Autumn Grammar Book by Bravo Grammar Con Online

Introduction

A book filled with grammar relating to autumn. A season where the leaves change color, the weather gets chillier, the spooky holiday resurfaces, and the Thanksgiving feasts become the main attraction. A book in where nouns, adjectives, turkeys and ghosts all find their rightful place.

AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK 1

Grammar Book Section 1 Parts of Speech I.

Nouns:

A. Types of Nouns 1. Common Nouns:  Halloween, Haunted Houses, Thanksgiving, Football 2. Proper Nouns:  September, October, November, Anoushik Abadzhyan 3. Compound Nouns:  Hayride, Raincoat, Scarecrow 4. Concrete Nouns:  Leaf, Pumpkin, Squash, Pine Cone, Cornucopia 5. Abstract Nouns:  Cold, Delight, Comfort

B. Noun Identifiers

1. Noun Endings: •Coldness • Abundance •Imagination • Contentment •Patriotism • Beatitude •List • Harvester •Adventure • History •Generosity • Pioneer •Confidence • Neighborhood 2. Noun Maker (NM): NM N NM N The leaves are orange. The orange leaves fell slowly in the wind. 3. Plural Form:  Leaves, Pumpkins, Squashes, Pine Cones, Cornucopias 4. Possessive Form:  Leaf’s color  Pumpkin’s leaves  Squash’s vines  Thanksgiving’s feast  Anoushik’s birthday 5. Preposition: NM N ADV. V Prep NM The auburn leaves swiftly descended alongside the trunk of the N tree.

C. Functions

1. Subject S V Sam cooks food.

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S V Sam cooks a meal for Thanksgiving.

2. Direct Object S V DO S V DO Anoushik cooked pies. Anoushik cooked pies for the Halloween fair. 3. Indirect Object: S V IO The neighbors gave out candy to the kids. S V IO The neighbors gave out candy to the kids during Halloween. 4. Adverbial Object: S V AO Michelle cooks breakfast in the mornings. S V AO Michelle cooks pancakes on Halloween morning. 5. Object of the Preposition: S V Prep OP Carly braced herself against the wind. S V Prep OP Carly braced herself against the frigid autumn wind. 6. Subject Complement: S SC Robert is the boy in the Batman costume. S SC At the small Halloween get together, Robert is the boy in the Batman costume. 7. Object Complement: S V At the fall county fair, the judges at the pie-eating contest selected DO OC Jimmy winner. S V DO OC Barbara voted Bob mayor of Sun Valley. 8. Appositives: S App V Jimmy, the winner, felt sick after the contest. S App V Bob, the mayor, won the election. 9. Adjectival: S V Adjvl The family sat admiring the fruitful cornucopia. 10. Noun in Direct Address: N Carly, with your red nose, I believe itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quite chilly outside? N The Halloween breakfast was delicious, Michelle, will you be making the Thanksgiving feast as well? AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

II.

11. Object of the Gerund G OG Sam joined a cooking contest against Michelle to see who actually was the better chef. G OG Both Michelle and Sam came in a tie in the cooking contest. 12. Object of the Participle Part OPart After the pie-eating contest, Jimmy was overjoyed but suddenly felt sick at the site of any pie. Part OPart Michelle and Sam decided to join forces for the next pie-baking contest in the county fair. 13. Object of the Infinitive: Inf OInf Secretly, Anoushik wanted to enter the talent show at the county fair. Inf OInf Tommy wanted to leave the terribly planned Halloween party.

Pronouns:

1. Personal: a pronoun associated with a particular person  We sat around the campfire on a chilly autumn night: telling ghost stories and roasting our marshmallows above a glowing ember.  Her hands were clasp together tightly while shivering slightly, but soon she felt warm next to the bright flames of the campfire. 2. Relative: used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun  Those boots belong to the father, who was currently snoring away on the sofa.  Her mother rented that cabin for a Thanksgiving get away. 3. Interrogative: a pronoun that is used to make asking questions easy.  Whoever decided the campfire song sure had a love for SpongeBob.  Whatever music you’re listening to, should be anything but SpongeBob; which, of course, is one of Jimmy’s favorite shows. 4. Reflexive: used when the object of a sentence is the same as the subject  Sarah herself sang the campfire song.  The group themselves thought they could take a short hike around the woods, they were sadly mistaken when they found out they were lost. 5. Demonstrative: takes the place of the noun phrase  These marshmallows and graham cookies taste delightful.  The problem with that pumpkin is that it can’t fit through the trunk of the vehicle. 6. Indefinite: does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount  Anybody can make a campfire, but only a handful of people can spark a flame.  Jimmy wanted nothing more than to wear his Superman costume. 4 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

III.

Verbs: I.

How Verbs Are Identified 1. Verb Endings:  She Cooks, She Bakes, She Eats  She Cooked, She Baked, She Ate  She’s Cooking, She’s Baking, She’s Eating 2. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses  Simple Past: Cooked, Baked, Ate  Past: Cooked, Baked, Ate  Past Perfect: Had Cooked, Baked, Ate  Past Progressive: Were Cooking, Baking, Eating  Simple Present: We Cook, Bake, Eat  Present: We Cook, Bake, Eat  Present Perfect: We Have Cooked, Baked, Ate  Present Progressive: We Are Cooking, Baking, Eating  Present Perfect Progressive: We Have Been Cooking, Baking, Eating  Future: I Will Cook, Bake, Eat  Future Perfect: I will have finished cooking by 8:00 PM. I will have baked the cake by 5:00 PM. I will be eating at around noon. 3. Forms: a. Forms of “to be”: I am cooking. I was baking. We were eating. b. Forms of “to do”: I did cook. She does bake. They do eat. c. Forms of “to have”: I have cooked. She has baked. They have eaten. 4. Types: a. Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs): be, do, have b. Linking verbs: am, is, is being, are, are being, was, was being, were, has, has been, have been, will have been, had been, are being, might have been c. Lexical verbs (main verbs): laughed, ran. d. Dynamic verbs (indicate action): eat, walk, learn, grow, sleep, talk, write, run, read, become, go e. Stative verbs (describe a condition): love, hate, like, prefer, doubt, seem, know, own, understand f. Finitive verbs (indicate tense): painted, promised, am, went, wanted g. Nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles): to love, to eat, to run, to believe, to follow, to laugh, to stare h. Regular verbs (weak verbs): add, agree, amuse, applaud, attach i. Irregular verbs (strong verbs): become, sold, sung, stood, swum j. Transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object): kick, want, paint, write, eat, clean k. Intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects): run, sleep, travel, wonder, die 5. Voice: a. Active: You can bake a cake. b. Passive: The cake can be baked. 6. Verbals: (verb forma not used as verbs) AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

a. Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun  Michelle finds peace while baking in the kitchen. b. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective  Carly sat in the coffee shop looking at the reading post of the day. c. Infinitve: verb preceded by the word “to” used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs  Carly likes to drink coffee on a chilly morning.  Michelle likes to bake cakes.  Sam likes to cook savory foods.

