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Table of contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 About The Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Section 1: Punctuation and capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10 Section 2: Parts of speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-19 Section 3: Phrases and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-22 Section 4: Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-27 Section 5: Paragraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28-34 Section 6: Essays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35-40
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Introduction
In this book you will learn about writing with the fun of family,
and learning an easier way to learn and practice writing in this
Book. In this book you will learn the fundamentals of writing
And how easy it is to write, this book will help you to learn
All you need to know and all you have to do about writing in This book.
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About the author My name is Jonathan Gonzalez
I am a seventeen year old Junior
at Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet
High School. I like to watch scary
movies, in my free time I practice
playing the piano. I have four siblings,
two girls and two boys we are five kids
in total. My favorite sports are basketball
and Volleyball. I play volleyball at my high
school. I have three dogs.
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Dedication I dedicate this book to my english teachers, and my Family
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SECTION 1 PUNCTUATION and CAPITALIZATION Punctuation
1. . PERIOD ( The period is use to end a sentence) I went to the park with my family. My family and I had a lot of fun at the park, we got icecream and play with the ducks. 2. , COMMA ( Comma is use as a paused, and separates grammatical components, also use for listing items.) My family doesn't like pizza, tacos, cake, and fish. 3. – EM DASH ( Em dash can replace commas, parentheses, and colons.)
The sister — brothers don't get along.
The family went to the beach it was sunny and warn — at the beach of Santa Monica. 4. - EN DASH ( En dash is use to represent a span or range of numbers, dates, or time.) The family read the book chapter 8-10, the read every monday at the park at 1:00–2:00. 5. : COLON (Colon is use to introduce a list, to separate independent clauses, and it also use to emphasize a phrase or a single word.)
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My family has many traditions for christmas: singing on christmas, eating cookies with hot chocolate, and eat tamales with the entire family. 6. ; SEMICOLON ( is use between two independent clauses, is a stronger comma, and a weaker period.) 7. My friends invited my family to a party; My family didn't want to go, I forced them to go. 8. ? QUESTION MARK( is used to end a sentence, and use to ask a question.) Where are my cousins going to go for spring break? Are they going to the lake or camping? 9. ! EXCLAMATION MARK (use to end a sentence, can also be use in the middle of the sentence, and it adds suspense , and surprise emotions to the text.) Tomorrow is my moms birthday! When is it ? tomorrow! 10. ‘ APOSTROPHE( Is use for contractions plurals, and possessives.) When’s the alumni’s fundraiser, my family wants to know. 11. “ ” QUOTATION MARKS ( They are used to indicate material that is being said word by word.) The book my sister wrote said “ the world is amazing but is imperfect.”
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12. … ELLIPSES( Is use to indicate an omission, it also can be used when using quoted material, and can represent a railing off of thought.) “The conversation was dry... It went from bad to worse with my uncle” 13. [ ] BRACKETS ( Its use to insert editorial material, to make clarification, it is also is use to emphasize, and translate. My dad lost us in the middle of nowhere [he lost us on the forest] 14. ( ) PARENTHESIS (Is use to provide additional information, its used to clarify abbreviations and acronyms.) The AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company) is great in
L.A where me and my family live. ( Los Angeles) 15. / SLASH (is use for formal writing in poetry, also meaning per, and, and or, also use for abbreviations, fractions, and two year spans. The family company pays the employees 20/hour and the other companies pay their employees 10/hour. Capitalization – Identify and create one (1) example sentence for each rule of capitalization. 1. Capitalize the first word of a document and the first word after a period.
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The book that my brother likes is expensive at the book store. I found a book for free online. 2. Capitalize proper nouns, and adjectives derived from proper nouns. My sister Ana likes to go to the Grand Canyon, in Arizona 3. Capitalize the pronoun “I” I ate some delicious bananas that my mom got from the grocery store, I also ate some vegetables. 4. Capitalize family relationships when used as proper nouns. My Uncle John and Aunt Griselda are funny. 5. Capitalize titles that appear before names, but not after names. My parents are voting for Vice President to help the communities 6. Capitalize directions that are names; North, South, East, and West when used as sections of the country, but not as compass directions. My dad lost broke the compass and now we are either heading North or South, 7. Capitalize the days of the week, the months of the year, and holidays Today is Monday October 30 and is family reading day.
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8. Capitalize members of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups. My parents like to watch the Texas Longhorns 9. Capitalize periods and events, but not century numbers. My brother is learning all about the Great Depression and the Victorian era. 10. Capitalize trademarks My parents don't know how to use Apple products but they know how to use Samsung products.
