Grammar book-the universe by Bravo Grammar Con Online

Grammar Book

Dedicated to my mom, For telling me to take a challenge, Even when I argued “I am horrible at English.” And my dad who told me nobody is stupid, Some of us just have to work harder than others.

Table of Contents Introduction…………………………

Parts of Speech………………………

2- 13

Phrases………………………………

13-14

Clauses………………………………

14-15

Sentences……………………………

15-21

Paragraphs…………………………

21-24

Essay………………………………

24-28

Capitalization…………………….

28-30

Punctuation………………………

31-34

Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices…

35-37

About the Author………………….

Quiz…………….

39-41

Quiz Answers………………………

41-42

Glossary……………………….

43-44

Work cited……………………….

Introduction The topic I have chosen to write on is the universe/space. I have given examples of the universe corresponding to what the grammar is suggesting. The facts and interesting things of the universe are given throughout the book along with some of its own terms. The assignment was given for varies objectives one being for us as students to know how to write properly for future purposes. Other reasons is to know the writing, one thing is to write it and another is to understand and know the difference.

1. Parts of Speech I. Nouns A. Types of Nouns 1. Common Nouns: Ex: dwarf, planets, stars, Milky Way, Asteroids 2. Proper Nouns: Ex: Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Earth, Pluto 3. Compound Nouns: Ex: sunlight, light-year, wormhole, sunspot, starlight 4. Concrete Nouns: Ex: telescope, rocket, spaceships, 5. Abstract Nouns Ex: passion, ambitions, patience, science B. Noun Identifiers 1. Noun endings Magnitude Elongation Asterism Aperture Capture Theory Star Cluster Eccentricity Element Richness Resonance Zone of Divergence AstroEngineer -hood 2. Noun Marks (a, all, an, both, each, every, her, his, my, our, several, some, that, their. These, this, those, one, two, three, etc.) Astronomy is abstract. The job career of an astronomer is very complex and abstract. 3. Plural form N V N Prep. Adv. Ex: A telescope can make you see stars from far away. V N P.N. N Prep. Adv. Looking into a telescope you could see the stars from billion of light- years away. 4. Possessive form N Adj. N. Saturn’s Rings can be seen though a telescope N. Adj. N. Prep. N. Saturn’s rings cannot be seen through the naked eye for you need a telescope to see. 5. Following a preposition (Some prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across from, after, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but, by means of, concerning, despite, down, from, expect, expect for, excluding, for, from, among, including, notwithstanding, from under, from between, inside, in regard to, inside of, in spite, instead of, into, like, near, near to, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top, opposite, prior to, to, towards, under, underneath until, unto, upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, without)

P.N. N. V. Prep. N. Ex: Most planets are named after Gods. N. Prep. Adj. N. V. V. Ex: Venus, along with the other planets, are named in honor of Gods. C. Function 1. Subject (Comes before the verb) N. V. Adv. N. Neil Armstrong floated gently on the moon. N. P.N. V. N. V. Apollo 8 with few American Astronauts walked on the moon for the first time in 1969. 2. Direct object (Comes after the verb and answers what or whom) N. Adj. N. Saturn is not solid it is made up of gases. Adj. N. N. Adv. N. The brightest stars seen in the night are actually our solar system planets. 3. Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) N. N. N. V. Adj. Clarissa gave her telescope to Fernando for he wanted to see Jupiter as well. N. N. Adv. N. Charles bought a star for his shy girlfriend. 4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when) N. N. V. N. Prep. V. N. Every night Luisa looks at the sky for twinkling stars. N. N. V. V. Adv. V. P.N. N. Every day scientist investigates and study new ways to see more of the universe. 5. Object of the preposition (follows a preposition) N. P.N. v. N. V. N. People each day go to the observatory and look at astronomy. N. N. Adj. Adj. V. Astronauts must go threw a series of mental and physical tests before going into N. space. 6. Subject complement (following a linking verb) N. P.N. N. V. The sun is the gravitational pull of all the planets that orbit it. N. V. N. Neil Armstrong is the first person to walk on the moon. 7. Object Complement ((Follows a direct object and renames it) N. V. N. V. N. V. Astronomers/ scientist sent Albert II to space to know if humans can survive. N. Prep. V. V. Prep. N. Scientist took their theories to the test and experimented with monkeys before V. N. sending humans to space.

8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas) N. P.N. Prep. N. Adj. N. Ganymede, one of Jupiter’s moons, is the biggest moon in our solar system. N. Adj. N. Adj. V. Prep. N. V. R136A1, the biggest star found, is located in the solar system named Tarantula N. N. Adj. Prep. N. Nebula; at 165,00 light years away from earth. 9. Adjectival (describes noun following it) P.N. Prep. N. Adv. N. Most of the time astronauts go merrily to the space. N. P.N. Adv. V. Adj. N. Adj. V. Adj. Astronauts that are highly trained go merrily to the space and then come back. 10. Noun In Direct Address N. Adj. V. P.N. N. N. Mr. Mercado, when will we be doing our rocket project? N. V. V. N. V. Adv. He wants to do experiments yet Mark, is fooling around. 11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund) N. V. Pp. P.N. Adj. N. Adj. Our sun takes place of one of the smallest stars to be found. N. Prep. N. V. N. The success of the first monkey to survive in space brought history for everyone. 12. Object of the participle (nouns that follow a participle) N. V N PN N V. Galileo helped understand the universe more for the telescope he created. Prep. N. adj. N. N. V. N. Adj. After Apollo 8 made it to the moon, astronomers felt relief and great N. accomplishment. 13. Object of the infinitive (nouns that follow an infinitive) N. N. V. PN. N. Scientist wants to know more of the universe. Adj. N. V. N. Prep. Everyday scientists are working in discovering life out on the universe with the N. technology and physics we have. II. Pronouns 1. Personal a. (Subject: we, I, you, he, she, it, and they… Objects: Me, us, you, him, her, them….) Adj. V. V. V. A few years back I told my parents I wanted to be an astronomer, they asked if it brought N. N. food to the table. b. (Possessive: mine, my, your(s), ours, their(s)….) N. V. N. The sun belongs to our solar system.

2. Relative a. (Nominative: who, that. Objective: whom, that, this… Possessive: whose, of that) N. PN. V. V. N. Adj. Galileo who helped understand the universe better. N. PN. PN. V. N. Adv. N. Adj. N. Adv. A comet, which we call shooting stars, are simply a rock passing or coming through. 3. Interrogative a. (Who, which, what, whatever, whoever) PN. V. Prep. N. V. V. N. V. Prep. Whoever is sucked into a black hole it would look as if your body will stretch and after it V. V. would fade away. PN. V. N. Adj. Pre. V. Whatever that can be seen from the naked eye is bigger than it seems. 4. Reflexive (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) N. V. PN. Adj. N. N. N. V. Adv. Fraser Cain asked himself the same question his six-year-old daughter asked him about the Adj. N. biggest star. N. PN. V. N. N. N. The scientist himself researched for the answer to his daughter’s mystery. 5. Demonstrative (this, these; that, those) PN. N. N. PN. N. That center is a coma; this is the tail ion. N. V. Prep. N. V. V. N. The earth fits thousands times into that, this planet can fit hundreds in the sun. N. V. N. Adj. V. N. Adv. N. That star we call sun is small compared to those stars out there in the universe. 6. Indefinite (all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everyone, everything, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, other, several, somebody, someone, such) N. Adj. N. N. PN. Adj. Adj. The universe is a beautiful place to the naked eye but some of its beauty is dangerous and N. dark. N. V. V. N. V. N. Prep. Few are able to go to space and see the world from above. III. Verbs A. How verbs are identified 1. Verb ending (-s, -ed, -ing) Bailey’s beads Balmer series Rings Twinkling Outgassing Scattering Circular speed Recession speed Speed 2. Tense 1.Launched 4. Orbits 7. Have shine 10. Will orbit 2. Flew 5. Watch 8.Shine 11. Will have orbit

3.Had life 6. Admiring 9. Has flown Forms: a. Forms of “to be” (am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being) Mercury is a cold b. Forms of “to do” (do, does, did, done, doing) Venus does trap c. Forms of “to have” (have, had, has, having) Monkeys had been Types a. will launch b. appear smaller c. walk on moon d. learn behavior e. can’t smell f. it vanished g. twinkling h. admire i. rise j. Prepared, fly k. was prepared, was flown Voice a. Active N. Adj. PN. N. The sun is made up of certain gasses. N V. Adj. N. In Saturn it rains a lot just in Earth. b. Passive PN. N. V. N. Certain gasses make up the sun. N. V. N. Rain occurs in Saturn. Verbal’s: a. Gerund: Word ending in “ing” N. V. Adv. N. N. V. Adv. N. i. As a kid I would enjoy Friday nights looking up at the twinkling stars. b. Participle: Word ending in “ing” or “ed” N. N. N. Adj. N. I. The twinkling of stars are other galaxies massive in the universe. V. N. V. Adj. N. V. N. II. The light of the sun travels at the fast speed and reaches the earth in 8 minutes. b. Infinitive: Word with “to”

N. V. N. N. People like to watch the stars at nighttime.

N. V. Adj. Adj. N. ii. Astronomers like to study the complex, and beauty of the universe. IV. Adjectives 1. Kinds: Proper: (they start of with capital letters, that are made from proper nouns; they answer the question of what kind?) · American satellite · Milky Way sun · Astronaut food Demonstrative: (they help indicate a noun; they answer what noun you want to talk about) N.

Adj.

Adv.

· That galaxy is too far it would take thousands of light years to get there. (That) N.

Adv. V.

