Amber Figueroa's Nature Grammar Book by Bravo Grammar Con Online

NATURE’S GRAMMAR BOOK

NATURE’S GRAMMAR BOOK By: Amber Figueroa

Table of Contents SECTION

PG#

1. Noun Types/ Identifiers/ Functions 1-13

2. Pronouns/ Verbs

3. Adjectives/ Adverbs

4. Conjunctions/ Prepositions

5. Interjections/ Transitions/ Associated Terms

6. Phrases A-C

7. Clauses 1-3

8. Clauses4-7

9. Sentence Parts

10. Sentence Types 1-4

11. Sentence Patterns 1-4

12. Sentence Patterns 5-8

13. Sentence Patterns 9-13

14. Sentence Errors

15. Paragraph- Introductions

16. Paragraphs- Body

17. Paragraphs- Conclusions

18. Essays- Types/ Strategies

19. Punctuation/ Capitalization/ Confused Words

20. Glossary

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INTRODUCTION Hello, thank you for picking up this book and get ready to learn all about grammar. This book will hopefully show you all you need to know about grammar and how to correct any mistakes you have been making in the past. The subject shown throughout the book is nature. I choose nature because I believe every person should sit back and rejoice in the beauty of nature that so many take for granted. I hope you enjoy the book and learn as much as I did creating it.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Hi my name is Amber and I am the amazing author of this book. I was born and raised in the wonderful city of Los Angeles and I love life. Being out in nature plays a big part in my life and enjoyed writing all my examples in the context of nature. My parents raised me to enjoy and appreciate everything I have been given since I have been blessed with more than others have. I believe that grammar plays a huge role in each one of our lives and we should all learn ways to improve. I learned a lot in creating this book and I am happy that I can share and spread my knowledge of grammar with you.

Nouns A. Types of Nouns: 1. Common Nouns: trees, river, nuts, leaves, and pinecones. 2. Proper Nouns: Yosemite, Griffith Park, Eaton Canyon, Alaska, Appalachian Mountains. 3. Compound Nouns: earthquake, rainbow, underwater, waterfall, wintertime 4. Concrete Nouns: squirrel, bear, acorn, rock 5. Abstract Nouns: fear, happiness, nurturing B. Noun Identifiers: 1. Noun Endings: Awareness Preservation Animism Quietude Environment Dominance Coaster Equilibratory Deer 2. Following a noun marker (NW) : 1.

Anthropologist Nature Obedience Serenity Lustihood

NM N The jungle is a large place.

NM N The vast jungle is a large place with many animals. 2. NW N NW N The forest is full of oxygen. The large forest filled with trees creates lots of oxygen. 3. NW N NW N A squirrel likes to eat nuts. A small Squirrel survives of eating nuts. 3. Plural Form: leafs, branches, fishes, bears, rainbows 4. Possessive Form: bird’s feathers, tree’s branches, ground’s dirt, mountain’s plants. 5. Following a preposition: 1. 2. 3.

NW N ADV V Prep NM ADJ N A bird silently lands on a small branch. NW ADJ N ADV V Prep NW ADJ N The black bear ferociously ate from the small fish. NW N V Prep N HV N All goats live on large mountains thanks to their hooves.

C. Functions (How nouns are used) : 1. Subject: N V Squirrels live in big great trees throughout the forest. ADJ N V

Baby squirrels live in large old trees throughout the forest. 2. Direct Object: NW N V HV N The lion ate the gazelle. NW ADJ N V Prep NW ADJ N The strong lion ripped apart the terrified gazelle into shreds of edible meat. 3. Indirect Object: NW N V IO Prep N The bird fed it young with worms. NW ADJ N V HV ADJ N Prep ADJ N The mother bird fed her young children with vomited worms. 4. Adverbial Object NW N V Prep AO The predators hunt in the night according to their vision. NW ADJ N V Prep ADJ AO V HV The deadly predators hunt in the darkness of the night to find their prey. 5. Object of the Preposition: Prep V Prep N V Snakes curl up after feeding on their prey to digest. ADJ N Prep V Prep V HV N Dangerous snakes after feeding curl up to digest their prey. 6. Subject Complement S LV SC Giraffes are extremely tall because of their immensely long necks. S LV SC Since birth giraffes are extremely tall because of their immensely long necks. 7. Object complement: N V DO OC Many almost all animals know that the lion in the king of the jungle. N V DO Almost all the animals in the jungle know that the ferocious lion is OC reigning king of the jungle. 8. Appositives: S APP V Trees our great leaders provide us with all the oxygen we need. S APP The large and magnificent trees everywhere are our great leader V which provide us with all the oxygen we need. 9. Adjectival N V ADJVL

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The gazelle ran across the large empty fields. N V ADJVL The prancing gazelle ran across the enormous empty fields. 10. Noun in direct Address: N Giraffe, what sound do you make? N Luscious giraffe, what sound does your wonderful being make? 11. Object of the gerund: G OG Running through the fields allowed the cheetah to stretch its muscles. G OG Running through the luscious grassy fields, the cheetah stretched it strong muscles. 12. Object of the participate: Part OPart After the strenuous search the hog laid down to rest. Part OPart After the long and strenuous search, the hog laid down to take a long nap. 13. Object of the infinitive: INF OINF Both the cheetah and the lion fought over the sick giraffe as a prey. INF OINF Both the strong cheetah and ferocious lion fought over the sickly giraffe as their prey II.

PRONOUNS 1. Personal: each of the pronouns in English ( I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, and them) comprising a set that shows contrasts of person, gender, number, and case. 1. We went to the zoo and you saw an animal you really liked when you entered the snake exhibit. 2. As the trees swayed our gazes stayed on the sleeping lion and their young cubs. 2. Relative: begins a subordinate clause and connects that clause to another noun the precedes it in the sentence. Relative pronouns lists: who, whom, whose, whoever, whomever, which, whichever, that, what, whatever. 1. The cheetah whom ate the gazelle that separated itself from the herd. 2. The puma whose paw got stuck in a broken tree, whined over its pain of that caused by it’s injury.

3. Interrogative: begins a subordinate clause and connects that clause to another noun that precedes it in the sentence. Relative pronouns list: who, whom, whose, whoever, whomever, which, whichever, that, what, whatever. 1. What was the final move before the rabbit was killed in its fight for survival? 2. Which stream will lead you to the great lake in the middle of the forest with all the different fish? 4. Reflexive: are the same as intensive pronouns but they don’t intensify; they point back to the subject of the sentence. 1. The ferret had to depend on itself when it got lost and couldn’t find its way back home. 2. The lioness herself delivered the cub to its father when the cub’s bath was over. 6. Demonstrative: point out a specific person, animal, place, thing, or idea. List demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those 1. This goose looked up to see his flock of geese beginning to leave without him. 2. The toucan looked over to see that the lion was ready to attack because of its starvation. 7. Indefinite: do not refer to any particular person or places or things. They do replace nouns without specifying which nouns they replace. 1. All the animals gathered around the watering hole and anyone to afraid would be last and get not much of any clean water. 2. Both male and female mouse scurried to find either another animal for help and began to look everywhere. III.

