Health Grammar Book

Healthy Grammar

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About the Author Alessandra Hernandez, is currently a junior at Bravo Medical Magnet High School. She was born in Bellflower, but raised in Highland Park. She likes to read books and sleep a lot. Her favorite hobbies are playing volleyball and hiking. Currently, she had to write a her first book Fixing Your Grammar which has clearly become a number one seller in just a few weeks. Alessandra was is so proud of her work and is proud to pass on one of her greatest pieces of work.

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Table of Contents Section One(Nouns) —————— Page 1-13 Sections Two (Phrases) __________ Page 14 Section Three(Clauses) —————- Page 15-16 Section Four(Sentences) ————— Page 17-22 Section Five(Paragraphs) —————Page 23-25 Section Six(Essays) ————————Page 26-27 Section Seven(Capitalization) ————- Page 28-29 Section Eight(Punctuation) —————- Page 30-31 Section Nine(Commonly Misused Words) ————— Page 32-33

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Health Grammar Book Project

I. Nouns A. Types of nouns: 1. Common Nouns: name a class of people,places, things, or idea. ex: exercise, patients, hospital, blood 2. Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). Ex: Doctor, Neurosurgeon, Cardiologist, MRI 3. Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. Ex: treetops, underworld, nightmare, saltwater 4. Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. Ex: needles, bandages, stethoscope 5. Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes. Ex: fear, bravery, selfcontrol, wisdom B. Noun Identifiers: 1. Noun Endings: goodness determination charity elegance neighborhood amazement favoritism victory adventure chemist foreseer faster

intelligence

2. Following a noun marker (NM): a, all, an both, each, every, her, his, my, our, several, some, that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three, etc. Emboldened words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they act as adjectives, i.e., Some boxes are square. (“some” acts as an adjective, so it's a noun marker). Some are square. (”Some” acts as a noun so it's not a noun marker). n. adj. adj. n.

The doctor is calm.

The large needle is scary.

3. Plural Form: for example: “nurses” or “doctors” or “patients” 4. Possessive Form: for example: “ doctor’s patients” or “patient’s medicines” 5. Following a Preposition: n. adv. v. prep.

The doctor cautiously inserted the needle above the patient’s shoulder to cause no pain. ( prepositional) These are some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around,as, as far as, aside from, at , away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except for, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in,

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in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard of, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of o, on, on account, of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, without.

(Sometimes these word are used as adverbs).

C. Functions (How nouns are used): 1.

Subject (comes before the verb) S adv V n pr n Mr. Dallas patiently waited for the nurse to call his name.

S adv V n pr n pr adv v Mr. Dallas patiently waited for the nurse to call his name and while he nervously waited the nurse atlas called his name.

2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom) S V DO adv v IO Stanley asked Ashley to directly wait for him at the lobby.

S adv V DO v pr IO Stanley clearly told Ashley to wait for him at the hospital lobby.

3. Indirect Object (answers who or to whom) S V adv DO adj IO adj n Stacy gave a lovely hug to the injured patient in the emergency room.

S V DO adv IO Jacky nominated Jessica to a very special nurse award.

4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when) S adv V AO The Doctor always has work to do after lunch in the hospital.

S V adv AO Samantha never really responds to emails after midnight.

5. Object of the Preposition(follows a preposition) S V Prep OPrep adv v adj n n The nurse ran to the operation room to quickly check on the health status of the patient.

S adv V adj n Prep OPrep n n Jessica recently ran for two hours to the park to get fit for the marathon.

6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb) S LV SC n pr adv adj n Pamela is the vice-president of the hospital due to her extensively long experience.

S LV SC adj n The doctor is often slow during his patient’s check-ups.

7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it) S adv V DO OC n

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The Hospital carefully elected Dr. Ying president of the hospital.

S adv V DO OC n The patients happily selected Johnny vice-president of the clinic.

8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas) S APP V adv n Dr. Perez, my doctor, has always checked my health.

S APP V adv n adv v n The new nurse, my role model, is very smart and is extremely needed in many hospitals.

9. Adjectival (describes noun following it) S V Adjvl n adj n The patients rarely go to the pharmacy store down stairs.

S n V Adjvl n n Many Doctors and nurses mostly have to attend the Starbucks store to get coffee in the n morning.

10. Noun in Direct Address N adv vv n Dr. Washington, when will I have my next check-up be? adv v N adv v Have you occasionally felt stressed, Mary, or are you always stressed?

11.Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund) G adj OG n adj n Winning the health fair made me want to eager major in health sciences.

G adj OG adv Completing my health project made me feel very proud of myself.

12. Object of the Participle (noun that follows a participle) Part OPart n adv v n After the student marathon, the student felt very satisfied and healthy.

Part OPart n adj n The training room was open to all new medical students.

13. Object of the Infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive) n v _Inf_ OInf The Doctor wanted to have a better wage by working extra hours. n adv v _Inf_ n OInf Nina helplessly wanted to become a nurse by graduating college.

II. Pronouns Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

1. Personal:A personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular person, in the grammatical sense. When discussing “person” in terms of the grammatical, the following rules apply: First person, as in “I” Second person, as in “you”

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Nominative (subjects) I/ We you/you He, she, it, one/they

Objective (objects) me/us you/you him, her, it, one/them Possessive

My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s

our, ours your, yours their, theirs

Ex: Percy always like to play basketball and soccer with his friends.

Ex: Julie felt seriously sad about her cancer diagnosis.

2. Relative: A relative pronoun is used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. You see them used everyday with the most common relative pronouns being: who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and that.

Nominative who that

Objective Possessive whom whose that of that those/this n pr adv v adj n Ex: Naomi who just woke up quickly dressed to go for an rally morning jog. n n pr n adv v Ex: Naomi isn’t decisive over whose fault it extremely is.