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SECTION 2: PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS
Types of nouns: ·
Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas.
EX: living room, Mother, Father, Child, Teenager. ·
Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person,
place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: Monday, New Jersey, Jonathan, ·
Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a
single noun. EX: toothpaste, wallpaper, haircut, babysitter, snowfall. ·
Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to
places. EX: table, book, orange, food. ·
Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or
attitudes. EX: happiness, excitement, sadness, love, anger, honesty.
Functions (How nouns are used): Write one sentence for each function. ·
Subject (comes before the verb) Ana was doing her chores when mom walked in and told her she wasn't doing her chores right.
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Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) Dad grounded Alex for not listening to him and having bad grades.
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Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Alex baked Ana a plateful of cookies for her birthday.
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PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects)
Objective (objects)
I/we
me/us
you/you
you/you
He, she, it, one/they
him, her, it, one/them
Possessive
My, mine
our, ours
Your, yours
your, yours
His, her, hers, its, one’s
their, theirs
Relative: Nominative
Objective
Possessive who
whom
That
whose that
of that those/ this
Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: He put those punishment on himself since he didn't listened
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Her book was near her mothers shelves where she usually puts it herself. to intensify a point: The mother did all the laundry by herself even when it was a lot she did herself with none of her kids helps. Demonstrative: this, these
that, those
Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.
VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.
Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:
simple past
simple present
present perfect
past
present
progressive
past perfect
present perfect
future
past progressive
present progressive
future perfect
Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs)
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linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)
Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The mom got a letter from one of her sons Passive: The mail guy brought the letter that one her sons wrote to the mom.
Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. ·
The siblings have been writing letters all day.
Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · ·
The family thought the field trip was disappointing.
My sister was annoyed about the kids not listening.
Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs ·
My family likes to read the books all together.
ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. ·
Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper
This Family has problems but they love each other.
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My siblings might be annoying but I still help them and play with them. The family love to read uncle Julio's books.
ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. ·
Endings My sister accidentally forgot to pay the bill. My siblings and I decided to go backwards instead of forward
with the plan. My family would of decided otherwise if it wasn't for the situation we were on. ·
Conversions Protect - protectively Reliability - reliably Success - successfully
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Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time
Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner –My mother accepted the food nicely.
(How did she accepted)
Time – My sister takes her medicine hourly.
(When does she takes her medicine?)
Place – Me and siblings are safely going home.
(Where was the family going?)
Degree – The youngest children is oddly the smartest one in the family. (who is the smartest in the family?)
Frequency – My grandma is constantly calling me and sending me letter everyday.
(How often is she communicating ?)
CONJUNCTIONS
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Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative:
Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and;
whether/or; as/so Subordinate:
after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought,
because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)
PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions:
aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.
INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech.
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A Aah, Ah, Aha, Ahem, Argh, Aw, Aye ) B Brr, Bye ) C Cheese, Curses ) D Darn, Drat, Duh ) E Eek, Er ) F Fine ) G Gee, Gesundheit, Good job, Gosh, Grr ) H Ha, Ha-ha, Hallelujah, Hee, Hey, Hmm, Ho hum, Hooray, Hum )
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I
Ick, Icky
) J Jeez ) K
) L
) M Mmm, My oh my ) N Nah, Naw, No, Nooo, Not, Nuts ) O Oh, Okay, Okey-dokey, Oof, Ooh, Oy ) P
Pew, Phew, Phooey, Psst
) Q Quite so )
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R Rah rah, Rats ) S Shh ) T Ta da, Ta ta, Thanks, Touche, Tsk tsk, Tut tut ) U Ugh, Um ) V Voila, Vroom ) W Well well, Whatever, Whee, Whoa, Whoops, Wow ) X
) Y Yea, Yeah, Yech, Yikes, Yippee, You bet, Yummy ) Z Zap, Zip, Zzz )
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SECTION 3:PHRASES and CLAUSES
Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech.
Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun.
The entire family was gathered together to celebrate my birthday.
Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. The siblings can smell the pizza a mile away.
Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb.
According to my sister inside the big box there is a present. Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS.
My mom,who is a nurse, likes to ride the bus. Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. ● Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun.
My siblings are playing with the uno cards
● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past
participle) that functions as an adjective.
My sister and I baked cookies last week for the party.
● Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to
write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
My mom would love to go on vacation for the holidays. CLAUSES
Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”)
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INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern.
I enjoy sitting at the fireplace with my siblings eating cookies.
DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence
and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds: Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ○ Whoever is the last one to leave has to clean the dog house.
Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: ○ The lady who leaves around the street is my aunty.
Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: ■ Whose eyes were red last night at the family reunion.
Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an
independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Modifying verbs:
■ My aunt place the vase carefully for my grandma’s flowers.
Modifying adjectives: ■ My cousin gave an outstanding performance in the show.
Modifying adverbs: ■ Uncle Jeff was surprised when he saw Allen entering the room.
Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. ○ Do you know the girl who came to the family cookout last time.
Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. ○ My brother is a better drummer than me.
Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
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○ I do not remember the day my cousin was born.
Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ My brother won first prize, which was a blue ribbon.
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SECTION 4:SENTENCES
Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.
Sentence Parts Subject – what/who the sentence is about The aunts at the party waited patiently for the dinner to be served Predicate – what the subject does The aunts at the party waited patiently for the dinner to be served
Sentence Types Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark) Dinner with family is always better with communication. Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) Read me each sentence from beginning to end cousin cindy. Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) What type of movie would you like to watch sister? Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) Today is my sisters birthday!
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Sentence Patterns Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause. Most of the family is from Europe. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no
dependent clauses - connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;). Many family gatherings aren't mandatory , but they all can attended to. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
When you make a family reunion, family can sometimes come. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Whether you give a heads up or not , most of the family doesn't come , but they all were told about it. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) with your main point at the beginning.
I went to the movies yesterday with my parents, bought popcorn and candy, and shopped at the grocery store. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the end.
After shopping at the grocery store, walking the dogs and washing the car, I
finally got to stay in and relax with my brother.
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Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that match in tense or structure to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written - this sentence requires symmetry. My sister and I will not sing, nor dance.. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length - this sentence requires symmetry.
My brother liked her an she liked him. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order - this sentence requires symmetry.
My sister forgot what she has to remember for her test but she remembers what she doesnt need for the test. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
My brother went to the store to buy bread, milk, eggs, oranges. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
Not even my sister, and my brother, and my mom, and my dad, and my cousins, and my aunts, and my uncles can keep me from going to the movies.. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. For the family gatherings we like to eat steak, and for the family gathering we play games and have lots of fun, but for some family gatherings some don't show.
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Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words.
My sister forgot her keys at my house. My brother forgot his school book at my house. My mom left her ipad at my house.
Sentence Errors Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly without punctuation.
The family reunion continued everyone was asleep but at the end everyone left and ever came back for the cake. [WRONG] The family reunion continued BECAUSE everyone was asleep AND at the end everyone left and never came back. [RIGHT] Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly using commas
The book my sister, was reading looked, really interesting for a ten year old to read it i had, already read it before her . [WRONG] The book my sister was reading looked really interesting for a ten year old. I had already read it before her. [RIGHT] Fragment – incomplete sentence pieces that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause
Because my sister left. [WRONG] Because my sister left, due to the fact that she was late for her science class. [RIGHT] Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence and a dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify
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At the family gathering, my mom gave a plate of steak to my cousin that was medium rare. [WRONG] At the family gathering, my mom gave a plate of steak that was medium rare to my cousin. [RIGHT] Double Negative – combining two or more negative words in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force
“That party wont do no good for you” my sister said . [WRONG] “That party would not be good for you” my sister said . [RIGHT]
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SECTION 5:PARAGRAPHS
Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) Hook (Lead) – can begin with the title topic)
Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and lead the reader into the
Chris Guillebeau, in the book “ Born for this”(2016), argues that winning the career lottery is the best way to live life in the real world. Guillebeau supports his claims by defining and describing what winning the career lottery, which means that when someone wins the career lottery they are winning at life, because they have their dream job and work at something they enjoy. The author’s purpose is to point out that someones dream job may be the best thing since people are doing what they love, but in order to do that he points out that a dream job not might specifically be the thing they thought it was, but its related to the career they want. The author writes in a formal tone for the people out there thinking if their dream job is worth it. Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic - avoid second
person POV “you”)
Ex. What would he have to talk about success and what is winning the career lottery? Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable)
Assertion (claim - a subject + a “so what” about the subject)
Ex. The book talks about the success of getting a dream but also as
talks about the struggle.
Fact (empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively
about - better used as
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evidence to support a claim)
Ex. The dream job is the perfect job.
Opinion (personal position on a topic)
Ex. some dream jobs can sustain a persons life but others might have
to change to fulfill a persons needs. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many
to be a fact,
though it is not necessarily factual – often involves a judgement)
Ex. For some their dream jobs are bad to the religion community.
Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always,
every, never,
none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement unless
citing the
source of the data)
Ex. All dream jobs can most likely be achieve but some are never
looked for.