Adj.

· These satellites are not built to reach so far off into space. (These) Adj.

· A former astronaut of NASA was Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin. (Former) Common: (They are adjectives that are not written in capital letters; N. Adj. V. Adj. N. N. · Astronomers get excited after discovering a new object in space. (Excited) V.

Adj.

Prep.

· After the landing of Apollo 11 the team felt satisfied for one of their accomplishments. (Satisfied) N.

Adv.

Adj.

· The universe can easily be a terrifying place if you look behind all its beauty. (Terrifying) 2. Endings: What suffixes are adjective endings? -er: Larger -est: Largest -y: heavy -i: heaviest -e: little -er: Gassier -st: gassiest 3. Conversions: How many other parts of speech converted into adjectives? N.

Adj.

Prep.

The astronaut used to his advantage the lack of gravity in space and jumped around the moon Adj. gracefully. PN.

Adj.

PN.

Adj.

If you analyze closely the temperature of Mercury you would see that it is the opposite of a Adj. N. Adj. Adv. boiling planet but an icy one instead. N.

Every second of the day the sun is throwing 4. Articles: They are three (3) articles that are the, a, and an; (The is an definite article for it definite, of a specific person, place, or thing) V.

Prep. N.

PN. V.

The: To calculate the distance from earth to the sun you must first solve the problem. (A and An are indefinite articles for they are not specific towards a person, place or thing.) N.

PN. V.

Adj.

Prep.

A: The shooting stars we see at times are a comet’s tail dust that is left behind. N.

Adj.

Prep.

Adv.

An: Every second of the day the sun is making so much energy that its core release an equivalent N. to 100 billion nuclear bombs. 5. Comparatives/Superlatives: Comparatives adjectives end in “er”, or begin with more; some irregular comparatives are better, less, worse. They are used when comparing two things. N.

Adv.

Adj.

PN.

Adv.

Ex1: Since Mercury has almost no atmosphere it is colder than Venus, which is further away N. N. Adv. N. V. N. from the sun, yet Venus has more atmosphere that traps the heat. Superlatives adjectives end in “–est”, or begin with most; they also have irregularities that are best. least, worst. Superlatives are used when comparing three or more things. V.

prep.

Adj.

prep.

Ex2: Out of Mercury, Venus and Earth, Mercury is the coldest of them all at -280 Degrees. N.

PN.

Ex3: Out of Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins, Collins is the most forgotten astronaut of the crew N. of Apollo 11. V. Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. a. Endings: (i. –ly, -wards, -wise) Gravitationally Baily Beads Early westwards eastwards b. Conversions: (how can adjectives or verbs be converted into adverbs?) N.

Adv.

Adj.

Prep.

Ex: Even though Mercury is the closes to the sun it is extremely colder than Venus. N.

PN.

Adv. Adj. V.

Ex2: People know who Armstrong, and Aldrin are, but very few know Collins was in the N. Apollo 11 as well. PN.

PN.

Ex3: The most forgotten astronaut is Collins because he was waiting for his two-team N. N. N. Adv. V. N. N. mates inside the spacecraft when putting the flag on the moon. c. Types: They are five types which are: Manner, Time, Place, Degree, Frequency d. Intensifiers: V.

Adv.

Ex1: The landing of the Apollo 11 became a very heard story back in 1969. V.

Adv. Adj.

EX2: Speed of light is very fast as it only takes eight (8) minutes to get from the sun to N. earth. N.

Adj.

Prep.

Adj.

Prep

Adv.

PN.

Ex3: The universe is a peaceful place from a certain point but look into it closely and you V. V. Adj. N. can see a dangerous side of it. e. Comparatives/ Superlatives: i what are these? ii. How are they used?

Comparatives are adjectives that end in “er” or most; they are used when comparing two things. N.

CJ.

V. V.

PN. V.

Adv.

Adj.

Prep.

Ex1: The naked eye and telescope can let us see many amazing things from the universe, N. V. PN. V. Adv. Adv. N. but the telescope lets us see farther away (beyond) our limit. Superlatives are adjectives that end in “est” or most; they are used when comparing three or more things. Prep.

Adv.

Adj. N.

Ex2: From the sun, r136a1 and Eta Carinae, even though the sun is an extremely hot star, N. Adj. Eta Carinae is the hottest out of these three. Adv.

Prep.

Ex3: Most scientists believe that Jupiter is like a vacuum for it sucks meteors and asteroid V. V. Adj. V. Prep. N. that could have potentially crashed into Earth. Example Types: MannerN.

Adv. V.

Adj.

Prep. N.

Astronauts often must undergo a series of test before going into space. (How many times?) N.

Adv.

PN.

Neil talked loudly to his microphone to broadcast to his team back in NASA, USA. (How did he talk?) TimePN. N. N. V. Adv. Prep. Our solar system, Milky Way, wasn’t made immediately it took around 500 million years. (How long it took?) N.

Prep.

Adv.

Scientist have been studying for several years the evidence of how the solar system was V. Adv. N. V. N. developed, the slow process is call it the Big Bang. (How fast was it?) PlaceN.

Adv.

Prep. Adj.

Scientists are willingly at the labs everyday analyzing and researching for new discoveries N. V. N. and life outside of our solar system. (Where are scientists?) Adv.

Adv.

Adj.

Adv.

A nearby solar system named Alpha Centauri or also known, as Rigil Kent is only 4.37 light N. years away. (where is the solar system?) DegreePrep.

PN. N.

Adv.

Adj.

Without the sun our lives in the earth would be extremely dead, and cold. (How bad?) Adj. N.

Adv.

Adj.

Adj. N.

A blue star is certainly hotter than a red star in the universe. (How sure?) Frequency-

PN.

V. Adv.

N. PN.

Adv.

Prep. PN.

Adj.

Every night as you look up at the stars they consistently changing for they aren’t the same N. stars. (How often do they change?) N.

Adv.

Adj. Adv.

Prep. N.

Scientist is usually safe when building and testing satellites and sending people to space. (How often are they sure?) VI. Conjunctions A. Coordinating (Fan boys): For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so N.

Adj.

Prep. N.

PN.

Adj. N.

Ex: Astronomers have found an earth like planet, yet they still have to find new test to Adv. PN. N. conclude their theories. PN.

Adv. Adj.

Prep.

Prep. Adj.

Ex: We are only able to see one side of the moon, for the moon moved at the same N. V. N. direction and speed as earth. B. Correlatives: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Years ago astronomers sent a sound wave to a planet that would either determine life other than us. N.

Adv.

Adj.

Prep. N.

Ex: Earth and Mar are both almost the same size, for Mars has the nickname of Earth’s N. sister. B. Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while. Prep.

Adj.

Prep.

For many years scientists have been looking for any sign of life beside Earth till this day PN. Adv. V. we are still looking. After the discovery of Kepler-186F scientist have not lost hope in life other than Earth. C. Relative pronouns: Who (refers to people), which (refers to non living objects or animals), that (may refer to animals or non living objects) PN.

Adv.

Adj.

Ex: The first who landed on the moon made great history and proved theories. V.

Adv.

Ex: The first to go to space, which was Albert II, made it to space in 1949. VII. Prepositions (Prepositions link Nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. These are some common prepositions: after, against, aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except including, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in

place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, towards, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without. (There are several others, as well:) N.

Adv.

Adv. V.

Prep.

Ex1: A star around 50 light years away was discovered in 2004, by astronomers and N. N. Adv. V. Adv. N. underneath its surface (crust) it is entirely made up of diamonds. PN.

Prep . N.

Prep. N.

PN.

Adj.

Ex2: If you were to go to space because of the lack of gravity it allows your elongation of spine V. PN. V. Adv. N. to grow 2 inches as you float through the solar system. N.

PN. V. Prep.

PN. V. PN.

Adv.

Adj.

Prep

Ex3: The stars we see among the sky twinkle because we see them through waffling of the N. atmosphere. VIII. Interjections aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw, bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr, cheers, congratulations, dang, drat, darn, duh, eek, eh, encore, eureka, fiddlesticks, gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh, ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray, oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow, phew, phooey, pooh, pow, rats, shh, shoo, thanks, there, tut-tut, uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh, wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow, yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck PN. V.

N. Prep. N.

N. PN.

V. V. Prep.

Holy smokes! “If you put a pinhead size of the sun on the earth you would die from standing 90 N. Prep. miles from it.” Adv.

Adv. N.

Ex: In the planet Uranus each season lasts 21 years, yikes. Adj.

Adv.

Adv. V.

Adv.

Prep.

Ex: The coldest place in the universe is in lab called Wolfgang Ketterles in Massachusetts at N. 0.0000000000001 degrees Kelvin, holy cow. Key Associated terms to know fro Parts of Speech: Examples: viii. Antecedents are the word(s) that pronouns refer to. Adv.

PN.

Adj.

Ex: When Neil Armstrong landed he said a “historical” phases. ix. Complements are the word(s) that complete the meaning of an explanation. N.

Prep.

Adv.

Ex: The test given to astronaut is to prove how well their body is prepare to go to space. x. Objects

1. Direct are the actions performed by the subject (whom or what?). N.

Ex: An astronaut can go to space and fix satellites. 2. Indirect are recipient of a direct object. N.

PN.

Prep.

Ex: The astronaut passed and helped the other astronaut with the tools. xi. Modifiers are words or phrases which function as an adjective or adverb; or making the meaning more specific. Adv. Adj. V. PN. V. V. V. Adv. Prep. N. Prep. N. PN. Ex: When left alone, he took the time to examine deeper into the blueprints for the satellite they Adv. V. were about to launch. xii. Transitions Adv. N.