IV.

Adjectives

1. Kinds: a. Demonstrative: this pumpkin, that owl, these leaves b. Common: round pumpkin, fluffy owl, dry leaves c. Proper: American pumpkins, Eastern Great Horned Owl, Autumnal leaves 2. Endings: a. –ive: competitive b. –en: fallen c. –ic: aesthetic d. –at: sauceboat e. –able: comfortable f. –y: chilly g. –ous: deciduous h. –ful: beautiful i. –less: doubtless 3. Conversions: a. America —> American b. Autumn —> Autumnal c. East —> Eastern 4. Articles: a. The leaf b. A pumpkin c. An owl 5. Comparatives/Superlatives: a. Comparatives: used to compare two things  The pumpkin is larger than the squash.  The pine tree is shorter than the oak tree.  The leaves were drier than the air. b. Superlatives: compares three or more nouns.  That pumpkin is the largest one out of them all.  Between the oak tree and the pine tree, the oak tree was the largest.  The driest leaves I have seen were during Autumn.

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Adverbs: 1. Endings: a. –ly: thankfully, happily, hungrily b. –wards: forwards, backwards, upwards c. –wise: counterclockwise, likewise, crabwise

2. Conversions: a. Thankful —> Thankfully b. Back —> Backwards c. Counter Clock —> Counterclockwise

3. Types: a. Manner: how something happens ADV  My grandma added gravy to the mashed potatoes generously. ADV  The turkey darted across the field, avoiding the sharply fired bullets. b. Frequency: how often we do things or how often things happen ADV  I occasionally dress up for Halloween. ADV  Often I find myself curled up next to the window with a cup of hot cocoa watching the world pass by. c. Degree: intensity or degree of an action, an adjective, or another adverb ADJ  She poured enough gravy on her mashed potatoes they disappeared. ADV  There was too much stuffing in the turkey. d. Place: where something happens N  Starbucks brought back the pumpkin spice lattes. N  I watched the cars drive outside my window. ADV  I looked everywhere for my scarf. e. Time: when an action happened, how long, and how often N/ADV  I am leaving to go to my grandma’s house tomorrow. ADV AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

 Thanksgiving was a disaster last year.

4. Intensifiers: Int a. I would really like more of the mashed potatoes, please. Int b. You certainly do not want to eat bad turkey. Int c. The dinner cooked remarkably fast.

5. Comparatives/Superlatives: a. Comparatives: comparing two things Com  This years’ turkey is heavier than last years. Com  Grandma cooked faster this year than last. b. Superlatives: compare three or more nouns Sup  My grandma is the wisest out of her three siblings.  Out of all the vegetables we bought the pumpkin was the Sup fattest. A. Example Types:

ADV o Manner — She sat watching the leaves fall quickly. (B) She sat on the couch looking at the leaves falling ADV quickly. ADV o Time — Thanksgiving is actually in two months. (B) ADV In two months time it really will be Thanksgiving. (A) ADV o Place — Pumpkin spice lattes are finally back. (B) ADV (A) Starbucks finally brought back the pumpkin spice lattes. ADV o Degree — Thanksgiving dinner is really good. (B) ADV The Thanksgiving dinner my grandma makes is quite delicious. (A) ADV o Frequency — We usually eat dinner. (B) ADV We usually eat Thanksgiving dinner at my

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VI.

Conjunctions:

grandmotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house. (A)

1. Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so a. Grandma made dinner for you and I. (B) b. Grandma made Thanksgiving dinner for the whole family and yet she had left overs. (A)

2. Correlative: either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, both/and, whether/or, as/so a. John is either hunting turkey or attending college. (B) b. In the fall, John will either hunt turkey for Thanksgiving or attend college for a better future. (A)

3. Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while a. Jerry will always come to school unless he is sick. (B) b. Jerry comes to school everyday prepared for his classes unless he discovered that he was ill and therefore his abilities to accomplish homework and school seemed futile. (A)

4. Relative Pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) a. The sauceboat that broke, belong to my grandmother. (B) b. The sauceboat that was broken belongs to my grandmother, who inherited it from her grandmother as well. (A)

VII.

Prepositions: 1. While walking about a turkey farm I spotted one sitting alongside the trunk of an old Oak tree and took that as an opportunity to shoot it in front of many other turkeys. 2. I served the turkey on behalf of my grandmother with stuffy and gravy mashed potatoes. 3. We sat underneath the glistening night sky and despite it being a bit chilly, the night turned out great.

VIII.

Interjections: -A word used to express a particular emotion or sentiment on the part of the speaker A. Aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B. Bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C. Cheers, congratulations D. Dang, drat, darn, duh E. Eek, eh, encore, eureka AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

F. Fiddlesticks G. Gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H. Ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray O. Oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P. Phew, phooey, pooh, pow R. Rats S. Shh, shoo T. Thanks, there, tut-tut U. Uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh W. Wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y. Yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck 1. Oh hallelujah the pumpkin pies are ruined and those darn kids are messing with, ahem, the scarecrow! 2. Phew that was a close call back in there, yikes that haunted house gave me goose bumps. 3. Hello, hey, hmm, I believe a congratulation is in order for our Halloween baby’s dad!

Key associated terms to know for Parts of Speech: i.

Antecedents: word, phrase, clause, or sentence to which another word refers  Sarah makes beautiful crowns out of leaves and flowers.

ii.

Complements: a noun and a verb  Bob the turkey was shot.

iii.

Objects: noun or noun phrase governed by an active transitive verb or by a preposition 1. Direct: noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action  The Halloween fireworks exploded in the starry night sky, glistening until they disappeared. 2. Indirect: prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood  Halloween is the best holiday because during it you get candy.

iv.

Modifiers: person or thing that makes partial or minor changes to something  While the parents were outside of the kitchen the sneak children licked a bit of the frosting off of the Halloween cupcakes.