VERBS A. How verbs are identified: 1. Verb Endings: Crushed, killed, hunted, preyed Running, swimming, gazing, climbing, growing Dies, lives, rains, snows 2. Tense: 1. simple past: saw, traveled, ran 2. past: snowed, rained, hailed 3. past perfect: seen, had, killed 4. past progressive: was prowling, was eating, was flowing 5. simple present: eats, flows, blows, crawls

6. present: are, is, hears 7. present perfect: have heard, have seen, have drunk 8. present progressive: hunting, tearing, loving 9. present perfect progressive: has, have, been 10. future: will leave, will feel, will roar 11. future perfect: going to have to go, going to have to eat, going to swim 3. Forms: a. Forms of to be: Am living, was dying, been drinking b. Forms of to do: Do fish, does run, done harmonizing c. Forms of to have: Have mated, had flourished, has reproduced 4. Types: A. Auxilary • Was eating • Were swimming • Is licking B. Linking • Is eating • Roll around • Am drinking C. Lexical • Made babies • Had ripples • Helped blow away D. Dynamic • Go hunt • Run fast • Water plants E. Stative • Like living • Hate hibernating • Doubt cyles F. Finitve • Lunged • Fell • Ate G. Nonfinitive • Leaving the watering hole • Eating the grass • Closing the river H. Regular • Lend a hand • Feel the breeze

6. A.

• Control the flow Voices: A. Passive Voice: subject receives action. • The meaty deer was speedily eaten by the ferocious lion. B. Aggressive Voice: Subject performs action. • The ferocious lion speedily ate the meaty deer. Verbals: Gerund N G Adv V Adj N • The hare’s speeding sadly caught the predator’s attention. G N V V N • The performing circus tired and abused the animals to exertion. G Adj V Adv N V HV • The learning cub watched carefully as the father hunted its prey. Participate Part N Adv V N • The hunting season is an extremely horrible time for animals. Part N Adj Adv V • The warnings of the storm could not be any clearer for the townspeople. Part N V N Prep N • The flowing of the stream pushed water to the animals at the bottom. Infinitive Adj N N N Adv I Prep • The fur coats are something the animals really use during the winter. V N I Adj N Prep • Having the privilege to live in a warm home during the N N Adj Adv N winter is something very few honestly have.

IV. ADJECTIVES 1. Kinds: A. Demonstrative: point out nouns and always answer the questions. i. This seed, that animal, these trees B. Common: simple regular adjective that describes the noun in some way. ii. Furry dog, cold ice, bubbly water C. Proper: derived from a proper noun and always capitalized. ii. Australian koala, Asian panda, Asian elephants 2. Endings: A. –al: agricultural lands

B. –ary: dreary skies C. –ful: beautiful mane D. –ic: centric colors E. –ical: archeological fossils F. –ish: Black Fish G. –less: hairless coat H. –like: cold-like blood I. –ly: bubbly ocean J. –ous: ferocious growl K. –y: slimy exterior 3. Conversion: add a suffixes and change the part of speech into an adjective. A. Flow – flowing river B. Run – running cheetah C. Die – dying frog 4. Articles: articles are actually adjectives and the tree main articles are the, a and an. They describe nouns that they precede. A. A leaf B. The lake C. An antelope 5. Comparatives/ Superlatives: a comparative adjective is used to compare two thing while a superlative adjective is used for comparing three or more. They are used when you are comparing objects or people in a sentence. A. Comparative: Small fish- Smaller fish, Fast cat- Faster Cat, Big manebigger mane B. Superlatives- Heavy tusk- Heavier tusk- heaviest tusk, Large river- larger river- largest river, cold ocean, colder ocean, coldest ocean V. ADVERBS a. Endings 1. –ly: naturally, briskly, exactly 2. –wards: towards, forwards, backwards 3. –wise: endwise, edgewise, crosswise b. Conversions: adjectives and verbs can be easily transformed into adjectives to by changing the I to an –ly 1. Quick running- quickly running 2. Strong gallop- strongly galloping 3. Calm strolling- calmly strolling c. Types: N V Prep N Adv. 1. Manner- The cheetah ran across towards the giraffe quickly. Adj N V Prep Adj N The ferocious cheetah ran across towards the tall giraffe Adv quickly. Adv N V Adj N HV V 2. Time- Once a predator spots a sick prey they will attack

Adv immediately. N Adv V Prep V HV N 3. Place- The momma was willing to stay behind and allow her cubs V ADJ N to play at the watering hole. Adj N Adv V Prep V The protective momma was willing to stay behind and allow Adj Adj N V Adj N young playful cubs to play at the watering hole. N Adv V Adj V N 4. Degree- The glacier amazingly melted at a fast pace due to global N warming. ADJ N ADV V The humongous glacier amazingly melted at an ADV V N N increasingly fast pace due to global warming. N ADV V N 5. Frequently- The elephant consistently showered at least 4 times to ADJ N N stay cool in the heat of the Sahara. ADJ N ADV V N The hot elephant consistently showered at least 4 times V ADJ N N to stay cool in the blazing heat if the Sahara. d. Intensifiers: describe how strong or weak something is. 1. Obviously starving 2. Simply ferocious 3. Literally freezing e. Comparatives/ Superlatives 1. Comparatives: adverbs that do not end with –ly. 2. Superlatives: they are identical to adjectives.

VI. CONJUNCTIONS A. Coordination: a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank. (FANBOYS) N Adv V Prep V Adj N C 1. The squirrels tightly huddled together to conserve body heat yet Prep V were still cold. Adj N Adv V Prep V 2. The loveable squirrels tightly huddled together to conserve as much Adj N C Prep Adv V

body heat as possible yet were still extremely cold. B. Correlative: it’s a coordinating convention that connects elements in a sentence. N C Adv Adv V N C Adj 1. Lions are extremely fast running animals but not as fast as the N cheetah. Adj N C ADV ADV V N C 2. The ferocious lions are extremely fast running animals but not as V ADJ N fast as the slick cheetah. C. Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Prep V N V Adv V HV 1. After eating, a raccoon walked in order to quickly make his way Prep. N back to his den. Prep V Adj N V Adv 2. After eating, a humongous raccoon walked in order to quickly V HV Prep N make his way back to his den. d. Relative Pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects). Uses two relative terms in one sentence. Adj N prep N V Adv 1. The blue sky allowed the birds to fly peacefully. Adj Adj N Prep Adj N V Adv 2. The clear blue sky allowed the beautiful birds to fly peacefully Prep N through the jungle.