Adj.

PN.

Adj.

Ex: In space an astronaut can become taller, but their hearts will become smaller. Add Information Again, beside Moreover, another Together with, and Likewise, as well Furthermore, also additionally, along with For example, furthermore

Show similarities In the same manner, In the same way, Also, likewise, both, as, Similarly

Conclude or summarize In short, finally, In summary, in conclusion, due to, Consequently, thus, all in all, hence, To sum up, Accordingly, As a result

Contrast or show a difference But, otherwise, even though, conversely, Even so, yet, However, counter to, On the other hand, As opposed to, still, On the contrary, Nevertheless

Clarify That is In other words Put another way Stated differently To clarify

Show location Above, across, near Against, along, amid, In front of, among, away from, behind, below, inside, off, between, beyond, into, by, down, outside, over under. (Etc.)

Emphasize point Again, indeed, To repeat, truly, In fact, To emphasize, For this reason, With this in mind

Show time About, after, at, firsts. Second, prior to, subquently, until, meanwhile, today, tomorrow, before, later, afterwards, finally, during, in conclusion, next, as soon as, then

xiii. Expletives are often adverbs answering an adverb question. N.

Adv.

Prep. N.

Adv. N.

Ex: The satellite that was sent of to space landed on Mars. (Where?) xiv. Agreements 1. Subject- verb A subject-verbs are subjects and verbs that must agree with one another (plural, or singular ex: subject is singular, your verb is singular and vice versa using plural) but in present tense it is the nouns and verbs (ex: nouns add “s”, verbs take away “s”). PN.

Adj.

Adv.

Prep. N.

Adv.

prep. N.

Ex: Our sun evaporated around 400 trillion tones of water each year from Earth. 2. Noun- Pronoun

Noun- Pronouns are words used to replace of a noun; it tells us that a noun is to be or has been mention. N.

Adv. V.

Prep.

Adv.

Prep.

PN. N.

Ex: Neptune never takes credit for what it fully has if looked closely; it has its own ring system Adv. Prep. N. just like Jupiter.

2. PhrasesA. Prepositional: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. N. Adj. N. Prep. V. Prep. N. Adv. V. Ex 1: Betelgeuse, the tenth biggest star, is at the end of its life and soon will become a N. supernova. N. Adj. Adj. PN. N. V. N. V. N. EX 2: Jupiter, the gas giant in our solar system, has a storm named the Great Red spot PN. V. N. Prep. N. that has been going on for 300 years. B. Appositive: A group of words that include all the words or phases that modify an appositive. N. Adj. N. V. Adj. N. Adv. Ex: Armstrong, a former astronomer, died a few years back, in 2012. Adj. N. N. V. N. Prep. V. PN. Ex: Ancient people, the philosophers, used the constellations to navigate themselves at N. N. N. night on land and on water. C. Verbal: A group of words that begins with a verbal and end with a noun. 1. Gerund words ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. N. Adv. N. Adv. N. Prep. N. Ex: Looking up at the sky is actually the past of the universe. Adj. N. V. Prep. N. N. Adj. N. PN. V. Ex: The only planet rolling on its side is Uranus, and the only planet that spins Adv. Adv. V. N. backwards then the rest is Venus. 2. Participle word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective N. Adj. V. Prep. N. Prep. V. N. V. Ex: Food frozen and put into vacuum chamber to maintain its nutrition and tastes qualities. Prep. PN. N. N. N. PN. V. N. Adv. N. Ex: From your backyard the shooting stars we see at night are actually comets. 3. Infinitive verbs preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as Verb section adjectives, or adverbs. N. V. N. Prep. N. N. V. N. Ex: NASA sent to space for the first time a monkey named Albert. Adv. V. N. Prep. N. PN. V. V. PN. N. Prep. Adv. Ex: After having success of NASA, they started to train their astronauts for new N. projects.

3. ClauseClauses are group of words with a subject and a verb. A. Independent- Can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. PN. V. Prep. V. PN. N. N. Prep. PN. V. N. N. Ex: They waited to send their men to space, until they had the right equipment, V. N. training and team. Adv. N. N. Adj. V. Prep. N. N. V. V. Prep Ex: Last Sunday people patiently waited for the lunar eclipse that would occur from 7-10 p.m. B. Subordinate (Dependent)- Cannot stands alone as a complete sentence and must begin with a subordinate conjunction. N. V. Prep. V. Adv. N. Prep. V. V. Ex1: Astronomers finished their research, after months of preparation and analyzing PN. Adj. Adj. V. PN. N. they finally were able to launch their satellite. N. V. N. N. N. V. Adv. Ex2: While Collins was inside the rocket, Armstrong and Buzz were setting up a N. Prep. N. victory of a lifetime. 1. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. N. Prep. N. Prep. N. PN. V. Adj. Prep. N Ex1: An astronomer is an expert of student that has knowledge of astronomy. Adv. Adj. N. Adj. N. N. Adv. Ex2: The closes black hole is only 1.600 light years away. 2. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. N. N. V. PN. N. N. V. V. Adj. N. Ex: Physics people believe that in the future rockets will run on a different material Prep. Adj. to be safer. N. PN. Adv. N. V. N. Prep. PN. V. Ex: The goal that ever astronomer wants is metaphorically at their reach. 3. Adverb Clauses: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating, conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. PN. V. N. Prep. V. N. N. PN. Ex: Once they saw the opportunity to send people to the moon, they didn’t waste a v. Prep. V. N. second into bringing it to action.

N. V. N. Prep. N. V. V. N. V. PN. Ex: In order to get light from the sun, it will take eight minutes to reach us. 4. Relative Clauses: Dependent clauses that begin with a relative pronoun. Adj. N. PN. Prep. Adj. N. N. V. V. N. Ex: Neural stars, which are the fastest object in the universe, can spin 500 times in a second. N. PN. Adj. N. N. N. Adj. Adv. prep Ex: The sun, which is a median star, is 5 billion years old and is half way through its N. Prep. Adv. life because of its size. 5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clause in which part of the clauses is omitted. N. V. N. PN. N. V. Adj. Adv. Adj. Ex: When floating (on the moon), your body becomes longer and weights less. V. N. PN. V. N. V. PN. V. V. N. V. V. Prep. PN Ex: In space you will never fall you will float away or be sucked in by something. 6. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. N. N. V. V. N. N. Prep. N. Ex: Years ago the constellations helped navigate ships and people through the ocean and land. Ex: Our sun takes 100,00 light years (200 million years) to travel around the galaxy. 7. Nonessential Clause: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. N. N. V. N. PN. N. N. Ex: The first rockets were made in China, which was thousand years ago. N. Adj. N. N. V. V. N. Prep. Ex: Hipparchus, a former astronomer, was first to try and solve the distance from the N. Prep. N. Earth to the Sun.

Sentences Sentence Parts 1. Subject a. Complete- Is who or what is doing the verb plus all of the modifiers that go with it. N. Prep. N. V. N. V. N. V. V. Adv. Ex: If a group of people got in a car at the speed of 70 miles/hour it will take around N. V. Adj. N. 357,000,000,000 years to get to the nearest star. N. N. N. Adj. Adj. N. N. V. N. Ex: 200 million years ago Earth was just one big solid country named Pangaea. b. Simple- Is the main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about. Adj. N. Prep. Adj. PN. N. V. Prep. N. Ex: The smallest planet of the gas giants in our solar system rotates on its side. Prep. N. N. N. V. N. Adv. V, Ex: For many years scientist realize the universe was slowly expanding. c. Compound- when a sentence has two or more subjects. The individual subject in this are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, either, nor). Adv. N. N. N. N. N. V. Adv. PN. N. Ex: Varies size of stars, planets, rocks (steroids), and matter make up our universe. N. N. N. V. Adj. V. Ex: Neil Armstrong, Edwin (Buzz), and Michael Collin worked effortlessly to get to N. Prep. Adv. N. the moon for the very first time. 2. Predicate a. Complete- includes the main noun and all of the modifiers, objects, and phrases that add on to it. N. V. Prep. N. Prep. V. N. Ex: The sun’s light takes about eight (8) minutes to reach Earth. N. V. Adv. N. N. Adv. N. Adv. Adj. V. Ex: The people watch all the booths of information on the robots on the annual open N. N. house of JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory). b. Simple- Is the main verb in the predicate that tells what the subject does. Adj. N. V. V. Adj. Prep. N. V. Adv. N. Ex: Many people will watch with interest as the satellite came back to earth and was V. N. delivered to the laboratory.

Prep. N. V. N. V. V. Prep. N. Ex: For generations to come people will make wishes upon ‘shooting stars’. c. Compound- Same as the compound subject its subject are joined by and, or, nor. N. V. N. Adj. N. Adj. V. Prep. N. Ex: Gabby worked inside the black room, and enjoyed the mysteries of the universe. N. N. V. Prep. PN. N. V. V. Adv. V. Adv. Ex: Carbon dioxide is release into our atmosphere and gets trapped there cause major Adj. PN. N. damage to our planet. Sentence Type 1. Declarative- They are the opposite of a question. N. V. Adv. Adj. N. N. PN. N. Ex: Astronomers find a major interest in life outside our planet. N. N. N. N. Prep. N. V. N. Prep. N. N. Ex: Apollo 11 was the first rocket ship with people to step foot on the moon in the late 1960. 2. Interrogative- They are the ones which ask a question. PN. V. N. N. N. PN. N. V. V. Ex: What was the first planet in our solar system to be discovered? PN V. PN. N. N. Adj. N. N. N. Ex: How was it that the ancients where able to navigate with the stars at night? 3. Imperative- They give a command. V. PN. N. Adj. Prep. N. N. Prep. PN. N. N. Ex: Tell me what is another (or close like) Goldilocks zone besides our planet, Earth. V. PN. N. Prep. PN. N. V. V. N. Ex: Make me a model of the how many Earths can fit into the Sun. 4. Exclamatory- They expresses strong emotions and ends with an exclamation. Adj. N. Adj. N. V. Prep. N. Ex: The smallest gas giant in our solar system rotates on its side! N. V. N. Adj. PN. V. V. PN. V. PN Ex: Scientist say Earth is not flat but with some analyzing and research they believe that N. Prep. PN. N. Adj. the universe on the other hand is flat! Sentence Pattern 1. Simple Sentence is just one independent clause N. PN. N. V. V. Prep. N. PN. V. V. Ex: Black holes in our universe have come from stars that have faded and reborn as a N. supernova.

