken branch, ouch, they severely injured their heads. ADJ N ADJ N V N V N Ex. Wahoo! This chilly lake is a marvelous place to swim in, yikes, Bette just slipped from the deck. ADV N ADJ N V N V ADV Ex. Aw! It is lovely the way the charming bunny chews its carrot, oh my, anyone would love to willingly V N adopt this bunny.

Key Associated Terms

Key associated terms to know for Parts of Speech:

Antecedents Antecedent is a word or a phrase that a pronoun specifies. A

Ex. When the sleepy panda finished his delicious food, he immediately fell asleep on the floor without being able to carefully walk back to his home. Complements A complement is a clause, a phrase, or a word that will complete the significance of an expression. C

Ex. The monkey is hilarious. Objects There are two kinds of objects, direct and indirect. Direct objects are the receiver of an action, it comes after a verb. N

ADV

Ex. The lion furiously caught a zebra. Indirect objects are preceded by a direct object and tell for whom or to whom the action of the verb is done is specifying to. N

Ex. The lion gave his cubs a serious attitude. Modifiers Modifiers act as adverbs or adjectives to describe something or emphasize its meaning. M

Ex. The lion caught another zebra.

Transitions Transition words changes a subject to another. Ex. The dog barked. Also, it wagged its tail. Transition Chart:

Milder

Stronger

Addition

a further x and and then then also too next another other nor

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

Comparison

just as ... so too a similar x another x like

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Time

then now soon

meanwhile at length presently

afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x

Place

there here beyond nearby next to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed

I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose

clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

Expletives An expletive is a word that helps a function but doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a meaning.

Ex. There are many apples on the tree.

Agreements

1. Subject â&#x20AC;&#x201C; verb agreement is when the verb has to agree with the subject, if the subject is singular present, then the verb has to be singular present, if the subject is in past tense then the verb has to be in past tense, etc. S

Ex. The dog barked at the man.

2. Noun-pronoun agreement is when the pronoun replacing a noun has to agree with the noun in numbers. If the noun is singular, then the pronoun has to refer to a single person, thing, or place. N

Ex. The rabbit was dead; it got ran over by a car.

Parts of Speech Quiz Matching 1. Proposition

a. takes place of a noun that has been established

2. Noun

b. it modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs

c. it links nouns, pronouns, & phrases to other parts of the sentence

Adverb

4. Pronouns

d. it denotes a place, person, animal, or thing

5. __________ modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.

a. Verb

b. noun

c. adjective

d. gerund

6. There are ___ different parts of speech. a. 10

b. 8

c. 7

d. 6

7. _____________ are words that express an emotion.

a. Adjectives

b. interjections c. prepositions d. verb

8. How many types of adverbs are there? a. 4

b. 6

c. 5

d. 8

9. ___________________ conjunctions join parts of sentences that are based on the same concept. a. Coordinating

b. subordinating

c. prepositions d. appositives

10. How many kinds of adverb identifiers are there? a. 2

b. 4

c. 1

Answer Key 1.C , 2.D , 3.B , 4.A , 5.C , 6.B , 7.B , 8.C , 9.A , 10.D

d. 3

Section 2: Phrases

Phrases are groups of words that function as a part of speech.

A. Prepositional: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, is used as an adjective or an adverb N 

ADJ

PREP

Fluffy, the bunny, gently ate his carrot beside the tree’s lifted root. N



ADV

ADJ

PREP

Fluffy, the adorable bunny, had just found a carrot near his brother’s home and he calmly V

PREP

ate it beside the tree’s lifted root.

Appositives: A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. N



APP

Jimmy, the cricket, joyfully helped out the other crickets to learn how to read. N



ADV

ADJ

APP

ADJ

ADV

Jimmy, the wise cricket, was the #1 favorite of all baby crickets that they excitingly V

ADV

wanted him to help them successfully read.

C. Verbal: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. 1. Gerund word ending in “ing” used as a noun. G 

ADJ

Running many races caused the talented hare to become the forest’s winner. G



ADJ

ADV

ADJ

ADV

Running many tiring races admiringly provoked the athletic hare to be famously known N

________ ADJ _________

all around the forest and became the Dixie National Forest’s champion.

2. Participle word ending in”ing” or “ed” used as an adjective Part 

OPart

ADJ

ADV

The entertaining elephant flew from the tree branch to speechlessly prove the crows wrong. Part



OPart

ADJ

ADV

Adj Adj

The amusing elephant, Dumbo, astonishingly flew from on top of the tall tree branch and ADJ

left the pessimistic crows speechless.

3. Infinitive verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as tnoun, adjectives, or adverbs N 

__ Inf __

Adj OInf

Sally impatiently desired to jump the cold lake. N



ADV

_______ ADJ _____

ADV

__ Inf __

Adj

ADV

Sally, a six-year old girl, desperately craved to jump the chilly lake since she remarkably V

Adj

ADV

spotted a tiny duckling who was peacefully swimming.

Phrases Quiz Matching 1. Participle

A. verb preceded by the word “to” used as noun, verb, or adverb

2. Infinitive 3. Gerund

B. word ending in “ing” used as a noun C. word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective

Fill in the blank 4. A _______ is a group of words that functions as a part of speech. 5. A __________ phrase is a group of words that is used as an adjective or adverb & begins with a preposition and ends with a noun. 6. A group of words that begins with a verbal and end with a noun is called a ___________ . 7. ___________ is a group of words that includes all words that modifies an appositive.

Multiple Choice Identify the underlined phrases. 8. The steady turtle patiently walked from the tree to the glamouring finish line. A.

Prepositional

B. Verbal

C. Appositive

9. Little John excitingly wanted to catch the lovely ladybug. A.

Participle

B. Infinitive

C. Gerund

10. Manny, the sloppy snail, left a trail of his slime all over the house. A.

Appositive

B. Gerund

C. Prepositional

Answer Key: 1.C, 2. A, 3. B, 4. Phrase, 5. Prepositional, 6. Verbal Phrase, 7. Appositive phrase 8. A, 9. B, 10. A

Section 3: Clauses

Clauses are groups of words with a subject and a verb.

Independent- CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern Adj N 

ADV

The little frog smoothly leaped from one lily pad to another. Adj Adj



ADV

Adj

The noisy tiny frog carefully leaped from a lily pad to the one where his giant mother was ADV

patiently waiting for him.

B. Subordinate (Dependent)- CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION.

1. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ADV 

Prep

Actively flying through round clouds is what the bird loves the best. [Predicate noun] ADV



Adj

Prep

Adj

Enthusiastically flying through perfect figured clouds to see his own magical frame in the N

cloud is what Henry the bird cherishes the most. [Predicate noun]

2. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Adj



Adj

ADV

The adorable duckling who enjoys cool temperatures pleasantly went for a swim. N



Adj

ADV

Mikey the charming duckling who adores chilly temperatures joyfully decided to go Adj

ADV

for a quick swim since he had been sadly prohibit to do so for 2 months.