3. Interrogative: An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which is used to make asking questions easy. There are five interrogative pronouns. Each one is used to ask a very specific question. Interrogative pronouns can also be used as relative pronouns, which may be found in questions. who, which, what, whatever, whoever pr v n adv v n Ex: Whoever is responsible, will fully get punished. pr v n adv v n n Ex: What is the name of the newly integrated doctor in the hospital?

4. Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix -self or -selves) A reflexive pronoun is a special kind of pronoun. It is usually used when the object of a sentence is the same as the subject, as you will see below. Each personal pronoun (such as I, you, and she) has its own reflexive form.

A. when the action verb is directed towards the subject of the construction: adj n pr adv v n Ex: The medical student pushes himself to study really hard to graduate soon.

B. to intensify a point adj n pr adv v n Ex: The hospital President himself wrote a brilliantly done essay.

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5. Demonstrative: Demonstrative pronouns are the same pronouns used for demonstrative adjectives - this, that, these and those. The difference is in the sentence structure. The demonstrative pronoun takes the place of the noun phrase. The demonstrative adjective is always followed by a noun. this, these that, those n pr n v adv n n Ex: Chloe said, “Those who want to be doctors have to constantly work hard in school. pr n n adv v n Ex: Those that eat healthy and exercise will always be healthy.

6. Indefinite: An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some of these are: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, other, several, somebody, someone, such. pr n adv v adj n Ex: Many patients quickly entered the emergency room. n adj n adv v n Ex: Chelsea has several vaccine shots and well is need of more.

III. Verbs Verbs show the time, action and state of being of a subject.

A. How Verbs are Identified: 1. Verbs Ending:-s, -ed, -ing,-tate, -ive, -er, Ex: Jumped, swam, ran, celebrate, singing 2. Tense: Verbs indicate time via tenses: 1. simple past 6. present 2. past 7. present perfect 3. past perfect 8. present progressive 4. past progressive 5. simple present

9. present perfect progressive 10. future 11. future perfect

3. Forms: a. Forms of “to be”: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. when used as main verbs, they are always linking verbs- true linking verbs = all forms of be, become, and seem). b. Forms of “to do”: do, does, did, done, doing (these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). c. Forms of “to have”: have, had, has, having (these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs).

4. Types: there are at least 11 types of verbs:

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a. auxiliary verbs(helping verbs) : the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (the full verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the passive. b. linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence- usually the predicate) linking verbs c. lexical verbs (main verbs) typically express action, state, or other predicate meaning d. dynamic verbs (indicate action)usually describe actions we can take, or things that happen e. stative verbs (describe a condition)usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change. f. infinitive verbs (indicate tense)the locus of grammatical information of gender, person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and/or voice. g. non-infinitive verbs (infinitive or participles) h. regular verbs (weak verbs)those whose past tense and past participles are formed by adding a -d or an -ed to the end of the verb. "To roll" is a good example of a regular verb: roll, rolled, rolled. i. irregular verbs (strong verbs) came. cost, chose j. transitive verbs ( verbs followed by a direct object)takes one or more objects) bleed, clog, cure k. intransitive verbs( verbs that do not take direct objects) that does not need a direct object to complete its meaning. Run, sleep, travel, wonder, and die 5. Voice: voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action.

Active: When the verb of a sentence is in the active voice, the subject is doing the acting, as in the sentence “The Doctor saved the patient’s life” the Doctor (the subject of the sentence) acts in relation to saving the patient’s life.

Passive: A verb is in the passive voice when the subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb.

For Example, in “The patient was sick,” the patient (the subject)receives the action of the verb, and was thrown is in the passive voice.

6. Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) A. Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun n n n v adv v adj n i. Lily likes doing sports and is soon entering a sports’s club.

B. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective n v adv adj pr n i. Susan is really into swimming which keeps her fit.

C. Infinitive: verbs preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. n adv v n pr adj n i. Tom occasionally likes to read his science books.

IV. Adjectives: Adjectives: modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.

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1. Kinds: Demonstrative (The demonstrative adjectives are this, that, these, and those.

They are used to point out specific people or things), Common ( A common adjective is an adjective that is not written with a capital letter. Most adjectives are common- ones that are written with a capital letter are proper adjectives), Proper (an adjective, typically capitalized, derived from a proper noun) Ex: 2. Endings: -al, -ary, -ful, -ic, -ical, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -ous, -y, -able, -ible, -ant, -ent, ive, -ing, -ed, -en.

3. Conversions: usually by adding -ing to verbs, 4. Article: Put simply, an article is a word that combines with a noun. Articles are actually adjectives because they describe the nouns that they precede. In English, there are only three articles: the, a, and an. However, the three are not interchangeable; rather, they are used in specific instances.

5. Comparative/ Superlatives: A comparative adjective is used to compare two things. A superlative adjective is used when you compare three or more things. For example, looking at apples you can compare their size, determining which is big, which is bigger, and which is biggest. The comparative ending for short, common adjectives is generally "-er"; the superlative suďŹƒx is generally "-est."

V. Adverbs An Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group. a. Endings: -ly, -ily, -ally, -wards, -wise ex: quickly, wisely, b. Conversions: by adding one of the suďŹƒxes into the word. c. Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time d. Intensifiers: Adverbs often have words called intensifiers that denote or describe the quality of the action - how strong or weak it is. There are several types of intensifiers: those that show emphasis, those that amplify and those that play down or down tone the actions of verbs.

In addition there are premodifiers which are words that modify or change the meaning of an adverb. e. Comparatives/ Superlatives: add -er to comparatives and -est to superlatives.