VII. PREPOSITION Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. These are some common prepositions: Aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, along side of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, by, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on

behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without. 1. The gazelle walked toward a watering hole across the elephant after coming back from it long day outside in the heat. 2. The giraffe and its long neck reached up to a branch to feed away from the animal beneath him. 3. The polar beard in front of the penguin hunted among the sea lions despite its lack of energy, VIII. INTERJECTIONS Interjections: absolutely achoo ack ahh aha ahem ahoy agreed alas alright alrighty alack amen anytime argh anyhoo anyhow as if attaboy attagirl aww awful bam bah humbug behold bingo blah bless you boo bravo cheers crud darn dang doh drat duh eek eh gee geepers gee whiz golly goodness goodness gracious gosh ha hallelujah hey hi hmmm huh indeed jeez my gosh no now nah oops ouch phew please rats shoot shucks there tut uggh waa what woah woops wow yay yes yikes 1. Some frogs have venom that can absolutely kill you when you come in contact with it. 2. When the ice melts rapidly the water mixes with the seawater and both mixed together now in the ocean. 3. Out there in the ocean there are many marine life animals including mammals and photosynthesizing marine plants. Key associated terms to know for Parts of Speech: VIII. Antecedents: a thing or event that has happened before. 1. The way many of the animals die on the food chain are mostly antecedents. IX. Complements: a noun or verb that has a matching adjective that refers or completes a statement. 1. Ice and water are extremely different yet still the same just opposite due to temperature and water density. X. Objects 1. Direct Object: a noun or a pronouns that receives a verb as an action in the sentence. DO a. All the squirrels met up to loudly eat nuts together as a squeaky family. 2. Indirect Objects: the receiver of the direct object. ID b. A jaguar mostly feeds on smaller prey as it’s source of meat. XI. Modifiers: adjective or noun used to contradict or adds sense. M 1. The Elephant lifted the heavy trunk with its strong tusk and trunk. XII. Transitions (INCLUDE A TRANSITION CHART): phrases used to connect ideas.

T Lions mate with lionesses and make ferociously yet adorable cubs. Some transitional words are: 1. in the first place 2. not only ... but also 3. as a matter of fact 4. in like manner 5. in addition 6. coupled with 7. in the same fashion / way 8. first, second, third 9. in the light of 10. not to mention 11. to say nothing of 12. equally important 13. by the same token 14. again 15. to 16. and 17. also 18. then 19. equally 20. identically 21. uniquely 22. like 23. as 24. too 25. moreover 26. as well as 27. together with 28. of course 29. likewise

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30. comparatively 31. correspondingly 32. similarly 33. furthermore 34. additionally XIII. Expletives: a word or phrase used to fill out a sentence or a line without adding to the sense. 1. There they passed a horribly weary time. Each at the others throat. XIV. Agreements: 1. Subject-Verb: A singular subject takes a singular verb whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb. 2. Noun-Pronoun: Just like subjects and verbs, nouns and pronouns should agree in number within a sentence. Quiz 1. Do expletives add sense to the sentence? a. b. c. d.

No Yes Maybe I don’t remember

2. How many types of agreements are there? a. b. c. d.

5 4 3 2

3. Is there a transition chart? a. b. c. d.

Yes No Maybe What is that?

4. When do antecedents happen? a. b. c. d.

After Never Before Present 17

5. What are some interjections? a. b. c. d.

bam bah humbug all of the above

6. How many types of objects are there? a. b. c. d.

Four Three Two One

7. What are prepositions? a. b. c. d.

nouns pronouns phrases all of the above

8. What is attached when writing a complement? a. b. c. d.

Noun Verb Both A and B None

9. What is the most acronym to remember conjunctions? a. b. c. d.

EAS PEMDIS KPCOFGS PEMDIS

10. How many types of adverbs are there? a. b. c. d.

Five Four Three Two

ANSWERS 1. A

2. D 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. A

Grammar Book Sentences PHRASES A. Prepositional: Simple Sentence: Adj DO Adv V Prep Adj N The large fish efficiently swam upstream the calm river. Advanced Sentence: Adj Adj DO Adv V Prep Adj N Adj The large fat fish efficiently swam upstream the calm river full of tranquility. B. Appositives: Simple Sentences: DO APP Adv V Prep N N The bull shark, an osmoconformer, calmly traveled from seawater to freshwater. Advanced Sentence: DO APP Adv V Prep Adj N The bull shark, an osmoconformer, calmly traveled from the cold seawater to the N freshwater. C. Verbal: 1. Gerund: Simple Sentence: S Adj N Adj N Adv V Swimming is a great way for marine life to easily travel.

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Advanced Sentence: S S Adj Adj N Adj N Adv V Swimming and floating is a great and simple way for marine life to easily travel to HV N their destinations. 2. Participate: Simple Sentence: MO Prep N DO Adv V HV N Swimming through the jellyfish, the fish dangerously made its way to the other side. Advanced Sentence: MO Prep N DO Adv V HV N N Swimming through the jellyfish, the fish dangerously made its way to the other HV N side with the rest of its school. 3. Infinitive: Simple Sentences: DO V N V Adv V N The photosynthesizes stay close to the surface to be able to effortlessly absorb carbon dioxide Advanced Sentences: DO V Adj N V Adv V N The photosynthesizers stay close to the surface to be able to effortlessly absorb carbon V N dioxide and produce oxygen.

CLAUSES A. Independent: Simple Sentences: DO Adv V Prep HV N V Prep Starfish can easily grow back their limbs if cut off. Advanced Sentences: DO Adv V Prep HV N V Prep Adj N Starfish can easily grow back their limbs if cut off by another marine animal.

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B. Subordinate: 1. Noun Clauses: Simple Sentences: N Adv Adj That the squirrel was extremely hungry was totally obvious. Advanced Sentences: N Adv Adj HV N That the squirrel was extremely hungry was totally obvious with its stomach Prep Adv V beginning to loudly growl. 2. Adjective Clauses: Simple Sentences: N Prep Adj N V Adv N This is the sea where all marine life moves beautifully with the waves and N the currents. Advanced Sentences: Adj N Adj N V Adv Prep This is the wonderful sea where all marine life moves beautifully with all N N it’s waves and currents. 3. Adverb Clauses: Simple Sentences: Prep N Adv V N Prep N V When the lion finally roared, the animals in the jungle scattered to all the corners. Advanced Sentences: Prep N Adv V N Prep N V When the lion finally roared, the animals in the jungle scattered to all the corners Prep HV N in their fear for survival. 4. Relative Clauses: Simple Sentences: N HV Adv V N Prep Adj N N The penguin who rapidly reached the water first got the first choice of fish. Advanced Sentences: N HV V N Prep V Prep Adj The penguin who rapidly reached the water first got the first and best Adj N choice of fresh fish. 5. Elliptical Clauses:

Simple Sentences: Prep N N Adv V HV N V N When raining, the birds carefully stay in their nests to stay dry. Advanced Sentences: Prep N N Adv V V HV Prep HV When raining, the birds carefully made sure to stay in their nests and keep N N their wings dry. Essential Clauses: Simple Sentences: N Adv V N Prep Adj The lake that was exceedingly filled with the most fish is always colorful. Advanced Sentences: N Adv V N Prep Adj The lake that was exceedingly filled with the most fish is always colorful N N due to the all the fish’s scales. Nonessential Clauses: Simple Sentences: N Adv V Prep N V N Prep The starfish steadily grew back a legs, that took a couple of hours, after V being attacked. Advanced Sentences: N Adv V Prep N V N Prep The starfish steadily grew back a legs, that took a couple of hours, after V Prep N being attacked by octopus.