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Transitions

Relationship

Possible Words and Phrases

To add ideas

bey ond that besides moreover furthermore finally

in addition likewise also nex t

To illustrate/demonstrate

for ex ample ev en though that is specifically a case in point

in other words for instance to illustrate as proof

To y ield a point

granted of course

since this is so although true

conv ersely howev er nev ertheless

on the contrary on the other hand while this may be true

To emphasize a point

abov e all more important surely

indeed in fact without a doubt

To compare

at the same time in the same way

likewise similarly

To show order

first second in the second place finally

in conclusion last nex t

To repeat or restate

in other words that is to say

in short

To summarize

for these reasons in conclusion

all in all ov erall

To show relationships in space

close by nearby nex t to

in front of behind

To show contrast

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To show relationships in time

vi.

vii.

before afterward formerly later meanwhile nex t

presently prev iously subsequently ultimately soon after

Expletives: construction that begins with the word here, there, or it and is followed by a form of the verb to be Exp Exp  Here goes the turkey, and there it goes. Agreements: condition of having the same number, gender, case, or person 1. Subject-Verb S V  The turkeys were frolicking in the fields before they were V hunted down. 2. Noun-Pronoun N PN  The spatula belongs to my Grandma.

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Quiz #1 1. Which of the following is the noun marker (NM)? a. Running children b. The leaves c. Round pumpkin 2. How many noun identifiers are there? a. 44 b. 2 c. 5 3. In the following sentence, which is the Indirect Object? -“The neighbors gave out candy to the kids.” a. Kids b. Candy c. Neighbors 4. In the following sentence, which is the Object of the Gerund? -“Sam joined a cooking contest against Michelle to see who actually was the better chef.” a. Sam b. Cooking c. Contest 5. Which of the following is a type of pronoun? a. Possessive Form b. Adverbial Object c. Reflexive 6. How many Progressive tense are there? a. 6 b. 4 c. 3 7. Which of the following are adverb endings? a. –ly, —wards, —ness b. –ance, —ment, —eer c. –ly, —wards, —wise 8. Which of the following are possible transition words? a. Spatula b. Formerly c. Autumn 9. What is an antecedent? a. Phrase to which another word refers b. A verb and noun c. A direct object 10. Which of the following is an interjection? a. More Important, Likewise b. Bob, the turkey, spatula c. Wahoo! Huh? Phooey!

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ANSWER KEY: 1) B 2) C 3) A 4) C 5) C 6) D 7) C 8) B 9) A 10) C

Grammar Book Section 2 Phrases I.

Phrases: groups of words that function as a part of speech. a. Prepositional: group of words that begin with a preposition and end with a noun, used as an adjective and adverb. ADJ PREP PHR B: My adorable grandmother cooked the turkey in the silver tray. ADJ PREP PHR A: The succulent turkey was cooked in the silver tray on the eve of Thanksgiving. b. Appositive: group of words that include all the word or phrases that modify an appositive. APP PHR B: The turkey, a flightless bird, sat in the field. ADJ APP PHR A: The oblivious turkey, a flightless bird, sat in the field unaware of the prowling hunters in the area. c. Verbal: group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. i. Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. GER B: Baking pies make my grandmother happy. GER A: Baking pumpkin pies at my grandmother’s house always end up in a food fight. ii. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. PART B: The fallen autumn leaves drifted into the swimming pool. A: The autumn leaves fell from the tall trees and slowly PART drifted into the swimming pool. iii. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs. INF B: In order to cook the turkey, you need a silver tray. INF A: In order to cook the turkey, you need a silver flat tray and a preheated oven. 14 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

Quiz #2 1. How many types of phrases are there? a. 5 b. 7 c. 3 2. What is the appositive phrase in the following sentence: -The turkey, a flightless bird, sat in the field. a. The turkey b. Sat c. A flightless bird 3. Which clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence? a. Direct Object b. Subordinate c. Independent 4. How many subordinate clauses are there? a. 7 b. 34 c. None 5. What is a gerund? a. A group of words b. An adverb c. A word ending in “ing” used as a noun 6. How many ways can you write a noun clause? a. 3 b. 44 c. 7 7. What is the nonessential clause in the following sentence: -The leaves fell to the ground, which was sat on by dogs, where they settled nicely. a. The leaves fell b. Which was sat on by dogs c. To the ground 8. Which of the following mean “clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence? a. Nonessential Clause b. Noun Clause c. Adverb Clause 9. Which is the elliptical clause in the following: -When baking, my grandmother focuses on not letting the pie burn. a. My grandmother b. When baking c. Letting the pie burn 10. What does a relative clause begin with? a. Relative Pronoun b. Adjective c. Verb

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ANSWERS: 1) C 2) C 3) B 4) A 5) C 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) B 10) A

Grammar Book Section 3 Clauses II.

Clauses: groups of words with a subject and a verb. a. Independent: can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. IND B: Following tradition, my family baked all sorts of pies for Thanksgiving. IND A: For the fall festival I baked pumpkin pies with my grandmotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s special recipe. b. Subordinate (Dependent): cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must begin with a subordinate conjunction. i. Noun Clause: used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. NOUN CLS B: My grandmother searched in the pantry to see what supplies she was missing. A: While searching in the pantry for ingredients for the pumpkin pie NOUN CLS I decided on writing a list what supplies I was missing. ii. Adjective Clause: used to modify a noun in an independent clause. ADJ IntrWrd ADJ CLS B: My exciting family tradition where we cook Thanksgiving dinner together is one of my favorite times of the year. IntrWrd A: This is a pie making tradition where my wonderful ADJ CLS ADV Grandmother shares her meticulously written recipes. iii. Adverb Clause: used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. ADV CLS B: When my mother called the kids for dinner, everyone ADV happily ran to the dining room. ADV CLS A: When my mother called everyone for dinner, we more ADV than willingly dashed into the dining room only after washing our hands of course.

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iv. Relative Clause: dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. REL CLS B: The kid who finishes their plate first earns dessert. A: In my family we make eating a competition; the child who REL CLS ADV ADJ finishes their plate completely first earns a larger portion of dessert than everyone else. v. Elliptical Clause: adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. ELP CLS B: When baking, my grandmother focuses on not letting the pie burn. ELP CLS ADV A: When baking, my grandmotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focus remains solely in the making of the pie. vi. Essential Clause: clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ESS CLS B: The making of the pie that takes about thirty-to-forty minutes to bake is a crucial step in the pie making process. ESS CLS A: The making of the pumpkin pie that includes small-diced pieces of pumpkin doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t take too long to bake. vii. Nonessential Clause: clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. NONESS CLS B: The leaves fell to the ground, which was sat on by dogs, ADV where they settled nicely. ADV NONESS CLS A: The leaves drifted slowly to the sidewalk, which was walked ADV on only two days ago, creating a beautiful disarray of autumn colors.