3.Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Adj 

Beautiful Daisy quickly swung from vines to vines because she was in a hurry. N



ADV

Adj

ADV

Adj

Daisy the gorgeous monkey rapidly swung from smooth vines to rough vines SC

Adj

because she was late to her special date with Greg.

4. Relative Clause: Dependent Clause: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. Adj 

ADV

_____

The violent kangaroo that fought humans was unexpectedly chosen as the world’s __Adj__

greatest boxer. N 

Adj

ADV

Adj

Jack the aggressive kangaroo that fought humans had victoriously won many vicious N

ADV

_____ Adj ______

battles in which he was surprisingly elected as the world’s greatest boxer.

5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. SC 

ADV

When diving, the dolphin accidentally harmed his fin. SC



Adj

ADV

Adj

When diving, the young dolphin unintentionally injured his fragile fin when he tried to V

ADV

spin but unnoticeably crashed onto the pool’s wall.

6. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. N 

ADV

Adj

The elephant was distractedly showering where he had a perfect view of the sunset. Adj



ADV

Adj

The lonely elephant was inattentively showering where he had a splendid view of the Adj

ADV

colorful sunset that dramatically reminded him of his childhood.

7. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. N 

Adj

ADV

The tiger, who is orange with white stripes, aggressively fought the other tiger for Adj

territorial reasons. Adj 

Adj

ADV

The fierceful tiger, who is orange with white stripes, barbarically duel another violent N

Adj

tiger for territory and to win their love’s unique heart.

Clauses Quiz

Multiple Choice Answer the corresponding clause to each question. 1. What is a clause that is used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, and object of preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive? A.

Independent Clause

B. Relative Clause

C. Noun Clause

2. What’s a clause that is used to modify a noun in an independent clause? A.

Adverb Clause

B. Adjective Clause

C. Non essential

3. What’s a dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun? A.

Relative Clause

B. Elliptical Clause

C. Adjective Clause

4. What is a clause that is used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession? A.

Noun Clause

B. Adverb Clause

C. Relative Clause

5. What’s a clause that does is not necessary to the meaning of a sentence? A.

Essential Clause

B. Adjective Clause

C. Nonessential Clause

True or False 6. Essential Clause is a clause that is not necessary to the meaning of a sentence. ____ 7. Elliptical Clauses are adverb clauses in which part of the clause isn’t omitted. _____ 8. An independent clause can alone as a complete sentence. ____ 9. Clauses are a group of words that function as a part of speech. ____ 10. A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must begin with a subordinate conjunction. ___

Answer Key: 1.C, 2.B, 3.A, 4. B, 5. C, 6. F, 7. F, 8. T, 9. F, 10. T

Section 4: Sentences

A. Sentence Parts There are two different parts to a sentence, which are the subject and the predicate. I.Subject -is what (or whom) the sentence is about

a. Complete: A complete subject consists of all the words that tell whom or what a sentence is about. S

_ Adj ____

ADV

Adj

ex. Bubbles, the cute bunny, nervously walked to the silent cave. S

__ Adj _______

ADV

Prep

___ Adj ______

ex. Bubbles, the amiable bunny, anxiously wandered into the dark, restrained cave where she ADV

wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t warningly permitted to enter.

b. Simple: A simple subject is just the noun or pronoun out of all the words that modifies it. S

ADV

Adj

ex. The snake quickly slithered to catch the lonely rat. Adj

ADV

Prep

Adj

ADV

ex. The clever snake rapidly and quietly glided towards the solitary rat that was carefully V

gathering food for its family.

c. Compound: A compound subject contains a simple subject consisting of more than one noun or pronoun S

ADV

Prep

Adj

ex. Raphael and Chris wildly competed to see who was the tallest giraffe. ________ ADJ _______

ADV

ex. The two most talented giraffes, Raphael and Chris fiercely challenged each other to V

___________ ADJ ________

figure out who was the most sophisticated and tallest out of the herd.

II. Predicate- tells something about the subject

a. Complete: A complete predicate includes the verb and all the words that tell what happened in the sentence. Adj

ADV

Adj

ex. The handsome peacock purposely impressed the peahens with his colorful tail. Adj

ADV

Adj

ex. The attractive peacock intentionally dazzled the pregnant peahens with his glamorous N

___ V ___

tail to have them fall in love with him.

b. Simple: A simple predicate is the verb or verbs that link up with the subject. N

ADV

Adj

ex. The zebras were cautiously looking out for any scary predators while they ate. Adj

ADV

Adj

Prep PN

ex. The intelligent zebras tentatively watched out for any savage predators while they were ADV

calmly devouring their meal.

c. Compound: A compound predicate is a predicate that includes more than one verb pertaining to the same subject. Adj

ADV

Com. Pred.

ex. Adorable penguins socially swim and nest together in groups. N

Adj

ADV

Com. Pred.

Adj

ex. The rookery of charming penguins unitedly swim and breed together as an incredible, Adj

huge family.

B. Sentence Types Different types of sentences are used for different purposes, and there are four types of sentences, which are: statements, questions, exclamations, and commands.

Declarative: These types of sentences are used to make a statement. N

Adj

ADV

Prep

ex. Jack, the kangaroo, joyfully bounced to where his mother was standing. N

_______ Adj _________

ADV

Prep

Adj

ex. Jack, the jubilant baby kangaroo, gleefully bounced to where his admirable mother was ADV

firmly waiting for him.

b. Interrogative: These type of sentences are used to ask a question. N

ADV

Adj

ex. Peaches, did you carelessly swallow the icy snowflake? N

Adj

ADV

Adj

ex. Peaches the mammoth, did you incautiously consume the frosty snowflake that had V

Prep

Adj

fallen from the undesired tree?

c. Imperative: These types of sentences are used to give an order. N

ADV

Prep

Adj

ex. Diego, go take a lap for not respectfully jumping into the sacred lake. N

____ Adj ___

Adj

ex. Diego, such a profane tiger, go redeem yourself for not being gracious enough to ADV

Prep

Adj

considerately jump into the divine lake of the religious school.

d. Exclamatory: These types of sentences are used to make a statement with emotion. N

ADV

Prep

Adj

ex. Simon just successfully escaped from the vicious hawk! Adj

Adj

ADV

Prep

Adj

ex. Blessed Simon, the chipmunk, has just fortunately liberated himself from the murderous N

Adj

hawk that tried to have him as his savory meal!

C. Sentence Patterns

1. Simple Sentences- A sentence that is just one independent clause. Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. The fat hippopotamus eagerly ate its tasty grass. N

_______________ Adj _______________________

ADV

Adj

Ex. Fred, the massive hippopotamus who had not eaten all day, viciously ingested his exquisite Adj

creeping grass.