QUIZZES: PHRASES 1. What is a type of phrase? a. Prepositional b. Appositive c. A &B d. Intuitive 2. What do prepositional phrases start with? a. Noun b. Adjectives c. Adverbs d. Prepositions 3. What do prepositional phrases end with? a. Nouns b. Adjectives c. Adverbs

d. Prepositions 4. How many verbal phrases are there? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5 5. What word endings do gerund phrases noun end with? a. -ly b. -ing c. -ed d. - or 6. What is necessary for participate phrases? a. Nouns b. Verbs c. Adverbs d. Adjectives 7. What word does the verb have to proceed in infinitive phrases? a. And b. The c. To d. For 8. What are the two endings needed in the adjectives for participate phrases? a. -ing and -ed b. -ing and -ly c. -ly and -ed d. only -ed 9. What are phrases? a. Random Words b. A function c. A definition d. None 10. What is a function used as? a. A part of speech b. Sentence Filler c. Contradict the subject d. To define a direct object ANSWERS 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. A

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9. B 10. A QUIZZES: CLAUSES a. b. c. d. . a. b. c. . a. b. c. . a. b. c. . a. b. c. . a. b. c. . a. b. c. . a. b. c.

1. What are the two main types of clauses? Independent Subordinate Both A & B None 2. How many types of subordinates are there? 3 6 7 9 3. Can an independent clause stand on its own? Yes No Maybe I don’t know 4. Can a subordinate clauses stand on its own? Yes No Maybe I don’t know 5. What are nouns used as in Noun clauses? Subject Predicate To look pretty Just to state a noun 6. What are independent clauses used for in adverb clauses? Time Place causes All of the above 7. What do relative clauses begin with? Relative Adjectives Relative Pronouns Relative Nouns Relative Verbs 8. Adverb clauses can contain? Modifying verbs Modifying Adjectives Modifying Adverbs All of the above 9. What is the function of a relative pronoun? 24

. a. b. c.

Introduces the clause used as a sentence-part within the clause Both A and B none 10. What introductory word(s) do most adjective clauses begin with? . Where a. That b. Because c. Where and that

ANSWERS: 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. D

SENTENCES: a. Sentence Parts i. Subject 1. Complete: the complete subject contains the main noun in the sentence; the predicate contains the verb, or action, in a sentence. Adj Adj S Adv V Prep N a. The powerful, gracious lion ferociously leaped into the air. Adj Adj S Adv V Prep N V b. The powerful, gracious lion ferociously leaped into the air to catch N V Prep HV N the gazelle that had strayed from it’s herd. 2. Simple: A simple is a noun, which a person, place, thing, or idea describes what the sentence will be all about. S Adv V HV N V HV Prep a. The elephant rapidly used its trunk to shower itself in the

Adj N scorching heat. S Adv V HV V HV Prep Adj b. The elephant rapidly used its trunk to shower itself in the watering N Adj N hole due to the scorching heat. Compound: In a compound subject two or more subjects are

combined/

joined by a coordinating conjunction. S C S N HV Adj Prep Dolphins and elephants are known for their high

Adv V Prep N calming living in their habitat. S C S N HV Adj Prep Dolphins and elephants are known for their high

intelligence while N

intelligence while Adv V Prep N Prep HV N calmly living with other mammals in their habitat. ii.

Predicate 1. Complete: The predicate, then, is the action, also known as the verb. Adj N Adv V Prep N V HV N a. Sea turtle calmly swam to the shore to lay their eggs. Adj N Adv V Prep N V HV N b. Sea turtle calmly swam to the shore to lay their eggs on the Adj N Prep N warm sand on the beach. 2. Simple: The predicate, then, is the action, also known as the verb. N Adv V N Prep HV N a. The zebra slowly drank water with the rest of its herd. N Adv V N Prep HV N Prep b. The zebra slowly drank water with the rest of its herd at the Adj N N large watering hole. 3. Compound: a compound predicate describes actions in a sentence that consist of two or more verb or verb phrases joined by a conjunction. N Prep Adj Adj N C HV Adv a. Iguanas have scaly skinned tails and they sneakily can V N Prep HV N

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smack anything out of it’s way. i.

b. Sentence Types Declarative N Adv V N Prep N Prep 1. Plants rapidly absorb sunlight to go through the process of N photosynthesis. N Adv V N Prep Adj N Prep 2. Plants rapidly absorb sunlight to go through the complicated process of N photosynthesis. ii. Interrogative N Adv V N Prep HV N 1. Did the hippopotamus effortlessly float all day long in it’s sleep? N Adv V N Prep HV N 2. Did the hippopotamus effortlessly float all day long in it’s sleep with it N being so heavy? iii. Imperative V Adj N Prep Adj N Adv N N 1. Enjoy some fresh fish while the blue whales effortlessly eat some shrill. V Adj N Prep Adj N Adv N N 2. Enjoy some fresh fish while the blue whales effortlessly eat some shrill to V HV Adj N feed itself at a healthy rate. iii. Exclamatory Adv N Prep Prep HV Adj N 1. What exemplary giraffes these are with their long necks! Adv N Prep Prep HV Adj N Adv V 2. What exemplary giraffes these are with their long necks naturally eating N Prep Adj N leaves from the highest trees!

THE 13 SENTENCE PATTERNS 1. Simple Sentences: a sentence that is just one independent clause. N V Prep Adv V Adj a. The ants worked together to effectively collect a lot of food.

Adj N V Prep Adv V Adj N b. Thousands of ants worked together to effectively collect as much delicious food as possible. 2. Compound Sentence: a sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses. Adj N Adv V N V Prep HV Adj N a. The kind alligator patiently waited for the other to pass, for it was the right thing to do. Adv Adj N Adv V N V Prep HV Adj b. The extremely kind alligator patiently waited for the other to pass, for it was the right N thing to do. 3. Complex Sentences: a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. N Adv V HV N V HV N Prep N a. The tiger cautiously licked it’s paw to ease it’s pain from the splinter. Adj N Adv V HV Adj N V HV N Prep N b. The strong tiger cautiously licked it’s humungous paw to ease it’s pain from the splinter. 4. Complex-Compound Sentences: a sentence with multiple dependent clauses and at least one dependent clause. N Adv V N Prep Adj N HV V Prep Adj N a. Giraffes usually eat leaves from high trees, or they can eat from lower ones. HV Adj N N Adv V N Prep Adj N Con HV b. Because of their long necks giraffes usually eat leaves from high trees, but they can also N Prep Adj N eat from lower ones. 5. Loose Sentence: a sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction. N N

Adv Prep HV

Adj

a. The elephants proceeded on their walk, pounding the dry dirt, and swinging their trunks. Adj N Adv Prep HV N V Adj N b. The humongous elephants proceeded on their walk, pounding the dry dirt, and V HV N swinging their trunks. 6. Periodic Sentences: a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. Adj N Adv V Adj Adj N N Adj N a. Severe weather and the rapidly melting of polar ice caps are both signs of climate change. Adj N Prep N Adv V Adj N b. Severe weather happening all around the world and the rapidly melting ice caps are N Adj N both signs of climate change. 7. Balanced Sentences: a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue by their likeness of structure, meaning, or length. Adj N Adv V Con Adj V Prep HV N a. One plant may slowly whither and two more will grow in it’s place. Adj Adj N Adv V Con Adj Adj N V Prep HV N a. One tiny plant may slowly whither and two beautiful plants more will grow in it’s place. 8. Parallel Structure: a sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are or equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written. N V Adv V Adv V a. Cheetahs like to hunt, to speedily run and ferociously mate. N Adv V Adv V Prep N Adv V b. Cheetahs like to vivaciously hunt, to speedily run across the plains and ferociously mate. 9. Chiasmus: a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas in inverted order. N V HV N N N Prep N a. Lions have hunted their prey but a prey to another could always be a lion. Adj N Prep Adv V HV N N Prep N b. Proud lions have always ruthlessly hunted their prey but a prey can always be a lion.