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Quiz #3 1. What is the adverb clause in the following: -When my mother called the kids for dinner, everyone happily ran to the dining room. a. My mother called b. When my mother called the kids for dinner c. For dinner 2. What is an elliptical clause? a. Adverb clause in which part of the clause is omitted b. Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun c. Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence 3. How many types of Elliptical clauses are there? a. 32 b. 5 c. Only one 4. What is an adverb clause used to indicate? a. The verb b. Time, place, cause, purpose, etc. c. Both A & B 5. What is an adverb clause used to modify? a. Verbs, adjectives, and adverbs b. Parts of speech c. Punctuation 6. What two functions does a relative pronoun have? a. Person and place b. Introduce clause and sentence-part within clause c. Both A & B 7. Which clause can stand alone as a complete sentence? a. Independent b. Subordinate c. Both 8. Which are subordinate clauses? a. Participle & Infinitive b. Noun & Adjective c. Adverb & Gerund 9. What must a subordinate clause begin with? a. Subordinate conjunction b. Verb c. Noun 10. Which are independent clauses? a. Adverb b. Gerund c. None

18 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK ANSWERS: 1) B 2) A 3) C 4) B 5) A 6) B 7) A 8) B 9) A 10) C

Grammar Book Section 4 Sentences I.

Sentence Parts (2)

Subject (3)

1. Complete: has a subject and a verb predicate ADJ COMP SUB V ADV B: My wise, down to earth, old grandmother cooked heartily. ADJ COMP SUB V ADV A: My wise, down to earth, old grandmother cooked heartily for the whole family during Thanksgiving with a smile on her face. 2. Simple: consists of only one clause, with single subject and predicate SUB ADV ADJ B: My grandmother happily cooked the delicious stuffing for the turkey. SUB ADV ADJ A: My grandmother happily cooked the savory stuffing for the turkey along with the sweet strawberry ice cream dessert. 3. Compound: contains at least 2 independent clauses IND ADJ B: My family baked all sorts of delicious pies, and almost always IND ADV my mom cooked Thanksgiving dinner slowly at my grandmothers. IND IND A: My family baked a variety of pies and my mom cooked ADV ADJ Thanksgiving dinner rapidly in the chaotic kitchen of my Grandmotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house.

ii.

Predicate (3) 1. Complete: has a subject and a verb predicate ADJ ADV VP B: My sweet cousins quickly arrive at my house. ADJ ADV VP A: My charming cousins hurriedly arrive at my house to prepare for the incoming trick-or-treaters. 2. Simple: consists of only one clause, with single subject and predicate VP ADJ B: Many of my cousins will arrive at my humble abode before we ADV quickly leave for trick or treating. AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

VP ADJ A: Many of my cousins will arrive at my humble abode before we ADV hastily leave to make sure we conquer the big houses that give out lots of sweet candies. 3. Compound: more than one subject or predicate VP ADJ VP ADV B: She stuffed the savory turkey and baked the dessert quickly afterward. VP ADJ A: She stuffed the savory turkey before slipping it into the preVP ADV heated oven and baked the dessert quickly afterward with the help of her creative imagination.

II.

Sentence Types (4) i.

Declarative: explains

SUB ADV ADJ B: I hardly cook any appetizing thanksgiving dishes. SUB ADV ADJ A: I barely cook anything remotely mouthwatering for Thanksgiving because I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t really know how to cook yet.

ii.

Interrogative: questions SUB ADV B: Do you randomly ordered take out instead of cooking ADJ appetizing Thanksgiving dishes? ADV ADJ A: Instead of making an appealingly mouthwatering SUB Thanksgiving turkey with gravy and stuffing, do you order take out?

iii.

Imperative: commands ADJ SUB ADV B: Have this dead turkey immediately cleaned and stuffed within the hour! SUB ADV A: Have these potatoes mashed properly with the correct ADJ ingredients in order to have fluffy mashed potatoes for dinner.

iv.

Exclamatory: shouts/yells

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SUB ADV ADJ B: You hastily dropped the turkey on the filthy floor! SUB ADV ADJ A: Oh no! You dropped the perfectly cooked turkey on the dirty floor, and no, the 5-second rule doesn’t count!

III.

Sentence Patterns (13) i.

Simple: a sentence that is just one independent clause ADV ADJ B: The children quickly ran toward the large jumper. ADV ADJ A: The children quickly ran with enthusiasm toward the large Halloween themed jumper.

ii.

Complex: a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

ADJ B: Before making the succulent turkey, my mother prepares the ADV rice and cranberry sauce hastily. ADJ A: Before making the succulent turkey, which was shot in a forest, ADV my mother prepares the rice and cranberry sauce hastily.

iii.

Compound: a sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clause ADV B: Bobby dramatically played the tree in the autumn musical at school. ADV ADJ A: Bobby dramatically played the boring tree in the autumn musical at school.

iv.

Compound-Complex: a sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause B: Although I love baking pies, I haven’t had the time to bake any ADV lately, and I haven’t found anyone willing to bake with me either. ADJ A: Although I have a passion for baking delicious pies, I haven’t ADV had the time to bake any lately, and I haven’t found anyone willing to bake with me either. AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

Loose Sentence: a sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase)

ADV B: I went to the supermarket, bought a pumpkin, and clumsily ADJ shopped around for more healthy groceries. ADV A: I went to the Ralphâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, bought a pumpkin, and clumsily shopped ADJ around for more healthy groceries.

vi.

Periodic Sentence: a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense ADJ B: Even when the yummy cranberry sauce was ruined, the ADV Thanksgiving dinner went on happily. ADJ A: Even when the delectable cranberry sauce was ruined, the ADV family Thanksgiving dinner went on happily.

vii.

Balanced Sentence: a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length

ADV ADJ B: I enjoy baking lovely pies and cooking delicious thanksgiving dinner. ADV ADJ A: I enjoy baking lovely pies with my mom and cooking delicious thanksgiving dinner with my grandma.

viii.

Parallel Structure: a sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written B: I like to bake, cook, and carve pumpkins. ADV A: I really enjoy baking, cooking, and carving pumpkins.

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ix.

Chiasmus: a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas

(words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order ADV ADV B: I bake when I’m extremely happy, and I’m extremely happy when I bake. ADV A: The immensely populated festival had many pumpkins, and ADJ the many pumpkins had silly faces.

Asyndeton: a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose ADV B: Without lovely baking, without lovely cooking, and without lovely carving pumpkins. ADV A: When the lively leaves fall, change color, and drop one-by-one, you know autumn is here.

xi.

Polysyndeton: a sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose

ADV B: When excitedly baking pumpkin pie you’ll need eggs, and sugar, and pumpkin puree, and sweetened condensed milk. ADV A: During Autumn I watch curiously movies, and drink hot chocolate, and eat cookies, and bake, and cook, and most ADV importantly wear really comfy clothes.

xii.

Anaphora: a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention

B: While baking I’m happy, while cooking I’m happy, and while drinking hot chocolate I’m happy. ADV A: Baking cookies, baking pies, and baking cakes usually happen during the holidays.

xiii.