2. Complex Sentences- A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Adj

ADV

Ex. The reserved platypus secretly dug his burrow while the rest of the group was talking. _____ Adj ___

ADV

Adj

Ex. The clever reticent platypus rebelliously built his own burrow in the riverbank since everyone Adj

Adj

else from his communicative family was too busy conversing about nonsense gossips.

3. Compound Sentences- A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clause. N

ADV

Ex. The hedgehog was quietly searching for food, but he amazingly heard a predator coming his PN

Adj

way so he curled up into a prickly ball. N

______ Adj ________

ADV

Adj

Ex. Carl, the adorable hedgehog, was noiselessly seeking for some tasteful insects or juicy rats, PN

ADV

Adj

ADV

but he remarkably heard a savage predator getting close to him so he rapidly curled up into a Adj

Adj

safe thorny ball.

4. Complex/ Compound Sentences- a sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. N

ADV

Adj

Ex. The armadillos energetically rolled up into balls, and they rolled down the steep hill because N

it was part of the competition. Adj

ADV

___ Adj ___

ADV

Ex. The competing armadillos enthusiastically rolled up into hard shelled balls, and they speedily V

Adj

rolled down the sloping hill because it was necessary for the yearly competitions.

5. Loose sentences- A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or a phrase). Adj N

ADV

Ex. The wild bear suspiciously considered leaving the forest, as long as he was generously V

Adj

provided with a lot of supplies, a few blankets, and a teddy bear.

Adj

ADV

Ex. The frightful bear conditionally took in consideration departing the forest, as long as he was ADV

______ Adj _____

____ Adj ____

bountifully provided with a season-long worth of supplies, a couple of warm blankets, and a ____ Adj _________

cute cuddling teddy bear.

6. Periodic sentence- A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. Adj

Adj

Adj N

Adj

ADV

Ex. The moving trees, the stormy wind, the dark sky, the forest animals were not able to safely V

find their homes. Adj

Adj

___ Adj ____

Ex. The shifting trees, the turbulent wind, the gloomy sky, the young forest creatures were not ADV

ADV

Adj

fortunately capable to securely locate their sweet homes.

7. Balanced sentence- A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeliness of structure, meaning, or length. N

__ Adj ___

ADV

Adj

Ex. The raccoon is a savage animal that shamelessly enjoys looking for food, being disobedient, V

Adj

and stealing otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s meals. N

Adj

ADV

Ex. Kevin, the savage raccoon, is the only one from the family who despicably adores searching Adj

Adj

______ Adj _______

for appetizing insects, being rebellious, and snatching other innocent animalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s supplies.

8. Parallel structure- A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance & to help the reader comprehend what is being written. N

Adj

Ex. Jimmy, the squirrel, won the medal for being a great athlete, for being a hard worker, and V

Adj

for being an outstanding student. N

Adj

ADV

_______ Adj ______

Ex. Jimmy, the popular squirrel, proudly won the forest’s annual contest medal for being a Adj

Adj

marvelous athlete, for being a dedicated worker, and for being an exceptional pupil.

9. Chiasmus – A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in reverse order. N

Adj

PN N

Ex. Billy, the possum, forgot about his sister, but his sister didn’t forget he was a possum. N

Adj

ADV

Ex. Billy, the wise possum, disrespectfully forgot about his sister, but his sister wisely didn’t V

Adj

forget that he is a disrespectful possum.

10. Asyndeton – A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Adj

Adj

Ex. The devastated animals disliked how the forest’s conditions were too crowded, too smelly, Adj

too overwhelming. Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. The miserable creatures heavily detested how the awful forest’s conditions were too Adj

Adj

populous, too stinky, too devastating.

11. Polysyndeton- A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses, for a rhetorical purpose. N

PN N

Adj

PN ADV

Ex. Stef feared that her nuts were too crunchy, but she badly wanted them, but she wasn’t that V

hungry, but she had to eat some because her mom said so. N

Adj

ADV

PN N

Adj

Ex. Stef, the bipolar chipmunk, skeptically suspected that her nuts could be too crispy, but she ADV

ADV

desperately desired them, but she wasn’t dying of starvation, but she was dramatically forced to V

PN Adj

eat some because her strict mother wouldn’t allow her to watch TV.

12. Anaphora – A sentence that features the purposely repetition of a word, words, or phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. Adj

Adj

Ex. Due to the horrible weather all the animals wanted natural resources, all the animals wanted Adj

a safe home, and all the animals wanted comfort. N

ADV

Adj

Ex. The forest had been affectively struck with a horrendous weather that all the animals V

Adj

demanded more food supplies, all the animals demanded a secure shelter, and all the animals V

demanded coziness.

13. Epistrophe- A sentence that featuring several phrases or causes ending with the same word or words. N

Adj

Ex. Paul, the elephant, could not think of anything else that wasn’t food, when he would shower PN

he thought about food, if he was sleeping he dreamt about food, and when he wasn’t doing V

anything he daydreamed about food. N

Adj

ADV

Ex. Paul, the unsatisfied elephant, couldn’t think about anything else that specifically wasn’t N

ADV

food, when he would pleasurably shower he breathlessly thought about food, if he was tiringly V

ADV

sleeping he dreamt about food, and when he wasn’t actively doing anything he fascinatedly V

daydreamed about food.

D. Sentence Errors

1. Run-Ons/ Rambling- two or more independent clauses are joined without an appropriate punctuation or conjunction. N

Error: The frog leaped from a lily pad to another he jumped in the pond. N

CONJ

Correction: The frog leaped from a lily pad to another, and he jumped in the pond.

2. Fused – when two independent clauses are joined without any punctuation or connecting word between them. N

Adj

Error: James, the bird, lives on a high tree he admires to see the sight of the sky from up there. N

Adj

N CONJ

Correction: James, the bird, lives on a high tree, so he can admire the sight of the sky from up there.

3. Fragments- incomplete sentences that have become disconnected from the main clause. N

Adj

Error: The squirrel enjoys doing so many activities. Such as dancing, collecting nuts, and cuddling. N

Adj

Correction: The squirrel enjoys doing so many activities, such as dancing, collecting nuts, and cuddling.

4. Misplaced Modifiers- a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes PREP

Adj

ADV

Error: Into the noisy crowd, the turtle slowly walked when he was heading home. N

ADV

PREP

Adj

Correction: The turtle slowly walked into the noisy crowd when he was heading home.

5. Double Negative- itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the combination of a negative form of verb with a negative pronoun, a negative adverb or a negative conjunction. N

Error: I am not petting no llamas. N

Correction: I am not petting any llamas.

6. Comma Splice - when two independent clauses are connected with only a comma N

Error: The piglet fell on the mud, it cried because mud got in its nose. N

ADV

Correction: The piglet unexpectedly fell on the mud; it started to tragically cry because mud had gone in N

its nose.