10. Asyndeton: a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Prep N V Adv N Adj N V Prep Adj N a. In this forest I see a deadly stream, a thick fog, and hear distant crows chirp. Prep Adj Adj N V AdvN Adj N V N b. In this empty and dangerous forest I see a deadly stream, a thick fog, and hear crows. 11. Polysyndeton: a sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity of each other between words, phrases, or clauses for rhetorical purposes. N ADV CON V HV ADJ ADJ ADJ a. Cubs are dangerous but many still see them as cute, and loveable, and beautiful which can do no wrong. N ADJ CON V HV ADJ ADV ADJ b. Cubs are dangerous but many still see them as cute, and amazingly loveable, and ADJ V beautiful which can do no wrong. 12. Anaphora: a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. ADJ N ADJ N ADJ NN N ADV V a. Every day, every night, every place on earth animals perfectly roams a land. ADJ N ADJ N ADJ NN N ADV V N PREP b. Every day, every night, every place on earth animals perfectly roams a land due to N evolution. 13. Epistrophe: a sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. N N V N V N N V a. Where did it die? When did it die? How did it die? N N Adv V N N V N N V b. Where did the animal mortally die? When did the animal die? How did the animal die? SENTENCE ERRORS 1. Run-On/ Rambling: continue without stopping; go on longer than is expected. N V N V Adj N a. The herd was thirsty the herd went to the watering hole.

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N Adv V HV V Adj N b. The herd was extremely thirsty, they went to the watering hole. 2. Fused: connected two main clauses with no punctuation. N Prep N N Prep Adv VHV N a. It was close to fall the trees were rapidly losing their leaves. N Prep N N Prep Adv V HV N b. It was close to fall and the trees were rapidly loosing their leaves. 3. Fragment: a sentence that cannot stand by itself without an independent clause. N Prep V N Adv V a. The cat began to heave. The cat ferociously regurgitated. N Prep V N N Adv V b. The cat began to heave, it eventually ferociously regurgitated. 4. Misplaced Modifier: a phrase or clause placed awkwardly in a sentence so that it appears to modify or refer to an unintended word. Adj N Adv V HV N HV N Prep HV N a. Momma lion dutifully fed her milk to her cubs when they were hungry. Adj N Adv V HV N N Prep HV N b. Momma lion dutifully fed her cubs milk when they were hungry. 5. Double Negative: a grammatical construction occurring when two forms of negation are used in the same sentence. N Adj N N V N a. He is not rarely a visitor at the park to visit animals. N Adv V N V N b. He repetitively visits the park to see all its animals. 6. Comma Splice: a sentence that contains a comma to separate two independent clauses. N Adv V N N V N a. The cheetah viciously hunted a gazelle, the lion hunted an antelope. N Adv V N Con N V N b. The cheetah viciously hunted a gazelle, and the lion hunted an antelope.

QUIZ 1. Simple sentences have how many independent clauses? a. One b. Two c. Three d. None 2. Do compound sentences include a dependent clause? a. No b. Yes c. Maybe d. Idk Â

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3. a. b. c. d. 4. a. b. c. d. 5. a. b. c. d. 6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. 8. a. b. c. d. 9. a. b. c. d. 10. a. b. c. d.

Do fused sentences include punctuations? No Yes Idk Maybe How many independent clauses do you need in a complex sentence? One Two Five Six What must a loose sentence contain? Comma Subordinate construction Conjunction Subordinate preposition Balanced sentences are...? Opposites Exactly the same Parallel Related Chiasmus sentences include…? And Repetition Nothing IDK Can run on sentences be fixed? Yes No Both Sometimes How many sentence types are there? Nine Thirteen Twenty Six What do fragment sentences need? Independent clause Dependent clause Nothing IDK

5. Paragraphs a. Introductory Paragraphs

i. Hook/Lead 1. Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic) ADJ N V PREP ADJ N ADJ

A baby squirrel is born in a beautiful tree. Its spaciousness allows the rest of its N V

ADV

N PREP

ADJ

PREP family to comfortably live their lives in it. One day a loud rumble

comes out of N N V N V N N V nowhere and the tree falls. Workers split the tree and the squirrels lose their N home forever. 2. Query Based (Questions that bring the reader to the topic) ADJ N N PREP N ADV Has the enormous amount of deforestation all over the world tremendously V N affect our environment? ii. Thesis Statement 1. Assertion (Claim) N

ADV V PREP N N V EX. Deforestation drastically cuts down the amounts of oxygen produced by ADJ N wild plants. 2. Fact N

ADV V ADJ N ADJ N EX. Deforestation greatly provides a tremendous amount of usable goods. 3. Opinion N ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ N EX. Deforestation is absolutely horrible in every single way. 4. Belief ADV V ADJ N N N EX. Gladly participating in the horrid actions of deforestation is a sin. 5. Generalization N

PREP N

ADV V

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EX. Every part in the process of deforestation horribly harms the environment. 6. Theory N ADV V N ADJ EX. Deforestation can systematically affect our environment drastically in the long run. 7. Document Based N EX. In Impact of deforestation on medicinal plants in Ghana, Emmanuel Boon V N ADV V N V ADJ argues that deforestation not only drastically affects our environment, the loss ADJ N V ADJ N V N of specific tropical plants can destroy medical opportunities taken advantage by others PREP N around the world.

b. Body Paragraphs i. Topic Sentence ADJ N V ADJ N N EX. Multiple sources have all explored that today’s problem of deforestation has V ADV N affected us drastically on our environment. ii. Evidence from Quotations ADJ N V ADV V N 1. Several people have agreed dramatically, “We need to save the forests. I have a big warehouse we can store them in” (Bauvard 29). V N ADJ N V N 2. “We need to save the forests. I have a big warehouse we can store them in”, has ADV V ADJ N V ADJ N been openly stated by a common author and agreed with environmental specialist (Bauvard 29).

V ADJ N V V N ADJ Unfortunate for industrial companies, “We need to save the forests. I have a big N V N PREP V N ADV v warehouse we can store them in” regarding what the companies selfishly want (Bauvard 29). V ADJ N V V N ADJ Unfortunate for industrial companies, “We need to save the forests. [We] have a big N V N PREP [warehouses] we can store them in” (Bauvard 29). V ADJ N V V N Unfortunate for industrial companies, “We need to save the forests… [so that] we V N PREP can store them in” (Bauvard 29). Paraphrase 1. ORIGINAL: “A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh strength to our people”. (Roosevelt 111).