Adj. N. PN. V. V. N. N. N. Ex: The closest galaxy that has other colliding galaxies as the Milky Way is Antennae. Complex Sentence with one independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. PN. Adj. V. N. Prep. N. N. V. Adj. N. Ex: We only see one side of the Moon because, the moon orbits at the same period of V. PN. N. orbit as our Earth. Prep. N. PN. V. V. Adv. N. Adj. Adj. N. V. Ex: During the night we tent to look up at the sky in hopes of a shooting star to make a V. Adj. N. Adv. N. N. wish however, those shooting stars are just meteors or asteroids. Compound Sentence has multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clause. N. Adj. V. Prep. N. N. Adj. V. V. V. Prep. Ex: Earth is said to be around 4.7 billion years old and, it will continue to exist for the Prep. Adj. N. N. next 4 to 5 more billion of years. Prep. N. N. Prep. Adv. N. V. N. V. Adj. Ex: In four (4) or five (5) billion years from now the Earth’s orbit distance will be a bad N. Prep. N. V. V. Adj. V. PN. V. Prep. one for, the sun will start to swell preparing itself to die off. Complex/compound Sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least on dependent clause. PN. N. N. Adj. Prep. Adv. N. Prep. PN. N. V. V. Ex: Our star’s mass is not massive like other stars for, why our sun will not become a N. V. V. Prep. V. Adj. PN. Adv. N. black hole; however, in the process of dying off it will destroy us along with other planets V. at its reach. Prep. N. N. N. V. Adv. Adj. N. Adv. PN. N. Ex: For many generations people wish upon a shooting star even though, they are rocks V. Prep. PN. N. N. N. V. N. V. falling into our atmosphere and, it is faith, hope that keeps this tradition alive. Loose Sentence is one that contains an independent clauses plus a subordinate construction (either clauses or phrase) N. N. Adj. V. N. Prep. V. N. V. Prep. Ex: Many people aren’t willing to live in Mars, for it takes 7-8 months to travel there, the N. V. N. Adj. Prep. N. 6 month or so of training, and the resources is limited on in that planet. N. V. PN. V. N. N. N. Prep. Adj. N. Ex: Scientist believe that there can be life in the planet Kepler, for its at a good distance Prep. N. V. V. N. N. Adj. N. Prep. N. from the sun, its seems to have a goldilocks zone in a small part, and by the size/ Adj. V. Adj. N. structure it looks to be a rocky planet.

6. Periodic Sentence is one which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. Adv. N. N. V. N. N. Ex: Considering the seven or eight month travel, the six months or so training, and the Adj. N. N. N. N. V. V. V. N. limited resources in Mars, majority of the people would not want to live in Mars. Adj. N. Prep. N. V. V. N. N. Ex: It is a good distance from the sun, it’s seemed to have a goldilocks zone, and its size/ N. v. v. Adj. N. N. V. N. V. PN. structure makes it seems as a rocky planet, scientist believe Kepler could be another N prep. N. Earth like planet. 7. Balanced Sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning or length. Adv. V. Adj. Adj. N. PN. Adj. V. Adj. N. Ex: When looking through a certain telescope you are able to see the certain planets, N. Adv. N. V. Adj. N. discover new stars, and admire the outside world. Ex: 8. Parallel Structure using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are equal important and to help the reader comprehend what is being written. N. N. V. Adj. N. V. N. Ex: A goldilocks zone planet has to have the right temperature, has to have resources, V. V. N. and has to have life. N. PN. N. V. V. Adj. V. V. N. Ex: The people, who are astronaut need to have adaptability, need to have mental Adj. V. V. Adj. N. V. V. N. N. endurance, needs to have physical condition, and needs to have education/ intelligence. 9. Chiasmus is a sentence that include a repitition of ideas (words, phases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order Adv. V. Prep. N. Adj. N. V. N. N. PN. N. N. Adv. Ex: When wishing upon a star came true, people saw faith; now we see faith when V. N. v. Prep. N. hearing someone wish upon a star. Ex: 10. Asyndeton is a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. V. Adv. N. Adj. N. N. v. Adv. Adj. N. Prep. PN. Ex: Looking up at the sky, the dark, the stars, moon make up a small portion of our N. universe. N. N. N. N. V. Adv. N. Ex: Mental endurance, adaptability, intelligence- all make up astronaut.

11. Polysyndeton is a sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. N. Adj. Prep. N. Adv. Adj. PN. PN. V. Ex: Mercury is the closest to the sun yet it’s not the hottest, and this is because it has no N. Prep. N. Adj. Prep. Adv. V. V. Adj. atmosphere so during the day it is hot and during the night it drops and becomes freezing Adj. cold. V. V. N. PN. V. V. N. N. N. Ex: To be able to go to space you must have the mentality, and the physical endurance, N. v. and the intelligence to survive. 12. Anaphora is a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. PN. N. Adj. PN. N. Adv. Adj. PN. N. N. Ex: Our planet is small. Our planet is not infinite. Our planet is dying. Adv. N. Adv. N. Adv. N. N. Adv. Adj. Ex: Every night, every day, every second, stars are always shining. 13. Epistrophe is a sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same words or words. PN. N. PN. N. PN. N. N. N. N. Ex: Their past is our present; our distance is light-years away. PN. N. Adj. N. Adj. V. N. Adj. Ex: Our planet is older than yesterday, it is the youngest it be right now, it is slowly V. Adj. being destroyed. Sentence Errors (Incomplete/ Incorrect Type) 1. Run-on Sentences N. V. Adv. Adv. N. N. PN. V. V. V. Ex: Stars are made up partly of hydrogen and helium they are able to shine by burning PN. N. N. both of these light elements. N. V. Adv. N. N. PN. V. V. V. Ex: Stars are made up partly of hydrogen and helium; they are able to shine by burning PN. N. N. both of these light elements. 2. Fused Adj. Adj. PN. N. N. N. N. Adj. PN. Ex: The gas giants in our solar system are Jupiter and Saturn underneath the gas they V. N. N. PN Adv. V. N. have liquids hydrogen so they aren’t entirely made of gas. N. Adj. PN. N. N. N. N. N. PN. Ex: The gas giants in our solar system are Jupiter and Saturn and underneath the gas they V. N. N. PN. Adv. V. N. have liquids of Hydrogen so they aren’t entirely made of gas.

3. Fragment N. PN. V. N. V. Adv. N. Ex: Because the stars we see in the sky shine ever night. N. PN. V. N. V. Adv. N. N. PN. Ex: The stars we see in the sky shine ever night is a realization that there are other N. Adj. N. N. PN planets and most likely life outside ours. 4. Misplaced Modifier PN. N. N. PN. V. V. N. N. adv. N. Ex: They said on Sunday that they would be hosting a one a year even in the Laboratory. PN. N. N. PN. V. V. N. N. adv. N. N. Ex: They said they will be hosting a once in a year event at the Laboratory on Sunday. 5. Double negative N. V. Adv. Prep. PN. N. PN. V. N. Ex: The moon is moving away from us each year but we don’t see any difference just yet. PN. V. PN. N. N. V. N. N. Adv. Prep. Ex: We don’t realize that the moon each year is moving a few centimeters away from N. the earth. 6. Comma Splice N. N. Adv. Prep. N. N. N. Adv. Prep. Ex: The earth is 238,900 miles away from the moon, Saturn is 377,400 miles away from N. N. its moon, Dione. N. N. Adv. Prep. N. prep. N. N. Adv. Ex: The earth is 238,900 miles away from the moon as for Saturn is 377,400 miles away Prep. N. N. from its moon, Dione.

5. Paragraphs a. Introductory Paragraph i. Hook/ lead 1. Anecdotal (brief story to set the mood into the topic) Adv. PN. V. N. N. PN. N. N. V N Ex: When I was in the eighth grade my science teacher had announced the lesson Prep. N. N. N. PN. V. N. of the year, which was astronomy. At the time I wasn’t much of a fan until one N. N. V. Adj. N. PN. V. PN. V. day while watching a short film/documentary. I had stopped my conservation and Adj. Adj. N. N. Prep. V. N. was amazed and interested on the film, not long after I couldn’t get over the idea Prep. Adj. PN. N. Adv. N. of how big our universe is and what it contains. 2. Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic) N. N. V. PN. V. V. N. Ex: Does are technology and intelligence help us create and give resources for N. N. N. PN. N. N. future teleportation to galaxies or any part of the universe? ii. Thesis statement (6 types)- The purpose of a piece of writing-usually one sentence in length- and sometimes that is a arguable) 1. Assertion (Claim) N. Adj. N. V. N. Adv. N. Adj. Ex: The universe is a gigantic beauty and there can be life out somewhere just Prep. N. V. like earth has. 2. Fact (empirically verifiable) N. V. Prep. PN. V. Adv. V. N. Ex: Telescopes can be bought by anybody and could possibly see planets/moon Prep. with it. 3. Opinion (Person position on a topic) PN. Adj. N. Prep. N. N. N. Ex: The most beautiful place in the universe is the Sombrero Galaxy. 4. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature-an option held by many to be a fact, through it is not necessarily) N. Adj. N. PN. Adj. V. V. Adv. Adv. Ex: The universe is an infinite place that just keeps expanding very slowly. 5. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half- avoid using this types of thesis statements) PN. N. V. N. N. V. Prep. N.