VI. Conjunctions A. Coordinating: a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank, e.g., and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so B. Correlative: A correlative conjunction is a coordinating conjunction that pairs up with other words to connect elements in a sentence. They help indicate the relationship between elements they connect in a sentence. Ex: either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, both/ and, whether/or. as/so C. Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as tough, because, before, in , in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while.

D. Relative Pronouns: A relative pronoun is used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. You see them used everyday with the most common relative pronouns being: who (refers to people), whom, which( refers to non living object or animals), whoever, whomever, whichever, and that (may refer to animals or non living objects).

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VII. Prepositions Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to the other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs.

These are some of the common Prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around,as, as far as, aside from, at , away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except for, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard of, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of o, on, on account, of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, without. n n pr n pr v adv n pr Ex: George sat opposite from Elisa because he is really angry at her. n prp v n adv n n n Ex: The nurse was about to leave patient but soon after the patient started feeling pain.

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VIII. Interjections A aah ack agreed ah aha ahem alas

H ha ha-ha hah hallelujah harrumph haw hee

T ta ta-da ta ta take that tally ho tch tsk-tsk tut tut-tut

B bah blast boo hoo bother boy brr by golly bye

I I say ick is it ixnay

U ugh uh uh-oh um ur urgh

C cheerio cheers chin up come on crikey curses

J jeez just kidding just a sec just wondering

V very nice very well voila vroom

D dear me doggone drat duh

K kapish

W wah well well done well, well what whatever whee when whoa whoo whoopee whoops

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E easy does it eek egads er exactly

L la la-di-dah lo look look here long time lordy

Y ya yea yeah yech yikes yippee yo yoo-hoo

F fair enough fiddle-dee-dee fiddlesticks fie foo fooey

M man meh mmm most certainly my my my my word

Z zap zounds zowie zzz

G gadzooks gah gangway g'day gee gee whiz geez gesundheit get lost grr gulp

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Milder

Stronger

Addition

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

a further x and and then then also too next another other nor

Comparison

just as ... so too a similar x another x like

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rathe

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

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Time

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x

Place

there here beyond nearby next to

opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back at that point

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

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Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose

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in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event

2. Phrases - are groups of words that function as a part of speech A. Prepositional: a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. adj n n adv v adj n 1. The new EMT machine was carefully installed in the new USC Hospital. adj n n adv v adj n 2. The experienced biomedical engineer carefully installed the new EMT machine in the adj n n new Neurology department.

B. Appositive: a group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. n n v adv v n adj n 1. Juanita Luna, a nurse, liked to nicely give candy to young patients. n adj n v adv v n n adj n 2. Juanita Luna, a sweet nurse, liked to nicely give candy and stickers to young patients.

C. Verbal: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.

1. Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. n v adv n 1a. Smoking is very bad for human’s health. n v n n n 1b. Smoking is considered the world’s number one cause for lung cancer.

2. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. n n adv adj n 2a. The Doctor was being incredibly rude to the suffering patient. n v adv v pr n adj n 2b. The Doctor was trying to clearly state his opinion over colored skin patients.

3. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as a noun, adjective, or adverbs. n n n adv v n 3a. The media uses propaganda as a health concern to hopefully stop smoking. n adv v n n v n 3b. The media uses largely big amounts of propaganda to stop smoking.

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3. Clauses - are groups of words with a subject and a verb.

A. INDEPENDENT- CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern.

1. Health is always my number one concern.

2. A human’s health should always be everyone’s number one concern.

B. SUBORDINATE (Dependent) - CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. 1. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. adv n v v adv adj n 1a. Where the hospital is there is incredibly no cellphone service. adv n v adv n 1b. Nicely the patient asked where the bathroom was.

2. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. n v adv n adj n 2a. The Neurosurgeon is obviously the one who is going to complete the surgery. n adv pr v n n 2b. The doctor did absolutely everything that would save the patient’s life.

3. Adverb Clause: used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause , purpose, result, condition, and /or concession. n adv v n pr n n 3a. The Dentist knowingly took as long as his workers to leave the office. n v adv n adv pr 3b. Sam was ready to get the flu shot as quickly as she could.

4. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. adj n v adj adv v adj 4a. The staff member who finishes cleaning first will happily get the whole entire n next week off from work. n v v pr v adj n 4b. The Doctor supervised who left last which meant he was left to work alone.

5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. n v adj n 5a. The child was happy to earn a sticker. n v adv adj n 5b. The child was extremely to earn a big teddybear.

6. Essential Clauses: Clauses that are necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

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n v adv pr adj n 6a. The hospital is most definitely for everyone that is bad of health. n adv v nn adj n 6b. The hospital really needs to change their logo to make it look better.

7. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. n v adv adj n n 7a. The nurse was very helpful, which made me happy, about where my appointment was. n v adv adj n v pr n v n 7b. The nurse was very helpful, when I asked her a question, about what was the flu vaccination.

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4. Sentences - explain each sentence types and patterns and give two (2) examples of each (one basic and one advanced). a. Sentence Parts i. Subjects - is the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being something.

1. Complete - is all the words relating to the person/thing doing the action in the sentence. adj n adv v n n Basic Example: The young nurse patiently helped the patient find the restrooms. adj adj n adv Advanced Example: The young, kind hearted nurse patiently instructed the new patient where to find the restrooms.

2. Simple - is the main word or word group that tells who or what the sentence is about. n adv v n n Basic Example: Neurologists are doctors that carefully study the brain and nervous system. n adv n n Advanced Example: Every neurologist has to carefully study the brain and nervous system.

3. Compound - where two or more individual noun phrases are coordinated to form a single, larger noun phrase. n n adv v Basic Example: The nutritionist and personal fitness trainer cheerfully gave a presentation n on the importance of humans’ health. n n adv v adj Advanced Sentence: The nutritionist and personal fitness trainer deliberately gave a small n n presentation on the importance of humans’ health. ii. Predicate - is the completer of a sentence.