N V N V N N 2. EX. PARAPHRASE: If we destroy our land it will weaken us to our cores. The N V ADJ N V V land gives us the strength and power we need to persevere. 7. Summary 1. ORIGINAL: “A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh strength to our people” (Roosevelt 111). N V N ADV V 2. Summary: The land gives our strength and we must fiercely protect it. 8. Abstract Examples N V ADV V N EX. Our environment will improve if we finally stop deforestation. 9. Concrete Examples N N N N V ADJ ADJ A study in the March 2013 New York Times, shows that that oxygen production N V PREP N V ADV N PREP levels

have decreased by 24% since 2005 due to speedily damage from N deforestation. 10. Closing Sentences N ADJ N V N EX. Clearly, many scientist and environmental activist agree that deforestation V V ADV V N V should be stopped to maintain and kindly help our environment improve in any way possible.

a. Closing Paragraphs i. Statement(s) or Extension N V ADV V N 1. EX. If deforestation wasn’t extremely harmful to our environment, then our N V ADJ V ADJ ADJ N planet would not struggle with the rapid drop in oxygen production levels. ii. Final Sentence ADJ V ADJ ADJ N N 1. EX. Given the dramatic drop in oxygen production levels due to deforestation V V N ADJ N can be stopped to help our planet one step at a time. Quiz 1. What must body paragraphs echo? a. Thesis b. Conclusion c. Both d. None 2. How many ways can you show evidence quotations? a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 9 3. How many body paragraphs are recommended? a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 9

4. What are the three parts included in the body paragraphs? a. Topic Sentence b. Sentences with examples c. Closing Sentences d. All of the above 5. What are some ways to show evidence in quotations? a. Paraphrase b. Summary c. Anecdote d. All of the above 6. Where does the period go when citing? a. At the end of the sentence b. Before the last quotation mark c. After the citation d. Nowhere 7. What must be included when citing a quote? a. Author’s first name b. Author’s last name c. Page number d. B and C 8. What are the two types of examples in thesis statements? a. Anecdotal and crazy b. Fact and Opinion c. Belief and Generalization d. B and C 9. What is a conclusion? a. New argument b. New idea c. Summary of previous paragraphs d. Counterarguments 10. How many different types of thesis statements are there? a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9 ANSWERS 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. d 6. a

7. d 8. d 9. c 10. c

ESSAYS a. i.

Types

Persuasive The main purpose of a persuasive essay is to inform the reader of your position and persuade them to agree with you. In a persuasive essay you must include a thesis and state your position on the topic and provide valid arguments with credible evidence to support the position. In the end you must include counterarguments that could be made against your position and give your own counterargument to once again support your position. ii. Expository 1. Definition or Description An expository essay’s main purpose is to explain a topic in a logical and truthful manner to its reader. 2. Process/How To While writing the factual essay the writer must exclude his or her opinion and write the essay entirely based on facts. Credible evidence/resources should be stated all throughout the essay. 3. Compare and Contrast A compare and contrast expository essay includes both sides of an arguments or topics and explains differences and similarities between the two topics being discussed. Throughout the essay the writer must include factual evidence to support the position for each side of the arguments stated. 4. Cause and Effect In a cause and effect expository essay a writer must state a cause and effect about a topic chosen to discuss throughout the essay. Credible evidence should be stated to support all arguments declared all through the essay. iii. Analytical/Critical 1. Evaluative An evaluative analytical essay’s main purpose is to analyze or evaluate a specific text/literature given to the writer. Quotes from the given text should be stated throughout the essay to support any arguments and positions stated by the author. The writer must break down the text into components to provide a well written essay. 2. Interpretive An interpretive analytical essay states how a writer interprets a specific text/piece of literature provided. There are many ways to interpret a text and arguments supported with quotes from the text must follow the thesis.

The writer must break down the text into component to thoroughly explain their interpretation of the text. iv. Narrative 1. Personal Anecdote The purposely of a narrative essay it to describe an event or a story through a character’s point of view. The essay can be an event or story about the author themselves. The essay must include a thesis, include important events throughout the story, and must only include the most important detail. Summarize the point of the essay and recap in the end. v. Research 1. MLA Format The purpose of a research essay is to show you understand the field you are studying and are to contribute valuable ideas and observations. Throughout the essay you must include factual evidence/quotations from credible sites to support the writer’s text. You must also include correct citations at the end of every quote used in the essay and a reference page must be included . 2. APA Format APA format essays are mostly commonly used to write scientific research papers and to cite sources about the social sciences. It must include quotations and correct citations throughout the essay. A reference page must be included to further allow the reader access to all credible sources referenced in the essay. vi. Timed 1. Document Based Questions (DBQ) The purpose of writing a document-based essay is for you to study the document provided by a teacher/professor to discover and discuss a specific point in history. After creating a well thought thesis you must include supporting arguments and quotes from the text provided. Correct citations should be included following the quotations and reasonable analyzation should be stated in each supporting paragraph. 2. Prompt Based Prompt based essay asks for a response to a specific prompt provided to test your writing, reasoning, and analytical skills. A writer must include references to credible studies or sources to support the position taken about the prompt. A strong thesis should be included at the beginning of the essay. b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps i. Pre-writing/Prompts Analysis/Outlining Prewriting exercises provide structure and meaning to your topic and research before you begin to write your draft. Pre-writing can be used to organize and generate ideas so that writers will never become frustrated and stuck. ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources Any resource; print, human, or electronic can be used to support your arguments must

be evaluated for its credibility and reliability. Evaluate sources of information by examining them for authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, and coverage. c. Work Cited i. MLA Format MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and citing sources within the liberal arts and humanities. Writers who properly use MLA build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Its is an extremely and efficient way to cite your sources and mandatory for advanced essays. ii. APA Format APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used for citing sources within the social sciences. The contributors' names and the last edited date should be included in the APA format citation. Quiz a. b. c. d. 2. a. b. c. d. 3. a. b. c. d. 4. a. b. c. d. 5. a. b. c. d. 6. a. b. c. Â

1. How many different types of citations are there? 1 2 3 4 How many different main types of essays are there? 1 3 5 7 What are the names of the different analytical essays? Evaluative Interpretive Both a and b None What is the MLA format? A work cited An essay Both a and b None What is the APA format? A work cited An essay Both a and b None How many different types of expository essays are there? 1 2 3 40 Â

d. 7. a. b. c. d. 8. a. b. c. d. 9. a. b. c. d. 10. a. b. c. d.

4 What must every introduction have? A thesis A conclusion Both None What must you do before you start an essay? Plan Strategize Prompt Analysis All of the above How many different types of timed writing are there? 1 2 3 4 What must every essay have at the end? Work Cited Thesis Strategies Brand new argument

ANSWERS 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. c 6. d 7. c 8. d 9. b 10. a CAPITALIZATION 25 RULES OF CAPITALIZATION: Rule 1: Capitalize the first word, the last word and every important word in a title. Ex: In the novel The Call of the Wild by Jack London, the story is beautifully written of a strong sled dog named Buck and his owner.