Ex: Everything in the universe has beauty and value, no matter if it’s in color, N. N. shape/size, or resources. 6. Document Base (cities a specific source and its position on a topic) N. N. Adv. V. N. Prep. N. Adv. PN. Ex: In Pale Blue Dot, Carl Sagan briefly explains a picture of Earth and how that Adj. N. PN. Adv. PN. V. Adj. N. PN. V. small dot is us and how we had created such emperor and wars, we don’t realize PN. Adv. N. N. V. N. that there is no other place yet discover to go to and live on. 7. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) N. V. Adj. N. PN. N. Prep. Adj. N. Ex: The universe can potentially answer all our answers of the outside world. b. Body Paragraph i. Topic Sentence (must have echoes of the thesis in each paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support) N. V. Adj. N. Prep. N. Adv. N. Adv. PN. Ex: Scientist have known and discovered for decades how galaxies and what they V. V. Prep. N. Adv. N. contain differ from one another in there own way. ii. Sentence with examples 1. Evidence from Quote (5 ways to integrate quote INTO sentence) (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences- quotes should be embedded within sentence) N. V. PN. N. N. N. N. V. Ex: Carl Sagan tells us that, “A blade of grass is a commonplace on Earth; it would V. N. N. PN. N. N. V. V. N. N. be a miracle on Mars. Our descendants on Mars will know the value of a patch of Adj. N. N. Adj. Adv. N. N. green. And if a blade of grass is priceless, what is the value of a Human N. being?” (Sagan 204) N. N. N. N. V. V. N. N. PN. Ex: “A blade of grass is a commonplace on Earth; it would be a miracle on Mars. Our N. N. V. V. N. N. Adj. N. N descendants on Mars will know the value of a patch of green. And if a blade of grass Adj. Adv. N. N. N. V. N. is priceless, what is the value of a human being?” (Sagan 204) reflected by Sagan. Adv. N. N. N. N. N. V. Ex: According to Sagan, “A blade of grass is a commonplace on Earth; it would be a N. N. PN. N. N. V. V. N. N. Adj. miracle on Mars. Our descendants on Mars will know the value of a patch of green. N. N. Adj. Adv. N. N. N. And if a blade of grass is priceless, what is the value of a human being?” (Sagan 204)

N. PN. V. N. N. Prep. Adv. meaning we take the miracles of Earth for granted. Adv. N. N. V. Prep. Adv. N. V. Ex: According to Sagan, “A blade is a (taken for granted) on Earth; it would be a N. N. PN. N. N. V. V. N. N. Adj. miracle on Mars. Ours descendants on Mars will know the value of patch of green. N. N. Adj. Adv. N. N. N. And if a blade of grass is priceless, what is the value of human being?” (Sagan 204) N. PN. V. N. N. Prep. Adv. meaning we take the miracles of Earth for granted. Adv. N. N. N. N. N. N. Ex: According to Sagan, “A blade of grass is a commonplace on Earth…a miracle on N. N. N. Adj. Adv. N. N. N. Mars… blade of grass is priceless, what is the value of a human being?” (Sagan 204) N. PN. V. N. N. Prep. Adv. meaning we take the miracles of Earth for granted. 2. Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source) N. N. N. N. V. Original quote: “A blade of grass is a commonplace on Earth; it would be a N. N. PN. N. N. V. V. N. N. Adj. miracle on Mars. Our descendants on Mars will know the value of a patch of green. N. N. Adj. Adv. N. N. N. And if a blade of grass is priceless, what is the value of a human being?” (Sagan 204) N. N. N. PN. N. Prep.PN. V. Paraphrase: On Earth a blade of grass is nothing or interest for we have lots of it, PN. V. N. N. N. V. N. PN. Adv. N. N. yet if we found a blade of grass on Mars it would interest us more, so if grass mean PN. PN. V. N. N. N. Adv. nothing and we see it all the time are humans nothing as well. 3. Summary (condensing large quotes or section) N. N. N. N. V. Original quote: “A blade of grass is a commonplace on Earth; it would be a N. N. PN. N. N. V. V. N. N. Adj. miracle on Mars. Our descendants on Mars will know the value of a patch of green. N. N. Adj. Adv. N. N. N. And if a blade of grass is priceless, what is the value of a human being?” (Sagan 204) Ex: Taking our resources for granted.

4. Concrete examples (actual, reference-able example) Ex: 5. Abstract examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples- AVOID) N. V. V. Adv. PN. Adv. V. PN. V. Adj. V. Ex: People would see what we truly have if they stopped wanting and seeing the Adj. impossible. c. Closing sentence: (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word-possibly an adverb-and should echo the thesis of the essay. Adv. PN. N. N. Adv. Adj. Adv. N. Prep. N. V. Ex: Clearly, us human beings are more interested in what the future of the universe hold Adv. V. N. V. PN. N. instead of realizing another persons treasure is another’s trash. C. Closing Paragraph (Conclusions-should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) i. Statement(s) of extension (extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis- could be one or more sentences) Adv. Adv. PN. V. N. PN. V. V. Adj. Ex: Evidentially, as stated we take the beauty we have and make it insignificant yet Adv. Adj. N. V. Adj. N. N. when those same resources are found in other places it’s valuable. Final sentence (connects to the hook)

ii.

V. N. Prep. N. Adj. Adv. V. N. PN. N. Ex: Seeing as all the things in the universe are amazing in there own way, so is our earth at the N. Adv. N. PN. V. PN. N. N. N. PN. V. V. Prep. moment it’s the only planet we know that contains life and beauty that can also be seen from N. space.

Essays a. Types i. Persuasive (Argumentative) In a persuasive essay you are to always have to pick a side or your argument, after you have given a side you must then understand the other side of the audience (the one you are trying to convince/ change their mind). Doing some research is helpful in this purpose for you get the overall view of other points and when writing you bring those points to the essay but you have to find the defect or good in it to make them see and understand what you are saying. ii. Expository (informative) 1. Define or description: Expository essay are when (students) investigate on a certain topic/idea, they analyze it, they expand it, as well, as set an argument (about the topic/idea and concisely explain it through the essay. 2. Process/How-to: The process of this is first the introducing that can has an opening sentences (hook), a context sentence of what the essay is about that is follow by your thesis, and if needed a closing sentence. The body paragraphs have a topic sentence that briefly says what that paragraph has to do plus it has to connect to your thesis sentence (in ever paragraph). You must have evidence to suppose your thesis that could be either a quote, paraphrase, or summary that relates your theme. You must as well analyze your evidence and tie (transition) the whole paragraph to your thesis in a one or two sentence (or as many as needed). 3. Compare and Contrast: A Compare and Contrast essay is to make a point or serve a purpose. This essays bring new information that is clarified, bring one or two topics into a better focus/understanding, and it also determines if one is better than the other. It has a thesis as well based on what you are comparing (similarities) and what you are contrasting (differences). While writing your essay you talk about the same points for both sides to make it develop comparing and contrast. The way you would plan it is by doing an outline like a double bubble map, a block method or a point-by-point way. Then you can start to write your essay and you will be using transition words such as: in addition, likewise, similarly, compare to, meanwhile, unlike, even thought (etc.). 4. Cause and Effect:

iii.

Cause and Effect essays are one that explain and focus on why certain issues (causes) happen and what the result (effect) is; this method is used to discuss and organize ideas. When writing this type of essay you must ask yourself questions, “why did it happen?” “What was the result of this?” You must develop a clear thesis of what you are discussing as your cause and effect. Next, you must find and organize your evidence (supporting ideas) either chronological, from important to not so important, or dividing you part and grouping them by categories. While writing you essay use transitions, to clarify and smooth out your sentences. Keep in mind your thesis/purpose/ evidence and connect it all together. Analytical/Critical 1. Evaluation: By doing analytical/critical essay you must analyze, interpret, compare and evaluate ideas of the text; this is understand the concept of the information by determining if the text it valid or not, to make your have an open mind, be rational and create your own conclusion. 2. Interpretive:

iv.

Critical is expressing the writer’s opinion or the evaluation of a text, as for analysis means to break down and analyze the parts. For this essay you must process (understand) all information that is given, key points, ideas, evidence before you start anything. You analyze closely the information; you compare the information with each other. Then you bring information together from sources and create an argument/point. Connect your evidence with your argument, apply all the information you have gotten and us it to answer the question, lastly you develop arguments, infer that would led you into drawing a conclusion. Narrative (Tells a story) 1. Personal Anecdote: They are stories that are written about personal experiences. They are not necessary fiction; many authors write this way to find and explore important events meaning in their lives. To write this type of essay you may use the: who, what, where, when, why. You must know the purpose of the essay and start getting ideas together to support your purpose. Make anecdote stand along (go straight to the point). For personal anecdote it not always formal for the reader is getting a brief story of you, therefore write how you talk to a certain point. At the end the narrator explains why this was important or the lesson that was learned. Research 1. MLA Format MLA Format is an essay that is style to guideline of formatting manuscripts or using English language in writing to provide for writers with a system for referencing sources by citation in the essay, or worked cited pages. The

guidelines are: using 12pt font, double space, 1 in margin, indent when needed to, create a header, and worked cited at the end. If you divide or have section in your essay you must number the sections with Arabic number and period that is followed by space and then the name of the section. 2. APA Format APA Format is an essay that is style to guideline of formatting manuscripts or using English language in writing to provide for writers with a system for referencing sources by citation in the essay, or worked cited pages. The guidelines are: computer generated, font 12pt, double spaced, 1 margin (all sides), create header that number pages, used italics throughout essay, worked cited at the end. Header at the left hand corner with name, teacher, period, and date, you must center and underline the title. Use quotation if needed to cite other work. If you divide or have section in your essay you must number the sections with Arabic number and period that is followed by space and then the name of the section. vi.