Sentence Quiz Matching 1. Declarative

a. is what (whom) the sentence is about

2. Imperative

b. this sentence is used to make a statement

3. Interrogative

c. this sentence is used to make a statement with emotion

4. Exclamatory

d. it tells something about the subject

5. Subject

e. this sentence is used to ask a question

6. Predicate

f. this sentence is used to give an order

Multiple Choices 7. Which is a sentence that features several phrases or causes ending with the same word or words? A. Epistrophe

B. simple

C. Loose

D. Chiasmus

8. Which is a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in reverse order? A. Compound

B. Polysyndeton

C. Chaismus

D. Anaphora

Identify the fragment and the comma splice 9. The bird drastically injured his wing, he was taken to the forestâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ER. _______________ 10. The turtle enjoys eating different ice cream flavors. Such as vanilla, chocolate, and pistachio. _____________

Answer key: 1.B , 2.F , 3.E , 4.C , 5. A , 6.D , 7.A , 8.C , 9. Comma splice , 10. Fragment

Section 5: Paragraphs

1. Introductory Paragraphs

a. Hook (Lead)

Anecdotal â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brief story to set the mood and introduce the topic N

Adj

Ex. On a daily bases, Mary, the innocent bunny, went out for an inspirational walk around the silent N

Adj

ADV

forest. The reclusive forest contained a variety of flowers and other adorable creatures. Mary heartily V

Adj

loved engaging with these delightful animals, since she would always be isolated in her tiny cottage with V

ADV

Adj

no one whom she could socialize. She passionately admired the magical wonders the forest consisted of, Adj

Adj

such as the magnificent view of the sunset between her two favorite trees in the center of the forest. Adj

When she had the blessed opportunity of coming out of her home, she would find some tranquility in N

the forest that surrounded her.

ii.

Query Based â&#x20AC;&#x201C; question that brings the reader to the topic ADV

ADV

Adj

Ex. Is it naturally possible for people to peacefully find such relieving tranquility in forests?

b. Thesis Statements- the purpose of writing – usually one sentence in length – and something that is arguable

Assertion (claim)

Adj

ADV

Ex. Forests are such mythical places where many people consecutively visit to either admire the view or V

to investigate its contents.

ii.

Fact (empirically verifiable)

ADV

Adj

Ex. Forests are incredibly consisted of many different creatures and numerous amounts of trees.

iii.

Opinion (personal position on a topic)

Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. Forests are the most beautiful places on earth that should immediately be the #1 on bucket lists.

iv.

Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily)

ADV

Adj

Ex. Visiting the forest daily can be heavenly helpful in relieving stress.

Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement)

ADV

Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. Everyone hikes on the forest to curiously find new habits and wonderfully discover new animals.

vi.

Document Based (cites a specific source and its position on a topic) N

Ex. In The Spiritual Aspect of Nature: A Perspective from Depth Psychology, Herbert Schroeder ADV

Adj

experimentally researches that forests can be a fundamental improvement in people’s lives by being ADV

able to spiritually find their inner selves.

vii.

Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven)

ADV

Adj

Ex. Contributions in forests can dramatically lead to personal changes in humans’ lives.

2. Body Paragraphs

a. Topic Sentences: must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. Countless researches continuously promote the idea of forests having a significant connection with Adj

one’s spiritual needs.

b. Evidence from Quotations: quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences

Adj

Ex. These researchers believed, “archetypes projected onto natural environments V

Adj

will evoke powerful emotions and take on a profound significance for the individual” (Schroeder 26).

ii.

Adj

Ex. “Archetypes projected onto natural environments will evoke powerful emotions V

Adj

and take on a profound significance for the individual” as believed by these N

researchers (Schroeder 26).

ADV

iii.

Adj

Ex. Undoubtedly studied that, “archetypes projected onto natural environments will V

Adj

evoke powerful emotions and take on a profound significance for the individual,” as V

believed by these researchers (Schroeder 26).

ADV

iv.

ADV

Adj

Ex. Undoubtedly studied that, “archetypes [carefully] projected onto natural N

Adj

environments will evoke powerful emotions and take on a profound significance for N

the individual,” as believed by these researchers (Schroeder 26).

ADV

Adj

Undoubtedly studied that, “…. Natural environments … evoke… emotions… for the N

individual” (Schroeder 26).

vi.

Paraphrase – rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source -

ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Archetypes projected onto natural environments will evoke powerful emotions and take on a profound significance for the individual” Adj

Adj

Ex. PARAPHRASE – Natural environments can have a significant influence of N

emotions on an individual (Schroeder 26).

vii.

Summary – condensing larger quotes or sections -

ORIGINAL QUTOE – “Archetypes projected onto natural environments will evoke powerful emotions and take on a profound significance for the individual” (Schroeder 26). N

viii.

ADV

Ex. SUMMARY – Nature can potentially contribute within an individual.

Abstract Examples- hypothetical, “what if” examples – (AVOID) N

ADV

Ex. Humans aren’t capable enough to find their uniqueness while actively performing Adj

calming tasks in nature.

ix.

Concrete Examples- actual, reference-able examples N Ex. An interview in 1999 by the Desolation Wilderness, in California’s Eldorado National V

Adj

ADV

Forest illustrated that among 100 wilderness users, about 69% of the people actually gained Adj

the spiritual meaning of nature.

c. Closing Sentences: must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. Evidently, trustworthy researchers experimentally demonstrate the concept of spiritual connections V

ADV

being related to nature once humans are fully integrated with it.

3. Closing Paragraphs - conclusions- should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay

a. Statement(s) of Extension- extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences N

Adj

Ex. People don’t realize that natural environments can be greatly beneficial in finding one’s own N

uniqueness when they connect both their spirit and nature, which can lead them to living with their Adj

painful feelings.

b. Final Sentences- connects the hook N

Adj

ADV

Ex. One step into the mysterious forest can skeptically make people see who they truly are or ADV

surprisingly make them experience things they’ve never seen before…

Paragraphs Quiz Matching- Match each kind of thesis statement with its definitions. 1. Theory

a. it can be empirically verifiable

2. Fact

b. It uses absolute or statistical pronouns

3. Belief

c. it’s a simple claim

4. Assertion

d. it’s putting personal position on the topic

5. Opinion

e. a statement that can be tested and potentially proven

6. Generalization

f. an opinion held by many to be a fact, but not necessarily

Multiple Choices – Identify what kind of thesis statement the sentence is. 7. Forests are the largest place on earth. a. Fact

b. Generalization

c. Opinion

d. Theory

8. Every single creature in the forests hides from humans. a. Generalization

b. Opinion

c. Assertion

d. Belief

Fill in the blank- Name the example either as a paraphrase or a summary. “ The forest or wilderness may seem like an paradise on earth, a magical place of eternal mystery and perfection, far removed from the mundane world of everyday life” (Schroeder 26). 9. __________ Forests are seen as an escape. 10. __________ Forests are being interpreted as a place where people can magically disappear from the earth and transfer in a place so called paradise.