1. Complete - is all the words relating to the action. adv v adj n n Basic Example: The student timidly asked the school nurse for a band-aid. adj n adv v adj n n Advanced Example: The new student timidly asked the school nurse for a band-aid to put on his recent scrape.

2. Simple - is the basic word or words that explain what specific action the subject of the sentence is doing. n adv v n Basic Example: Dr. Gomez is a very caring practitioner. n adv v n Advanced Example: Dr. Gomez is a very caring health practitioner that cares for all his patients.

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3. Compound - is one that shows two actions for the same subject. n adv v n Basic Example: The cardiologist courageously told the patient everything was going to be adj n alright, but told the truth to the patient’s family. n adv v v n Advanced Example: The cardiologist courageously told and explained to the patient his/her n health condition. b. Sentence Types i. Declarative - (also known as statement) makes a statement and ends with a period. n adv v Basic Example: The nurse is always tired. n adj n pr n Advanced Example: The nurse does not get enough sleep, she should sleep more to not always look tired. ii. Interrogative - asks a question, and it always ends with a question mark. adv v adj n Basic Example: Yesterday did you go to the doctor’s office? adv v n n Advanced Example: Have you lately had any flu symptoms or fever? iii. Imperative - gives a command. It usually ends in a period, but may also end in a exclamation mark. adv v n Basic Example: Please come inside the office. adv adj n Advanced Example: Get away from the hospital’s door entrance. iv. Exclamatory - expresses strong emotion, and it ends with an exclamation mark. adv v n Basic Example: I really don’t want to get the flu shot! adv v n Advanced Example: I loudly yelled at the Dodger’s game! c. Sentence Patterns i. Simple Sentence - a sentence that is just one independent clause s adv v n adj n Basic Example: I anxiously have a dentist appointment later today. s adv v n prep v n Advanced Example: Sarah eagerly is waiting to enter the doctor’s office.

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ii. Compound Sentence - a sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clause n adv v n pr n n Basic Example: Susan always has a complain, but she hates seeing a doctor. n n pr adv Advanced Example: Josh never likes to eat healthy, and for that reason he always v n feels sick. iii. Complex Sentence - a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause n n pr adv v n Basic Example: Since Sam is obese, she regularly has to exercise. n adj n pr adv v n Advanced Example: Since Sam is a an obese person, she frequently has to exercise more. iv. Complex/Compound Sentence - a sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause n adv n n n n Basic Example: Nala honestly hates hospitals and Jorge hates shots, but Sam loves hospitals n pr n and getting shots because she is brave. n n n n n n n Advanced Example: Nala is afraid of hospitals and Jorge hates shots, but Sam never is afraid n n pr n of hospitals or shots because she is brave. v. Loose Sentence - a sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) n n n n adv Basic Example: I never eat vegetables, which are healthy, but do not taste well. n n n adv n Advanced Example: I never exercise, hate to eat healthy, and usually just like to sleep. vi. Periodic Sentence - a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense n n adj n adv adj Basic Example: To not get the flu, a person must get the flu vaccine preferably in flu n season. adj n n adv v pr Advanced Example: To not get an infectious disease, a person should always have his/her set n of vaccines.

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vii. Balanced Sentence - a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeliness of structure, meaning, or length adj n adv adv pr adj n Basic Example: The new doctor is really nice and very polite; he is a also a generous person. adj n adv v adj n n pr Advanced Example: The new doctor generally has a good mood and is professional; he is the adj n best doctor ever . viii. Parallel Structure - a sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written n v v v pr v adv adj Basic Example: The doctor searched, gathered, and informed himself on all his likely new n patients. n pr n n n adv Advanced Example: The doctor used all his knowledge, intelligence, and smarts to correctly v n follow the procedure. ix. Chiasmus - a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order n adv v n Basic Example: Instead of taking a pill, why not just patiently go to the doctor's. adj n adv v Advanced Example: Instead of taking a non prescribed pill, why not just patiently go the n n Doctor's to get a medicine. x. Asyndeton- a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose n n pr n v adv Basic Example: Often times a person doesn't care for his/her health, leading rapidly to n death. n n n n n v adv Advanced Example: Often times we do not care for our health, diet, exercise leading rapidly n to death. xi. Polysyndeton - a sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose n n n adv v Basic Example: Dr. Smith and Dr. Ramirez and Dr. Santana are all incredibly talented surgeons. n n n adv v Advanced Example: Dr. Smith and Dr. Ramirez and Dr. Santana are all incredibly talented n v adj n surgeons and have long careers.

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xii. Anaphora - a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention pr n n n adj adv n Basic Example: We all need a cure for cancer at this moment, right now, hopefully today! pr n v n n n adv v Advanced Example: As soon as the pharmacy closed I got mad, angry, annoyingly irritated. xiii. Epistrophe - a sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words adv v n n n Basic Example: Rather than committing the same mistake again, learn from it, change it, improve it. adv adv v n n Advanced Example: Rather than carelessly committing to not doing the same mistake twice, n n n change, learn from it, and act on it. d. Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) (with correctional guidelines) i. Fragment - an incomplete sentence adv n v n adv v n Basic Example: When I went to exercise. I rapidly started to sweat. n adv v pr n n pr n Advanced Example: Dulce rapidly noticed her textbook was missing. As she left the class. ii. Run-on/Rambling - is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses are joined without an appropriate punctuation or conjunction n v n pr adv v n Basic Example: My doctor is funny he usually makes me laugh. n v adv pr n Advanced Example: My doctor is awkwardly silent he does not speak much. iii. Fused Sentence - when two independent clauses are joined without any punctuation or connecting word between them n v adv n pr n n Basic Example: Michael is always happy there are many reasons to be happy. n n pr n pr adj Advanced Example: Cindy loves to play doctor with her friends it’s one of her favorite n hobbies. iv. Misplaced Modifier - a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes n n n v adv n adj n Basic Example: Jennifer found a food heathy book that is really good to lose weight. n v adv v pr adj n