Epistrophe: a sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words

B: My mother’s baking are the best, my grandmother’s cooking are AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

the best, and my carving skills are the best. A: Her baking skills, his carving skills, their cooking skills.

IV.

Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) i.

Fragment

Incorrect: And cooked dinner without help. Correct: She cooked dinner without help.

ii.

Run-on/Fused Incorrect: Jeremy was cooking the turkey and baking the cake all the while his oven preheated in the corner. Correct: Jeremy was cooking the turkey and baking the cake. All the while his oven preheated in the corner.

iii.

Misplaced Modifier Incorrect: Luke, who was holding a bag of icing, waited patiently for the baker. Correct: Luke waited patiently for the baker, who was holding a bag of icing.

iv.

Comma Splice ADV Incorrect: Jane frantically looked around for her son, while also keeping an eye on her daughters playing in the leaves, Jane soon found him behind a naked tree. ADV Correct: Jane frantically looked around for her son, while also keeping an eye on her daughters playing in the leaves. Jane soon found him behind a naked tree.

Double Negative Incorrect: She claimed she couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t neither bake nor cook. Correct: She claims she couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t bake or cook.

24 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

Quiz #4 1. “She claimed she couldn’t neither bake nor cook.” What error is in this sentence? a. Comma Splice b. Double Negative c. Fragment 2. “I went to the supermarket, bought a pumpkin, and clumsily shopped around for more healthy groceries.” What sentence pattern is in the above? a. Compound b. Declarative c. Loose 3. Which one is a simple sentence? a. “My grandmother happily cooked the delicious stuffing for the turkey.” b. “My wise, down to earth, old grandmother cooked heartily.” c. “My sweet cousins quickly arrive at my house.” 4. Which of the following is an exclamatory sentence? a. “Do you randomly order take out instead of cooking thanksgiving dinner?” b. “You hastily dropped the turkey on the filthy floor!” c. “She likes food.” 5. What does an imperative sentence do? a. Shouts/yells b. Explains c. Commands 6. What does a declarative sentence end with? a. Period b. Question mark c. Comma 7. What is included in a complete sentence? a. A definition b. A clause c. A subject and verb predicate 8. How many sentence parts are there? a. 2 b. 13 c. 4 9. How many sentence types are there? a. 13 b. 4 c. 2 10. How many sentence patterns are there? a. 4 b. 2 c. 13 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

Answers: 1)B 2)C 3)A 4)B 5)C 6)A 7)C 8)A 9)B 10)C

Grammar Book Section 5 Paragraphs I. Introductory Paragraphs: Introductions I. Hook: lead (2 types) i.

Anecdotal: brief story to set the mood and intro the topic Ex: Jimmyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s favorite holiday was one where faces were morphed into ones seen on television, magic was spilled from imaginative minds, and treats were swamped in multi-colored baskets. Dressing up and going from house-to-house every year on the 31st of October was what Jimmy looked forward too. Though nothing could prepare him for the house on the corner, which was said to be haunted.

ii.

Query Based: question that brings the reader to the topic Ex: How did Halloween come about?

II.

Thesis Statement: the purpose of a piece of writing and something that is arguable (7 types) i. Assertion: claim Ex: Halloween is celebrated in various ways and some festivals even date back thousands of years.

ii.

Fact: empirically verifiable Ex: Halloween dates back 2,000 years to the Celtic festival of Samhain.

iii.

Opinion: personal position on a topic Ex: The history behind All Hallows Eve is one of mystery and thrill.

iv.

Belief: social, religious, or political in nature - an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily Ex: Pretend pagans attempt to convince you that Halloween is innocent fun, and even claim it has a Christian origin.

Generalization: uses absolute or statistical pronouns Ex: Halloween has always been about trick or treating.

vi.

Document Based: cites a specific source and its position on a topic Ex: In Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween, Lisa Morton offers views on Halloween from both pagan and Christian traditions.

vii.

Theory: a statement that can be tested and potentially proven Ex: Halloween isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t just trick or treating, there are many other festivals and traditions to it.

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II.

Body Paragraphs: must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis i.

Topic Sentence: must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support Ex: There are many other sources that indicate that Halloween isn’t just about trick-or-treating.

ii.

Evidence from Quotations: quotes shoulder NEVER be used as individual sentences -- quotes should be embedded within sentences OG Quote: “There is nothing funny about Halloween. This sarcastic festival reflects, rather, an infernal demand for revenge by children on the adult.” -Jean Baudrillard

1. Quotes (5 ways to integrate quotes into sentences): a. Many believe, “There is nothing funny about Halloween. This sarcastic festival reflects, rather, an infernal demand for revenge by children on the adult.” (Baudrillard 56) b. “There is nothing funny about Halloween. This sarcastic festival reflects, rather, an infernal demand for revenge by children on the adult” according to many researchers (Baudrillard 56). c. Even though, “There is nothing funny about Halloween. This sarcastic festival reflects, rather, an infernal demand for revenge by children on the adult” people continue to enjoy this holiday (Baudrillard 56). d. Even though, “There is nothing funny about Halloween. This sarcastic [yet enjoyable] festival reflects, rather, an infernal demand for revenge by children on the adult” (Baudrillard 56). e. Even though, “There is nothing funny about Halloween. This…festival…demand[s] for revenge…” (Baudrillard 56).

2. Paraphrase: rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source Ex: Halloween isn’t funny. It’s mostly a way for children to hellishly deceive adults.

3. Summary: condensing larger quotes or sections Ex: Halloween is just a way for kids to torment adults.

4. Abstract Examples: hypothetical, “what if” Ex: Halloween wouldn’t be as much fun if we didn’t dress up. AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

5. Concrete Examples: actual, reference-able examples Ex: According to a variety of sources, including History.com, Halloween did originate from the ancient Celtic holiday of Samhain. This festival was used to mark the end of harvest seasons and also believed that the transition between seasons was a bridge to the world of the dead.

iii.

Closing Sentences: must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word and should echo the thesis of the essay. Ex: Certainly, it is proven that Halloween isn’t just trick-or treating but has an entire backstory to it.

III.

Closing Paragraphs: conclusions — shouldn’t be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay i.

Statement extending the Thesis: extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis Ex: If this traditional holiday wasn’t passed down, there probably wouldn’t be any festivals or parties that are full of costumes, jack-olanterns, and treats.

ii.

Final Sentence: connects to the hook Ex: With all this background on Halloween, Jimmy was even more curious and excited to what his favorite holiday still may have hidden.