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Rule 2: Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name. Ex: Aunt Marissa decided to bravely take her children on a camping trip in the open forest of Yosemite. Rule 3: Capitalize the name of organizations Ex: The World Nature Organization (WNO) proudly stands to help the world and its environment the best way they can. Rule 4: Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days Ex: On National Earth Day people from all over the world do their part to proudly help the community. Rule 5: Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the noun is part of a title. Ex: The Alaskan coast is tremendously filled with fish and organisms that can survive in tremendous cold water. Rule 6: Capitalize brand names but not the product(s). Ex: The proud producers of Birdseye vegetables only the safest pesticides to preserve the taste and health for the customers. Rule 7: Capitalize business names. Ex: Hilo Fish Co. expertly provides the freshest fish from the mighty blue sea of the vast pacific. Rule 8: Capitalize institution names. Ex: The University of Florida proudly provides a great marine biology program to help the environment and learn more about the ocean and all its organisms. Rule 9: Capitalize names of particular geographic places. Ex: The Gulf of Mexico still faces trouble after the disastrous oil spill incident a couple of years back. Rule 10: Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents. Ex: The Ice Age was an amazing time with animals that have gone extinct on the planet such as the Woolly Mammoth and the Saber tooth Lion.

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Rule 11: Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being. Ex: In the amazing land of India the people worship Allah and the wonderful religion of Hinduism. Rule 12: Capitalize languages Ex: No matter where on Earth the beauty of nature can be seen that brings us all together no matter what language you speak whether its English or Portuguese. Rule 13: Capitalize specific names of structures. Ex: In San Francisco the Golden Gate Bridge has been one of the biggest attractions for people all over the world. Rule 14: Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names. Ex: Professor Earl Grafter has conducted studies in the University of Pennsylvania about the drastic environmental changes all over the world. Rule 15: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence. Ex: The Earth is round and filled with organisms in the ocean and on land. Rule 16: Capitalize the pronoun I. Ex: I am doing my best to really disconnect with technology and just connect with nature in any way possible. Rule 17: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry. Ex: If I was tree green instead of black They would come and cut my branches, Destroy my roots, transport my life and turn me into paper pulp. Everything would be lost to history like disappearing forests and burning woods. Yes, they would cut me down with a sharp axe and say I fell on my own and would you my dear, hear my sound? Rule 18: Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline. Ex: Over the years Roman numerals have been used because of their universal understandings such as I and II.

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Rule 19: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation. Ex: “The world is a wonderful place,” and there are many things we can do to help (Buavard 29). Rule 20: Capitalize government bodies and departments. Ex: The White House has acknowledged the importance of conserving and helping our environment as much as possible. Rule 21: Capitalize races and ethnic groups. Ex: Every race no matter whether Hispanic nor Caucasian should be more willfully invested in helping the environment. Rule 22: Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world. Ex: In Southeast China the people have a true connection with nature and the amazing animal we affectionately call pandas. Rule 23: Capitalize political parties and their members. Ex: Democratic Political Party members advertise their support for bettering the environment when campaigning. Rule 24: Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that being a sentence. Ex: Twenty-two ducks slowly waddle to the pond in a strait line getting ready to swim freely together. Rule 25: Capitalize President when it refers to the leader of the United States. Ex: President Barack Obama has appropriately acknowledged the major problems we have in the environment. PUNCTUATION . – The period is put at the end of a sentence to end a sentence. It can also be used at the end of an abbreviation. Ex: With all that is going on, all the people around the world need be really cautious with how much the Earth is suffering. Ex: Dr. Castello has closely studied the Earth and its deteriorating atmosphere for throughout his entire career.

? – The question mark is the interrogation point that indicates an interrogative clause, or phrase in many languages. Ex: Did you efficiently finish the task I assigned to you this morning? Ex: Why is this house such a mess I just cleaned it this morning, how could all of you easily turn it upside down? ! – The exclamation mark is the punctuation at the end of an emphatic declaration, interjection, or command. Ex: This house looks like wild animal savagely live here! Ex: It looks so beautiful and I absolutely love it! : - The colon is a punctuation mark that consists of two equal sized dots centered on the same vertical line. A colon precedes an explanation, or an enumeration or list. Ex: There are two choices at all times: run away or fight it out. Ex: John wanted to through the cities of Italy: Rome, Florence, and Venice ; - The semicolon is a punctuation mark indicating a pause, typically between two main clauses, that is more pronounced than that indicated by a comma. Ex: We all ate foods from Lima, Peru; Santiago, Chile: and Caracas, Venezuela. Ex: There is mounting evidence of global warming; of course so many people refuse to acknowledge it. - - The dash is used to mark a pause or break in sense, or to represent omitted letters or words. Ex: Books, pencils, paper- many students all over the world lack even the simplest tools for education Ex: To improve the environment, everyone should critically examine their carbon foot prints-cars rides, food miles, and buying clothing. _ - The underscore is a line drawn under a word or phrase for emphasis. Ex: Please stop I don’t appreciate this in any way possible. Ex: You will not cut down trees without fully thinking things through. ( ) – The parenthesis is put around a word, clause, or sentence inserted as an explanation or afterthought that into a passage that is grammatically incomplete without it. Ex: He finally answered (after taking five minutes to think) that he had destroyed the garden and all its flowers.

Ex: He gave me a nice bonus ($500)for installing the wonderful water filters throughout the house. [ ] –The brackets are used to enclose words or figures so as to separate them from the context. Ex: "[T]he better angels of our nature" gave a powerful ending to Lincoln's first inaugural address. Ex: Bill shook hands with [his son] once he got his high school diploma. … - The ellipsis is used for the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues. Ex: After leaving school… I went the pet shelter to volunteer. Ex: I was thinking… maybe we should tell our parents before we go camping. ‘ – An apostrophe is a punctuation mark used to indicate either possession or the omission of letters or numbers. Ex: The geese's precise formation in the sky impressed the pedestrians. Ex: Both bananas' peels had turned brown after a couple of days. “ ” – The quotation mark is used either to mark the beginning and the end of a title or quoted passage or to indicate that a word or phrase is regarded as slang or jargon or is being discussed rather than used within the sentence. Ex: "I don't care what you think anymore," she said, jauntily tossing back her hair and looking askance at Edward. Ex: The phrase "lovely, dark and deep" begins to suggest ominous overtones. / - The solidus is a sign used as a punctuation mark and for various other purposes. Ex: Please proofread/rewrite the story before tomorrow when its due. Ex: Using the pass/fail option backfired on her; she could've gotten an A. COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS a. Who/Whom Who: what or which person or people Ex: A lot of people who waste copious amounts of water need to be more conscience of California’s water drought.

Whom: used instead of “who” as the object of a verb or preposition. Ex: Whom did he blame for the accident after he got out of the hospital? b. Their/There/They’re Their: belonging to or associated with the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified Ex: Many trees lose their leaves in the winter season. There: in, at, or to that place or position. Ex: There was a sudden change in the weather with all the global warming going on. They’re: they are. Ex: The ranchers around here say they can always count on him to help when they're in a bind. c. Lie/Lay Lie: be in or assume a horizontal or resting position on a supporting surface. Ex: These humungous heaps lie along the bank like the slag of a furnace, showing that Nature is "in full blast" within. Lay: put down, especially gently or carefully. Ex: As Susie decided to lay her dog down she began to panic when it started to wake up. d. Laid/Lain Laid: past and past participle of lay. Ex: Once John was laid off from his job he truly took the time to find himself and find his happiness. Lain: past participle of lie. Ex: The ancient chief town of the Cherokee, is believed to have lain over 2000 ft. e. Affect/Effect Affect: have an effect on; make a difference to.