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Advanced Example: Jennifer seems to be peculiarly nervous about her sudden gain weight. v. Comma Splice - the use of a comma to join two independent clauses n n n adv v pr n Basic Example: The use of drugs is bad, drugs severely have an eect in your health. n adv v n pr n n Advanced Example: The use of drugs can seriously have an eect on your health, drugs can v even lead to killing you. vi. Double Negative - the nonstandard usage of two negatives used in the same sentence so that they cancel each other and create a positive n v adv adj n Basic Example: I will not aren't going to the amazingly new hospital. n v adv adj n Advanced Example: I will not aren't going to the incredibly dark hospital.

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5. Paragraphs a. Introductory Paragraph I. Hook(lead) i. Anecdotal:(brief story to set the mood and intro the topic) Ex. When Kaku was young he watched the shows such as start wars and star trek. These shows made him think about the future. This got him involved in Science Fiction science and further down the physics path. He made many people question what is possible and what is impossible. ii. Query based: (questions that bring the reader to the topic) Ex. Is it possible to have the power of life? b. Thesis statements (the purpose of a piece of writing-usually one sentence in length- and something that is arguable). i. Assertion: (claim).

Ex. Health is a very important concept in my life. ii. Fact: (empirically verifiable) Ex. Everyone’s health should be in a very good condition. iii. Opinion: (personal position on a topic) Ex. Nobody likes to exercise when they happily have free time. iv. Belief: (social, religious or political in nature-an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily).

Ex. Being healthy is socially seen as matter of no importance. v. Generalization: (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half-avoid using these types of thesis statement).

Ex. Everything that is written by Kaku is correct, considering that he is a futurist. vi. Document based: (cites a specific source and its position on a topic).

Ex. In Physics of the Impossible, Michio Kaku argues that even if a smart and elderly scientist states that something is impossible then he is certainly incorrect. vii. Theory: (statement that can be tested and potentially proven).

Ex. The impossible can become possible through the progress or new inventions in technology and new health innovations.

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b. Body Paragraphs: (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis). i. Topic sentence:(must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support).

Ex. The advancement in technology can make what we now consider to be impossible possible.

1. Evidence from quotations: (quotes should never be used as individual sentences-quotes should be embedded within sentences).

1. Ex. As Sir William Osler once said, “The philosophies of one age have become the absurdities of the next, and the foolishness of yesterday has become the wisdom of tomorrow.” (Kaku 135) 2. Ex. “The philosophies of one age have become the absurdities of the next, and the foolishness of yesterday has become the wisdom of tomorrow,” according to Sir William Osler.

(Kaku 135) 3. Ex. Fortunately for humans, “The philosophies of one age have become the absurdities of the next, and the foolishness of yesterday has become the wisdom of tomorrow,” according to Sir William Osler. (Kaku 135) 4. Ex. Fortunately for humans,“The philosophies of one age have become the absurdities of the next, and the [egotistical] foolishness of yesterday has become the wisdom of tomorrow.” (Kaku 135) 5. Ex. Fortunately for humans, “The philosophies...become the absurdities... and the foolishness…become the wisdom...” (Kaku 135) 2. Paraphrase: (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source).

Original quote: “If time travel is possible, then where are the tourists from the future?”

Ex. Paraphrase: If time travel really is possible in the future then how come nobody from the future has come to our time?

3. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) Original Quote: If time travel is possible, then where are the tourists from the future? – STEPHEN HAWKING Summary: Time travel may already exist without us knowing 4. Anecdotes: Ex: There may someday be in the future a chip built for the mind.

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5. Abstract examples: (hypothetical, “what if ” examples-avoid).

Ex. Telekinesis can be possible if technology improves drastically.

6. Concrete Examples: (actual, reference-able examples).

Ex. In fact, according to Albert Einstein's famous equation, E = mc² , time travel is possible, at least in one direction. Going the other way — back to the past — presents a trickier challenge. c. Closing sentence: (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word-Possibly an adverb-and should echo the thesis of the essay).

3. Closing Paragraphs: (conclusion-should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraph of your essay). a. Statements of extension: (extending) the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis-could be one or more sentences).

Ex. The impossible can become the possible if a person was to try out the limits of possibility for himself instead of believing others and using advanced technology which is like magic. b. Final sentence: (connects to the hook).

Ex. Telekinesis is the power to move things with your mind, although it is not possible at our current time it will be in the future. The real problem with that is, if we all have it then who is in charge...

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6. Essays A. Types i. Persuasive (Argumentative) : the goal of the persuasive essay is to convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or recommendation. The writer must build a case using facts and logic, as well as examples, expert opinion, and sound reasoning. The writer should present all sides of the argument, but must be able to communicate clearly and without equivocation why a certain position is correct. ii. Expository (Informative) : The expository essay is an informative piece of writing that presents a balanced analysis of a topic. In an expository essay, the writer explains or defines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples. Expository writing encompasses a wide range of essay variations, such as the comparison and contrast essay, the cause and effect essay, and the “how to” or process essay. Because expository essays are based on facts and not personal feelings, writers don’t reveal their emotions or write in the first person.

1. Definition or Description : a descriptive essay paints a picture with words. A writer might describe a person, place, object, or even memory of special significance. However, this type of essay is not description for description sake. The descriptive essay strives to communicate a deeper meaning through the description. In a descriptive essay, the writer should show, not tell, through the use of colorful words and sensory details. The best descriptive essays appeal to the reader’s emotions, with a result that is highly evocative.