Document Based (cites a specific source, author, and position on a
topic)
Ex. The author in this sentence of the book shows the author claims
of using pathos “ There is nothing fundamentally wrong with either choice, but neither is that exciting. What if you don’t want to settle? What if you want to find the kind of work that you truly love and you don't want to eat ramen noodles every night? Why can’t you have it all?”
Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often
answers a research question)
Ex. The dream can be achieve by hard workers and overachieving
students. Clarification/Expansion of Thesis (could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of thesis, establish the importance or
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significance of examining the intricacies of the thesis – this could be several sentences long)
Ex. In the book he adds three words that caught my attention and I
might not be the only one that those three words got their attention, which are “ Joy, Money, and Flow” those three words explain most of the what the book is trying to explaining for the reader, because in the book he talks about money fulling ones needs which related to logos because its being logical that a person needs a job that gives money, and for the word Joy he add pathos mostly to it, he talks about a person being happy with the job they want, and lastly he adds in flow which is mostly logos in my opinion because this is about the skills that allow you to do the work.
Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each AND present evidence to support or expand on the thesis)
Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context) Ex. In the book “Born For This” Chris in my perspective he
mainly used pathos, and logos, because from my point of view notice that he try to seduce the reader into giving them the idea of becoming who they were born to be not just in their job but in their lives. Presenting Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Salary, of course, is just one part of the equation.
When considering a job, it’s important to think about a host of other inputs, from potential for advancement, to affinity with colleagues, to the quality of benefits on offer.” Ex. The article also talks about how sometimes ones dream job cant sustain a person lives and it will eventually have to be replace for something more
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suitable. In the article te author claims “Salary, of course, is just one part of the equation. When considering a job, it’s important to think about a host of other inputs, from potential for advancement, to affinity with colleagues, to the quality of benefits on offer.” Examining the Evidence Paraphrasing (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source - useful for examining the quote and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “For Angela, the income she brought in from drawing
comics on the side allowed her to support herself during brief periods of
unemployment, and provided a safety net just on case she ran into financial troubles” Ex.in this both sentences its explaining how the income of ones is important and should taken into consideration when it comes to looking ones job opportunities. Summarizing (condensing larger quotes or sections - useful for closing the examination of the quote/evidence and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Salary, of course, is just one part of the equation.
When considering a job, it’s important to think about a host of other inputs, from potential for advancement, to affinity with colleagues, to the quality of benefits on offer.” which it also something similar from my book the author says “For Angela, the income she brought in from drawing comics on the side allowed her to support
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herself during brief periods of unemployment, and provided a safety net just on case she ran into financial troubles” Ex. The dream job should be thought about before accepting it. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID
USING THEM AS EVIDENCE – but useful for examining the quote)
Ex. People might get their dream job if they overachieve.
Concrete Examples (actual examples that do refer to a source – useful for enhancing your analysis of the quote) Ex. In the book it gives a plan to achieve on finding the
dream job.
Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) Ex. The book is giving valuable and important information for those chasing their dream job.
Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT – could be one or more sentences) Ex. He is explaining in detail with list that talks about how to make a
plan to scenarios of what may happen, and all of this relates ot America and in my opinion I think he is talking about getting the win of the career lottery in America because a lot of the people in America over achieve and some don't even make it to it.
Statement(s) of Extension (extending the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences)
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Ex. Like in the book he talks about “ The ideal relationship between
these variables isn’t the same for all f us, and it isn't always consistent for any of us.” In this sentence in my opinion it relates to America because everyone is different and a lot of the times people give up on those child dreams that they have had since they were little, which leads me again to the book saying that a lot of factors take place into consideration to accept an opportunity of a dream job or an opportunity of a better lifestyle. The same pattern isn't always the same, things change, it can also be for some Americans they get an opportunity for their dream job but have a stable job, and the stable job is consistent but the opportunity of the dream job might be better economically.
Reestablishing the Significance of the Thesis (could be one or more sentences) Ex. This book also adds on how a lot of Americans don't put
themselves out there and don't even try to get their dream job, the author claims “ Even thought the lottery is usually an unwise investment if you don't play you can't win. Learn to evaluate risks, make better choices, and create a series of backup plans that will allow you to take the right kinds of chances” in this sentences is especially for those Americans who don't try for the opportunities and that even thought things might fail or not work out one will never know if they aren't trying, and one can even try but if one fails they should have a backup plant to sustain them.
Final Sentence (connects to the hook and finishes the essay – the “Smoky the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment…) Ex.The author is giving information and suggesting others to put themselves out there but with cautions and to always try.