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Quiz #5 1. How many types of thesis statements are there? a. Seven b. Four c. None 2. A body paragraph must have _____ of the thesis: a. Claims b. Echoes c. Halloween 3. Which of the following correctly use quotes? a. “There is nothing funny about Halloween.” b. Halloween is super fun. “There is nothing funny about Halloween.” c. Even though, “There is nothing funny about Halloween. This sarcastic [yet enjoyable] festival reflects, rather, an infernal demand for revenge by children on the adult” (Baudrillard 56). 4. Which of the following is needed in an introductory paragraph? a. Hook & Thesis Statement b. Quotes c. Final Sentence 5. Which of the following is a summary? a. Halloween isn’t funny. It’s mostly a way for children to hellishly deceive adults. b. Halloween is just a way for kids to torment adults. c. Halloween wouldn’t be as much fun if we didn’t dress up. 6. Which of the following is an abstract example? a. “There is nothing funny about Halloween.” b. Halloween is fun. c. Halloween wouldn’t be as much fun if we didn’t dress up. 7. What is needed in closing paragraphs? a. Final Sentence b. Random quote about food c. Thesis 8. What are brackets used for in a quote? a. To bring emphasis to the quote b. It is to insert a word or group of words that weren’t apart of the quote c. I don’t know 9. How many ways can you use quotes? a. Ten b. One c. Five 10. Is the following an Anecdotal hook or a query based? -How did Halloween come about? a. Query Based b. Anecdotal c. Neither

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Answers: 1)A 2)B 3)C 4)A 5)B 6)C 7)A 8)B 9)C 10)A

Grammar Book Section 6 Essays I.

Types (6)

A. Persuasive (Argumentative) -A persuasive essay is used to utilize logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate than another. It’s goal is to persuade the reader in choosing or adopting one of the ideas that are mentioned in the essay. The argument must always use solid evidence by stating facts and giving logical reasons. i. Planning: 1. Choose your position. Which issues will you write about and what will be the solution you offer? 2. Research your topic. You need specific examples and solid evidences. You should be well informed about your topic. 3. Figure out what examples, evidence, and/or text you will include. Keep your purpose, audience, and topic in mind. 4. Have a strong hook/thesis statement. Grab the reader’s attention. 5. Cause and effect. Why does this idea have this effect? What is the cause of this effect?

B. Expository (Informative) -An expository essay is used to inform a reader about a subject. When writing an expository essay you must research the idea, analyze evidence and expand on the idea. i. Planning: 1. Clear and concise thesis statement. 2. Clear transitions between the paragraphs. Body paragraphs should include evidential support. 3. Conclusion. Don’t just restate the thesis.

C. Analytical/Critical -An analytical/critical essay analyzes. i. Evaluative: 1. Can evaluate/analyze another piece of writing, a film, an issue, or an idea. ii. Interpretive: 2. Interpret the text’s message, meaning, and purpose.

D. Narrative (Tells a Story) -A narrative essay is basically a story. Most narratives are personal or anecdotal. This allows students to express themselves in creative ways.

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i. ii.

Personal: tells a true story of something that has happened to a person. Anecdotal: tells an interesting or emotional story.

E. Research -A research essay analyzes a perspective or argues a point. i. MLA Format: proper use of MLA builds credibility 1. Double-spaced, Times New Roman (or any legible font), 12 point font ii. APA Format: 2. Typed, double-spaced, 1” margins, 12 pt. Times New Roman font

F. Timed -A timed essay is exactly that. This essay is written under a time limit. For the SATs there will be a writing part. You will have 45 minutes to complete your essay. i. Planning: 1. Intro: including your hook and thesis. 2. Body: including reasons and examples from your own experience, observations, or readings. 3. Conclusion: including extension and final sentence. ii. Document Based Question (DBQ): 4. 15 minutes to read prompt, analyze the documents, and do any pre-writing (outlining). 5. Think of outside information: current events, time periods, themes, etc. 6. Determine your opinion or perspective. 7. Form thesis & determine what categories (paragraphs) the documents will be included in. iii. Prompt Based: 8. Read prompt 9. Tests writing, reasoning, and analytical skills 10. Write essay based on your opinion, also include reasons and examples from your own experience, observations, or readings.

II.

Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps A. Pre-Writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining: i. ii. iii. iv.

Read Prompt Explain the argument in prompt Find out what you need to do: i.e: “Explain Coffman’s argument and discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with his analysis.” Outline: (applies to most essays) 1. Intro: Hook, Thesis AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

2. Body: INCLUDE EXAMPLES/EVIDENCE 3. Conclusion: Extension, Final Sentence

B. Research/Evaluation of Sources i. ii. iii.

III.

When writing an essay you should include solid evidence and examples to support your thesis. Research and read about your topic of choice Analyze the sources of information

Work Cited Page A. MLA Format i. ii.

“Modern Language Association” Commonly used to write papers and cite sources i.e: "Basic Facts About Tigers." Defenders of Wildlife. N.p., 23 Feb. 2012. Web. 04 Nov. 2015.

B. APA Format i. ii.

“American Psychological Association” Commonly used to cite sources i.e: Basic Facts About Tigers. (2012, February 23). Retrieved November 4, 2015.

32 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

Quiz #6 1. How many types of essays are there? a. 6 b. 5 c. 4 2. What is an expository essay do? a. Argumentative b. Informative c. Both 3. What does a persuasive essay do? a. Explains b. Informs c. Argues 4. A narrative essay tells a story. True or False? a. True b. False 5. Which two are under Timed Essay? a. Research Essay b. DBQ & Prompt Based c. Neither 6. What applies to most essays? a. Apples b. Capitalization c. Outline 7. Which two are formats to cite sources? a. MLA & APA b. DBQ + MLA c. APA + DBQ 8. What does a research essay do? a. Explains b. Analyzes a perspective c. I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know 9. What is a DBQ? a. Prompt Based b. I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know c. Document Based Questions 10. How many minutes are needed to write an SAT essay? a. 45 minutes b. 20 minutes c. 15 minutes

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ANSWERS: 1)A 2)B 3)C 4)A 5)B 6)C 7)A 8)B 9)C 10)A

Grammar Book Section 7 Capitalization 1. Capitalize the first word in a sentence: i.e: There are many different ways to cook a turkey. 2. Capitalize pronouns: i.e: John A. Smith 3. Capitalize buildings, streets, parks, statues, monuments: i.e: Mount Rushmore 4. Capitalize continents, countries, counties, districts, cities, towns: i.e: Armenia 5. Capitalize courts: -Federal, State, and Provincial Courts: i.e: the United States Supreme Court 6. Capitalize compass points: i.e: Southeast states 7. Capitalize i.e: 8. Capitalize i.e:

degrees (academic): Derek Shepherd, M.D. eras and historical periods: The Great Depression