2. Process/How-to: Process writing can be classified into two types according to its purpose.There are two types of process writing. One type explains how to do something.

The other type explains how something works.

3. Compare and Contrast: Compare and contrast essays describe the similarities and differences between two things. The two primary ways are to block, in which the writer discusses either similarities or differences first and the other second, or to alternate similarities and differences between paragraphs 4. Cause and Effect : Cause and effect essays describe the cause and result of a situation or issue. An essay might discuss the d When writing this type of essay, research all possible outcomes and ensure that you can logically support your thesis with information on how a particular cause led to a specific effect. iii. Analytical/Critical : analyze, examine and interpret such things as an event, book, poem, play or other work of art.

1. Evaluative: basically a review of something. As the name suggests, the evaluative essay presents a value judgment based on a set of criteria.

2. Interpretative: gives a text or texts meaning. This essay explains not only what a text is about (summary) and how it works (critique), but asks why the analysis is compelling. The thesis of an interpretive essay answers a what and how question. iv. Narrative (Tells a story) : Narratives tell a story, so narrative essays have a beginning, a middle and an end. Whether the story is truth or fiction will depend upon the assignment.

Personal Anecdote: can be about childhood, marriage, schooldays, siblings, embarrassing moments, love affairs and friendship. Using personal anecdotes within an essay is a creative way to draw your audience's attention.

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v. Research: Research papers usually begin with a topic or problem that needs to be researched.

Often research essays and term papers are usually described as being the same thing. A research essay should lead the reader to the works of others as it guides the reader to compare previous research to the current research essay. MLA format would be used to show your sources and to show that the work is actually your own. Use APA format in research papers to organize your content, achieve an active, first-person writing style and format in-text citations, endnotes, footnotes and reference pages. vi. Timed : Times essays as the name suggest are times. You have an x amount of time to write about whatever topic you are assigned. Document Based Question (DBQ) require that you read a couple of articles or documents and write about it. Prompt Based essays are much simpler. The longer the prompt the easier the essay. Prompt based essays will give you a prompt or a quote and ask you to state your position. Then you must support that position by using your past readings, current events, etc...

B. Strategies/ Planning Tips/ Steps i.

Pre- Writing/ Prompt Analysis/ Outlining: analyze the prompt which will allow you to discover the structure/format of the essay. Use a bubble map to come up with main points.

If you don’t want to use it you can just set your thesis then the main topic of the body paragraphs. The conclusion should not be a summary of your essay. It should be a last chance to make your stand stronger, more firm.

ii. Research/ Evaluation of sources: start by doing research for a topic of your choice. Then analyze and criticize the article on that topic.

C. Work Cited Page i. MLA Format: Whenever you incorporate outside sources into your own writing, you must provide both in-text citations (within the body of the paper) and full citations (in the works cited page). The in-text citations point your reader toward the full citations in the works cited page. ii. APA Format: Contributors' names (Last edited date). Title of resource.

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7. Capitalization Rule 1: Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title.

A. Always capitalize verbs.

Example: Doctor Sanchez from White Memorial Hospital B. Capitalize prepositions of five or more letters.

Rule 2: Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name.

A. Capitalize the title if it appears with a name.

Example: My new Dad, Aunt Maria Rule 3: Capitalize the name of organizations Examples: The Red Cross Association Rule 4: Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days Examples: Friday, June, Christmas Rule 5: Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part of a title.

A. Specific titles are capitalized following the rule: Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in any title.

B. Do not capitalize a, an, the, and, but, or, nor, or prepositions of four or less letters unless those words are the first or last word.

Examples: Los Angeles, The Empire State building Rule 6: Capitalize brand names but not the product(s).

Example: Jordan shoes, Jessica Simpson jeans Rule 7: Capitalize business names.

Example: Taco Bell, Walmart Rule 8: Capitalize institution names.

Examples: Harvard University Rule 9: Capitalize names of particular geographic places.

Examples: Pacific Ocean, El Salvador, Gulf of Mexico Rule 10: Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical document Examples: Prehistorical Age, World War 11, Declaration of Independence Rule 11: Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being.

Examples: Christianity, Roman Catholic Church Rule 12: Capitalize languages Examples: English, Spanish, Rule 13: Capitalize specific names of structures.

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Examples: Eiffel Tower, Statue of Liberty Rule 14: Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names.

Example: Professor C, Nurse Sandy Rule 15: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence.

Example: The nurse left the hospital during the evening.

Rule 16: Capitalize the pronoun I. Example: I am graduating from medical school.

Rule 17: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry.

“When the coolness, my brother, is falling.”

But I whispered: “O Darling, I falter with pain!”

Where a wayfarer halted and slept on the plain; Rule 18: Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline.

Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline.

Examples: I. Energy A. Types Rule 19: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation.

Examples: Percy asked, “Who are you?”

A. In a split quotation, do not capitalize the first letter of the word in the second part unless a new sentence is begun.

Rule 20: Capitalize government bodies and departments.

Examples: Congress, Governor, President Rule 21: Capitalize races and ethnic groups.

Examples: Caucasian, African Americans, Hispanic, Muslims Rule 22: Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world.

Examples: We will be heading South of Los Angeles.

Rule 23: Capitalize political parties and their members.

Examples: Republican Party, Democratic Party, Hillary Clinton Rule 24: Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that being a sentence.

Example: Fifty dollars is all I have left to buy a healthy salad.

Rule 25: Capitalize a specific, well-known area or event.

Example: Do you think Hillary Clinton is fit to be president?

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8. Punctuation a. [ ] Brackets: are used to enclose words or figures so as to separate them from the context.

Ex. Mr. Braun was very happy to see [his son] Larry.

Ex. Lucy has been the nurse [of the patients] for over 20 years. b. ( ) Parentheses: a word, clause, or sentence inserted as an explanation or afterthought into a passage that is grammatically complete without it, in writing usually marked off by curved brackets, dashes, or commas.