Answer Key: 1. E , 2. A , 3. F , 4. C , 5. D , 6. B , 7. C , 8. A , 9. Summary , 10. Paraphrase

Section 6: Essays

Essays are short pieces of writing on a particular subject in a specific way.

a. Types

Persuasive (Argumentative): 1. An argumentative essay is an essay used to show that one idea is more valid than any other ideas. The purpose of an argumentative essay is to convince a reader to adopt a certain perspective or to undertake a specific action.

ii.

Expository (informative): The PURPOSE is to inform, explain or describe a certain topic in a clear and logical way 1. Definition: An expository essay is an essay that presents an analysis of a certain subject based on facts using ethos and logos, but no signs of pathos. 2. Process/How to: these essays are used to explain readers how to perform something or describes how something is done with details. 3. Compare and Contrast: A comparison essay explains similarities or similarities and differences between topics/subjects. A contrast essay only focuses on the differences between subjects. These type of essays serve the purpose of simplifying something that was unclear or unknown to the reader. 4. Cause and Effect: These types of essays discuss why something occurred and the results such event that occurred had. The purpose of these types of essays is to figure out how multiple scenarios relate to one another in conditions of origins and results.

iii.

Analytical/ Critical: An analysis essay is an essay that interprets a text and examines various parts of understanding; itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focused on how a text was written. The PURPOSE of an analysis essay is to precisely examine and evaluate a piece of literature and to compare ideas & evidence.

1. Evaluative: This type of essay is an argument that contains evidence to defend the writer’s point of view on a certain topic. The purpose of this type of essay is to demonstrate a perspective on a specific subject or piece of work.

2. Interpretive: This type of essay is an argument of an analysis of a piece or text/writing. The purpose of this type of essay is to expand the understanding of a text.

iv.

Narrative (Tells a Story): A narrative essay is usually told from the writer’s point of view, who discusses about a personal experience. The purpose is to share such experience so the reader can relate to it or learn from it. 1. Personal Anecdote: This type of essay is used to talk about an event or experience the writer had gone through or currently is going through. The purpose is to present a part of the writer’s life experience so that the audience can reflect on it or have a reaction towards it.

Research: A research essay analyzes and argues a specific perspective, in which involves research to be done. The purpose is to demonstrate an adequate examination or analysis with valid and continuous information. 1. MLA Format: This format helps layout a document, book, quote, or a piece of writing. It also helps incorporate a modern English language in writings. 2. APA Format: This format is used to cite sources within the social sciences. It is also used for literature reviews and experimental reports.

vi.

Timed: Timed essays are used to present the writer’s knowledge by making them write a writing sample in a limited amount of time. 1. Document Based Question (DBQ): This type of essay is used to provide the writer’s knowledge combined with support of multiple sources provided. It requires the writer to analyze common themes and provide evidence & reasoning to support the writer’s ideas. 2. Prompt Based: This type of essay is used to show how much knowledge the writer has on a focused issue, statement, or topic.

b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps: i.

Pre-writing: It is a way to organize thoughts and begin to submit information on the paper. It’s a way of freewriting, outlining, and clustering.

ii.

Prompt Analysis: Analyzing a prompt should be done by finding the specific and important things, such as directive words like “analyze”, Describe”, or “argue”. It is also important to know and evaluate the question being asked. It is recommended to look for the intended audience the prompt is directing to.

iii.

Outlining: This type of planning will help and be beneficial for the writer if he/she outlines his/her thoughts and ideas by deciding and writing down what he/she will write about.

iv.

Research: To be able to do a research, first one has to choose a certain topic to write about. Then, it would be very adequate to use primary sources to support the topic being discussed. Some primary sources are journals, statistics, and diaries.

Evaluation of Sources: This is a significant step in any kind of research activity. It provides information on evaluating bibliographic citations, aspects of evaluation, reading evaluation, print vs. Internet sources, and evaluating Internet sources.

c. Work Cited Page: i.

MLA Format: This type of format is mostly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. Each entry is alphabetized by last name of the first author. Ex. Greenacre, Phyllis, MD. "A Study on the Nature of Inspiration: Part I. Some Special

Considerations Regarding the Phallic Phase." N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

ii.

APA Format: This type of format is commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. It includes the author’s name, title of the book/article, publisher, page numbers, state of where it was published and the country. Ex. Domaoski, Dianne, and Globe staff (40 June 1991) “Perhaps Nature Doesn’t have all the

answers.” The Boston Globe (Boston, MA) Newspaper Article.

Essay Quiz Matching – Match each type of essay with its definition. 1. Analytical

a. a writing sample in a limited amount of time

2. Narrative

b. used to show that one idea is more valid than any other ideas

3. Persuasive

c. interprets a text and examines various parts of understanding

4. Research

d. presents an analysis of a certain subject based on facts

5. Expository

e. tells a story

6. Timed

f. analyzes & argues a specific point, involves investigation

Multiple Choices – Choose the correct strategy to its description 7. Which one involves to carefully examine the question being asked? A. Outlining

B. Prompt Analysis

C. Pre-writing D. Persuasive

8. Which one recommends to use primary sources to gather information? A. Pre-writing

B. Narrative

C. Outlining

D. Research

True or false – which one is the correct example of the MLA format? 9. _____ This is an example of APA format: Jung, Carl. "Applying Psychological-type Theory to Faith: Spirituality, Prayer, Worship and Scripture." N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Nov. 2015. 10. ____ This is an example of MLA format: Schmidt-Nielsen, Bodil. "Evaporative Water Loss in Desert Rodents in Their Natural Habitat." N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

Answer Key: 1. C , 2. E , 3. B , 4. F , 5. D , 6. A , 7. B , 8. D , 9. False , 10. True

Section 7: Capitalization

The 25 rules of capitalization are:

1. Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title: Ex. The Incredible Squirrel who Knew how to Fly

2. Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when the serve as a replacement for the personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name: Ex. Auntie Katie

3. Capitalize the name of organizations or business names: Ex. Friends of Nature

4. Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the noun is part of the title: Ex. the Colombian forest

5. Capitalize the brand name but not the product: Ex. Alta Dena milk

6. Capitalize the name of day, month, holidays, and special days: Ex. July 4th is on a Tuesday, which is Independence Day

7. Capitalize institution names: Ex. Bukura Agricultural College

8. Capitalize names of particular geographic places: Ex. Mississippi River

9. Capitalize historical events, period of time, and historical documents: Ex. The Ice Age

10. Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of the churches, and names of supreme beings: Ex. God our Savior, the Bible

11. Capitalize languages: Ex. Italian, Spanish, Tagalog

12. Capitalize specific names of structures: Ex. the Petronas Towers

13. Capitalize names, initials, and title appearing with names: Ex. Naturalist Charles Darwin

14. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence: Ex. When the little duckling hysterically ran to its mother, it tripped on the way.