Timed 1.

Document Based Question (DBQ): The first thing to do, read and understand what they are asking you to do, you may do any sketch/outline if needed to. Read the background if provided, read article and divided each section into groups if you could do so. Take notes and annotate at the margin, organize evidence into groups. Finish your outline, double check that you have your thesis connecting along.

Prompt Based: Essay prompt is based on a certain issue that is told and then a question is asked, this are made to be written as essay formed. They test your writing, response, and analytical skills.

b. Strategies/Planning Tips/steps i. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outline Many times you could brainstorm before you begin to write, let ideas come to mind and write them down once you have a good solid five minutes you can see what you written and go from there. You may free write getting a blank paper and start to summarize ideas you have in mind and later analyze it and expand it. As well as you could list all your ideas and start to connect and develop evidence for the thesis. Outlining can help you organize your ideas and information in groups and by sections to where you are able to see thing clearly and understand it more effectively. ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources For research essays and sources you will always need to look for some articles either on line, television or newspaper, all you have to do is look for the key words in your purpose and search for the best ones. Books based on your topic are useful as well

having better and clearer ideas and explanation to what you are to write about. Cite or take notes on any information you have found and then analyze if you would use it and if so in what way. You may also use certain charts to organize your ideas or outlines to separate certain ideas from others. c. Work Cited Page i. MLA Format Sagan, Carl. Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space. New York: Random House, 1994. Print. ii. APA Format Greene, B (n.d.). The elegant universe: Superstrings, hidden dimensions, and the quest for the ultimate theory

7. Capitalization 1. Geographical areas: cities, states, countries, continents, addresses Prep. N. N. N. N. N. N. Ex: On the planet Earth there are seven (7) continents such as the North America, South N. N. N. N. N. America, Australia, Europe, Asian, and Africa. 2. Proper nouns: names, titles N. V. V. N. V. N. N. N. Adv. PN. V. Adv. N. Ex: Carl Sagan has published a book named Pale Blue Dot where he argues what Earth N. Adv. and everything around it is. 3. Races, Religions, nationalities, and cultures N. V. Adj. N. Adv. N. Adv. N. N. Ex: The Universe is to say an infinite place and so far Human is the only type of race there is. 4. Government institutions, parties, treaties, documents, historical events, agencies Adv. N. N. N. N. V. V. N. Ex: Around 13-20 billion years ago The Big Bang theory occurred that started humanity Adj. N. and an endless universe. 5. Bodies of water: oceans, lakes, rivers, creeks Ex: 6. Heavenly bodies: galaxies, planets, stars, moons N. V. PN. PN. V. Adj. N. N. Prep. N. V. Ex: Scientist say that if you were to put the massive planet Saturn on water it would V. float. 7. Special events and holidays Adj. Adj. N. Prep. N. N. N. Prep. N. Ex: An upcoming special event for NASA is the 30-year anniversary of the spacecraft PN. V. Prep. N. Prep. N. N. N. V. PN. N. that landed on Mars plus the second American craft to land on another planetary since N. Apollo. 8. Organizations and clubs N. N. N. PN. V. V. V. N. Ex: The Planetary Society is an organization that reports, updates and receives donations Prep. N. N. Prep. N. for future research for space. 9. Institutions: schools, colleges, and universities, hospital, churches, synagogues Prep. Adj. N. V. V. N. N. V. N. Ex: On of the best school to go to if wanted to study astronomy would be Massachusetts N. N. Institute of Technology.

10. Business firms, product or brand names, buildings, bridges N. N. Adj. N. Adv. PN. V. PN. N. N. Ex: NASA every year as an annual event where they show their prototypes to people, PN. V. N. Adj. N. V. N. N. Adj. N. they show videos, small project of how technology places a huge part. 11. Recreational facilities: parks resorts monuments landmarks N. N. N. PN. V. Adj. N. Ex: At the Griffith observatory, in California they have the large structure of the N. N. PN. V. N. Adj. Adj. N. Astronomers Monument that consist of the six-biggest/ greatest astronomers. 12. Transportation: automobiles, trains, ships aircrafts N. V. N. V. N. N. N. Adj. Ex: Apollo 11 was the first aircraft to send a crew of three men to space safely and V. N. N. return to Earth in one piece. 13. First word of a sentence, quotation line of a work of art N. N. N. N. V. N. N. N. Prep. Ex: In the book Pale Blue Dot Sagan states, “A blade is of grass is a commonplace on N. V. N. N. Earth; it would be a miracle on Mars.” 14. Work of art: musical compositions, paintings, poetry, plays, movies, television shows N. N. PN. V. Adj. N. V. N. N. Ex: In the History channel they have various of documents of how the universe/ planets N. Adj. V. or anything in particular came to be. 15. The pronoun I Adj. PN. Adj. PN. V. V. N. Adv. N. PN. V. V. Ex: When I was younger I wanted to be an astronomer but over the years I have realize N. Adj. N. Prep. PN. space its more of a hobby for me. 16. Calendar names: years, months, days of the week Prep. N. V. N. PN. N. V. N. N. V. Ex: On February 20 1947 was the day that astronomers sent to space fruit flies to test N. N. N. theories and future mission. 17. Deity names: gods, saints Prep. N. Prep. PN. N. N. V. Prep. N. N. Ex: Most of the planets in our solar systems were named in honor of god such as N. Prep. N. N. N. V. Adj. Adv. N. Mercury for the god Hermes because Mercury moves quickly across the sky. 18. Awards and recognitions N. N. N. V. N. Adj. N. V. V. V. Ex: For many years NASA has done many magnificent discoveries and has was given a N. N. N. N. GSFC honor Award this past year (2015).

19. Family relationship N. N. N. N. V. Adj. N. Adj. Ex: There are many types of dwarf in the universe some are called white dwarf, brown, Adj. Adj. N. red, black dwarfs. 20. Direction of name but not s compass direction PN. V. Adv. N. PN. V. Adj. V. Adj. N. PN. N. Adv. Ex: If you look up at the stars you will be able to see a few stars that are galaxies far in N. the universe. 21. Trademark Ex: 22. Words and abbreviations of specific names N. N. V. Adj. N. N. Adj. V. Ex: JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) has an open house every year for free and lets N. V. N. N. N. PN. V. V. N. Prep. people see the many types of works they have been working on. 23. Book titles N. N. V. V. N. N. N. N Ex: Carl Sagan has rewritten books of astronomy such as The Cosmos and also Pale Blue N. Dot. 24. No capitalization after a semi colon N. Adj. N. V. N. N. N. N. Ex: Uranus is a mysterious planet for it has a 42 years of summer and 42 years of winter; N. V. N. Prep. it’s summer will begins in 2028. 25. No capitalization of the world the before a pronoun. Adv. Prep. PN. V. N. N. V. Adj. N. Ex: Once in a while I go on the NASA site and look at the remarkable pictures and N. V. documents it has.

8. Punctuation a) [] Adv. N. N. N. N. V. N. Ex: According to Sagan, “A blade is of grass is a commonplace [taken for granted] on N. V. N. N. PN. N. N. V. V. N. Earth; it would be a miracle on Mars. Ours descendants on Mars will know the value of N. Adj. N. N. Adj. Adv. N. N. N. patch of green. And if a blade of grass is priceless, what is the value of human being?” (Sagan 204) N. N. N. V. Adv. V. V. N. Adv. Ex: In a many years [4.57 billion] the sun will eventually start to shrink in size before it V. N. V. N. N. Prep. N. becomes a supernova and eat any planet in its way including Earth. b) () Adv. N. N. N. V. N. N. V. Ex: When Apollo 11 (the first rocket with humans to do to the moon and space) was Adj. N. N. V. Adj. V. Prep. Adj. N. N. successfully launched, people would volubly talk about the historic event for day’s even N. V. weeks to come. Adv. V. Adv. V. N. Adj. N. PN. Adv. Adj. Ex: When looking up at the twinkling stars at the (clear) night they are actually the past Adj. N. N. N. V. Adj. V. Adj. N. V. PN. of former galaxies in the universe for light travels fast yet it takes a long time to reach us. c) . N. N. N. N. N. V. Adv. N. Ex: In the galaxy of Sagittarius B there is a cloud of gas and dust floating near the center N. Prep. N. N. Prep. N. N. N. of the Milky Way and in this section of the area is over 10 billion liters of alcohol V. V. N. N. floating called the vinyl alcohol. Adj. Prep. N. V. V. Adv. N. N. N. V. Ex: Just like the Earth completes and orbits around the Sun in one year, the Sun orbits Adv. N. N. V. PN. N. N. V. V. around the center of the galaxy and take us to 225 million years to complete the orbit. d) , Adj.

PN.

Adv.