Ex. Jessica has two patients (Laura and Sam) to provide service to.

Ex. The new rules (made by the President) has made all hospitals have clean lobbies. c. Period : It ends a sentence.

Ex. Lauren gave birth to a baby boy.

Ex. Andrew graduated from Harvard Medical school in the year 2010. d. Comma: The comma is the punctuation mark most likely to cause angst. This is largely the result of the many different ways the comma is used. Sometimes, the comma indicates a pause that would occur if the sentence were spoken aloud. Other times, the comma separates grammatical components of the sentence. Finally, there are mechanical and stylistic uses of the comma that are simply conventional.

Ex. Jasmine loves to eat a a lot, but has recently started a diet to lose weight.

Ex. Jasmine, Steven, and Josh all have created a great diet plan. e. - Hyphen: the hyphen’s primary function is the formation of certain compound terms. The hyphen is also used for word division.

Ex. Jack looked up to the sky and wished he was - a superhero to save lives.

Ex. They made eye contact -Jasmine and Josh- and everyone knew they were lying about receiving their flu shots. f. — Honger hyphen: Depending on the context, the em dash can take the place of commas, parentheses, or colons—in each case to slightly different effect.

Ex. cocaine, weed, heroine — all the worst drugs in your life.

Ex. The flu shot, medicine, warmth — keep you from not getting sick. g. : Colon: The colon is used to introduce a list of items.

Ex. The Surgeon needed: a knife, scissors, and napkins to clean the blood.

Ex. The hospital has the best doctors in the nation: Dr. Sui, Dr. Reyes, and Dr. Packson h. ; Semicolon: semicolon is used between two independent clauses (i.e., clauses that could stand alone as separate sentences) when a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) is omitted.

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Ex. Please take the flu shot; if not you will get sick.

Ex. Stand by the door; if you move it might open the room.

I. !Exclamatory: usually used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume (shouting), and often marks the end of a sentence.

Ex. How dare you enter my office like that!

Ex. What do you want from me?! j. ’ Apostrophe: sometimes a diacritical mark. it serves three purposes:[1] The marking of the omission of one or more letters (as in the contraction of do not to don't).

[2] The marking of possessive case (as in the eagle's feathers, or in one month's time).

[3]The marking by some as plural of written items that are not words established in English orthography (as in P's and Q's). (The use of the apostrophe to form plurals of proper words, as in apple's, banana's, etc., is universally considered incorrect.)

Ex. Suzzie’s sandwich was always the best.

Ex. The Doctor’s had is really soft and it helps me feel no pain. k. “ Quotation marks”: used to indicate material that is being reproduced word for word, as well as some other important uses.

Ex. “Why are you so quite?”, asked the nurse to the patient.

Ex. Pamela said, “The Doctor on the second floor is really nice and polite to all of his patients, including myself.” l. … Ellipsis: usually indicates an intentional omission of a word, sentence, or whole section from a text without altering its original meaning and sometimes hesitation.

Ex. There are towels, robes, hand saniti…and much more in the patient’s hospital rooms.

Ex. Garry yelled, “Hey do want to hang out lat…”

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9. Commonly Confused/Misused Words Choices -- Show the differences between each of these common errors and give example sentences of the proper usage for each variant. One (1) advanced sentence that relates to your subject per word. a. Who/Whom “who” (and the same for “whoever”) is always subject to a verb, and that “whom” (and the same for “whomever”) is always working as an object in a sentence. v n adj n Ex: Who should be placed in the medical gifted program? b. Their/There/ They’re There is an adverb specifying place; it is also an expletive. Their is a possessive pronoun. They're is a contraction of they are.

If you are using there to tell the reader where, both words have h-e-r-e. Here is also a place.

If you are using their as a possessive pronoun, you are telling the reader what "they own. Their has h-e-i-r, which also means heir, as in someone who inherits something. Both words have to do with ownership.

They're is a contraction of they are. Sound out they are in the sentence and see if it works. If it does not, it must be one of the previous versions adv v n n adj n n Ex: There are way too many patients today in the emergency center at USC-Hospital. c. Lie/ Lay Lie is an intransitive verb meaning to recline or rest on a surface. Its principal parts are lie, lay, lain. Lay is a transitive verb meaning to put or place. Its principal parts are lay, laid. n v v n pr n Ex: Stan had to lie on the floor while doing his sit-ups. d. Laid/Lain Lay is the present tense of a verb whose basic meaning is ‘place something in a more or less horizontal position’, with the past tense and participle laid.

Lay is also the past tense of the verb lie (‘assume a horizontal or resting position’); while lain is the past participle. n v pr n v pr n Ex: Rudy laid on his back while the doctor checked his lungs. e. Affect/ Effect Affect is usually a verb meaning to influence. Effect is usually a noun meaning result. The drug did not affect the disease, and it had several adverse side effects. Effect can also be a verb meaning to bring about. Only the president can effect such a dramatic change. n adj n adv v v n adj n Ex: The loss of my left leg really did affect my life in many ways. f. Accept/Except Accept is a verb meaning to receive. Except is usually a preposition meaning excluding. I will accept all the packages except that one. Except is also a verb meaning to exclude. Please except that item from the list. n v adj prp adj n

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Ex: I was accepted into the Cedars Sinai Volunteer Program . g. C/W/Should have vs. C/W/Should of The phrase should have indicates a missed obligation or opportunity in the past. In informal speech, it is contracted to should’ve, not "should of.” n pr n adv v n Ex: Sarah should’ve finished all of her work before leaving the office. h. Loath/Loathe Loathe is a verb meaning to dislike greatly. For example, if you have a mean boss, you might say that you loathe him. Loath is an adjective meaning unwilling or reluctant. For example, you might say that you are loath to to spend time with your mean boss outside work. i. Infer/Imply Imply is a verb that means to convey meaning subtly or indirectly.