15. Capitalize the pronoun I: Ex. Did you see the flying turtle, or am I hallucinating?

16. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry: Ex. I must go down to the seas again, to the lonely sea and the sky (John Masefield 1)

17. Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline, & the first letter of the word in an outline: Ex. I. Contents of forests II. Different types of forests III. The weather in these forests

18. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation: Ex. “Did you see that rainbow?” asked Martha. Pete replied, “No, I saw a duck flying.”

19. Capitalize government bodies and departments: Ex. U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin, President Barack Obama

20. Capitalize races and ethnic groups: Ex. Hispanic, Asian, European

21. Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world: Ex. Is the Rocky Mountain located on the West or East?

22. Capitalize political parties and their members: Ex. U.S. Democratic Party, Founder Andrew Jackson

23. Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words being a sentence: Ex. Thirty-five raccoons were suspiciously caught stealing food from the squirrels.

24. Capitalize both parts of a hyphenated word in titles: Ex. Did you know that Vice-President Joe Biden likes flowers?

25. Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter: Ex. Dear Professor Cricket,

Capitalization Quiz True or False 1. ____ Do not capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence. 2. ____ Capitalize insignificant words in a title. 3. ____ Capitalize names, initials, and title appearing with names. 4. ____ Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry. 5. ____ Do not capitalize political parties and their members Multiple Choices 6. How many rules of capitalizations are there? A. 18

B. 26

C. 25

D.30

What are supposed to be capitalized in a title?

A. the first and the last word

B. the first word, last word, and important words

C. just the first word

D. none of the above

8. What words should be capitalized in hyphenated words? A. the first word only

B. the second word only

C. Both

D. None

9. If thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a proper adjective modifying a noun, what should be capitalized? A. Both adj. & noun

B. just the adj. C. the noun

D. none

10. â&#x20AC;&#x153;there goes aunt Mary by the tree reading.â&#x20AC;? What should be capitalized? A. there

B. tree

C. aunt

D. both a and c

Answer Key: 1. F , 2. F , 3. T , 4. T , 5. F , 6. C , 7.B , 8.A , 9. B , 10. D

Section 8: Punctuation

Punctuation is a set of marks used to regulate texts & clarify their meanings.

a. Brackets [ ] are used to insert an editorial material inside a quote. N

Adj

Ex. “The year Michael and his friends visited the creepy forest [2000] left them paranoid.” N

Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. “The day daredevil Michael and his squad rebelliously visited the haunted forest [May 10, 2000] N

Adj

was one of the most traumatic days they’ve experienced in their lives.”

b. Parentheses ( ) are used to allow a writer provide additional information. N

ADV

Adj

Ex. The bear (and her cubs) quietly went to the cave so they wouldn’t wake up the other sleeping N

creatures. N

ADV

Adj

Ex. The bear (and her husband) secretly crawled into the dark cave trying not to wake up the Adj

exhausted creatures.

A period “.” is used to end a sentence. N

Adj

Ex. The turtle hid in its shell when it saw the smelly skunk pass by. Adj

ADV

Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. The traumatized turtle rapidly hid in its protective shell when it frightfully saw the stinky skunk ADV

rudely walk by it.

d. A comma “,” is used for mainly two reasons 1. To indicate a pause if a sentence would be spoken out loud 2. To separate grammatical components of a sentence. N

Adj

ADV

Ex. The duck left its comfy nest to go for a swim, and it surprisingly found a frog, a goose, and a N

rabbit in the pond. Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. The mature duck immediately left its mediocre nest to go for a relaxing swim, but it ADV

Adj

unexpectedly found a pink frog, a blue goose, and a purple fish swimming in the pond.

e. A hyphen (-) is used for the formation of some compound terms and for word division. N

ADV

Adj

Ex. The moose was fearfully running away from the hunter, but it was stuck in the one-way path. Adj

ADV

Adj

ADV

Ex. The oldest moose was desperately escaping form the terrifying hunter, but it was sadly trapped Adj

in a one-way path.

An en dash (–) is used to represent a range of numbers, dates, or time; depending on the text, it can be read as “to” or ”though”. Adj

Adj

Ex. The frightened animals hid in their shelters – under the stormy rain – for several days. Adj

Adj

Ex. The Jimenez family of chipmunks had an average weight of 3-5 pounds.

g. A colon (:) is used to introduce a list items, separate two independent clauses when the second explains/ illustrates the first, and emphasize a phrase or a word at the end of a sentence. N

Adj

Ex. Joseph the creative bunny is a master in 3 subjects: hopping, collecting carrots, and dancing N

merengue. N

Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. Meg the intelligent hummingbird could not enjoyably drink nectar juice: her beak got stuck in a N

hole.

h. A semicolon (;) is commonly used between two independent clauses when a coordinating conjunction is omitted. N

Adj

Ex. The frogs leaped from lily pads to logs; they were energetic due to the 12 hours of sleep they had. Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. The energetic frogs happily leaped from vivid lily pads to rough logs; they were very active due to Adj

ADV

the comfortable half day hours of sleep they previously had.

A question mark â&#x20AC;&#x153;?â&#x20AC;?is used at the end of a direct question. N

ADV

Adj

Ex. Jason, did you violently throw a rock to that poor bird? N

Adj

Ex. Ana, is that an orange ladybug on your hand that I see?

An exclamation mark “!” is a mark of terminal punctuation used for an exclamatory point. N

Ex. The sky is falling, every creature in the forest run for your life! N

Adj

Ex. Mitchell, there’s a fearful skunk right behind you!

k. An apostrophe (‘) is used for contractions, plurals, and possessives. N

Adj

Ex. The squirrel couldn’t climb the tree because it’s too slippery and its claws were damaged. N

Adj

Ex. The panda’s bamboo was too appetizing that others craved it too.

Quotation marks (“) is used to indicate exact words written or spoken by someone else. N

ADV

Adj

Ex. Robert questioned,” Are the frogs naturally born green or in a different color?” N

Adj

Ex. Simon said, ”I like going to the forest because I get to see new creatures I’ve never seen before.”

m. Ellipses (…) are used to indicate an omission. N

Adj

Ex. Pete declared, “I shall rule the forest … for there I shall be king of all pathetic creatures.” N

Ex. The forest club member announced, “We came here to save these tress from deforestation … V

and we shall protect the animals living here as well.”