Ex: A white dwarf named BPM 37093 that is around 50 light years away (located in N. N. V. V. N. N. Prep. N. N. N. Centaurus constellation) was named by astronomers as Lucy after the Beatles’ song Lucy N. Prep. N. Adj. N. Adj. N. V. V. in the sky with Diamonds, for the white dwarf is the biggest diamond to be found. N. Adj. N. Prep. V. N. Ex: Uranus is mysterious and different from the rest of the planet for many ways, not Adv. V. V. N. N. V. N. N. V. only does it spin on it’s side but the effect of this spin causes for the planet to have 42 N. N. N. N. years of summer and 42 years of winter. e) - (En-dash) Adj. N. PN. V. N. N. N. N. Adv. Ex: One of the brightest stars we see at night is Vega, which is 25 light-years-away N. N. PN. V. Adj. PN. N. V. N. V. PN. meaning the light that was left of that star traveled 25 years to reach us. Adv. N. V. V. N. N. N. N. V. Adv. Ex: The first ever animal to be sent to space were fruit flies on February-1947 to test how N. V. v. Prep. N. N. DNA would react from radiation in space. f) - (Em-dash) PN. V. N. N. N. N. Adv. N. V. N. Ex: We feel as 24 hours a day isn’t enough- 66 million year ago Earth was 23 hours a N. N. N. V. V. Adj. N. V. Adv. Adj. day- and in decades the day will become longer for, the moon is moving away slower Prep. PN. N. from us each years. N. V. N. N. V. N. N. PN. Ex: Astronomers are to pass series of test – to be 100% caution and alive- so they are N. Adv. N. N. N. prepared for any type of adversity and environment. g) : N. Adv. V. N. N. N. PN. N. Adj. N. Ex: Carl Sagan once wrote in the Pale Blue Dot: “Our planet is a lonely speck in the Adj. V. Adj. Adj. great enveloping cosmic dark.” V. Adv. V. Prep. Prep. N. Prep. N. PN. Adv. V. Ex: Remember: when looking out into the sky during the night you are actually seeing N. N.

the past of the universe. h) ; Adj. N. Prep. N. V. N. V. Adj. Ex: Many spacecraft’s like Apollo 11 are successful in space and make memorable N. N. V. N. V. Adj. N. Adj. N. events; Soyuz 11 on the other hand made an unfortunate event for its disaster and deaths. N. V. V. Adv. V. V. V. N. Ex: Voyager 1 was launched in the late 1970’s and has been the first to leave the solar N. N. V. V. N. Prep. V. N. Adv. system; many have tried to do the same with other spacecraft’s but so far it’s not as Adj. successful. i) ? N. N. V. N. PN. N. N. Adv. Ex: Voyager 1 is one of the first spacecraft’s to travel out of our solar system, but how is PN. Adj. N. V. V. Adj. PN. Adj. N. it that one of the oldest spacecraft can travel so far and our new inventions can’t? PN. PN. V. PN. N. N. N. Prep. PN. V. N. Ex: We all know that there is no life out in space like the one we receive on Earth so Adv. PN. V. PN. N. Prep. PN. V. N. N. V. why do we treat our planet like if we had another Earth to go to? j) ! N. V. Adj. N. PN. N. Adj. N. PN. N. Ex: Venus has the shortest years of all the planets and the longest day of all the planets! N. N. V. PN. V. N. N. N. N. Ex: Many scientist peculate that there can be infinite amounts of universe out there! k) ‘ Adj. N. N. N. N. N. N. Adv. Ex: The closest galaxy is the Andromeda galaxy at 2.5 million light years away, and if N. N. Adj. PN. V. V. V. N. Prep. N. the Andromeda’s lights were brighter we would be able to see the galaxy from Earth. N. V. PN. Adj. PN. N. N. N. N. V. Ex: Scientists’ believes that the middle of our solar system, The Milky Way, has the V. N. V. N. smell of raspberries and taste of rum.

l) “ N. N. N. V. N. N. V. Ex: “A blade is of grass is a commonplace [taken for granted] on Earth; it would be a N. N. PN. N. N. V. V. N. N. N. miracle on Mars. Ours descendants on Mars will know the value of patch of green. And if N. N. Adj. Adv. N. N. N. a blade of grass is priceless, what is the value of human being?” (Sagan 204) N. PN. N. N. PN. N. N. PN. N. N. Ex: “The nitrogen in our DNA, the calcium in our teeth, the iron in our blood, the carbon PN. N. N. V. Adj. V. N. PN. V. N. in our apple pies were made in the interiors of collapsing stars. We are made of star N. stuff.” (Sagan 100) m) …. N. N. V. V. N. Adj. Adj. N. PN. V. V. Adv. Ex: For decades the Earth has been alive yet in just a few decades we have created more N. PN. V. N. Adv. V. damage as if we had somewhere else to go… PN. N. V. V. PN. N. N. V. Adv. Adj. Ex: Some scientist have predicted that the infinite universe could actually be flat…

9. Commonly Confused/Missed Word Choice a) Who/Whom N. N. V. N. PN. V. Prep. N. Adj. Ex: Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon back in 1969.

N. N. V. N. PN. Adv. V. Adj. N. Adv. N. Ex: Buzz Aldrin was the person whom, mostly come out in pictures of when Apollo 11 V. Prep. N. landed on the moon. Their/There/They’re N. V. N. N. PN. N. N. N. N. N. Ex: Apollo 11 had a crew of three men their names are Michael Collins, Buzz Aldrin, N. N. and Neil Armstrong. PN. N. N. V. Prep. N. Ad. N. Ex: They’re the first three men to land on the moon for the very first time in 1969. Adv. N. Adv. N. V. N. Adj. N. Adj. N. V. Ex: There is only one place where Humans can live a normal/free/steady life its called N. Earth. Lie/Lay N. V. N. N. PN. V. N. Adv. Ex: They are many lies out in the world that are told of the universe some of those are Adj. N. PN. V. V. V. N. just theories that have to be put to the test. V. N. N. Adj. N. N. Adv. Ex: Trying to sleep in space is difficult for there is no gravity for one reason why N. V. Prep. N. V. N. astronaut cannot lay on the ground to go to sleep. Laid/Lain N. PN. V. N. Adv. N. Adj. N. V. N. Ex: The lain that are told of the universe or more so Earth are just rumors put to the test Prep. N. Adj. Adj. until proved wrong or right. N. V. Adv. N. Prep. N. N. N. V. Ex: Astronaut has never laid on the ground to sleep for there is no gravity to maintain Prep. N. them on the ground. Affect/Effect N. N. V. Adj. N. Adv. V. N. N. Ex: The environment in space has a great affect when sending out aircraft to space. V. N. V. Adj. N. Prep. N. N. Ex: The landing of Apollo 11 had a great effect on the future of astronomy. Accept/Except

Adv. PN. V. Prep. N. PN. N. Adj. Adj. PN. V. Ex: When you are going into a spacecraft you accept the danger and adversity that may V. come. PN. N. N. V. V. N. Prep. N. PN. V. N. N. Ex: Our solar system used to have 8 planets except Pluto that became a dwarf planet for N. N. Prep. N. it size and distance from the Sun. C/W/Should have vs. C/W/Should of N. N. Adv. N. V. V. V. N. N. PN. Ex: Many decades ago people should have realize the truth of the world for those who V. N. N. V. N. N. contradicting a belief of the world to be round were punished. PN. V. Adj. V. N. Adj. N. Adj. Adj. N. Adv. Ex: They should, of their own will, done the right thing back in the old times when V. Adj. N. believing certain theories. Loath/Loathe Adj. V. N. PN. V. V. N. N. Adv. N. PN. Ex: Few would say they would loathe living on the Moon or any other planet that is not N. Earth. Adj. V. Adv. V. N. Adj. N. Prep. N. V. Adj. Ex: Few loath when seeing news of the historical events from space and try to ignore PN. them. Infer/Imply Adv. N. V. N. V. V. N. N. N. V. Adv. Ex: When the news imply of the firsts men would go to space many people implied what V. V. would happen. Adv. N. V. N. PN. V. V. N. N. V. Ex: When news implied of the first men who would walk on the moon people infer the Adj. Adj. N. positive and negative outcomes. Weary/Wary Adj. N. Adj. Adv. N. V. V. PN. N. V. N. N. Ex: Few scientists are wary of how the world was created, they say it was the big bang N. N. N. V. N. theory and religion says it was god.

V. Prep. N. V. Adj. N. Prep. V. N. N. Ex: Going into space can weary astronomers even after training, work and adaptation. k) Proceed/Precede Prep. V. N. N. PN. V. Adj. Adj. N. Ex: After the launch of the fruit flies and them coming back safely astronomers

V. Prep. N. N. N. Adv. N. N. proceeded into future plans/ project for further more studies. N. N. V. Prep. N. PN. V. N. Ex: The future of the spacecraft, precede from other spacecraft that were sent to space. l) Discrete/Discreet N. N. N. V. Adj. N. N. Prep. N. Ex: Scientist for many years have discrete the object of the universe into categories. N. N. Adj. N. N. PN. V. Prep. PN. Ex: Scientist and astronomers are discreet at times of the thing they know until they are Adv. N. Adj. N. further more informed of the situation. l) Conscience/Conscious Adv. N. N. PN. V. N. Adv. N. Ex: While astronomers are in a mission they have to conscious to what the person on the Adj. N. V. N. N. other end is staying to say safe. N. V. V. N. V. N. Adj. N. V. Adj. Ex: Astronomers have to be able to be conscience in adversity situations and be fast, Adj. N. Adv. V. N. smart, and work together to get out of the situation. m) Can/May N. V. Adj. N. N. Adv. PN. V. Ex: Astronomer may be strong for all the months or years yet when they come back to N. PN. V. Adj. Earth they will be weak. PN. V. V. N. PN. V. Adj. Prep. N. PN. V. Ex: They can have all the training they wish and strength but without mentality they will V. Adv. V. N. go nowhere in exploring space. n) At least five (5) others N. N. V. N. N. N. Ex: (Advice) Many scientists go to others astronomers for advice and second options on PN. N there work. N. N. PN. V. Adv. N. Prep. N, Ex: (advise) People advise us all to take care of the planet for there is no other place to V. go to. N. V. N. N. N. V. V. V. N. Ex: (at) At the JPL there was a open house for everyone to come, see and enjoy the work N. V. astronomers are working on. N. N. N. V. N. N. prep. V. Ex: (in) In the JPL is were many astronomers make project and plans to later be sent to N. N. V. V.

other laboratory for further investigation and planning.