Infer is a verb that means to reach a conclusion as the result of an experience or circumstance. n adv v pr adj n adj n Ex: Jessie greatly loathes his new boss in the Cardiology department. j. Weary/Wary To be wary is (1) to be on guard against something, or (2) to be watchful or cautious. Weary means physically or mentally fatigued. It’s a synonym of tired. n v adv adj pr n n Ex: Wendy is always wary about her surroundings and cautious. k. Proceed/Precede The verb to precede means to come before (usually in time). The verb to proceed means to go forwards, or to continue. The noun proceeds (always in the plural) means the profit arising from an event or sale. n adv v adj n adv v n Ex: I always precede in doing my daily exercise after arriving from school. l. Discrete/ Discreet The adjective discreet means prudently self-restrained or tactful. (The adjective discreet is related to the nouns discretion and discreetness.)

The adjective discrete means distinct or separate. (The adjective discrete is related to the discreteness.) n adv v n pr n adv v n Ex: The baby sadly had to discrete from his mother after being born. m. Conscience/Conscious The noun conscience means "the sense of what is right and wrong."

The adjective conscious means "being aware" or “deliberate." n v adv n n pr n pr n Ex: Robert was very conscious about lying to his mother about his grades. n. Can/ May Can means to be physically or mentally able to do something.

May means to have permission to do something.

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n adv v adv adj n Ex: May I please receive a newly clean towel. o. At least five (5) others 1.Allusion, Illusion: An Allusion is an indirect reference. An illusion is a misconception or false impression. Did you catch my allusion to the movie? Mirrors give the room an illusion of depth. n v n v n Ex: Sarah exclaimed to have seen a monster, but it was all along an illusion.

2.Than, Then: Than is a conjunction used in comparisons; then is an adverb denoting time. Than is used to compare; both words have the letter a in them. Then tells when; both are spelled the same, except for the first letter. adv pr v adv adj n n Ex: Then she heard a brilliantly loud explosion near the hospital!

3.To, Too, Two: To is a preposition; too is an adverb; two is a number. If you are trying to spell out the number, it is always t-w-o. Two has a w which is the first letter in word. The opposite of word is number.

Too is usually used as also when adding or including some additional information. Whenever you want to include something else, think of it as adding; therefore you also need to add an extra o. adj n adv v n pr adv v n Ex: Nurse Katie excitedly took the day o because she felt too tired to work.

4.Your, You're: Your is a possessive pronoun; you're is a contraction of you are. Sound out you are in the sentence. If it works in the sentence it can be written as you're. If it sounds awkward, it is probably supposed to be Your. pr n n adv v n Ex: Why is your face so pale after running the mile?

5. Adapt, Adopt The verb adapt means to take something and make it suitable for a specific use or situation.

The verb adopt means to take something and make it one's own. n adv v v adj n Ex: Shelby is happy to finally adapt to exercising every morning.

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Interjections Quiz 1. What is an interjection? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 2. True or False: Interjections, include words like bah, cheerio, and kapish.

3. “ ——! You’re pulling on my hair!” (expressing pain) a. b. c. d.

ha ugh boo hoo ouch

4. “_____! That food is nasty.” (expressing disgust) a. b. c. d.

ugh vroom by golly ta-da

5. “_____, I was lying.” (express joking) a. b. c. d.

what zap gulp just kidding

6. expressing greeting 7. expressing hesitation 8. expressing remark 9. expressing joy 10. expressing agreement

a. yippie b. hello c. um d. uh-huh e. hm

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Sentences Quiz 1.Neurologists are doctors that carefully study the brain and nervous system. What is the subject? a. Neurologists b. Brain c. Nervous system d. Doctors 2. The nurse is always tired. Identify the sentence type. a. Interrogative b. Imperative c. Declarative d. Exclamatory 3. T or F: Exclamatory sentences express strong emotion, and end with an exclamation mark.

4. The young nurse patiently helped the patient find the restrooms. Identify the complete subject.

5. A sentence that contains an independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. Which is the sentence pattern? a. Periodic b. Chiasmus c. Parallel Structure d. Epistrophe e. None of the above 6. I can not won't enter the hospital. Identify the sentence error. a. Fused b. Comma splice c. Fragment d. Double negative Match the following: 7. Run-on 8. Complex 9. Comma splice 10. Asyndeton 11. Chiasmus 12. Compound A.The use of drugs is bad, drugs severely have an eect in your health.

B. a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose

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C. is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses are joined without an appropriate punctuation or conjunction D. a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause E. a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order F. a sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clause

Answer Key: 1. A. 2. C. 3. True 4. The young nurse 5. A. 6. D. 7. C. 8. D 9. A. 10. B. 11. E. 12. F

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Glossary A Anaphora - a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase Assertion - a claim Aect - to influence Accept - is to receive B Brackets - are used to enclose words Balanced Sentence - a sentence where phrases or clauses are parallel to each other C Chiasmus - a sentence that includes a reputation of ideas Comma Splice - the use of a comma to join two independent clauses Colon - introduce a list of items D Declarative - makes a statement and ends with a period E Eect - result Ellipses - an intentional omission of a word Exclamatory - indicates strong feelings or high volume I Imperative - gives a command Interrogative - asks a question, and it always ends with a question mark P Parenthesis - a word, clause, or sentence Periodic - a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end

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Dedication I dedicate this book to my mother. Who has been helping me in every way to complete my grammar book project. She is so dedicated to helping me achieve in life and is always there to support me. I also dedicate this book to all of my English class, period 5 because they also had to create a book and put so much eort and work into completing a finished product.

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