Punctuation Quiz Matching 1. Exclamation point

A. used to insert an editorial material inside a quote

2. Ellipses

B. used to end a sentence

3. Parentheses

C. used to indicate an omission

4. Brackets

D. used for some compound terms & for word division

5. Period

E. a mark of terminal punctuation used for an exclamatory point

6. Hyphen

F. used to allow a writer provide additional information

True or False 7. ____ Quotation marks is used to indicate exact words written or spoken by someone else 8. ____ An apostrophe is used at the end of a direct question 9. ____ A semicolon is used to introduce a list items, separate two independent clauses when the second explains/ illustrates the first, and emphasize a phrase or a word at the end of a sentence 10. ____ A colon is commonly used between two independent clauses when a coordinating conjunction is omitted

Answer Key: 1.E , 2.C , 3.F , 4.A , 5.B , 6.D , 7. T , 8.F , 9.F , 10.F

Section 9: Commonly Confused/ Misused Word Choices

Words are usually confused due to how they sound very similar.

a. Who/ Whom Who can only be used when it is a subject of a verb, and whom is always used after prepositions. N

ADV

Ex. The mammoths mysteriously noticed that they’ve not seen the human who is always trying to V

hunt them. Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. That is the strange raccoon to whom the turtle secretly made a promise about the mystical food V

Adj

he finds in unknown places.

b. Their/There/They’re Their is a possessive adjective & is used before a noun, there is the opposite of here, and they’re is a contraction of they are. N

ADV

Ex. The monkeys would consecutively fight over the bananas, and their mothers wouldn’t stop ADV

Adj

them because they enthusiastically enjoyed seeing how immature their kids were. N

ADV

Adj N

Ex. Luis suddenly pointed at the clear sky saying, ”over there!” but nothing was to be seen, so all his N

ADV

classmates discourteously laughed at him for pointing at nothing. Adj

Adj

Ex. The polar bears were cuddling due to the harsh winter in the Antarctic, meaning they’re having a Adj

Adj

difficult time finding resources and finding any warm places to hibernate in.

c. Lie/ Lay Lie either means to say something which is untrue to deceive or to be in a horizontal position, but lay means to put place in a position. Adj

Adj

Ex. The rebellious duckling lies on his bed daydreaming about all his mischievous plans he looks ADV

forth to, but he immediately stops when his mother walks in to call him down for dinner. N

Adj

Ex. Manny, the elephant, lays down his friend mouse on the empty grass where they could both V

Adj

enjoy the incredible view of the exquisite sunset.

d. Laid/ Lain Laid is the past tense of lay, and lain is the past participle of lie. N

Adj

Ex. The bird laid his food supplies on the slouchy table, but his rascal children decided to play N

baseball in the kitchen that they ended up knocking down all the supplies their father had just V

bought. Adj

Adj

Ex. The dead body had lain on the middle of the forest for about three days, but the creatures didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t V

ADV

notice it because they were distractedly busy with their festival.

e. Affect/ Effect Affect is a verb that means to transform, however effect is a noun that means outcome or consequence. N

Adj

ADV

Ex. Harold, the sleepwalking raccoon, dangerously affected most of the bunniesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; homes because he ADV

Adj

Adj N

unconsciously ruined their precious gardens with his hairy tail. Adj

Adj

Ex. The hot summer had a great effect on the animals in the isolated forest because most of them V

Adj

ADV

lived in warm houses and the heat would get intensely trapped in their homes.

Accept/ Except Accept is a verb that either means to hold something as true or to receive something, whereas

except is a preposition that means apart from or excluded. N

Adj

Ex. When Juan proposed to Cynthia the frog, she was forced to accept getting married to him N

Adj

because her father believed Juan was the adequate husband for her. N

Adj

Ex. All the animals who participated in the annual contest received a medal in honor for V

ADV

collaborating, except Mario because he savagely denied cooperating with the other contestants.

g. Should have vs. Should of Should have indicates a missed obligation or opportunity in the past, however should of is an expression that begins with of. N

Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. Gary the llama was getting annoyingly irritated by the obnoxious people, who were petting him, V

ADV

however he did not do anything about it when he should, of course, deadly bit their fingers. N

Adj

ADV

Ex. Pepe the goose was inoffensively searching for some pieces of bread to feed on, although there Adj

were some ridiculous kids who started chasing him so he started sprinting when he should have ADV

hysterically chased and scared the kids away.

h. Loath/ Loathe Loath is an adjective that means unwilling, but loathe is a verb that means to hate. N

Adj

ADV

Ex. The raccoon had just found a variety of tasteful food that he just maliciously stole from his N

Adj

neighbors, but he has a loath personality because he wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t share with his family. N

ADV

Adj

Ex. Since Mike, the raccoon, didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to generously share with his supportive family, they all ADV

Adj

began to intensely loathe him because he was being selfish.

Infer/Imply Infer means to deduce or extract a suggestion from a message, and imply means to state

indirectly. Adj

Adj

Ex. The tragic death of Mr. Hamsterville, the wicked bunny, implied that there will no longer be Adj

Adj

endless daunting nights because there will be no maleficent spirit going around wounding the N

innocents. Adj

Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. The childish baby alligator can effortlessly infer that his aggressive mother wants him to learn ADV

ADV

how to violently protect himself when humans get close to him by how the way she fiercely chews N

her meat for dinner.

Weary/Wary Wary means to be on guard or cautious, whereas weary means to be physically or mentally tired. ADJ

Adj

ADV

Ex. After a long tiring day of hiking, the tourists were weary and only cravingly desired to go home V

Adj

ADV

and relax because their feet were very exhausted from all the miles they energetically hiked up the N

mountain. Adj

Adj

Ex. Some tourists, who took their uncontrollable children to the tour around the forest, were wary ADV

because they were stereotypically paranoid that a bear might just devour their kids.

k. Proceed/ Precede Proceed means to go forward or to continue, however precede means to come before, usually in time. N

ADV

__________ Adj ________

Ex. All the kangaroos were gently forced to join the Australia’s woodland soccer competition, ADV

ADV

however one of them was dramatically injured that the referee didn’t cautiously pay attention to N

Adj

and let the game proceed without that injured kangaroo. N

Adj

ADV

Ex. Taylor the fearful wolf quietly preceded to the back of the bush before impatiently heading Adj

towards the lonely fox, whom wasn’t concerned about its surroundings.