About the Author During the past few weeks we have been working on this book by sections and each week we are to understand the language of writing. It was never simple (for me) to do this for I loved the topic of my grammar book but at times it became difficult to write about. All in all the struggled made it happen, while doing and creating the book I learned many things I didn’t know such as they are different sentence patterns. As well as there are rules

to certain (specific) things when writing. I can say that I have learned more rules and correct ways of writing in English then I have in the past years. QUIZZES Interjections/ transitions/ associated Terms 1.

Define what an interjection is and how it is used.

Which of this is not an interjection. a)

phew

b) Holy smokes

c) bro

d) oh dear

______ One of the parts of the satellite is malfunctioning again. a)

Rats!

b) Yuck!c) OMG

d) Again!

When Armstrong and Aldrin landed on the moon they both slowly put a United States flag on the moon. (Circle what parts of this sentence makes it a antecedent)

When left alone, he took the time to examine deeper into the blueprints for the satellite they were to launch in a few months. (Underline the modifier)

(Fix the sentence by putting a transition) An advantage that astronauts get when floating around space is that they become taller. Their heart’s on the other hand become smaller in this situation.

Circle the one that doesn’t belong to the group? Again, beside, as well, furthermore, also, to clarify, for example, additionally, along with

What group do these words belong in (transitions)? Above, across, on front of, away, beyond, down, near, along, amid

Define what are expletives.

10. Circle or underline the expletive. The satellite that was sent off to space has landed safely on Mars.

Clauses Quiz 1.

Clauses are words with

What is an independent that can stand alone called? a)

Simple sentence pattern

b) b) independent sentence

c) sentence combine d)

Define what a subordinate is and what another name is there for it.

Circle the one that does not belong Noun, adjective, elliptical, appositive, nonessential, relative

What do adverbs clauses used for?

Which adverbs clauses modify a)

Verbs

b) Adjectives

c) adverbs d) all of the above

What are three Verbal?

Why are essential clauses helpful in a sentence?

Relative Clauses begin with _______

10. Define what a nonessential clauses means. Phrases Quiz 1.

Prepositional are a) begins with preposition, end with a noun b) begin and end with a preposition c) begins and ends with a noun

d) none

Prepositional can be used as__________

What are appositives?

Verbal area _______

Which of this is not verbal a) Gerund

b) appositive

d) infinitive

Gerund uses a) “ing” b) “ed”

c) participle

c) “ion” d) a & b

Participle words ending on “ing” or “ed” are used as what? a) adjective

b) noun

c) subordinate

Determine what a Infinitive is

Infinitive are verbs preceded by the word a) be

b) nor

c) to

d) conjunctions

d) for

10. Infinitives are used as what? Sentence Quiz 1. What are three Subject Parts? 2. Which does not belong in the following group? Declarative, predicate, imperative, exclamatory 3. Define what a simple sentence is. 4. Write at least 6 of the 13 Sentence Pattern. 5. What category are the following ones in: Fused, Misplace, modifiers, Comma slice 6. Define what a double negative is. 7. In a compound sentence how many dependent clauses are there? 8. Which of the sentence pattern uses subordinates? 9. Name the two sentence pattern that use repetition to get a point across. 10. Define what a fragment is. Paragraph Quiz

Define what an Anecdotal is.

What is the best way to write a Query Based question as: Second Person, or Third Person?

Name three or more of the generalization uses of absolute or statistical pronouns

True or False: A quote can never be used as individual sentences; they should always be embedded within a sentence.

What are the uses of brackets ([]) in a quote?

Define what a concrete sentence is.

What should a closing sentence have?

Define what statement expansion is.

What echoes throughout your entire body paragraphs and conclusion?

10. What should your final sentence connect to? Quiz Define what capitalization is What are brackets use for? Are colons and semi colons the same? What’s the difference between infer and imply? Laid past tense of lay Lain is past tense of lie What’s the difference between loath and loathe? What are dashes use for? Which does not belong They’re, there, there’s, their 10. The pronoun I is always capitalize 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Answers: 1.

Interjections are an exclamation or part of speech where you show a feeling or though; these words can stand alone or with a sentence. They are used when you are trying to get an emotion/ feeling across. 2. C 3. A 4. Armstrong and Aldrin, they 5. When left alone is the modifier because it is a functioning as adverb 6. Yet; An advantage that astronaut get when floating in space is becoming taller yet their heart’s become smaller. 7. To clarify doesn’t belong with the other groups for the others are to add information 8. This words in transition show location. 9. Expletives are often adverbs answering an adverb question. 10. Mars is the expletives for it is where it landed.

Clauses Quiz Answer Sheet 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

D A Subordinates can not stand alone as a complete sentence and must begin with a subordinate conjunction and another name for it is dependent. Appositive Adverbs clauses are used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in a independent clauses. Introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and or concession. D Gerund, participle, infinitive Essential clauses are used to give meaning of the sentence Relative pronouns

10. Nonessential means clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentences Phases Answers A Adjective or adverbs Appositives are a group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify it. Words beginning with a verbal and end with a noun. B A A Infinitive are verbs preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) they are also used as noun, adjectives or adverbs. 9. C 10. Infinitives are used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Sentence Answers 1. The three subject part, are complete, simple, and compound. 2. Predicate doesn’t belong 3. A simple sentence is just one independent clause 4. Switch ever of the following: Simple, Compound, Complex, complex- compound, loose, periodic, Balance, parallel, chiasmus, asyndeton, polyndenton, anaphora, epitrophe. 5. Sentence Errors 6. A double negative is when you use a two negative elements in the same sentence 7. It has none 8. Loose sentences 9. Chiasmus, and anaphora 10. Fragment is broken or incomplete for it can’t stand alone. Quiz 11. A brief story to set the mood and into the topic 11. In third person 12. All, always, every, never, none, most, half 13. True 14. To add to your quote 15. Concrete sentence is an actual, reference-able 16. A closing sentence should end in transitional or culminating- possibly an adverb 17. Expansion Sentence is to expand the thesis sentence using the consequences off disregarding the implication of the thesis can be more than two sentences. 18. What should echo should be your thesis that connects throughout the essay 19. The final sentence should connect to your hook sentence. Quiz 1. Capitalization is using upper case or capital letters when applied to the twenty five (25) rules of it. 2. Brackets are used to add information into a sentence 3. No they are not semi colons connect to sentences as for colons makes a pause between two sentences. 4. Infer is when the listener thinks of solutions, as for imply is when the reader says information/ context 5. True 6. True 7. Loathe is when you hate/ dislike something as for Loath is when you are unwilling doing something 8. Dashes are used for more emphasis in a sentence 9. There’s doesn’t belong 10. True 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Glossary Proper: They start of with capital letters, that are made from proper nouns; they answer the question of what kind? (Pg.7) Demonstrative: They help indicate a noun; they answer what noun you want to talk about) (pg.7) Comparatives adjectives end in “er”, or begin with more; some irregular comparatives are better, less, worse. They are used when comparing two things. (Pg.8) Subject-verbs: subjects and verbs that must agree with one another (plural, or singular ex: subject is singular, your verb is singular and vice versa using plural) but in present tense it is the nouns and verbs (ex: nouns add “s”, verbs take away “s”). (Pg. 12) Noun- Pronouns: words used to replace of a noun; it tells us that a noun is to be or has been mention. (page 12) Prepositional: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. (Pg. 12) Appositive: A group of words that include all the words or phases that modify an appositive. (pg12) Verbal: A group of words that begins with a verbal and end with a noun. (page12) Subject Complete- Is who or what is doing the verb plus all of the modifiers that go with it. (page 15) Subject Simple- Is the main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about. (page16) Subject Compound- when a sentence has two or more subjects. The individual subject in this are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, either, nor). (page16) Predicate Complete- includes the main noun and all of the modifiers, objects, and phrases that add on to it. (page. 16) Predicate Simple- Is the main verb in the predicate that tells what the subject does. (page16) Predicate Compound- Same as the compound subject its subject are joined by and, or, nor. (pg16) Anaphora: a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. (pg19) Epistrophe: a sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same words or words. (page20) Chiasmus: a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order (page19) Parallel Structure: using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are equal important and to help the reader comprehend what is being written. (page19) Balanced Sentence: Phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning or length. (page 18) Loose Sentence: is one that contains an independent clauses plus a subordinate construction (either clauses or phrase) (page 18) Complex/compound Sentence: with multiple independent clauses and at least on dependent clause. (page 18)

Worked Cited Sagan, Carl. Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space. New York: Random House, 1994. Print. Greene, B (n.d.). The elegant universe: Superstrings, hidden dimensions, and the quest for the ultimate theory