9. Capitalize flags: i.e: the Union Jack 10. Capitalize geographical terms: i.e: the Great Basin 11. Capitalize geographical words: i.e: Cape Cod 12. Capitalize government: i.e: Her Majestyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Government 13. Capitalize government departments: i.e: the Federal Bureau of Investigation 14. Capitalize government terms: i.e: the Presidentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cabinet 15. Capitalize Holy Bible: i.e: Old Testament 34 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

16. Capitalize military i.e: Marine Corps 17. Capitalize nation or republic (when used as a synonym for a country): i.e: The Nation stands by its men and women in combat. 18. Capitalize organized bodies: i.e: Democrats 19. Capitalize organizations: i.e: Microsoft Corporation 20. Capitalize poetry: i.e: The mind chases happiness. The heart creates happiness. The souls is happiness. And it spreads happiness. All-where. -Sri Chinmoy 21. Capitalize point form: i.e: •Pancakes •Butter •Syrup 22. Capitalize quotations: i.e: “It’s too cold for you here.” -The Neighborhood 23. Capitalize state or province: i.e: British Columbia 24. Capitalize titles (personal): i.e: Professor David Schwartz 25. Capitalize titles (other): i.e: FRIENDS, with Jennifer Aniston & David Schwimmer

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Quiz #7 1. How many rules of capitalization are there? a. 25 b. 3 c. 9 2. Is the following capitalized correctly? -Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dog Charlie is a Schnauzer. a. False b. True 3. Which of the following are capitalization rules? a. Capitalize numbers b. Capitalize pronouns and countries c. There are no capitalization rules 4. All of the following are true exceptâ&#x20AC;Ś a. Capitalize government terms b. Capitalize flags c. Capitalize numbers 5. Is the following capitalized correctly? -The President of the United States flew to California. a. True b. False 6. Should you capitalize government terms? a. No b. Yes 7. When listing items, should you capitalize them? a. Yes b. No 8. Which of the following is capitalized correctly? a. Flowers b. Carrots c. Thanksgiving 9. Where must you always capitalize a word in a sentence? a. The last word in the sentence b. The first word in the sentence c. You can write the sentences in lower case 10. Which countries should always be capitalized? a. The United States of America b. The United Kingdom c. All countries

36 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK ANSWERS: 1) A 2) B 3) B 4) C 5) A 6) B 7) A 8) C 9) B 10) C

Grammar Book Section 8 Punctuation A. Brackets: [ ] allow the insertion of editorial material inside quotations i.e: “Be thankful [and grateful] for what you have; you’ll end up having more. If you concentrate on what you don’t have, you will never, ever have enough.” -Oprah Winfrey i.e: “I am grateful for what I am and have [been given]. My Thanksgiving is perpetual.” -Henry David Thoreau B. Parenthesis: ( ) allow a writer to provide additional information i.e: Johnny pulled his beanie further over his head while rubbing his nose (seeing as though it was below 40 degrees that night). i.e: Thanksgiving is full of laughter and happiness (gratefulness) that spread across the world. C. Period: . ends a sentence i.e: Johnny fell ill after that cold autumn night. i.e: The turkey sat in the middle of the dining table. D. Comma : , indicates a pause that would occur if sentence was spoken aloud, separates grammatical components of the sentence i.e: My grandmother, wise and content, makes the delicious stuffing from scratch. i.e: Comet, the cat, sat on top of the bed flicking his tail around. E. Hyphen: - formation of certain compound terms, word division i.e: John’s mother-in-law doesn't like cooking, instead she hires a private chef. i.e: Patricia had to go to the ER on thanksgiving for an emergency x-ray because she swallowed a Lego piece. F. Em Dash: — can take place of commas, parentheses, or colons i.e: The autumn leaves change color quickly —turning into a beautiful shade of orange. i.e: Jeremy's frown deepened—he had been caught stealing a cookie from the cookie jar. G. Colon: : used to introduce a list of items, emphasis, between independent clauses when the second explains or illustrates the first i.e: We need the following items to make the best haunted house: skeletons, masks, glow in the dark paint, spider-webs, and lots of fake blood. i.e: There was only one problem with the stuffing: the disgustingly bitter cranberries.

AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

H. Semicolon: ; between independent clauses when a coordinating conjunction is omitted, between independent clauses linked by a transitional expression, in lists with internal commas i.e: Not everyone can enjoy Halloween; some people don't even celebrate it. i.e: November has chilly nights; December has chilly nights. I. Question Mark: ? at the end of a question i.e: Natalie, may I have the stuffing? i.e: Is the turkey cooked yet? J. Exclamation Mark: ! at the end of exclamations i.e: Oh! This food is absolutely delicious! i.e: That haunted house sure gives me the creeps! K. Apostrophe: ‘ contractions, plurals, and possessives i.e: The girl couldn't cook to save her life. i.e: John’s wife was carving pumpkins with their daughter. L. Quotation Marks: “ ” used to indicate material that is being reproduced word for word i.e: Julia spoke softly, “There… There were witches and goblins and ghosts. They were all over the house.” i.e: The “spookiness” of the home didn't phase the rebellious teenagers. M. Ellipses: … indicating an omission, should have a single space on either side i.e: The oblivious girl crept into the wicked cave never once looking back … i.e: On the eve of Halloween Carolina sat next to her mother’s bed listening to the slowing heart beat on the monitor …

38 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

Quiz #8 1. Which punctuation mark is used in an exclamatory sentence? a. A Question Mark b. An Exclamation Mark c. A Period 2. What is a colon used for? a. Can take place of commas, parentheses, or colons b. At the end of a question c. Used to introduce a list of items or emphases 3. What is an Em Dash? a. — b. ? c. ; 4. What do parentheses allow a writer to do? a. Take the place of commas b. Provide additional information c. Indicate material that is reproduced 5. What is this - called? a. Apostrophe b. Em Dash c. Hyphen 6. Which of the following uses the Em Dash correctly? a. The autumn leaves change color quickly —turning into a beautiful shade of orange. b. The leaves—change color fast. c. Changing color fast—the leaves. 7. What punctuation mark is Mr. Rodriguez’s favorite? a. Quotation Marks b. Ellipses c. Comma 8. What are brackets used for? a. Ends a sentence b. Indicates omission c. Allows insertion of editorial material inside quotations 9. Which of the following correctly uses the exclamation mark? a. She sat down! b. Oh! This good is absolutely delicious! c. Is the turkey cooked yet! 10. Which of the following correctly uses the parenthesis? a. Johnny pulled his beanie further over his head while rubbing his nose (seeing as though it was below 40 degrees that night). b. She (likes) to eat. c. Jeremy doesn’t (think) a lot.