Discrete/ Discreet Discrete means individually distinct and discreet means inconspicuous. N

ADV

Adj

Ex. While all the creatures of the forest were vividly enjoying the party, Sullie the discrete turtle was V

ADV

watching the fish calmly swim in the pond because he didn’t like interacting with others. Adj

Adj

Ex. Uncle Jack was discreet with Teddy the elephant about announcing the devastating news of his Adj

ADV

Adj

admirable father’s death which would severely cause a horrible impact on him.

m. Conscience/ Conscious Conscience is the sense of morality and conscious is be aware or awake. N

PN V

Adj

Ex. The bear’s conscience made him feel marvelous about himself for being courageous enough to V

Adj

help out the falling fox even though all the other animals feared him. Adj

Adj

ADV

Ex. The drained duckling was conscious that it should peacefully go to bed, however its body was V

Adj

motivating it to stay up for at least 4 more hours.

n. Can/ May Can means to ask for ability, but may means to ask for permission. Adj

ADV

Ex. “Can shy Peter actually doubtlessly lift 200 kg?” questioned Henry the flamingo to the rest of the ____ Adj ________

lake’s body building team. ADV

Adj

ADV

Ex. “May I silently sit on the tree’s branch to observingly watch the sunset while everyone else is V

struggling to prepare their tents?” asked Maggie.

o. Allusion/ Illusion Allusion is an indirect reference to something; however illusion is a false impression or deception. Adj

Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. The current drastic weather is obviously an allusion to future deadly natural disasters that can ADV

terribly ruin the creatures’ homes. N

ADV

Adj

Adj Adj N

Ex. The bird unbelievably swore he’d seen a weird UFO in the clear dark sky last night, but everyone ADV

falsely suggested that it was just an illusion because no one believed that UFOs exist.

p. Principle/Principal Principle is the idea of general law or code of conduct, but principal means main or key. N

Adj

ADV

Ex. When Haley the squirrel went to school, it strictly instituted principles that she had never heard N

of; however when her brother went to his school, there was no such sign of principles whatsoever. N

Adj

ADV

Ex. There was a competition going on in the crowded forest that every creature actively participating V

Adj

ADV

in it was having a blast, but the principal purpose for the competition was to privately fundraise for N

Adj

the security of the parent tree.

q. Advise/ Advice Advise can either mean to give advice or to notify, whereas advice is a suggestion for a beneficial course of action. Adj

ADV

Ex. The hyper bunny was annoyingly hopping from place to place until it finally painfully crashed Adj

ADV

onto the tree trunk, so its mother advised him to patiently sit down and watch where itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hopping. N

Adj

Adj N

ADV

Ex. Jessica, the single turtle, was too nervous for her first date that she anxiously asked for advice N

Adj

from Hannah, who was an expert in relationships and first dates.

Sympathy/ Empathy Sympathy denotes feelings of pity & sorrow for someone’s misfortune, but empathy denotes the

ability to understand & share the feelings of another. Adj

ADV

Adj

Ex. Many bunnies were sadly dying because they only relied on carrots and their only supply was V

Adj

getting contaminated; out of all the deaths, one of them was Ted’s father & his friend chimpanzee V

Adj

felt sympathy for him because he didn’t know how devastating it felt to lose a father. Adj

Ex. The lovely pond was meant to be shared by everyone living in the forest, but many dislike the Adj

ADV

Adj

ugly duckling that they’d savagely prohibit his entrance in the pond; the timid frog had a strong N

Adj

empathy towards the undesired duckling because he knew how it felt to be excluded.

s. Compliment/Complement Compliment is an expression of praise, and complement is something that enhances something else or goes well with it. Adj

Adj

Ex. All male moneys would be left speechless when they would see Arianna, the most gorgeous N

ADV

Adj

monkey, fashionably walk by, so they would give her honest compliments so she would notice them. Adj

Adj

ADV

Ex. Since it winter season was getting closer and closer by day, Momma Bear delicately made Adj

Adj

chicken soup which was an adequate complement with the type of weather.

Commonly Confused Words Quiz Fill in the Blank- circle which one should go in the sentence given. 1. The baby birds flew west, but _____ mothers flew east which got them to be scared. ( they’re, their) 2. After arriving home from school, the bear _____ his books on the table and took a nap. (lain, laid) 3. Everyone in the forest had a shelter, ______ the turtle because he didn’t know how to build one. (except, accept) 4. Jason the fox, __________ left his food behind instead of his GPS. ( should of, should have) 5. “ If you’re all done naming the trees on this section, _____ to the rivers and name what you see,” said the teacher. ( precede, proceed) True or False 6. ____ People usually confuse who with which. 7. ____ The words affect and effect are usually confused. 8. ____ The phrase should have are usually being misused. 9. ____ The phrase should of are not a fragment. 10. ____ The words wary and weary are usually confused.

Answer Key: 1.their , 2.laid , 3.except , 4.should have , 5.proceed , 6. F , 7. T , 8. T , 9. F , 10. T

Glossary Active voice- the subject of the sentence performs the action (pg.7) Adjective- it modifies, describes, limits, and identifies a noun or a pronoun (pg.8) Adverb- it modifies a verb, an adjective, and other adverbs (pg.9) Anaphora- the use of a word referring ot or replacing a word used earlier in a sentence to avoid repetition (pg.32) Article- There’s 2 kinds of articles: definite, refers to a specific noun (the), & indefinite, modifies a non-specific noun (a/an). (pg.8) Appositive- a group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive (pg.19) Chiasmus- figure of speech containing 2 phrases that are parallel but inverted to each other (pg.31) Clause- a group of words with a subject and a verb (pg.22) Conjunction- word used to connect clauses or sentences, or to coordinate words in the same clause (pg.10) Declarative- to state a fact or an argument (pg.27) Epistrophe- the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences (pg.32) Exclamatory- to make a statement the conveys excitement or emotions (pg.28) Expository- to describe or explain something (pg.42) Gerund- a word ending in “ing” and is used as a noun (pg.7) Imperative- to give off a direct command (pg.28) Independent clause- it can stand alone as a complete sentence (pg.22) Infinitive- verb preceded by the word “to” used as a noun, adjective, or an adverb (pg.8) Interjection- a word that expresses the facial expression & body language that a sentence will neglect (pg.12) Interrogative- it asks a direct question (pg.27) Noun- It denotes a place, person, animal, or thing (pg.1) Paragraph- a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic (pg.36) Participle- a word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective (pg.7) Passive voice- the subject receives the action, usually preceded by the word “by” (pg.7) Persuasive- to show that one idea is more valid than any other ideas (pg.42) Phrases- a group of words that function as a part of speech (pg.19) Polysyndeton- a sentence style that uses many conjunctions (pg.31) Preposition- it links nouns, pronouns, & phrases to other parts of sentences, NEVER followed by a verb (pg.11) Pronoun- it takes place of a noun that has been established (pg.4) Sentence- it contains a subject and a predicate (pg.26) Subordinate clause- it can’t stand alone as a complete sentence & must begin with a subordinate conjunction (pg.22) Verb- it shows time, action, and state of being of a subject (pg.6)

Works Cited “Adjectives.” Adjectives. ESL Desk, n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2015 <http://www.esldesk.com/vocabulary/adjectives>

" Brackets." The Punctuation Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. <http://www.thepunctuationguide.com/brackets.html>

“Capitalization Rules.” Capitalization Rules. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2015 <http://my.ccsd.net/userdocs/documents/621841379.pdf>

"English Parts of Speech." English Parts of Speech. N.p., 2009. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. <http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/parts-of-speech.html>.

"Terms." At Grammar Bytes! N.p., 1997. Web. 01 Oct. 2015. <http://www.chompchomp.com/terms.htm>.

"Welcome to the Purdue OWL." The Purdue OWL: Grammar. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/1/5/>