Ex: The horrible dogs death really affected the owners and how they felt about getting a new dog. Effect: a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause. Ex: The whole class cheating drastically effected the class’s test scores as a whole. f. Accept/Except Accept: consent to receive (a thing offered). Ex: He felt accepted by his teammates after hiding his love for the earth club. Except: not including; other than. Ex: The supermarket is open daily except on holidays having all the wonderful fruits and vegetables. g. C/W/Should have vs. C/W/Should of Should have: indicates a missed obligation or opportunity in the past. Ex: He should have arrived in the forest for the camping trip and I’m getting kind of worried. Should of: is followed by an expression that begins with of. Ex: He should, of his own will, have done the right thing for the environment. h. Loath/Loathe Loath: reluctant; unwilling. Ex: Giraffes loath to run due to their long necks and respiratory system. Loathe: feel intense dislike or disgust for. Ex: To know John well was to loathe him, as every contemporary chronicle bears witness. i. Infer/Imply Infer: deduce or conclude (information) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements. Ex: We should infer that the tables in the document were all approved by the Imply: strongly suggest the truth or existence of (something not expressly stated).

Ex: Many earth environmentalists imply to other the dangerousness of our carbon footprints. j. Weary/Wary Weary: feeling or showing tiredness, especially as a result of excessive exertion or lack of sleep. Ex: The weary baby slowly adjusted to its new home after coming back from the hospital. Wary: feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems. Ex: The wary sailors kissed their wives before leaving of to sea. k. Proceed/Precede Proceed: begin or continue a course of action. Ex: The summer can be seen as proceeding by all sales and excitement of leaving school. Precede: come before (something) in time. Ex: The age of the dinosaurs of course precede the 21st century when we humans are around. l. Discrete/Discreet Discrete: individually separate and distinct. Ex: For most purposes the solid media are to be preferred, since bacterial growth appears as a discrete mass and accidental contamination can be readily recognized. Discreet: careful and circumspect in one's speech or actions, especially in order to avoid causing offense or to gain an advantage. Ex: Fur activist try to be discreet when planning a protest attack to those who do wear fur. m. Conscience/Conscious Conscience: an inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's behavior Ex: Many predators don’t have a conscience when stalking and killing their prey with no mercy. Conscious: aware of and responding to one's surroundings; awake.

Ex: You must be conscious about your clothing according to all the seasons and weather. n. Can/May Can: be able to. Ex: Can we start to take small steps to help save our planet? May: expressing possibility. Ex: May I please use the restroom to dispose of the bodily fluids? o. A Lot/Allot A lot: Usage note Expand. As a noun and adverb. Ex: There are a lot of different species of fish throughout the ocean. Allot: give or apportion (something) to someone as a share or task. Ex: Can I please have allot more food since I am so hungry? p. Allusion/Illusion Allusion: an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference. Ex: Allusion is made below to recent work on the production of trains of electric waves. Illusion: a thing that is or is likely to be wrongly perceived or interpreted by the senses. Ex: The illusion that the world is perfect is extremely wrong. q. Awhile/A While Awhile: a thing that is or is likely to be wrongly perceived or interpreted by the senses. Ex: The mountains are supposed to be filled with snow awhile the temperatures are dropping yet there is no snow yet. A While: for a short time. Ex: A while after the snow comes in, people begin to enjoy the beauty of it with all their friends and family. r. Bad/Badly

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Bad: of poor quality; inferior or defective. Ex: The photo was taken with such an old camera that the beautiful scenery itself looks bad. Badly: in an unsatisfactory, inadequate, or unsuccessful way. Ex: Many forest rangers promote safety when out in the while for things not to turn out badly. s. Breath/Breathe Breath: the air taken into or expelled from the lungs. Ex: The last breath from animal is said to be releasing its soul back out to nature. Breathe: take air into the lungs and then expel it, especially as a regular physiological process.

Ex: Every human and animal must breathe to survive on earth.

Glossary Adverb- a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. (page 15) Appositives- another term for appositional. (page 15) Capitalization- write or print (a word or letter) in capital letters. (page 38) Clauses- a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate. (page 14) Document- a piece of written, printed, or electronic matter that provides information or evidence or that serves as an official record. (page 36) Essays- a short piece of writing on a particular subject. (page 35) Exclamatory- of or relating to a sudden cry or remark, especially one expressing surprise, anger, or pain. (page 23) Introductory- the action of introducing something (page 19) Modifiers- a word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or adds to the sense of a head noun. (page 13) Participate- take part .(page 16) Persuasive- good at persuading someone to do or believe something through reasoning or the use of temptation:(page 35) Prompt- of an event or fact) cause or bring about (an action or feeling). (page 36) Sentences- a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses. (page 38) Strategies- plan of action or policy designed to achieve a major or overall aim (page 38) Subordinate- treat or regard as of lesser importance than something else (page 15) Superlatives- (of an adjective or adverb) expressing the highest or a very high degree of a quality (e.g., bravest, most fiercely). (page 10) Work Cited- is a reference to a published or unpublished source. (page 36)

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Writing Style- refers to the manner in which an author chooses to write to his or her readers (page 38)

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WORK CITED Brent, Jason P. "The Garden of Phrases." The Garden of Phrases. Grammar CC, 09 Sept. 2013. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Connors, Chris. "Paragraphs." The Writing Center. Chapel Hill, 17 Dec. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Crane, Liz. "English Grammar: Types of Clauses." LearningNerd Atom. N.p., 05 Aug. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Gonzalez, Arthur Y. "Types of Nouns in English - All You Need to Know | Ginger." Ginger Pages. Ginger, 12 Mar. 2013. Web. 14 Aug. 2015. Hender, Andrew C. "Prepositions: Locators in Time and Place." Prepositions: Locators in Time and Place. Gram, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Lawrence, Steven A. "Conjunctions." Conjunctions. Grammar CC, 15 Dec. 2014. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Miranda, Brendon. "Writing Center." UNLV. Wri, 28 June 2013. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. "Parts of Speech: Noun, Pronoun, Verb | Ask The Editor | Learner's Dictionary." Parts of Speech: Noun, Pronoun, Verb | Ask The Editor | Learner's Dictionary. Merriam Webster, 06 Sept. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Payan, Briana. "Grammar and Style." Writing Manual Home. Poway Unified, 27 July 2011. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. "The Noun." Grammar Bytes! ::. N.p., 30 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Aug. 2015. Umana, Helen C. "1. Sentence Fragments." Twelve Common Errors: An Editing Checklist. Writing Center, 19 Feb. 2013. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. "Welcome to the Purdue OWL." Purdue OWL: Sentence Variety. Purdue Online Writing Lab, 24 July 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. "Welcome to the Purdue OWL." Purdue OWL: Paragraphs and Paragraphing. N.p., 18 Jan. 2014. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.

Dedication First of all I would like to thank my parents and everything they had to sacrifice to make sure that I went to school, had the best education, and had a life here in the United States. I would have never been here without my parents especially my mom and I just wanted to say thank you. I would like to dedicate my grammar book to my parents and Mr. Rodriguez, without either of them I wouldn’t have ever pushed myself to create this book. I have learned a lot about grammar and I hope everyone that picks it up can benefit from it as much as I did.