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ANSWERS: 1) B 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) A 7) B 8) C 9) B 10) A

Grammar Book Section 9 Commonly Confused Words A. Who/Whom: Who can only be used when it is the subject of a verb. Whom cannot be used. i.e.: Who paid for the turkey? i.e: You sat by whom last night during the parade? B. Their/There/They’re: possession, place, “they are” i.e: The girl sat quietly right there during the Thanksgiving parade. i.e: It was their car that stopped the whole parade. i.e: They’re slowing down the whole thing! C. Lie/Lay: Lay requires a direct object and lie does not. i.e: The autumn leaves drift down from the trees to lay on the earth below. i.e: At the end of the day I lie down. D. Laid/Lain: Laid is the past tense of lay, lain is the past participle of lie. i.e: John laid the baby on the bed to change him into his Halloween costume. i.e: Comet the cat had lain across the carpet. E. Affect/Effect: effect is a noun, affect is a verb. i.e: The enormous Thanksgiving feast affected the size of Uncle Tom’s belly. i.e: The effect the feast on Uncle Tom was drastic. F. Accept/Except: accept is a verb, except is commonly seen as a preposition. i.e: Toby accepted the early Christmas gifts on Thanksgiving. i.e: Everyone could walk after the feast except Uncle Tom. G. C/W/Should have VS. C/W/Should of: should have is formal, should of is informal i.e: Tommy should of done his homework earlier that week in order to have fun on Halloween. i.e: Thomas should have finished his assignment earlier on in the week in order for him to enjoy his Thanksgiving break. H. Loath/Loathe: loathe is a verb, loath is an adjective i.e: Uncle Tom loathed wasting the leftover turkey. i.e: Uncle Tom is loath in giving up the last turkey leg. I. Infer/Imply: to imply is to suggest something indirectly, infer is on the receiving end of imply (to gather, deduce or figure out) i.e: By the sound of Uncle Tom’s growling I believe he was implying that the last turkey leg belonged to him. i.e: She inferred that the turkey had been burned because she didn't turn off the oven.

40 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

J. Weary/Wary: weary means physically or mentally fatigued, wary means to be watchful or cautious i.e: The child was wary of the enormous black house looking over head. i.e: The little girl wearily walked to her room, yawning quietly. K. Proceed/Precede: proceed means to go forwards or to continue, precede means to come before i.e: The old lady proceeded in cooking the feast. i.e: The baking of the cupcakes precedes frosting them. L. Discrete/Discreet: discrete means individually distinct, discreet means inconspicuous i.e: There is a cupcake that contains all the discrete components of flour. i.e: She discreetly stole the turkey leg from Uncle Tom. M. Conscience/Conscious: conscience is the little voice in your head or the angel and devil on your shoulders telling you what is right and what isn't, conscious means to be aware of yourself or the world around you i.e: My conscience told me not to eat dessert before dinner. i.e: I subconsciously traced the outline of the autumn leaves. N. Can/May: use may for permission, use can for ability i.e: I can bake. i.e: May I have a cookie?

AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

Quiz #9 1. Which sentence uses the word except correctly? a. Everyone could walk after the feast except Uncle Tom. b. She excepted the gift whole-heartedly. c. They didn’t except her into the University of California. 2. Which sentence uses the word uses the correct their/there/they’re? a. Their was a shoe in the closet. b. They’re running to school today. c. There mother was upset with the outcome of her turkey. 3. Which of the following is NOT correct? a. She subconsciously traced the outline of the autumn leaves. b. My conscience told me not to eat dessert before dinner. c. She consciencely ate the cookies before dinner. 4. Which of the following is NOT correct? a. The old lady precedes in cooking the feast. b. The baking of the cupcakes precedes frosting them. c. The old lady proceeded in cooking the feast. 5. What does discreet mean? a. Inconspicuous b. Individually distinct c. I don’t know 6. Which word is commonly confused with wary? a. May b. Infer c. Weary 7. Which are the most commonly confused words? a. There/Their/They’re b. Infer/Imply c. All of the above 8. Which is commonly confused with loath? a. Except b. Loathe c. Imply 9. Which is commonly confused with precede? a. Proceed b. Accept c. Effect 10. What do affect/effect and accept/except have in common? a. They mean the same thing b. They’re commonly confused words c. I don’t know

ANSWERS: 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) C 8) B 9) A 10) B

42 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

About the Author Anoushik Abadzhyan was born here in sunny California. She grew up in the valley and attended Strathern Street Elementary and Millikan Middle School. There she was taught the many skills and requirements for writing. Anoushik always loved the idea of creating a story from her imagination, the thought was riveting to her. She discovered her love for writing in the seventh grade when her English teacher had asked her to write a short story as a warm up for the day.

The skills she acquired for vocabulary usage and sentence structure developed over time as the years went by. When high school arrived she became self-conscious about the way she wrote, but both English teachers (ninth & tenth grade) opened up a door to many new possibilities. She read different books of literature, modern and classic. She wrote essays and short stories. Her enjoyment of writing became a daily thing.

Now, Anoushik is in eleventh grade and currently in Mr. Rodriguezâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Honors American Literature class at Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School. This class, so far, has taught her how to manage her time, how to analyze and annotate everything she reads, and how to use grammar correctly.

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Glossary Adjective: describes nouns; can be a single word, a phrase or a clause. Adverb: tweak the meaning of verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and clauses. Dependent Clause: cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. Expository: a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expand on the idea, and set forth an argument. Independent Clause: Noun: person, place or thing. Prepositional Phrases: begins with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund or clause. Subordinate Clause: begins with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and will contain both a subject and a verb.

44 AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

Works Cited "The Adjective." Grammar Bytes! ::. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. "The Adverb." Grammar Bytes! ::. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. "The Clause." Grammar Bytes! ::. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. "The Direct Object." Grammar Bytes! ::. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. "The Gerund." Grammar Bytes! ::. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. "The Noun." Grammar Bytes! ::. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. "The Object of the Preposition." Grammar Bytes! ::. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. "The Phrase." Grammar Bytes! ::. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. "The Subordinate Clause." Grammar Bytes! ::. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. "Welcome to the Purdue OWL." Purdue OWL: Essay Writing. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. "What Is a Dependent Clause? (with Examples)." What Is a Dependent Clause? (grammar Lesson). N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.

AUTUMN GRAMMAR BOOK

Dedication

I dedicate this grammar book to my mother and father. Here is a thank you: for always believing in me even when I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t believe in myself, for caring for me when I was at my worst, for loving me unconditionally and allowing me to pursue the things that I believe and want. Thank you for being my biggest role models. I love you both dearly.

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