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SECTION 6:ESSAYS Essays – An essay is, a piece of writing, that is a form of expository writing in which the writer provides information about the term to their audience. Types – There are many different types of essay, but they are often defined in four categories, there is seventeen types of essays. Persuasive (Argumentative) In a persuasive essay, you take a position for or against an issue and try to persuade your reader to side with your argument. The argument must be sound and use reasonable evidence- such as facts, examples, or quotes- to back up your argument Expository (Informative) An expository essay contains a thesis statement within the first paragraph, informing the reader of the main argument of the text. An informative text is not intended to persuade your reader, but to educate. Definition or Description essay that asks the student to describe something: object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. Process (How-to) A process essay provides the reader with directions or guidance. Most of the time, process essays discuss how to do something. Compare and Contrast is an essay evaluating the similarities and differences between two subjects. Cause and Effect Cause and effect is a rhetorical style that discusses which events lead to specific results. Analytical/Critical
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A critical analysis essay, is an essay where the author analyzes and evaluates a work by another author. Evaluative An evaluation essay is a composition that offers value judgments about a particular subject according to a set of criteria. Interpretive An interpretive essay is an essay that provides an analysis of another piece of writing. Narrative (Tells a story) a narrative essay, one might think of it as telling a story. Anecdote is a short scene or story taken from personal experience Personal Statement an essay or other written statement written by an applicant, often a prospective student applying to some college, university, or graduate school.
Research A research paper is that provides analysis, interpretation, and argument based on in-depth independent research. Timed an exam question which demands a full essay on a topic that is typically revealed for the first time during the test. Document Based Question (DBQ) is an essay or series of short-answer questions that is constructed by students using one's own knowledge combined with support from several provided sources. Synthesis A synthesis is a written discussion incorporating support from several sources of differing views. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps – The steps to making an essay is first to read the text fully, After gather information to be added in the in the essay, to be
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able to back up ones claims in the essay, later on you have to take your time to gather the ideas and thoughts that you might want to add to the essay, and once your writing it put it all together, and always back up your claims with evidence from the text. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining By pre-writing this mean to brainstorm, for this process there is Five useful
strategies are listing, clustering, freewriting, looping, and asking the six
journalists' questions. In the Prompt Analysis you analyze, describe, and argue of
the text. An essay outline is a plan of your academic paper, where you structurize it and organize the main points into paragraphs so it would be easier for you to write an essay Researching/Evaluating of Sources For researching you have to find claims and evidence that will support your writing. Evaluating of sources is the process of critically evaluating information in relation to a given purpose in order to determine if it is appropriate for the intended use. Work Cited Page – pages appear at the end of a research paper. Works cited means the same as references but it differs from a bibliography. MLA Format In essence, MLA(Modern Language Association) is a style of crediting the sources quoted or paraphrased in a particular piece of literature. Dean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet." The New York Times, 22 May 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html?_r=0. Accessed 29 May 2019.
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Ebert, Roger. Review of An Inconvenient Truth, directed by Davis Guggenheim. Ebert Digital LLC, 1 June 2006, www.rogerebert.com/reviews/an-inconvenient-truth-2006. Accessed 15 June 2019.
Gowdy, John. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary Economics of Sustainability." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, vol. 14, no. 1, 2007, pp. 27-36.
Harris, Rob, and Andrew C. Revkin. “Clinton on Climate Change.” The New York Times, 17 May 2007, www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/1194817109438/clinton-on-climatechange.html. Accessed 29 July 2016.
APA Format The APA is the American Psychological Association. APA style uses the author/date method of citation in which the author's last name and the year of the publication are inserted in the actual text of the paper.
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Ponniah, J., Hu, Y.-C., & Kumar, P. R. (2015). A clean slate approach to secure wireless networking. Now Foundations and Trends. https://doi.org/10.1561/1300000037 Beattie, B. R., & LaFrance, J. T. (2006). The law of demand versus diminishing marginal utility. Review of Agricultural Economics, 28(2), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9353.2006.00286.x Dafny, L. S., & Lee, T. H. (2016, December). Health care needs real competition and every stakeholder has a role. Harvard Business Review, 76-87. Gore, A. (2006). An inconvenient truth: The planetary emergency of global warming and what we can do about it. Emmaus, PA: Rodale. Michaels, P. J., & Balling, R. C., Jr. (2000). The satanic gases: Clearing the air about global warming. Washington, DC: Cato Institute Galley. K. E. (Ed.). (2004). Global climate change and wildlife in North America. Bethesda, MD: Wildlife Society.
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